dissertation migrations internationales

Les migrations internationales, chance ou menace ? – Dissertation corrigée

• Prépa Économique
• 22 mars 2024
• Lilian Michel

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Major Prépa > Académique > HGG > Les migrations internationales, chance ou menace ? – Dissertation corrigée

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La dissertation : « Les migrations internationales, chance ou menace ? »

Introduction.

Jacques Chirac, l’ancien Président français, déclarait : « En 2040, les Africains inonderont le monde. » Ainsi les potentielles migrations venant du continent africain étaient déjà considérées à l’époque comme une menace, comme en témoigne l’usage du verbe péjoratif inonder, pour certains dirigeants politiques. Aujourd’hui encore cette vision des migrations internationales, c’est-à-dire des déplacements, définitifs ou de longue durée (le tourisme est exclu), d’un individu ou d’un groupe d’individus d’un pays à l’autre à l’échelle mondiale, est très présente dans les politiques opérées par les dirigeants de nombreux États. Les migrations internationales sont perçues comme un facteur de déstabilisation pour les États puisque l’afflux conséquent d’individus étrangers pourrait bouleverser l’ordre et la stabilité au sein de ceux-ci ainsi que leurs logiques de développement.

Pourtant, cette conception plutôt négative des migrations internationales est fortement contestée par d’autres penseurs qui envisagent les migrations comme une opportunité, voire une chance pour les États, puisque ces derniers pourraient tout à fait s’appuyer sur ces premières afin de répondre et faire face à certaines problématiques actuelles telles que le vieillissement de la population. L’historien français Gérard Noiriel prétend en effet que « l’Europe est démographiquement déprimée et qu’elle a besoin de l’immigration ». En outre, le découplage entre États récepteurs de flux migratoires qui seraient fondamentalement opposés à ceux-ci et les États émetteurs de flux migratoires qui seraient incapables de les contrôler doit être dépassé afin d’appréhender la manière dont les migrations internationales peuvent être intégrées à des politiques d’État s’inscrivant dans le développement et la volonté de puissance de certains pays.

Problématique

Le problème est alors de savoir si les migrations internationales représentent une opportunité en s’inscrivant dans des stratégies et des politiques d’État totalement maîtrisées et calculées, ou bien si les migrations internationales sont en réalité des éléments de déstabilisation que les États subissent puisque celles-ci sont incontrôlables .

Les migrations internationales sont un phénomène ancien qui s’intensifie et met au défi les États (I), ce qui génère des appréhensions différentes de celles-ci avec une ambivalence entre des pays réticents aux migrations et à leur utilisation menant des politiques souveraines de protection (II) et d’autres pays où les migrations jouent un rôle crucial dans les stratégies de puissance des États.

Les migrations internationales sont un phénomène ancien (A) qui prend de l’importance dans la deuxième partie du XX e siècle avec l’accélération du processus de mondialisation et le développement de la technologie (B) et semble essentiellement géré par les États au détriment de la gouvernance mondiale (C).

Les migrations internationales ne sont pas un phénomène propre au XXI e siècle, elles ont toujours existé, ce qui a laissé place à de nombreux flux massifs d’humains au cours des siècles. Ainsi, au XIX e  siècle, par exemple, des millions d’Européens, principalement des Irlandais, Siciliens et Allemands, sont partis s’installer en Amérique comme l’illustre l’envergure des communautés européennes aux États-Unis ou même en Argentine. Ces flux de migrations n’étaient pas perçus à l’époque comme des menaces pour les États et ils pouvaient même constituer de véritables apports, étant donné que les Européens apportaient leur savoir et d’autres contributions significatives, notamment certaines avancées technologiques, issues de leur pays d’origine. C’est principalement au XX e siècle qu’un tournant s’opère et que les migrations ont été limitées, notamment aux États-Unis avec un quota temporaire en 1921, puis un quota définitif en 1924. Des politiques sélectives sont mises en place pour privilégier les apports, notamment l’utilisation de travailleurs étrangers comme main-d’œuvre, aux aspects négatifs tels que les difficultés d’intégration des migrants.

Cette sélectivité s’est largement intensifiée à la fin du XX e siècle puisque le processus de mondialisation a contribué à mettre en concurrence les pays, favorisant ainsi la disparité des richesses au sein des territoires et la mise en place d’une hiérarchisation de ceux-ci. Ces inégalités ont donc engendré de nouveaux flux migratoires pour répondre à des attentes économiques. De plus, le développement de la technologie ainsi que la numérisation des informations ont participé à la fois à mettre en lumière les flux migratoires partout dans le monde, ceux-ci n’ayant pas une si grande visibilité jusqu’alors, et de nourrir l’imaginaire de certains migrants. De même, la réduction des temps et du coût des transports est à l’origine de la fluidification des migrations internationales, étant donné que le passage d’une frontière à l’autre est plus accessible, remettant ainsi en question l’intangibilité des frontières.

Dès lors, les États ne peuvent pas négliger l’accroissement de ce phénomène. Bien que certains acteurs interrogent la capacité des États à gérer ce phénomène majeur, comme ce fut le cas de la politologue française Catherine Wihtol de Wenden dans son livre La Globalisation humaine . Il s’avère que les politiques migratoires sont avant tout des politiques d’État souverain, ce que désigne Stephen Castles en les nommant « bastion de la souveraineté ». Les tentatives d’approche des questions migratoires sous forme de gouvernance mondiale semblent difficiles à mettre en place, puisque c’est l’État qui contrôle ses frontières et il semble inenvisageable que ce pouvoir régalien soit remis en cause comme l’explique Michel Foucher dans L’Obsession des frontières . En outre, les solutions proposées par les institutions comme le Haut Commissariat des Réfugiés, afin de réguler les migrations, sont partielles puisque le HCR ne dispose en réalité pas de pouvoir coercitif.

Il apparaît donc que l’appréhension et la gestion des migrations internationales sont des questions inhérentes à l’État. Les migrations internationales peuvent être perçues dans un premier temps comme invasives et déstabilisatrices par les États sur le plan diplomatique (A), social (B) ainsi que sécuritaire (C).

Les relations diplomatiques des pays européens se sont largement dégradées, du fait de la déstabilisation engendrée par les crises migratoires. En effet, celle-ci est facteur d’opposition entre les pays de l’Union européenne comme le montre le décalage entre les discours d’Angela Merkel en 2015, qui déclarait : « Wir schaffen das! » concernant l’accueil de plus de 800 000 Syriens, tandis que le Premier ministre italien, Matteo Salvini , affirmait en 2018 : « Nous ne serons plus le camp de réfugiés d’Europe. » Les migrations constituent une menace pour l’unité des pays de l’Union européenne. Les pays du groupe de Visegrad (Pologne, Hongrie, Slovaquie et République tchèque) s’opposent aux migrations puisque ce sont eux qui subissent le désordre généré par l’afflux des migrants, qui se dirigent vers les pays attractifs, du fait de leur localisation géographique en zone tampon. Ces pays sont déstabilisés par le simple passage des migrants et cela peut être à l’origine de tensions diplomatiques comme cela avait été le cas en 2016 lorsque 180 000 migrants sont arrivés sur le territoire italien et que l’Italie a reproché alors aux autres pays européens la fermeture de la route des Balkans.

De plus, les migrations peuvent bouleverser les États de l’intérieur en créant des divisions sociales. En effet, certaines politiques populistes instrumentalisent la peur des migrations d’une partie de l’opinion publique à travers ce qu’Amartya Sen nomme « miniaturisation de l’individu ». La montée du populisme en Europe illustre ce phénomène, particulièrement en France où certains politiques instrumentalisent la théorie du « Grand Remplacement » de Renaud Camus. En outre, l’intégration complexe de certains immigrés qui se retrouvent marginalisés et en situation de précarité contribue à renforcer la vision négative de ces migrations. Au début des années 1970, c’est ce qui poussera Valéry Giscard d’Estaing à mettre un terme aux migrations du travail en France.

Enfin, les migrations internationales constituent une menace du point de vue sécuritaire pour les États. En effet, les flux migratoires peuvent permettre aux groupes terroristes d’insérer des combattants dans ces flux afin de s’y camoufler, puisqu’ils deviennent moins détectables. Certains attentats commis en Europe avaient ainsi été réalisés par des terroristes s’étant insérés dans les flux de réfugiés syriens. Cette menace a d’ailleurs remis en cause la liberté de circulation promue par l’espace Schengen en Europe. Certains pays ont pris des initiatives face à ce phénomène en menant des politiques de contrôle des migrations grâce à la « barriérisation » comme ce fut le cas en Israël, en 2002, avec la construction d’une barrière avec la Cisjordanie après les attentats palestiniens, ou encore même le cas de l’Inde qui a construit un mur sur 4 000 km  entre l’État d’Assam et le Bangladesh afin de répondre à un besoin sécuritaire.

Pourtant, l’Inde ne semble pas percevoir les migrations uniquement comme invasives puisqu’elle mène des politiques stratégiques grâce à celles-ci. Il est donc fondamental de constater l’ambivalence de certains États quant à la gestion des migrations. Les migrations internationales s’inscrivent dans des stratégies d’État, ce que l’on peut constater avec les bénéfices de l’implantation de ressortissants dans d’autres pays (A), ainsi que les pressions exercées en recourant à la menace migratoire (B), ou même l’accueil des migrations pour répondre à des intérêts économiques et démographiques (C).

