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A Journey Through Java's History and Versions

Introduction:.

Java is one of the most widely used programming languages in the world, known for its versatility, reliability, and platform independence. Since its inception, Java has undergone significant transformations and witnessed numerous versions that introduced new features, improved performance, and enhanced security. In this blog post, we will take a journey through Java's fascinating history, exploring its major milestones and significant versions.

1. The Origins of Java:

Java was created by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s. Originally conceived as a language for consumer electronics, it was initially called "Oak" and aimed to provide a platform-independent programming language for embedded systems. However, with the rise of the internet, Java's purpose shifted to developing applications for the World Wide Web.

2. Java 1.0 (JDK 1.0 - January 23, 1996):

• Introduced applets, which enabled the embedding of Java programs into web browsers.
• Included the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), providing a set of GUI components for building graphical interfaces.
• Supported network programming with the inclusion of classes for socket communication.
• Provided platform independence, allowing Java programs to run on any system with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.

3. Java 1.1 (JDK 1.1 - February 19, 1997):

• Added significant improvements to the Java language, including inner classes, which enabled the nesting of classes within other classes.
• Introduced the JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) API, providing a standard way to connect and interact with databases.
• Introduced the JavaBeans component architecture, which defined a set of rules for building reusable software components.
• Added the RMI (Remote Method Invocation) API, enabling distributed computing and remote method invocation between Java objects.

4. Java 1.2 (J2SE 1.2 - December 8, 1998):

• Renamed as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE).
• Introduced the Java Collections Framework, which provided a standardized way to store and manipulate collections of objects.
• Included the Swing GUI toolkit, offering more advanced and customizable graphical components compared to AWT.
• Introduced the Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI), providing a uniform interface for accessing naming and directory services.

5. Java 1.3 (J2SE 1.3 - May 8, 2000):

• Focused on performance improvements, including a new Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, which enhanced the execution speed of Java programs.
• Introduced the HotSpot virtual machine, improving garbage collection and runtime optimizations.
• Added support for XML processing with the inclusion of the Java API for XML Parsing (JAXP).
• Included the Java Sound API, allowing developers to work with audio and MIDI data.

6. Java 1.4 (J2SE 1.4 - February 6, 2002):

• Introduced regular expressions, providing a powerful and flexible way to match and manipulate strings.
• Added assert statements, enabling developers to write assertions for debugging and testing purposes.
• Included a logging API, offering a standard way to log messages from Java applications.
• Introduced the NIO (New Input/Output) API, providing a more scalable and efficient I/O model compared to traditional stream-based I/O.

7. Java 5 (J2SE 5.0 - September 30, 2004):

• Introduced generics, allowing developers to write type-safe and reusable code by parameterizing classes and methods.
• Added annotations, which enabled the addition of metadata to Java code for various purposes, such as compile-time checks and code generation.
• Introduced autoboxing and unboxing, simplifying the conversion between primitive types and their corresponding wrapper classes.
• Added enhanced for loop, providing a more concise and readable way to iterate over collections and arrays.

8. Java 6 (Java SE 6 - December 11, 2006):

• Introduced improvements in the overall stability and performance of the platform.
• Included the Java Compiler API, allowing developers to invoke the Java compiler programmatically.
• Introduced scripting language support through the inclusion of JSR 223 (Scripting for the Java Platform).
• Included enhancements to the garbage collection algorithm, XML processing, and the introduction of the JAXB (Java Architecture for XML Binding) API.

9. Java 7 (Java SE 7 - July 28, 2011):

• Introduced the concept of the invokedynamic bytecode instruction, which facilitated the implementation of dynamic languages on the Java platform.
• Included support for strings in the switch statement, allowing developers to use string literals as case values.
• Introduced the try-with-resources statement, simplifying resource management by automatically closing resources after their usage.
• Added support for binary literals and underscores in numeric literals, improving readability and ease of use.
• Included enhancements to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), such as improvements in the garbage collection mechanism and bytecode verification.

10. Java 8 (Java SE 8 - March 18, 2014):

• Introduced lambda expressions, enabling functional programming constructs in Java and allowing the use of functions as method parameters.
• Introduced the Stream API, providing a powerful and expressive way to perform bulk operations on collections.
• Included the java.time package, which introduced a modern API for date and time manipulation, addressing limitations of the previous Date and Calendar classes.
• Added default and static methods in interfaces, allowing interfaces to have method implementations and reducing the need for abstract classes.
• Introduced the Nashorn JavaScript engine, providing a lightweight and high-performance JavaScript runtime on the JVM.