Certains pays disposent de diasporas conséquentes et influentes aux quatre coins du globe, ce qui favorise leur développement. En effet, les flux financiers entre les diasporas et les pays d’origine, c’est-à-dire les remises, sont très importants. En 2017, ces remises s’élevaient à hauteur de 6 000 milliards dans le monde et certains pays en sont presque intégralement dépendants, notamment le Népal puisque les remises représentent environ 30 % de son PIB. En outre, lorsque la Chine s’est ouvert économiquement au monde avec la mise en place de ZEE, c’est la diaspora chinoise qui représentait 70 % des investissements, ce qui a facilité la croissance du pays. De même, la diaspora indienne dispose d’une influence croissante dans certains pays. La présence de plus de 3,2 millions d’Indiens aux États-Unis, plus particulièrement au sein de la ville de San Francisco, avec des postes à hautes responsabilités,  illustre bien le rayonnement de l’Inde par le biais de sa diaspora.

Les migrations peuvent s’inscrire dans la volonté de puissance des États en devenant des moyens de pression considérables. Certains États peuvent en effet menacer les pays récepteurs des flux migratoires en jouant sur la menace qu’ils peuvent représenter si ceux-ci ne sont pas contrôlés. C’est de cette façon que le Maroc exerça une pression sur les enclaves espagnoles de Ceuta et Melilla afin d’obtenir des concessions diplomatiques de l’Espagne, c’est-à-dire des avancées dans la reconnaissance de la souveraineté du Maroc sur le Sahara occidental au détriment du Front Polisario. Ce phénomène de pression migratoire avait aussi été utilisé par le dictateur biélorusse Alexandre Loukachenko en 2021 contre l’Union européenne. De plus, certains pays bénéficient d’aide économique afin de gérer les flux migratoires sur leur territoire. Or, cette rente économique n’est souvent pas utilisée en vue de cet objectif, comme on peut le constater avec l’exemple de la Libye. Celle-ci était accusée de détourner la contribution économique de l’Union européenne pour la formation de gardes-côtes.

Enfin, certains pays s’illustrent par la régulation des migrations pour répondre uniquement aux intérêts de l’État. Les pays du Golfe, par exemple, utilisent la migration pour répondre à leur besoin de main-d’œuvre sans pour autant accorder de visas. À Singapour, les migrants sont expulsés lorsqu’ils perdent leur travail, c’est une vision uniquement pragmatique des États qui font primer leurs intérêts économiques. Outre le plan économique, les migrations peuvent être perçues comme une solution face au vieillissement démographique, une problématique actuelle comme le rappelle cette affirmation d’ Alfred Sauvy : « Le XXI e siècle est un siècle de vieillissement démographique. » L’Allemagne, pays en dessous du seuil de renouvellement des générations avec seulement 1,3 enfant par femme, s’est ainsi appuyée sur les migrations en 2015 pour faire face à ce défi. Il existe bien d’autres stratégies de pays afin de tirer profit des migrations internationales. Les États-Unis mènent par exemple une politique d’attraction des jeunes étudiants talentueux, phénomène du « Brain Drain » , afin de perpétuer l’influence et le rayonnement du pays. Cependant, l’ambivalence vis-à-vis des migrations est encore constatable puisque les États-Unis sont conscients des risques que peut générer l’afflux conséquent d’une migration non sélective, comme l’illustre le renforcement du S ecurity Force Act par Donald Trump en 2018.

Les migrations internationales nécessitent donc d’être appréhendées de manière ambivalente puisque celles-ci peuvent à la fois constituer des défis non négligeables et des opportunités primordiales selon les prismes abordés. Il convient donc de dépasser la dialectique simplifiée de menace et de chance. Une chose est certaine, la sélectivité des États vis-à-vis des migrations tend à s’accentuer à l’avenir. Il est donc fondamental de s’intéresser aux futurs enjeux de cette sélectivité sur les rapports de force entre les États et aux enjeux d’une réponse globale aux défis migratoires, qui s’accentueront notamment avec les conséquences du réchauffement climatique, qui ne nierait pas la souveraineté des États.

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An Introduction to Migration Studies: The Rise and Coming of Age of a Research Field

• Open Access
• First Online: 04 June 2022

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• Peter Scholten 2 ,
• Asya Pisarevskaya 3 &
• Nathan Levy 3  

Part of the book series: IMISCOE Research Series ((IMIS))

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Migration studies has contributed significantly to our understanding of mobilities and migration-related diversities. It has developed a distinct body of knowledge on why people migrate, how migration takes place, and what the consequences are of migration in a broad sense, both for migrants themselves and for societies involved in migration. As a broadly-based research field, migration studies has evolved at the crossroads of a variety of disciplines. This includes disciplines such as sociology, political science, anthropology, geography, law and economics, but increasingly it expands to a broader pool of disciplines also including health studies, development studies, governance studies and many more, building on insights from these disciplines.

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Changing Perspectives on Migration History and Research in Switzerland: An Introduction

15 Internal Migration

Introduction: Contemporary Insights on Migration and Population Distribution

Migration is itself in no way a new phenomenon; but the specific and interdisciplinary study of migration is relatively recent. Although the genesis of migration studies goes back to studies in the early twentieth century, it was only by the end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first century that the number of specialised master programmes in migration studies increased, that the number of journal outlets grew significantly, that numerous specialised research groups and institutes emerged all over the world, and that in broader academia migration studies was recognised as a distinct research field in its own right. By 2018 there were at least 45 specialised journals in migration studies (Pisarevskaya et al., 2019 , p. 462). The field has developed its own international research networks, such as IMISCOE (International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion in Europe), NOMRA (Network of Migration Research on Africa), and the global more policy-oriented network Metropolis. Students at an increasingly broad range of universities can study dedicated programs as well as courses on migration studies. Slowly but gradually the field is also globalising beyond its European and North American roots.

Migration studies is a research field, which means that it is not a discipline in itself with a core body of knowledge that applies to various topics, but an area of studies that focus on a specific topic while building on insights from across various disciplines. It has clear roots in particular in economics, geography, anthropology and sociology. However, when looking at migration publications and conferences today, the disciplinary diversity of the field has increased significantly, for instancing bringing important contributions from and to political sciences, law, demography, cultural studies, languages, history, health studies and many more. It is hard to imagine a discipline to which migration studies is not relevant; for instance, even for engineering studies, migration has become a topic of importance when focusing on the role that social media play as migration infrastructures. Beyond being multidisciplinary (combining insights from various disciplines), the field has become increasing interdisciplinary (with its own approach that combines aspects from various disciplines) or even transdisciplinary (with an approach that systematically integrates knowledge and methods from various disciplines).

1 A Pluralist Perspective on Migration Studies

Migration studies is a broad and diverse research field that covers many different topics, ranging from the economics of migration to studies of race and ethnicity. As with many research fields, the boundaries of the field cannot be demarcated very clearly. However, this diversity does also involve a fair degree of fragmentation in the field. For instance, the field features numerous sub-fields of study, such as refugee studies, multicultural studies, race studies, diversity studies, etc. In fact, there are many networks and conferences within the field with a specific focus, for instance, on migration and development. So, the field of migration studies also encompasses, in itself, a broad range of subfields.

This diversity is not only reflected in the topics covered by migration studies, but also in theoretical and methodological approaches. It is an inherently pluralistic field, bringing often fundamentally different theoretical perspectives on key topics such as the root causes of integration. It brings very different methods, for instance ranging from ethnographic fieldwork with specific migrant communities to large-n quantitative analyses of the relation between economics and migration.

Therefore, this book is an effort to capture and reflect on this pluralistic character of field. It resists the temptation to bring together a ‘state of the art’ of knowledge on topics, raising the illusion that there is perhaps a high degree of knowledge consensus. Rather, we aim to bring to the foreground the key theoretical and methodological discussions within the field, and let the reader appreciate the diversity and richness of the field.

However, the book will also discuss how this pluralism can complicate discussions within the field based on very basic concepts. Migration studies stands out from most other research fields in terms of a relatively high degree of contestation of some of its most basic concepts. Examples include terms as ‘integration’, ‘multiculturalism’, ‘cohesion’ but perhaps most pertinent also the basic concept of ‘migration.’ Many of the field’s basic concepts can be defined as essentially contested concepts. Without presuming to bring these conceptual discussions to a close, this book does bring an effort to map and understand these discussions, aiming to prevent conceptual divides from leading to fragmentation in the field.

This conceptual contestation reflects broader points on how the field has evolved. Various studies have shown that the field’s development in various countries and at various moments has been spurred by a policy context in which migration was problematised. Many governments revealed a clear interest in research that could help governments control migration and promote the ‘integration’ of migrants into their nation-states (DeWind, 2000 ). The field’s strong policy relevance also led to a powerful dynamic of coproduction in specific concepts such as ‘integration’ or ‘migrant.’ At the same time, there is also clear critical self-reflection in the field on such developments, and on how to promote more systematic theory building in migration studies. This increase of reflexivity can be taken as a sign of the coming of age of migration studies as a self-critical and self-conscious research field.