11. Java 9 (Java SE 9 - September 21, 2017):

• Introduced the Java Platform Module System (JPMS), which allowed developers to create modular and scalable applications.
• Included the JShell tool, providing an interactive environment for executing Java code snippets and exploring APIs.
• Introduced the HTTP/2 client API, offering a more efficient way to send HTTP requests and handle responses.
• Enhanced the Garbage Collector with the introduction of the Garbage-First Garbage Collector (G1 GC).
• Introduced private methods in interfaces, enabling interface evolution without breaking existing implementations.

12. Java 10 (Java SE 10 - March 20, 2018):

• Introduced the var keyword for local variable type inference, allowing the compiler to infer the type of a variable based on its initializer.
• Included enhancements to the Garbage Collector, such as the introduction of the experimental Garbage-Collector Interface and improvements to the G1 GC.
• Added new features to the Java Development Kit (JDK), including the consolidated set of JDK tools in a single binary and the introduction of a new experimental just-in-time compiler, Graal.
• Introduced a new versioning scheme with time-based release cycles, with a new version of Java planned every six months.

13. Java 11 (Java SE 11 - September 25, 2018):

• Introduced the concept of "modules" as a standard part of the Java language, providing a more efficient and scalable way to organize and distribute Java applications.
• Removed several deprecated features and APIs, streamlining the platform and improving its maintainability.
• Included the HTTP Client API, providing a modern and flexible way to send HTTP requests and handle responses.
• Enhanced the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) with the introduction of the Epsilon garbage collector, which allows applications to run without performing any garbage collection.
• Extended the support for dynamic class-file constants, allowing dynamic constant values to be used in more scenarios.

14. Java 12 (Java SE 12 - March 19, 2019):

• Introduced switch expressions, allowing the switch statement to be used as an expression, simplifying code and reducing duplication.
• Added improvements to the garbage collection mechanism, including the introduction of the Shenandoah garbage collector, which aimed to reduce garbage collection pause times.
• Included enhancements to the G1 garbage collector, such as better allocation performance and reduced fragmentation.
• Introduced new APIs, including the Reactive Streams Flow API, providing support for reactive programming with non-blocking backpressure.
• Added improvements to the Java Microbenchmark Harness (JMH), enabling developers to write more accurate and reliable microbenchmarks.

15. Java 13 (Java SE 13 - September 17, 2019):

• Introduced text blocks, a new language feature that provides a more readable and concise way to define multiline strings in code.
• Included enhancements to the switch statement, allowing developers to use multiple comma-separated case labels and introducing a new yield statement for returning values from switch expressions.
• Added improvements to the garbage collector, including enhancements to the Z Garbage Collector (ZGC) for lower pause times and better performance.
• Included the introduction of dynamic CDS (Class Data Sharing) archives, which improved startup time by sharing common class metadata across multiple JVM processes.

16. Java 14 (Java SE 14 - March 17, 2020):

• Introduced records, a new language feature that provides a compact way to declare classes that are mainly used for data representation.
• Included enhancements to the switch statement, introducing pattern matching for instanceof, allowing developers to combine type checking and type casting in a single statement.
• Added a new packaging tool called jpackage, which allows developers to package Java applications as native packages for easier distribution and installation.
• Included improvements to the Garbage Collector, such as the introduction of the ZGC as a production feature, providing low-latency garbage collection for large heap sizes.

17. Java 15 (Java SE 15 - September 15, 2020):

• Introduced sealed classes and interfaces, allowing developers to control which classes or interfaces can be extended or implemented, providing better encapsulation and security.
• Included enhancements to the garbage collector, introducing the ZGC concurrent thread-stack processing feature, further reducing garbage collection pauses.
• Added the ability to preview new features using the "--enable-preview" flag, allowing developers to experiment with upcoming language features without enabling them by default.
• Included improvements to the runtime with the introduction of hidden classes as an experimental feature, providing improved performance and security for certain use cases.

18. Java 16 (Java SE 16 - March 16, 2021):

• Introduced record classes as a preview feature, enhancing the productivity of Java developers by providing a concise way to declare classes for data storage.
• Included improvements to the garbage collector, such as the introduction of the ZGC concurrent mark start feature, reducing garbage collection pauses further.
• Added enhancements to the Java language, including the addition of a new Stream.toList() method, enabling developers to easily collect elements of a Stream into a List.
• Introduced the Unix domain socket channel support, allowing Java applications to communicate over Unix domain sockets on Unix-based systems.