An introduction to migration studies will need to combine a systematic approach to mapping the field with a strong historical awareness of how the field has developed and how specific topics, concepts and methods have emerged. Therefore, in this chapter, we will do just that. We will start with a historical analysis of how the field emerged and evolved, in an effort to show how the field became so diverse and what may have been critical junctures in the development of the field. Subsequently, we will try to define what is migration studies, by a systematic approach towards mapping the pluralism of the field without losing grip of what keeps together the field of migration studies. Therefore, rather than providing one sharp definition of migration studies, we will map that parts that together are considered to constitute migration studies. Finally, we will map the current state of the research field.

To provide a comprehensive overview of such a pluralist and complex field of study, we employ a variety of methods. Qualitative historical analysis of key works that shaped the formation and development of the field over the years is combined with novel bibliometric methods to give a birds-eye view of the structure of the field in terms of volume of publications, internationalisation and epistemic communities of scholarship on migration. The bibliometric analysis presented in this chapter is based on our previous articles, in which we either, used Scopus data from 40 key journals (Pisarevskaya et al., 2019 , or a complex key-word query to harvest meta-data of relevant publications from Web of Science (Levy et al., 2020 ). Both these approaches to meta-data collection were created and reviewed with the help of multiple experts of migration studies. You can consult the original publications for more details. Our meta-data contained information on authors, years of publication, journals, titles, and abstracts of articles and books, as well as reference lists, i.e. works that were cited by each document in the dataset.

In this chapter you will see the findings from these analyses, revealing the growth trends of migration specific journals, and yearly numbers of articles published on migration-related topics, number and geographical distribution of international co-authorships, as well as referencing patterns of books and articles – the “co-citation analysis”. The colourful network graphs you will see later in the chapter, reveal links between scholars, whose writings are mentioned together in one reference list. When authors are often mentioned together in the publications of other scientists, it means that their ideas are part of a common conversation. The works of the most-cited authors in different parts of the co-citation networks give us an understanding of which topics they specialise in, which methods they use in their research, and also within which disciplinary traditions they work. All in all, co-citation analysis provides an insight on the conceptual development of epistemic communities with their distinct paradigms, methods and thematic foci.

In addition, we bring in some findings from the Migration Research Hub, which hosts an unprecedented number of articles, book chapters, reports, dissertation relevant to the field. All these items are brought together with the help of IT technologies, integration with different databases such as Dimensions, ORCID, Crossref, and Web of Science, as well as submitted by the authors themselves. At the end of 2020, this database contains around 90,000 of items categorised into the taxonomy of migration studies, which will be presented below.

2 What Is Migration Studies?

The historical development of migration studies, as described in the next section, reveals the plurality of the research field. Various efforts to come up with a definition of the field therefore also reflect this plurality. For instance, King ( 2012 ) speaks of migration studies as encompassing ‘all types of international and internal migration, migrants, and migration-related diversities’. This builds on Cohen’s ( 1996 , p. xi–xii) nine conceptual ‘dyads’ in the field. Many of these have since been problematised – answering Cohen’s own call for critical and systematic considerations – but they nonetheless provide a skeletal overview of the field as it is broadly understood and unfolded in this book and in the taxonomy on which it is based:

Individual vs. contextual reasons to migrate

Rate vs. incidence

Internal vs. international migration

Temporary vs. permanent migration

Settler vs. labour migration

Planned vs. flight migration

Economic migrants vs. political refugees

Illegal vs. legal migration

Push vs. pull factors

Therefore, the taxonomy provides the topical structure—elaborated below—by which we approach this book. We do not aim to provide a be-all and end-all definition of migration studies but rather seek to capture its inherent plurality by bringing together chapters which provide a state-of-the-art of different meta-topics within the field.

The taxonomy of migration studies was developed as part of a broader research project, led by IMISCOE, from 2018 to 2020 aimed at comprehensively taking stock of and providing an index for the field (see the Migration Research Hub on www.migrationresearch.com ). It was a community endeavour, involving contributors from multiple methodological, disciplinary, and geographical backgrounds at several stages from beginning to end.

It was built through a combination of two methods. First, the taxonomy is based on a large-scale computer-based inductive analysis of a vast number—over 23,000—of journal articles, chapters, and books from the field of migration studies. This led to an empirical clustering of topics addressed within the dataset, as identified empirically in terms of keywords that tend to go together within specific publications.

Secondly, this empirical clustering was combined with a deductive approach with the aim of giving logical structure to the inductively developed topics. Engaging, at this stage, with several migration scholars with specific expertise facilitated a theory-driven expansion of the taxonomy towards what it is today, with its hierarchical categorisation not only of topics and sub-categories of topics, but also of methods, disciplines, and geographical focuses (see Fig. 1.1 below).

The structure of the taxonomy of migration studies

In terms of its content, the taxonomy that has been developed distinguishes various meta-topics within migration studies. These include:

Why do people migrate ? This involves a variety of root causes of migration, or migration drivers.

How do people migrate ? This includes a discussion of migration trajectories but also infrastructures of migration.

What forms of migration can be distinguished ? This involves an analytical distinction of a variety of migration forms

What are major consequences of migration , and whom do these consequences concern? This includes a variety of contributions on the broader consequences of migration, including migration-related diversities, ethnicity, race, the relation between migration and the city, the relation between migration and cities, gendered aspects of migration, and migration and development.

How can migration be governed ? This part will cover research on migration policies and broader policies on migration-related diversities, as well as the relation between migration and citizenship.

What methods are used in migration studies ?

All the topics in the taxonomy are grouped into several branches: Migration processes, Migration Consequences, Migration governance and Cross-cutting. In Fig. 1.2 below you can see how many journal articles, books, book chapters and reports can be found in the migration research hub just for the period of the last 20 years. The number of items belonging to each theme can vary significantly, because some of them are broader than others. Broader themes can be related to larger numbers of items, for instance ‘migration forms’ is very broad, because it includes many types and forms of migration on which scientific research in this field chooses to focus on. On the contrary, the theme of ‘governance processes’ is narrower because less studies are concerned with specific processes of migration management, such as criminalisation, externalisation or implementation.

Distribution of taxonomy branches in the Migration Research Hub

The various chapters in this book can of course never fully represent the full scope of the field. Therefore, the chapters will include various interactive links with the broader literature. This literature is made accessible via the Migration Research Hub, which aims to represent the full scope of migration studies. The Hub is based on the taxonomy and provides a full overview of relevant literature (articles, chapters, books, reports, policy briefs) per taxonomy item. This not only includes works published in migration journals or migration books, but also a broader range of publications, such as disciplinary journals.

Because the Hub is being constantly updated, the taxonomy—along with how we approach the question of ‘what is migration studies?’ in this book—is interactive; it is not dogmatic, but reflexive. As theory develops, new topics and nomenclature emerge. In fact, several topics have been added and some topics have been renamed since “Taxonomy 1.0” was launched in 2018. In this way, the taxonomy is not a fixed entity, but constantly evolving, as a reflection of the field itself.

3 The Historical Development of Migration Studies

3.1 an historical perspective on “migration studies”.

A pluralist perspective on an evolving research field, therefore, cannot rely on one single definition of what constitutes that research field. Instead, a historical perspective can shed light on how “migration studies” has developed. Therefore, we use this introductory chapter to outline the genesis and emergence of what is nowadays considered to be the field of migration studies. This historical perspective will also rely on various earlier efforts to map the development of the field, which have often had a significant influence on what came to be considered “ migration studies ”.

3.2 Genesis of Migration Studies

Migration studies is often recognised as having originated in the work of geographer Ernst Ravenstein in the 1880s, and his 11 Laws of Migration ( 1885 ). These laws were the first effort towards theorising why (internal) migration takes place and what different dynamics of mobility look like, related, for instance, to what happens to the sending context after migrants leave, or differing tendencies between men and women to migrate. Ravenstein’s work provided the foundation for early, primarily economic, approaches to the study of migration, or, more specifically, internal or domestic migration (see Greenwood & Hunt, 2003 ; Massey et al., 1998 ).

The study of international migration and migrants can perhaps be traced back to Znaniecki and Thomas’ ( 1927 ) work on Polish migration to Europe and America. Along with Ravenstein’s Laws , most scholars consider these volumes to mark the genesis of migration studies.

The Polish Peasant and the Chicago School

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America —written by Florian Znaniecki & William Thomas, and first published between 1918 and 1920—contains an in-depth analysis of the lives of Polish migrant families. Poles formed the biggest immigrant group in America at this time. Thomas and Znaniecki’s work was not only seminal for migration research, but for the wider discipline of sociology. Indeed, their colleagues in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago, such as Robert Park, had a profound impact on the discipline with their groundbreaking empirical studies of race and ethnic relations (Bulmer, 1986 ; Bommes & Morawska, 2005 ).

Greenwood and Hunt ( 2003 ) provide a helpful overview of the early decades of migration research, albeit through a primarily economic disciplinary lens, with particular focus on America and the UK. According to them, migration research “took off” in the 1930s, catalysed by two societal forces—urbanisation and the Great Depression—and the increased diversity those forces generated. To illustrate this point, they cite the bibliographies collated by Dorothy Thomas ( 1938 ) which listed nearly 200 publications (119 from the USA and UK, 72 from Germany), many of which focused on migration in relation to those two societal forces, in what was already regarded as a “broadly based field of study” (Greenwood & Hunt, 2003 , p. 4).

Prior to Thomas’ bibliography, early indications of the institutionalisation of migration research came in the US, with the establishment of the Social Science Research Council’s Committee on Scientific Aspects of Human Migration (see DeWind, 2000 ). This led to the publication of Thornthwaite’s overview of Internal Migration in the United States ( 1934 ) and one of the first efforts to study migration policymaking, Goodrich et al’s Migration and Economic Opportunity ( 1936 ).

In the case of the UK in the 1930s, Greenwood and Hunt observe an emphasis on establishing formal causal models, inspired by Ravenstein’s Laws . The work of Makower et al. ( 1938 , 1939 , 1940 ), which, like Goodrich, focused on the relationship of migration and unemployment, is highlighted by Greenwood and Hunt as seminal in this regard. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics regards Makower and Marschak as having made a “pioneering contribution” to our understanding of labour mobility (see also the several taxonomy topics dealing with labour).

3.3 The Establishment of a Plural Field of Migration Studies (1950s–1980s)

Migration research began to formalise and expand in the 1950s and 1960s (Greenwood & Hunt, 2003 ; Pedraza-Bailey, 1990 ). A noteworthy turning point for the field was the debate around assimilation which gathered pace throughout the 1950s and is perhaps most notably exemplified by Gordon’s ( 1964 ) typology of this concept.

Gordon’s Assimilation Typology and the Problematisation of Integration

Assimilation, integration, acculturation, and the question of how migrants adapt and are incorporated into a host society (and vice versa), has long been a prominent topic in migration studies.

Gordon ( 1964 ) argued that assimilation was composed of seven aspects of identification with the host society: cultural, structural, martial, identificational, behavioural, attitudinal, and civic. His research marked the beginning of hundreds of publications on this question of how migrants and host societies adapt. The broader discussions with which Gordon interacted evolved into one of the major debates in migration studies.

By the 1990s, understandings of assimilation evolved in several ways. Some argued that process was context- or group-dependent (see Shibutani & Kwan, 1965 ; Alba & Nee, 1997 ). Others recognised that there was not merely one type nor indeed one direction of integration (Berry, 1997 ).

The concept itself has been increasingly problematised since the turn of the century. One prominent example of this is Favell ( 2003 ). Favell’s main argument was that integration as a normative policy goal structured research on migration in Western Europe. Up until then, migration research had reproduced what he saw as nation-state-centred power structures. It is worth reading this alongside Wimmer and Glick Schiller (2003) to situate it in broader contemporary debates, but there is plenty more to read on this topic.

For more on literature around this topic, see Chaps. 19 , 20 , and 21 of this book.

Indeed, these debates and discussions were emblematic of wider shifts in approaches to the study of migration. The first of these was towards the study of international (as opposed to internal) migration in the light of post-War economic dynamics, which also established a split in approaches to migration research that has lasted several decades (see King & Skeldon, 2010 ). The second shift was towards the study of ethnic and race relations, which continued into the 1970s, and was induced by the civil rights movements of these decades (Pedraza-Bailey, 1990 ). These two shifts are reflected in the establishment of some of the earliest journals with a migration and diversity focus in the 1960s—the establishment of journals being an indicator of institutionalisation—as represented in Fig. 1.3 . Among these are journals that continue to be prominent in the field, such as International Migration (1961-), International Migration Review (1964-), and, later, the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies (1970-) and Ethnic & Racial Studies (1978-).

Number of journals focused on migration and migration-related diversity (1959–2018). (Source: Pisarevskaya et al., 2019 , p. 462) ( R&C Race & Class, IM International Migration, IMR International Migration Review, SE Studi Emigrazione, PP Patterns of Prejudice, JBS Journal of Black Studies, JEMS Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, PDR Population and Development Review, IJIR International Journal of Intercultural Relations, ERS Ethnic & Racial Studies, JIS Journal of Intercultural Studies, RSQ Refugee Survey Quarterly, REMI Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, MW Migration World, JRS Journal of Refugee Studies, LCC Language, Culture, and Curriculum, APMJ Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, HM Hommes et Migrations, Id . Identities, PSP Population, Space, and Place, CDEMP Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, IMIS IMIS-Beitrage, EH Ethnicity & Health, CS Citizenship Studies, JSIE Journal of Studies in International Education, REE Race, Ethnicity, and Education, EJML European Journal of Migration and Law, JIMI Journal of International Migration and Integration, NJMR Norwegian Journal of Migration Research, Ethn . Ethnicities, GN Global Networks, JIRS Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, ML Migration Letters, ZAA Zeitschrift für Ausländerrecht und Ausländerpolitik, IJMHSC International Journal of Migration, Health, and Social Care, LS Latino Studies, FJEM Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration, Mob . Mobilities, JDHE Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, NJMR Nordic Journal of Migration Research (merger of NJMR and FJEM), IZAJM IZA Journal of Migration, CEEMR Central and Eastern European Migration Review, MS Migration Studies, CMS Comparative Migration Studies, Mov . Movements, JMH Journal of Migration History, M&S Migration & Society. For more journals publishing in migration studies, see migrationresearch.com )

By the 1970s, although several new journals of migration studies had emerged and the field was maturing in terms of theory-building, there remained a lack of interdisciplinary “synthesis” (Kritz et al., 1981 ; King, 2012 ). This is reflected in the research of Levy et al. ( 2020 ). Based on citation data showing who migration researchers cited over the years, Fig. 1.4 maps the embryo-like development of migration studies every half-decade from 1975 to the present day. In the early decades it shows distinct “epistemic communities” (represented by colours) clustered together based on disciplines in migration research. For example, the earlier decades show economists focused on development (sky blue); economic sociologists analysing the labour market behaviour of migrants (royal blue); demographers (green); and sociologists studying the assimilation topic (red) mentioned above. By the late 1980s, a new cluster of social psychologists (yellow) emerged, with a combination of demographers and economists clustering (pink) in the 1990s. The figure shows an increasing coherence to the field since then, as the next section elaborates, but the 1970s and 1980s was a period of disciplinary differentiation within migration studies.

Co-citation clusters of authors cited in migration studies literature 1975–2018. (From Levy et al., 2020 , p. 18)

Although the field may not have been interdisciplinary in the 1980s, it was indeed multi disciplinary, and research was being conducted in more and more countries: This period entailed a “veritable boom” of contributions to migration research from several disciplines, according to Pedraza-Bailey ( 1990 ), along with a degree of internationalisation, in terms of European scholarship “catching up” with hitherto dominant North American publications, according to Bommes & Morawska, ( 2005 ). English-language migration research was still, however, dominated by institutes based in the global North and the ‘West’.

Interdisciplinarity and Internationalisation in Migration Studies: Key Readings

There have been several publications dealing with the development of migration studies over the years. These readings identify some of the key points related to interdisciplinarity in the field, and how the field has evolved internationally.

Brettell, C. B., & Hollifield, J. F. (2000). Migration theory: Talking across disciplines (1st ed.). Abingdon: Routledge; 2 nd ed. (2008); 3 rd ed. (2015).

Talking Across Disciplines has been used as a standard textbook in migration studies for several years. It represents the first effort towards highlighting the key ideas of the multiple disciplines in the field. It offers an introduction to the contributions these disciplines, as well as critical reflections on how those disciplines have interacted.

Bommes, M., & Morawska, E. (2005). International migration research: Constructions, omissions and the promises of Interdisciplinarity. Farnham: Ashgate.

International Migration Research is one of the first attempts to explore and synthesise migration studies from an interdisciplinary perspective. In this book, scholars from multiple disciplines provide a state of the art of the field which illuminates the contrasts between how these disciplines approach migration studies. It is one of the first works in which migration studies is understood to be an institutionalised field of study.

Thränhardt, D., & Bommes, M. (2010). National Paradigms of migration research. Osnabrück: V&R.

In this book, readers are introduced to the idea that migration studies developed as a policy-driven field in several countries in the twentieth century. Not only did this entail diverse policy priorities, but also diverse “paradigms” of knowledge production in terms of terminology, concepts, and measures. This diversity reflects different national science policies. There are chapters reflecting on these processes from multiple continents, and from both “old” and “new” immigration countries.

In the decades before the 1990s—with a heavy reliance on census and demographic data—quantitative research abounded in migration studies (Greenwood & Hunt, 2003 ). But by the beginning of the 1990s, a “qualitative turn”, linked more broadly to the “cultural turn” in social sciences, had taken place (King, 2012 ). In other words, migration studies broadly shifted from migration per se, to migrants. King notes the example of geographical research: “human geography research on migration switched from quantitatively inclined population geography to qualitatively minded cultural geographers […] this epistemological shift did not so much re-make theories of the causes of migration as enrich our understanding of the migrant experience ” (King, 2012 , p. 24). Indeed, this is also reflected in how Pedraza-Bailey ( 1990 , p. 49) mapped migration research by the end of the 1980s into two main categories: (i) the migration process itself and (ii) the (subjective) processes that follow migration.