19. Java 17 (Java SE 17 - September 14, 2021):

• Introduced sealed classes and interfaces as a standard feature, enabling developers to control the hierarchy and inheritance of classes and interfaces.
• Included enhancements to the garbage collector, improving performance and reducing memory footprint with the introduction of the new garbage collector algorithm, G1 Parallel Full GC.
• Added support for foreign function and memory access as a standard feature, enabling Java programs to interact with native code and memory more efficiently.
• Introduced the pattern matching for switch statements as a standard feature, allowing developers to perform pattern matching on the data targeted by the switch.

Conclusion:

Java's history and its versions showcase a commitment to innovation, performance, and developer productivity. With each release, Java has evolved to meet the changing demands of software development. From language enhancements to improvements in garbage collection and tooling, Java continues to provide a solid foundation for building robust and scalable applications. As Java moves forward, it will undoubtedly embrace new technologies and continue to be a leading programming language in the software development industry.

SRI RAMA JAYA RAMA JAYA JAYA RAMA

Java Introduction and History

Java impact in various application domains, jdk environment, java program constructional syntax, control flow statements, string handling, java history.

The history of Java is a compelling journey that starts with its inception in the early 1990s and continues to be a dominant force in the software development world.

Let’s explore the key milestones in the history of Java.

Origins of Java

The Green Project (1991): Java’s story begins in 1991 when James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton, who were working at Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010), started the Green project. The initial goal was to develop a programming language for embedded systems like cable television set-top boxes. The project was led by James Gosling, often referred to as the “Father of Java.”

Oak Language (1992): As part of the Green project, a new programming language called Oak was developed. Oak was named after an oak tree that stood outside James Gosling’s office. Oak was designed for embedded systems and featured many of the principles that would later be seen in Java, such as portability and security.

The Birth of Java

Internet Revolution and Web Applets (1994): In the early 1990s, the World Wide Web was gaining traction, and the potential for using the web for interactive content was becoming evident. Realizing this, the team behind Oak adapted the language for use in web development. They demonstrated the first applet, a small Java program that could be embedded within a web page, at the SunWorld conference in 1994.

Release of Java (1995): Java was officially released to the public on May 23, 1995. The first public version was Java 1.0, and it quickly gained attention for its “Write Once, Run Anywhere” (WORA) capabilities. This concept was made possible by compiling Java source code into an intermediate form called bytecode, which could be executed on any platform with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Java’s Rise to Prominence

J2SE and Java Applets (Late 1990s – Early 2000s): Java Applets, which promised interactive and dynamic content on web pages, initially gained popularity. However, they faced challenges due to performance and security issues, which led to their decline in later years. Meanwhile, the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE), brought many improvements to the language and APIs.

Enterprise Java (Late 1990s – 2000s): Java quickly gained traction in enterprise application development. The Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), introduced features like Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) and Java Servlets, making it a popular choice for building large-scale, robust applications.

Android Development (2008): In 2008, Google released Android, an open-source operating system for mobile devices. Android’s app development was based on Java, using a special implementation of the Java platform called Dalvik Virtual Machine (later replaced by Android Runtime or ART). This move played a significant role in Java’s continued relevance and widespread use.

Java Community and OpenJDK

Java Community Process (JCP): In 1998, Sun Microsystems established the Java Community Process (JCP) to allow developers and organizations to contribute to the evolution of Java. The JCP is an open and inclusive platform that enables stakeholders to propose and discuss changes to the Java platform.

OpenJDK and Java Community Process (JCP): In November 2006, Sun Microsystems released the Java platform under the GNU General Public License (GPL) as OpenJDK, making it open-source. The Java Community Process (JCP) was established to allow developers and organizations to participate in evolving the Java platform through a transparent and collaborative process.

JavaFX: Sun introduced JavaFX in 2007 as a platform for building rich internet applications (RIAs) and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It aimed to compete with technologies like Adobe Flash and Microsoft Silverlight but faced challenges in gaining widespread adoption.

Oracle’s Acquisition and Java’s Modernization (2010-2021)

Oracle’s Acquisition: In January 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems, gaining ownership of Java and its ecosystem.