Even though it is clear that migration studies is made up of multiple communities—we have already made the case for its pluralist composition—it is worth re-emphasising this development through the changing shape and structure of the ‘embryos’ in Fig. 1.4 above. The positioning of the clusters relative to each other denotes the extent to which different epistemic communities cited the same research, while the roundness of the map denotes how the field can be considered an integrated whole. We clearly see that in the period 1975–1979, the disciplinary clusters were dispersed, with loose linkages between one another. In the 1980s through to the mid-1990s, while some interdisciplinarity was emerging, several clusters, such as demographers and psychologists, were working largely within their own disciplines. In other words, in the 1970s and 1980s, authors working on migration referred to and were cited by other scholars primarily within their own disciplinary traditions. In this time, although a few migration journals had been established, this number was small compared to today. Without many scientific journals specialised in their topic, migration scholars were largely reading and publishing in disciplinary journals. By today—particularly in Europe—this has changed, as the increasing roundness of the maps demonstrate and as the rest of this chapter substantiates.

3.4 Expansion of Migration Studies Since the Turn of the Century

In the 2000s the expansion of migration studies accelerated further (see Fig. 1.5 ). In 1975, there were just under 350 articles published on migration; there were 900 published in 2000; in 2017, over 3000 articles were published. This growth not only involved a diversification of the field, but also various critical conceptual developments and the rise of an increasingly self-critical approach to migration studies. One of these critical developments involved a move beyond a strong focus on the national dimension of migration and diversities, for example in terms of understanding migration as international migration, on integration as a phenomenon only within nation-states, and on migrants as either being connected to the ‘home’ or ‘host’ society.

Number of articles, per year, in migration studies dataset based on advanced query of Web of Science for Migration Research Hub, 12 March 2019. (Based on Levy et al., 2020 , p. 8)

Several key publications marked this important turn. Wimmer and Glick-Schiller ( 2002 ) refer to “ methodological nationalism ” and critique the notion of taking the nation-state as a given as if it were a natural entity. In fact, for Wimmer and Glick Schiller, this way of understanding reality helps contribute to nation-state building more than it enhances scientific knowledge. In a similar contribution, Favell ( 2003 ) critiques the concept of ‘integration’ as naturalising the nation-state in relation to migration. Favell’s main argument was that integration as a normative policy goal structured research on migration in Western Europe. Up until then, migration research had reproduced what he saw as nation-state-centred power structures. Thranhardt and Bommes ( 2010 ) further substantiate this point by showing empirically how migration studies developed within distinct national context leading to the reification of distinct national models of integration/migration.

Where did this turn beyond methodological nationalism lead to? Several important trends can be defined in the literature. One involves the rise of perspectives that go beyond nation-states, such as transnationalist (Faist 2000 , Vertovec 2009 ) and postnationalist (Soysal & Soyland, 1994 ) perspectives. Such perspectives have helped reveal how migration and migrant communities can also be shaped in ways that reach beyond nation-states, such as in transnational communities that connect communities from across various countries or in the notion of universal personhood that defines the position of migrants regardless of the state where they are from or where they reside.

Another perspective takes migration studies rather to the local (regional, urban, or neighbourhood) level of migration and diversity. Zapata-Barrero et al. speak in this regard of the local turn in migration studies (2010). They show how migration-related diversities take shape in specific local settings, such as cities or even neighbourhoods, in ways that cannot be understood from the traditional notion of distinct national models.

Also, in the study of migration itself, an important trend can be identified since the 2000s. Rather than focusing on migration as a phenomenon where someone leaves one country to settle in another, the so-called “mobility turn” (Boswell & Geddes, 2010 ) calls for a better comprehension of the variation in mobility patterns. This includes for instance variation in temporalities of migration (temporary, permanent, circular), but also in the frequency of migration, types of migration, etc. In this book we will address such mobilities in the forms of different types of migration, frequencies and temporalities by discussing very different migration forms .

3.5 Growing Self-Critical Reflection in Migration Studies

Since the 2000s, there has also been a growing reflexive and self-critical approach within migration studies. Studies like those of Wimmer and Glick-Schiller, Favell, and Dahinden are clear illustrations of this growing conceptual self-consciousness. The field of migration studies has itself become an object of critical reflection. In the context of this book, we take this as a signal of the coming of age of migration studies.

This critical reflection touches upon a variety of issues in the field. One is how the field has conceptualised ethnicity, which was criticised as “ethnic lensing” (Glick Schiller & Çağlar, 2009 ). This would involve an inherent tendency to connect and problematise a broad range of issues with ethnicity, such as studies on how ethnic communities do on the labour market or the role that ethnicity plays in policies. The core argument to move beyond ethnic lensing is that focusing only on ethnicity risks defying social complexity and the importance of intersectionalities between ethnicity and, for instance, class, citizenship, education, location, cultural, or political disposition, etc. Dahinden ( 2016 ) calls in this context for a “ de-migrantisation ” of migration studies to avoid the naturalisation of migrants in relation to all sorts of issues and problems. Vertovec ( 2007 ) develops the concept “ super-diversity ” in this context to capture the social complexity of migration-related diversities.

Another strand of critical reflection concerns the field’s relationship to policymaking . Studies like those by Scholten et al. ( 2015 ) and Ruhs et al. ( 2019 ) offer critical reflection on the role that the relationship between migration studies and broader policy settings has played in the conceptual and methodological development of the field. On the one hand, the evolution of the field has been spurred on in its policy relevance, for instance in research on migration management or ‘migrant integration’. This relationship has contributed to the co-production of knowledge and key concepts, such as ‘integration’, and impeded the critical and independent development of the field. On the other hand, the field also leaves important gaps in research-policy relations, leaving important areas of knowledge production hardly connected to knowledge utilisation. Such studies have raised awareness of the necessity of research-policy relations for the societal impact of the field, while also problematising the nature of research-policy relations and their impact on the development of the field itself.

Finally, also in the context of growing public awareness on racism, the field has increasingly become self-reflexive in terms of how it deals with issues of discrimination and racism . This includes a growing awareness of institutional racism in the field itself, such as in institutes or training programs. Besides contributing to the broader field, there has been an increase of instances where institutes revise their own management and procedures in order to enhance racial justice. This includes participation of scholars from the global south, but also a proliferation of diversity policies in the field. At the same time, criticism remains on the extent to which the field has acknowledged issues of racial justice, for instance in studies on integration, migration management, or social cohesion.

4 Mapping Migration Studies Today

4.1 co-citation communities.

Nowadays, migration studies has become a more interdisciplinary field. In the last 15 years, as the “embryo” development in Fig. 1.4 shows, it became more oval-shaped without sharp “tails”. This form indicates a cross-disciplinary osmosis ; a growing interlinkage of epistemic communities. Co-referencing of authors from different disciplinary orientations became more common in the twenty-first century. Such developments can be attributed, on one hand, to the rapid digitisation of libraries and journals, as well as the multiplication of migration-focused journals, which accepted relevant contributions to discussion on migration, no matter the discipline. On the other hand, interdisciplinary endeavours were encouraged externally, for instance via grants (see European Union, 2016) and interdisciplinary master programmes created in various universities. It became fashionable to work at the intersection of disciplines, to an extent that nowadays it is often difficult to determine the disciplinary origin of a publication about migration. Whether such developments have yielded any theoretical or empirical breakthroughs is yet to be seen. In any case, it is clear that migration studies moved from being a multi-disciplinary field (with few connections between them) to an interdisciplinary field (with more connections between multiple disciplines) (Levy et al., 2020 ).

Let us now dive into the most recent co-citation clusters. Such clusters are, of course, not only categorised in terms of disciplines. They also have certain topical focuses. Figure 1.6 below zooms in to the data from Fig. 1.4 and shows the co-citation network in the period 2005–2014 in more detail. We can see seven different groups of migration scholarship that are nevertheless rather interlinked, as the oval shape of the network indicates. At 1 o’clock we can see the cluster we have elsewhere called the “Global systems school”, which has developed around such scholars as Vertovec, Soysal, Levitt, Favell, Faist, and Glick-Schiller, who introduced and developed the concept of transnationalism since the late 1990s. Contrasting with longstanding conventions of looking at migration as having an ‘endpoint’ in the countries of reception, they developed a different view of migration as a global, on-going, and dynamic process impacting receiving as well as sending societies, along with the identities, belonging, and ‘sense of home’ of migrants themselves. Nowadays, this cluster includes a very diverse group of scholars with different thematic focuses, such as the migration-development nexus (see also Chap. 18 , this volume) including de Haas, Carling, and Castles; prominent scholars on Asian migration, such as Ong and Yeoh; and many others, Guarnizo, King, Anderson, Sassen, Joppke and Baubock. Yet, the fact that they all belong to one cluster, proves that their work has been cited in the same reference lists, thus constituting an interlinked conversation on migration as global phenomenon.