Java 7 and Java 8: Oracle released Java 7 in July 2011 and Java 8 in March 2014. Java 8 brought significant changes with the introduction of lambda expressions, the Stream API, and the new date and time API.

Modularization with Project Jigsaw: Java 9, released in September 2017, introduced Project Jigsaw, which brought a module system to Java. This feature allowed developers to create more modular and scalable applications.

Java 11 LTS and Beyond: In September 2018, Oracle shifted its release model to a time-based cycle, with a new version of Java released every six months. Java 11 became a Long-Term Support (LTS) version, providing extended support for enterprises.

Adoption Beyond Java SE: Java found significant success in other areas beyond Java SE, such as Android app development (using a modified version of Java) and Big Data technologies like Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark.

Java 8 and Beyond: Java 8, released in 2014, brought a major update with the introduction of lambda expressions and the Stream API, making functional programming a core part of the language. Subsequent releases, such as Java 9, Java 10, and Java 11, continued to add new features and improvements to the platform.

Adoption in Big Data and Cloud Computing: Java remains a popular choice for big data and cloud computing applications. Its scalability, performance, and extensive ecosystem of libraries and frameworks make it well-suited for handling large-scale data processing tasks and cloud-based services.

Microservices and Spring Framework: The rise of microservices architecture has also contributed to Java’s continued relevance. The Spring Framework, an open-source framework for building enterprise-level applications, has played a significant role in the development of microservices-based Java applications.

Future Prospects: Java’s future looks promising with ongoing efforts to improve the language, performance, and security. Projects like Project Loom (focused on lightweight concurrency), Project Panama (aimed at improving native interop), and Project Amber (for smaller language enhancements) demonstrate ongoing efforts to keep Java relevant in a rapidly changing technology landscape. Additionally, the growing adoption of Java in emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain continues to expand its reach.

            In conclusion, Java has come a long way since its inception as Oak in the early 1990s. From its humble beginnings as a programming language for embedded systems to its widespread adoption in web development, enterprise applications, mobile app development, and more, Java has remained relevant and influential in the ever-changing world of software development. The commitment to open-source development through the OpenJDK project and the vibrant Java community ensure that Java will continue to evolve and adapt to meet the needs of developers and businesses in the future.

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Learn about a brief history of Java.

Advantage over C/C++

Java packages, java community process.

Java™ was first developed in the 90’s by James Gosling. It borrows much of its syntax from C and C++ to be more appealing to existing programmers at the time. Java was owned by Sun Microsystems, which was then acquired by Oracle in 2010.

Java is a statically typed, object-oriented language. Statically typed means every variable and parameter must have a defined type (as opposed to languages like JavaScript, which are dynamically typed). Object-oriented ( OO ) means that data and functions are grouped into objects, which are usually referred to as methods in OO Object-oriented languages.

Java code is compiled to byte-code, which runs on a virtual machine (the Java Virtual Machine or JVM). The virtual machine handles garbage collection and allows Java to be compiled and run on any OS or hardware with a JVM Java Virtual Machine .

This is an advantage over C/C++, which must be compiled directly to machine code and has no automatic garbage collection (the programmer needs to allocate and deallocate memory).

The standard implementation of Java comes in two different packages: the JRE (Java Runtime Environment) and the JDK (Java Development Kit). The JRE Java Runtime Environment is strictly for running Java as an end-user, while the JDK Java Development Kit is for developing Java code. The JDK comes with the javac command for compiling Java code to byte-code among other things.

To make Java more open and community-based, Sun Microsystems started the Java community process (JCP), which allows a somewhat democratic evolution of Java and JVM Java Virtual Machine specifications.

Also, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License in May 2007, resulting in multiple open-source implementations of the JVM Java Virtual Machine . OpenJDK is the current official implementation.

An Introduction to Java and Its History

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According to Google Search, at the end of 2020, 9492 companies reportedly use Java in their tech stacks including Google and the company that I, the author of this book, worked for while this book was being written. Even after 25 years, Java continues to be one of the most influential programming languages. It all started in 1990, when an American company that was leading the revolution in computer industry decided to gather its best engineers to design and develop a product that would allow them to become an important player in the new emerging Internet world. Among those engineers was James Arthur Gosling, a Canadian computer scientist who is recognized as the father of the Java programming language. It would take five years of design, programming, and one renaming (from Oak to Java because of trademark issues), but finally on January 23, 1996 Java 1.0 was released for Linux, Solaris, Mac and Windows.