Co-citation map of authors with 10+ citations in migration research in the period 2005–2014. (From Levy et al. 2020 , p. 17)

Closer to the centre of the network, we find a blue cluster, centred around Portes, a widely-cited founding father of migration studies in the USA. Next to him we also see other leading American scholars such as Waldinger, Alba and Zhou, Waters, Rumbaut, and Putnam, whose primary concern is the (economic) integration of immigrants. This cluster of scholars has elsewhere been understood as the “Michigan-Wisconsin” school of migration research, given the two universities’ success in training migration scholars in the US (cf. Hollifield, 2020 ). Traditionally this scholarship has developed in the USA and has been very prominent in the field for decades. Especially Portes is cited extensively, and widely co-cited across the epistemic communities of the whole field.

This cluster is closely interlinked with the neighbouring (at 4 o’clock) cluster of economists, demographers, and other quantitative social scientists (turquoise). At the centre of it is Massey , another giant of migration studies, who mainly conducted his migration research from a demographic perspective. Here we also see economists such as Borjas, Chiswick, and Stark, who predominantly studied the immigration reality of the USA.

Then, at 6 o’clock, we see a light-green cluster. The highly cited scholars in its core are Williams and Krieger, who study migration- and race-related differences in health. For instance, Williams’ highly-cited paper is about the experiences of racism and mental health problems of African Americans, while Krieger investigated how racism and discrimination causes high-blood pressure. Health is one of the ‘younger’ topics in contemporary migration studies; the amount of research on the intersection of migration and health has increased significantly in the last decade (Pisarevskaya et al., 2019 ).

Closely interlinked with ‘health’ is the cluster of ‘acculturationists’, positioned at 7 o’clock. The cluster is formed around J.W. Berry, a social-psychologist who introduced a theory of immigrant acculturation ( 1997 ). Scholars in this cluster investigate cross-cultural and intercultural communication from the psychological perspective. Other prominent authors in this cluster include Phinney, Pettigrew, Ward and Tajfel who studied cognitive aspects of prejudice, and Stephan famous for their integrated threat theory of prejudice (Stephan & Stephan, 2000 ).

Another significant group of scholars is positioned between 9 and 12 o’clock of the co-citation network. These are scholars focused on the politics of ethnic and race relations; prominent critical sociologists such as Foucault and Bourdieu are frequently co-cited in this cluster. Among the key authors in this group are Hall, Gilroy, Brubaker, Kymlicka, Asante, Du Bois, and Bonilla-Silva.

At 12 o’clock, we can see an orange cluster, positioned between the ethnic/race relations cluster and the “Global systems school” – this is a relatively new cluster of scholars working on the topic of mobility, developed by Urry, Scheller, and T. Cresswell. Other researchers within this loosely connected cluster focus in their research on mobilities from related to work and studies from the perspective of social and economic geography. The focus on mobility has been on the rise; it entered top three most prominent topics in migration studies in the period 2008–2017 (Pisarevskaya et al., 2019 ).

Overall, in the twenty-first century, the scholarship of migration in its variety of approaches and intertwined themes has seemed to move away from “‘ who’- and ‘what’- questions, to ‘how’- and ‘why’-questions”, compared to the early days of this field. Efforts towards quantifying and tracing geographies of migration flows and describing migrant populations in the receiving countries have somewhat declined in academic publications, while research on the subjective experiences of migrants, perceptions of migrants’ identity and belonging, as well as attention to the cultural (super)diversity of societies has become more prominent (ibid. ).

4.2 Internationalisation

Since migration is a global phenomenon, it is important that it is studied in different countries and regions, by scholars with different academic and personal backgrounds, as well as for knowledge to be transferred around the world. Only by bringing together the diversity of perspectives and contexts in which migration is studied we can achieve a truly global and nuanced understanding of migration, its causes, and its consequences.

Over the course of the field’s development, migration studies has internationalised. Even though analysis of internationalisation trends has only been conducted on English-language literature, the trends seem to be rather coherent. The number of the countries producing publications on migration has increased from 47 to 104 in the past 20 years. Publications from non-Anglophone European countries have increased by 15%, to constitute by today almost a third of English-language publications on migration, while the relative share of developed Anglophone countries (USA, UK, Canada, Australia) has declined (Pisarevskaya et al., 2019 ). The proportion of migration research that is internationally co-authored has also increased over the past 20 years, from 5% of articles in 1998 to over 20% in 2018 (Levy et al., 2020 ).

Nevertheless, international collaboration is not equally spread across the world. European and North American migration scholars have produced the highest absolute number of international collaborations between 1998 and 2018, though the relative share of collaborations among Europe-based scholars is much higher (36%) than that of their North American colleagues (15%). The suggested reasons behind these trends could be that critiques of national paradigms in migration studies have been taken up in Europe more eagerly than in North America. This has not happened without facilitation by broader science policies , particularly in the European Union, which funded the creation of the IMISCOE Network of Excellence, a network which intensified international collaborations between the research institutes working on migration and integration issues in various European countries.

In the global south, similar initiatives have been established, such as the Network for Migration Research on Africa and the Asia Pacific Knowledge Network on Migration. In these regions, international co-authorships are not uncommon, but the absolute number of publications in English compared to those from the north is small. We have thus observed an “uneven internationalisation” of migration studies (Levy et al., 2020 ); in the case of the gender and migration nexus, for instance, Kofman ( 2020 ) argues that the concentration of institutions and publishers in migration studies headquartered in the north perpetuates such inequalities.

5 An Outlook on This Interactive Guide to Migration Studies

This book is structured so as to provide an overview of key topics within the pluralist field of migration studies. It is not structured according to specific theories or disciplines, but along topics, such as why and how people migrate, what forms of migration are there, what the consequences of migration are, and how migration can be governed. Per topic, it brings an overview of key concepts and theories as well as illustrations of how these help to understand concrete empirical cases. After each chapter, the reader will have a first overview of the plurality of perspectives developed in migration studies on a specific theme as well as first grasp of empirical case studies.

The book is designed as an ‘interactive guide’; it will help connect readers to readings, projects, and reports for the selected themes via interactive links. To this aim, the book outline largely follows the official taxonomy of migration studies at migrationresearch.com . Throughout the text, there will be interactive links to overview pages on the Migration Research Hub, as well as to specific key readings. This marks the book as a point of entry for readers to get to know the field of migration studies.

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Scholten, P., Pisarevskaya, A., Levy, N. (2022). An Introduction to Migration Studies: The Rise and Coming of Age of a Research Field. In: Scholten, P. (eds) Introduction to Migration Studies. IMISCOE Research Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_1

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International Migration and International Trade

This paper surveys key developments in the theory of international migration and international trade, and provides a few stylized facts. International migration, in many important cases, such as cross-country differences in productivity, can be a complement to international flows of commodities. In the presence of a productivity difference that is generated by an external economy effect of human, capital physical capital has weak incentives to flow from developed to underdeveloped countries while pressures for international migration from poor to rich countries are strong. The balancing factors underlying an efficient global dispersion of population are those which generate advantages to size, such as public goods, or increasing returns to scale on one hand, and those which generate disadvantages to size, such as immobile factors or congestion effects in the utilization of public services, on the other hand. The modem welfare state typically redistribute income from the rich to the poor in a way which attracts poor migrants from the less developed countries. Since migration could impose a toll on the redistribution policy of the Developed Country it may benefit from the extension of foreign aid to the Less Developed Country if this aid serves to finance a subsidy to workers in the Less Developed Country, thereby containing migration.

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Chapter 15 in Handbook of Population Economics, ed. Mark Rosenzweig and Oded Stark, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 851-887, Elsevier, 1997

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Diop, Mor. "Migration et prostitution : la prostitution comme étape dans les parcours de migration de femmes d'Afrique subsaharienne vers la France et l'Allemagne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG025.

Antoine, Delphine. "Tuberculose et migrations internationales en Europe de l'Ouest." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100108.

Channac-Nadal, Frédérique. "Vers une gouvernance globale des migrations ? : genèse et renouveau du système multilatéral des migrations internationales." Bordeaux 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR40052.

Marfouk, Abdeslam. "Migrations internationales par niveau de qualification : mesures et analyse des déterminants." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL20015.

Durand, Jorge. "Migrations internationales dans l'ouest du Mexique : conditions sociales, politiques et culturelles." Toulouse 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU20070.

Millogo, Doslalo Albert. "Commerce et migrations internationales dans le bassin méditerranéen : cas de la France." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL2010/document.

Gohourou, Florent. "Migrations internationales et territorialisations : les français dans la ville d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT5002.

Ma, Mung Emmanuel. "Autonomie, migrations et altérité. HDR de géographie, 1999." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Poitiers, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337679.

Haddad, Afef. "Migrations internationales et libre-échange : caractéristiques particulières de l'émigration des compétences et importance de l'effort technologique." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010025.

Marteau, d'Autry Christilla. "Entre voisinage et parenté à Samarcande : une communauté locale sur fond de migrations internationales." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100174.

Khoudour-Castéras, David. "Migrations internationales, régimes de change et politiques sociales : un nouveau trilemme de politique économique ?" Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2005. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/f4rshpf3v1umfa09lat1n0o44.