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Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform) .

Early Access Program

The story behind the logo can be read at “Title,” https://goodlogo.com/extended.info/sunmicrosystems-logo-2385 , accessed October 15, 2021. You can also read more about Sun Microsystems.

The language was named by James Gosling, after the oak tree in front of his house.

J ust I n T ime

All codenames, for intermediary releases too, are listed at Oracle, “JDK Releases,” http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/codenames-136090.html , accessed October 15, 2021.

If you want to see the contents and the list of Java Specification Requests, see Java Community Process, http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=59 , accessed October 15, 2021.

The Java language was first named Oak. It was renamed to Java because of copyright issues. There are a few theories that you will find regarding the new name. There is one saying that the JAVA name is actually a collection of the initials of the names being part of the Green team: James Gosling, Arthur Van Hoff, and Andy Bechtolsheim, and that the logo is inspired by their love of coffee.

Let’s call them what they actually are: hotfixes.

Open JDK, “JEP 223: New Version-String Scheme,” http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/223 , accessed October 15, 2021.

Conventions described by Open JDK, “JEP 322: Time-Based Release Versioning,” http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/322 , accessed October 15, 2021.

The complete list can be found at Open JDK, “JDK 10,” http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/10 , accessed October 15, 2021, and the release notes containing the detailed list with API and internal changes can be found at Oracle, “JDK 10 Release Notes,” https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/10-relnote-issues.html , accessed October 15, 2021.

The full list of features is at Open JDK, “JDK 11,” http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/11/ , accessed October 15, 2021.

If you are curious, you can read a detailed specification for it at Open JDK, “Time-Based Release Versioning.”

The full list of features is at Open JDK, “JDK 12,” http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/12/ , accessed October 15, 2021.

Based on Java Microbenchmark Harness, Open JDK, “Code Tools: jmh,” https://openjdk.java.net/projects/code-tools/jmh/ , accessed October 15, 2021.

The full list of features is at Open JDK, “JDK 13,” http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/13/ , accessed October 15, 2021.

The full list of features is at Open JDK, “JDK 14,” http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/14/ , accessed October 15, 2021.

The full list of features is at Open JDK, “JDK 15,” http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/15/ , accessed October 15, 2021.

The full list of features is at Open JDK, “JDK 16,” http://openjdk.java.net/projects/jdk/16/ , accessed October 15, 2021.

The full list of features is at JDK.java.net , “JDK 17 General-Availability Release,” https://jdk.java.net/17 , accessed October 15, 2021.

You can start your reading here, if you consider it necessary: Free Java Guide, “History of Java Programming Language,” https://www.freejavaguide.com/history.html , accessed October 15, 2021.

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Cosmina, I. (2022). An Introduction to Java and Its History. In: Java 17 for Absolute Beginners. Apress, Berkeley, CA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7080-6_1

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To fully understand Java, one must understand the reasons behind its creation, the forces that shaped it, and the legacy that it inherits. Like the successful computer languages that came before, Java is a blend of the best elements of its rich heritage combined with the innovative concepts required by its unique mission. While the remaining chapters of this book describe the practical aspects of Java—including its syntax, key libraries, and applications—this chapter explains how and why Java came about, what makes it so important, and how it has evolved over the years.

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Brief History of Java, Essay Example

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Java was developed in 1991 and it is therefore considered a new programming language. The first Java version was meant for use in programming home appliances that operated with the use of computer processors. In 1994, it was discovered that Java was ideal for use on web browsers. Soon, Java started being connected with the internet. The first Netscape browser was released by Netscape and it would run Java programs.

Originally, this programming was named Oak. However, another language already existed by that name and therefore it was renamed Java. Today, many people consider it a language of the internet. However, this language can be used in other applications that are not related to internet.

Portability Aspect of Java

One of the main reasons why this language is considered portable is the fact that it is architecture-neutral. More importantly, this language differs from C and C++, both of which are “implementation dependent”. This means that primitive data types as well as their sizes are already specified. The same case applies to the arithmetic behaviors embedded on them. If you take “int”, for example, its meaning is always the same: assigned two’s complement of 32-bit integer. “Float” always means a floating number 32-bit IEEE 754. Joshua argues that one can make these choices, which are an integral element of all CPUs in use today (150).

This language is also considered in terms of the relevant libraries present in different operating systems. A good example is the presence of Window class that is abstract in terms of implementations in Unix, Macintosh and Windows NT/95. The Java system is also portable since its runtime is in ANSI C, a highly portable element.

Five Elements of Java Programming Language

Keywords constitute one of the five elements of Java. They have a special meaning and they cannot be used outside the scope of this meaning. They are also referred to as reserve words. Examples are “public” and “class”.

Operators are merely words or symbols used to perform operations in an operand(s). An operand is simply a data item, for instance a number. Examples of operators are + and =. Punctuation is another important element of Java Each punctuation character serves a specific role. It can mark the beginning or end of statements. It can also be used to separate different items in a long list. Examples are periods and commas.

Program-defined names are very different from keyword since the programmer has to specify them. Every memory’s storage location is defined using these names. They also define every part of a program that is created by the programmer. Syntax refers to rules to be followed when a program is being written. Unicode and token are some of the building elements of syntax.

Definition of Terms

Int sets a designated parameter to calendar values and timestamps and internally, it is binary 0. Class in Java is a combination of variables and methods that are related and therefore assigned one name. True is a response that is returned when there exists a system property that has been named by a certain argument. Double is a class that is used to wrap values that bear the primitive type known as “double”.

The process of developing a program, with Java explains Arnold, is very easy (12). First, text editor is used to create a source code file; second, the source code file is translated into byte code file using Java Compiler. Lastly, the Java Virtual Machine is used to read and execute each instruction contained in the byte code and output is produced.

Works Cited

Joshua, B. Effective Java programming language guide . Mountain View: Sun Microsystems (2001).

Arnold, K. The Java Programming Language . New York: Addison-Wesley Professional (2005).

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• Java Arrays
• Java Strings
• Java Collection
• Java 8 Tutorial
• Java Multithreading
• Java Exception Handling
• Java Programs
• Java Project
• Java Collections Interview
• Java Interview Questions
• Spring Boot
• Java Tutorial

Overview of Java

Introduction to java.

• The Complete History of Java Programming Language
• C++ vs Java vs Python
• How to Download and Install Java for 64 bit machine?
• Setting up the environment in Java
• How to Download and Install Eclipse on Windows?
• JDK in Java
• How JVM Works - JVM Architecture?
• Differences between JDK, JRE and JVM
• Just In Time Compiler
• Difference between JIT and JVM in Java
• Difference between Byte Code and Machine Code
• How is Java platform independent?

Basics of Java

• Java Basic Syntax
• Java Hello World Program
• Java Data Types
• Primitive data type vs. Object data type in Java with Examples
• Java Identifiers

Operators in Java

• Java Variables
• Scope of Variables In Java

Wrapper Classes in Java

Input/output in java.

• How to Take Input From User in Java?
• Scanner Class in Java
• Java.io.BufferedReader Class in Java
• Difference Between Scanner and BufferedReader Class in Java
• Ways to read input from console in Java
• System.out.println in Java
• Difference between print() and println() in Java
• Formatted Output in Java using printf()
• Fast I/O in Java in Competitive Programming

Flow Control in Java

• Decision Making in Java (if, if-else, switch, break, continue, jump)
• Java if statement with Examples
• Java if-else
• Java if-else-if ladder with Examples
• Loops in Java
• For Loop in Java
• Java while loop with Examples
• Java do-while loop with Examples
• For-each loop in Java
• Continue Statement in Java
• Break statement in Java
• Usage of Break keyword in Java
• return keyword in Java
• Java Arithmetic Operators with Examples
• Java Unary Operator with Examples
• Java Assignment Operators with Examples
• Java Relational Operators with Examples
• Java Logical Operators with Examples
• Java Ternary Operator with Examples
• Bitwise Operators in Java
• Strings in Java
• String class in Java
• Java.lang.String class in Java | Set 2
• Why Java Strings are Immutable?
• StringBuffer class in Java
• StringBuilder Class in Java with Examples
• String vs StringBuilder vs StringBuffer in Java
• StringTokenizer Class in Java
• StringTokenizer Methods in Java with Examples | Set 2
• StringJoiner Class in Java
• Arrays in Java
• Arrays class in Java
• Multidimensional Arrays in Java
• Different Ways To Declare And Initialize 2-D Array in Java
• Jagged Array in Java
• Final Arrays in Java
• Reflection Array Class in Java
• util.Arrays vs reflect.Array in Java with Examples

OOPS in Java

• Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java
• Why Java is not a purely Object-Oriented Language?
• Classes and Objects in Java
• Naming Conventions in Java
• Java Methods

Access Modifiers in Java

• Java Constructors
• Four Main Object Oriented Programming Concepts of Java

Inheritance in Java

Abstraction in java, encapsulation in java, polymorphism in java, interfaces in java.