Rygiel, Philippe. "Une impossible tâche? L'institut de droit international et la régulation des migrations internationales 1870-1920." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657654.

Keita, Boulaye. "Migrations internationales, investissements immobiliers et recomposition territoriale en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas de Bamako." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA070047.

NICHOLS, PETER PIERRE. "Les politiques de migration europeennes et internationales, et l'emploi : du comite intergouvernemental pour les migrations europeennes (c.i.m.e.) a l'organisation internationale pour les migration (o.i.m.)." Toulouse 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU10004.

Mary, Kévin. "Les élites maliennes en quête d'Amérique : Migrations internationales pour études et enjeux d'une reproduction sociale inachevée." Caen, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01100649.

Moullan, Yasser. "Fuite des cerveaux des médecins, aide étrangère et développement humain : quatre essais empiriques sur les migrations internationales." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010061.

Talha, Larbi. "Surpopulation, réserve de travail et migrations internationales de main d'oeuvre : contribution à une critique des approches économiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX24008.

Lavigne, Delville Philippe. "Migrations internationales, restructurations agraires et dynamiques associatives en pays soninké et haalpulaar (1975-1990), essai d'anthropologie du changement social et du développement." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00913481.

Chena, Salim. "Réification, exil et nation : sociopolitique des migrations irrégulières vers et depuis l'Algérie." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0073.

Boubtane, Ekrame. "Les migrations internationales dans les pays de l'OCDE : effets sur le marché du travail et sur la croissance économique." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697298.

Nkenne, Jean Marie. "Migrations internationales et mutations spatiales par l´habitat : le cas de la diaspora camerounaise dans la ville de Yaoundé." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2020_0285_NKENNE.pdf.

Frantz, David. "Migrations et division sociale de l'espace en Toscane : structures et dynamiques." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00559858.

Négrel, Nathalie. "Circulations transnationales des discours télévisuels : TV5 Monde, France 24 et les migrations subsahariennes." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20049.

Michalon, Bénédicte. "Migrations des Saxons de Roumanie en Allemagne. Mythe, interdépendance et altérité dans le « retour »." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00330004.

Gabrielli, Lorenzo. "La construction de la politique d'immigration espagnole : ambiguïtés et ambivalences à travers le cas des migrations ouest-africaines." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00599104.

Ramos, Maria Natália Pereira. "Marchés du travail et migrations internationale : croissance, crise et marché unique. Cas du Portugal et de la Franc." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010010.

Robin, Nelly. "Migrations, observatoire et droit. Complexité du système migratoire ouest-africain. Migrants et normes juridiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Poitiers, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01071279.

Defoort, Cécily. "MIGRATIONS QUALIFIEES ET CAPITAL HUMAIN : NOUVEAUX ENSEIGNEMENTS TIRES D'UNE BASE DE DONNEES EN PANEL." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00192325.

Ouaked, Saïd. "Les migrations des personnels qualifiés aux Etats-Unis : de la domination à la dépendance ?" Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOL014.

Do, nascimento Anthony. "Une Histoire de l'émigration, de l'immigration et de la colonisation japonaise au Brésil (1895-1942) : une autre histoire du Japon." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3042.

Avalos, Romero Job. "Latino-américains en France : insertion professionnelle et intégration (1973-2016)." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0023.

Bret, Julien. "Travail global et production d’un individu servile : activités économiques et migrations de travailleurs non arabes au Liban." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20136/document.

Beck, Sylvain. "Expatriation et relation éducative : les enseignants français dans la mondialisation." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040121.

Tandian, Aly. "Des migrations internationales à la question identitaire : redéfinition de statuts des migrants Haalpulaar et évolution des rôles féminins dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20004.

Altasserre, Stephan. "Les mobilités bulgares en Europe occidentale et plus particulièrement en France au cours de la période postcommuniste (1989-2012)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAC025.

Hormi, Abderrazak. "Les migrations internationales : l'immigration étrangère dans le bassin minier du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais (N.P.D.C) : l'exemple des communautés marocaine et polonaise dans les houillères du bassin." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100230.

Kuhn-Le, Braz Mélanie. "Déterminants et usages des transferts de fonds des migrants : le cas des migrations Sud-Sud." Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090060.

Naim, Mohamed. "La migration internationale de travail et les transformations socio-spatiales dans les oasis presahariennes du maroc : le cas de la vallee du todrha." Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE2008.

Kagambega, Marcel. "Le rôle des États du Sud dans l’encadrement juridiques des migrations Sud-Nord et Sud-sud : l’exemple des États de l’Afrique de l’ouest." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0451.

N'Guessan, N'Cho. "Le financement interafricain du développement." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUEL030.

Coiffard, Marie. "Les déterminants et impacts macroéconomiques des transferts de fonds des migrants : une analyse du cas des pays fortement dépendants." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784378.

Gabrielli, Lorenzo. "La construction de la politique d’immigration espagnole : ambiguïtés et ambivalences à travers le cas des migrations ouest-africaines." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40014/document.

Lacroix, Thomas. "Espace Transnational et Territoires. Les Réseaux Marocains du Développement." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819508.

Bourgeon, Pauline. "Essays on the impact of shocks on international flows and productivity." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E023.

Mahamoud, Ismael Omar. "L'immigration étrangère dans la ville de Djibouti : le cas des Ethiopiens Oromo." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR151.

Boussichas, Matthieu. "POLITIQUES MIGRATOIRES ET DEVELOPPEMENT : OPTIMISER LES EFFETS DE L'EMIGRATION." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965153.

Potot, Swanie. "Circulation et réseaux de migrants roumains : Une contribution à l'étude des nouvelles mobilités en Europe." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003480.

Dujmovic, Morgane. "Une géographie sociale critique du contrôle migratoire en Croatie : ancrages et mirages d'un dispositif." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0646.

Guidecoq, Simon. "L'économie politique du système d'immigration américain : une analyse des échecs des réformes de la politique d'immigration des Etats-Unis, 1994-2010." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00817199.

Valette, Jérôme. "Three essays on international migration." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAD008/document.

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A Dangerous New Era: Analyzing the Impact of Cyber Technology on International Conflict , Kenneth Brown

Networks in the Norm Life Cycle and the Diffusion of Environmental Norms , James E. Fry

Power, Property Rights, and Political Development: A property rights theory of political development and its application to the study of development in Honduras and Costa Rica , Ricardo R. Noé

Bodily Harm: An Analysis of the Phenomenological and Linguistic Aspects of Harm and Trauma , Grant Samuel Peeler

Mystic Medicine: Afro-Jamaican Religio-Cultural Epistemology and the Decolonization of Health , Jake Wumkes

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The Humanitarian Gaze and the Spectatorial Nature of Sympathy , Michelle Assaad

The Progressive Transformation of Medellín- Colombia: A Successful Case of Women's Political Agency , María Auxiliadora González-Malabet

Restoring International Justice: Exposing the Limitations of Retributive Justice and Proposing a Restorative Dimension , Nazek Jawad

Human Rights, Emotion, and Critical Realism: Proposing an Emotional Ontology of International Human Rights , Ben Luongo

When Faced with a Democracy: political socialization of first-generation ethnic Russian immigrants in Central and South Florida , Marina Seraphine Mendez

Structure of Turkey-USA Bilateral Relations and Analysis of Factors Affecting Bilateral Relations , Hanifi Ozkarakaya

Soviet Nationality Policy: Impact on Ethnic Conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia , Nevzat Torun

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The Influence of The Armenian Diaspora on The American Foreign Policy , Fatih Aydogan

Discourse, Affinity and Attraction: A Case Study of Iran's Soft Power Strategy in Afghanistan , Hiva Feizi

Becoming Legitimate: How PMSCs are Seeking Legitimacy in the International System , Sommer Mitchell

De Mestizas a Indígenas: Reindigenization as a Political Strategy in Ecuador , Pamela X. Pareja

Star Power, Pandemics, and Politics: The Role of Cultural Elites in Global Health Security , Holly Lynne Swayne

Strategic Negligence: Why the United States Failed to Provide Military Support to the Syrian Resistance in 2011-2014 , Konrad J. Trautman

The Viability of Democratic Governance in De Facto States: A Comparative Case Study of Iraqi Kurdistan and Syria Rojava , Chelsea Vogel

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Cyber Deterrence against Cyberwar between the United States and China: A Power Transition Theory Perspective , Yavuz Akdag

The Role of Elites in the Formation of National Identities: The Case of Montenegro , Muhammed F. Erdem

Measuring Trust in Post-Communist States: Making the Case for Particularized Trust. , Nicole M. Ford

Hidden: A Case Study on Human Trafficking in Costa Rica , Timothy Adam Golob

Latino Subgroups Political Participation in American Politics: The Other Latinos’ Electoral Behavior , Angelica Maria Leon Velez

Re-ethnicization of Second Generation Non-Muslim Asian Indians in the U.S. , Radha Moorthy

Structural Racism: Racists without Racism in Liberal Institutions within Colorblind States , Alexis Nicole Mootoo

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Venezuela, from Charisma to Mimicry: The Rise and Fall of a Televised Political Drama , Rebecca Blackwell

Containment: A Failed American Foreign Policy and How the Truman Doctrine Led to the Rise in Islamic Extremism in the Muslim World , Christopher Jonathan Gerber

The Role of Religion in Mitigating Cancer Disparities Among Black Americans , Samar Hennawi

Where is the Survivor’s Voice? An Examination of the Individual and Structural Challenges to the Reintegration of Immigrant Human Trafficking Survivors , Michelle Cristina Angelo Dantas Rocha

Changes and Challenges in Diplomacy: An Evaluation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Dominican Republic , Yudelka Santana

How Presidents Can Become "Hip" by Using High Definition Metaphors Strategic Communication of Leadership in a Digital Age , Mirela Camelia Stimus

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The Triumvirate of Intersectionality: a Case Study on the Mobilization of Domésticas in Brazil , Kristen Lei Nash

Strategic Missile Defense: Russian and U.S. Policies and Their Effects on Future Weapons Proliferation , Diana Marie Nesbitt

Staring Down the Mukhabarat: Rhizomatic Social Movements and the Egyptian and Syrian Arab Spring , Stephen Michael Strenges

The Effect of Neoliberalism on Capabilities: Evaluating the Case of Mexico , James Paul Walker

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Human Trafficking from Southern Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala: Why These Victims are Trafficked into Modern Day Florida , Timothy Adam Golob

The Effects of U.S. Middle East Foreign Policy on American Muslims: A Case Study of Muslims in Tampa Bay , Mark G. Grzegorzewski

Does Revolution Breed Radicalism? An Analysis of the Stalled Revolution in Syria and the Radical Forces Since Unleashed , Ryan King Little

The United States Prison System: A Comparative Analysis , Rachel O'connor

Fair Trade in Transition: Evolution, Popular Discourse, and the Case of the CADO Cooperative in Cotopaxi, Ecuador , Robyn Michelle Odegard

Challenging the Democratic Peace Theory - The Role of US-China Relationship , Toni Ann Pazienza

Continuation in US Foreign Policy: An Offensive Realist Perspective , Bledar Prifti

The Syrian Civil War: Four Concentric Forces of Tensions , Majid Rafizadeh

Key Ingredients in the Rule of Law Recipe: The Role of Judicial Independence in the Effective Establishment of the Rule of Law , Lauren A. Shumate

Leges, Plebiscita, et Rogationes: Democratization and Legislative Action, 494 - 88 BC , Eric Wolters

An Analysis of State Building: The Relationship between Pashtun 'Para-State' Institutions and Political Instability in Afghanistan , Rebecca Young Greven

Accessibility's Influence on Population Location near Light Rail in the Denver Region , Christophe Michael Zuppa

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A Comparative Study: How Educational and Healthcare Preparedness Affected Marketization of the Chinese and Indian Economies , Cindy Arjoon

Accidental Detention: A Threat to the Legitimacy of Venezuelan Democracy , Mabel Gabriela Durán-Sánchez

European Union Institutions, Democratic Discourse, and the Color Revolutions , Lizette G. Howard

The End of Anarchy: Weapons of Mass Destruction and the States System , Gregory Edward Johnson

Trends in the Contracting out of Local Government Services , Cristiane Carvalho Keetch

Framing Colombian Women's Beliefs, Values and Attitude Towards Sex and Sexual High-Risk Behaviors , Rosa Ore

Impacts of U.S. Foreign Policy and Intervention on Guatemala: Mid-20th Century , Patricia M. Plantamura

Maximizing Citizenship with Minimal Representation: An Analysis of Afro-Argentine Civil Society Organizing Strategies , Prisca Suarez

From Zaire to the DRC: A Case Study of State Failure , Adam Zachariah Trautman

Guanxi, Networks and Economic Development: The Impact of Cultural Connections , Patricia Anne Weeks

Comparative Political Corruption in the United States: The Florida Perspective , Andrew Jonathon Wilson

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Modernization From Above: Social Mobilization, Political Institutionalization and Instability: A Case Study of Iran (1953-1979) , Jeffrey Robert Cobb

The Relationship between the Social Construction of Race and the Black/White Test Score Gap in , Toriano M. Dempsey

The Causes and Effects of Get Tough: A Look at How Tough-on-Crime Policies Rose to the Agenda and an Examination of Their Effects on Prison Populations and Crime , Cheyenne Morales Harty

Hegemonic Rivalry in the Maghreb: Algeria and Morocco in the Western Sahara Conflict , Michael D. Jacobs

The Politics of Pentecostalism; Does it Help or Hinder Democratic Consolidation in Brazil? , Amber S. Johansen

Women's Political Representation in Europe: An Analysis of Structural and Attitudinal Factors , Jenna Elaine Mcculloch

Examining the Relationship between Participatory Democracy and Nonwhite Domestic Workers in Porto Alegre, Brazil: Issues of Race, Class and Privilege , Alexis Nicole Mootoo

The Indigenous Movement and the Struggle for Political Representation in Bolivia , Angelica T. Nieves

MAS and the Indigenous People of Bolivia , Maral Shoaei

Cyberwar and International Law: An English School Perspective , Anthony F. Sinopoli

The Homegrown Jihad: A Comparative Study of Youth Radicalization in the United States and Europe , William Wolfberg

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

The State and the Legalization of Dual Citizenship/Dual Nationality: A Case Study of Mexico and the Philippines , Pamela Kim Anderson

The Integration of African Muslim Minority: A Critique of French Philosophy and Policy , Amber Nichole Dillender

Elections and Tensions and Constitutions! Oh, My! A Process-Oriented Analysis of Bolivian Democratization from 1993 to 2009 , Laurel Kristin Dwyer

Cuban Medical Internationalism: A Case for International Solidarity in Foreign Policy Decision Making , Eric James Fiske

The Threat to Democracy in Brazil's Public Sphere , Daniel Nettuno

Prospects for Political Reform in China , Jody Lee Tomlin

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

The Positive- and Negative-Right Conceptions of Freedom of Speech and the Specter of Reimposing the Broadcast Fairness Doctrine ... or Something Like It , Adam Fowler

The Christian Zionist Lobby and U.S.-Israel Policy , Mark G. Grzegorzewski

An Analysis of U.S. Policies Targeting the Iranian Nuclear Program , Bryan T. Hamilton

Religion and Resistance: The Role of Islamic Doctrine in Hamas and Hezbollah , Matthew Lawson

Prospects for Nuclear Non-Proliferation: An Actor-Oriented Case Study of Iran’s Future , James Martin Lockwood

Impact of Globalization on Socio-Economic and Political Development of the Central Asian Countries , Karina Orozalieva

Mubarak’s Machine: The Durability of the Authoritarian Regime in Egypt , Andrea M. Perkins

International Society Cosmopolitan Politics and World Society , Kimberly Weaver

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

From China to Cuba: Guerilla Warfare as a Mechanism for Mobilizing Resources , Jorge Barrera

Neoliberalism and Dependence: A Case Study of The Orphan Care Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa , Christine Concetta Gibson

City Level Development New Key to Successful Development , Gina Herron

The neoconservative war on modernity: The Bush Doctrine and its resistance to legitimation , Ben Luongo

The Security and Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: An Offensive Realism Perspective , Bledar Prifti

Transdiscursive cosmopolitanism: Foucauldian freedom, subjectivity, and the power of resistance , Joanna Rozpedowski

Making and Keeping the Peace: An Analysis of African Union Efficacy , Nicholas Temple

Social Implications of Fair Trade Coffee in Chiapas, Mexico: Toward Alternative Economic Integration , Joseph J. Torok

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

Role of Culture in Economic Development: China Study of China and Latin America , Amira Fellner

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Les migrations internationales

I. le fait migratoire : une réalité géographique dans l'espace mondialisé, 1. un fait constitutif de la mondialisation, 2. les migrations à l'échelle mondiale.

• Les migrations internationales s'organisent suivant plusieurs logiques. À l'échelle mondiale, les principaux flux conduisent des personnes originaires de pays du Sud à s'installer dans des pays du Nord . Environ 65 % des migrants résident dans des pays du Nord.
• Les causes de ces migrations sont diverses, la première étant économique. Les principales zones d'accueil sont les pays d'Amérique du Nord, où Canada et États-Unis accueillent plus de 50 millions de migrants à eux deux. À eux seuls, les États-Unis accueillent un migrant mondial sur cinq. Vient ensuite l'Europe occidentale, avec le Royaume-Uni, l'Allemagne et la France, puis les pétromonarchies, Arabie Saoudite en tête avec 12,5 millions d'immigrés.
• Parmi les pays d'origine des migrants, on trouve l'Inde en tête, avec 17 millions de départs, puis le Mexique (15 millions), et la Russie (11 millions). Mais le poids démographique relatif de chaque pays justifie un raisonnement par zones géographiques.

3. Les migrations intrarégionales

Ii. la diversité des enjeux migratoires, 1. les migrations économiques ou liées à l'emploi, 2. les acteurs des migrations, 3. la situation des réfugiés, iii. des situations contrastées, 1. les situations migratoires au nord, 2. migrations et émergence, 3. migrations et géopolitique.

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