• 'this' reference in Java
• Inheritance and Constructors in Java
• Java and Multiple Inheritance
• Interfaces and Inheritance in Java
• Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java
• Comparison of Inheritance in C++ and Java
• abstract keyword in java
• Abstract Class in Java
• Difference between Abstract Class and Interface in Java
• Control Abstraction in Java with Examples
• Difference Between Data Hiding and Abstraction in Java
• Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation in Java with Examples
• Difference between Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Dynamic Method Dispatch or Runtime Polymorphism in Java
• Difference between Compile-time and Run-time Polymorphism in Java

Constructors in Java

• Copy Constructor in Java
• Constructor Overloading in Java
• Constructor Chaining In Java with Examples
• Private Constructors and Singleton Classes in Java

Methods in Java

• Static methods vs Instance methods in Java
• Abstract Method in Java with Examples
• Overriding in Java
• Method Overloading in Java
• Difference Between Method Overloading and Method Overriding in Java
• Differences between Interface and Class in Java
• Functional Interfaces in Java
• Nested Interface in Java
• Marker interface in Java
• Comparator Interface in Java with Examples
• Need of Wrapper Classes in Java
• Different Ways to Create the Instances of Wrapper Classes in Java
• Character Class in Java
• Java.Lang.Byte class in Java
• Java.Lang.Short class in Java
• Java.lang.Integer class in Java
• Java.Lang.Long class in Java
• Java.Lang.Float class in Java
• Java.Lang.Double Class in Java
• Java.lang.Boolean Class in Java
• Autoboxing and Unboxing in Java
• Type conversion in Java with Examples

Keywords in Java

• Java Keywords
• Important Keywords in Java
• Super Keyword in Java
• final Keyword in Java
• static Keyword in Java
• enum in Java
• transient keyword in Java
• volatile Keyword in Java
• final, finally and finalize in Java
• Public vs Protected vs Package vs Private Access Modifier in Java
• Access and Non Access Modifiers in Java

Memory Allocation in Java

• Java Memory Management
• How are Java objects stored in memory?
• Stack vs Heap Memory Allocation
• How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?
• Garbage Collection in Java
• Types of JVM Garbage Collectors in Java with implementation details
• Memory leaks in Java
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Stack Area

Classes of Java

• Understanding Classes and Objects in Java
• Singleton Method Design Pattern in Java
• Object Class in Java
• Inner Class in Java
• Throwable Class in Java with Examples

Packages in Java

• Packages In Java
• How to Create a Package in Java?
• Java.util Package in Java
• Java.lang package in Java
• Java.io Package in Java
• Java Collection Tutorial

Exception Handling in Java

• Exceptions in Java
• Types of Exception in Java with Examples
• Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions in Java
• Java Try Catch Block
• Flow control in try catch finally in Java
• throw and throws in Java
• User-defined Custom Exception in Java
• Chained Exceptions in Java
• Null Pointer Exception In Java
• Exception Handling with Method Overriding in Java
• Multithreading in Java
• Lifecycle and States of a Thread in Java
• Java Thread Priority in Multithreading
• Main thread in Java
• Java.lang.Thread Class in Java
• Runnable interface in Java
• Naming a thread and fetching name of current thread in Java
• What does start() function do in multithreading in Java?
• Difference between Thread.start() and Thread.run() in Java
• Thread.sleep() Method in Java With Examples
• Synchronization in Java
• Importance of Thread Synchronization in Java
• Method and Block Synchronization in Java
• Lock framework vs Thread synchronization in Java
• Difference Between Atomic, Volatile and Synchronized in Java
• Deadlock in Java Multithreading
• Deadlock Prevention And Avoidance
• Difference Between Lock and Monitor in Java Concurrency
• Reentrant Lock in Java

File Handling in Java

• Java.io.File Class in Java
• Java Program to Create a New File
• Different ways of Reading a text file in Java
• Java Program to Write into a File
• Delete a File Using Java
• File Permissions in Java
• FileWriter Class in Java
• Java.io.FileDescriptor in Java
• Java.io.RandomAccessFile Class Method | Set 1
• Regular Expressions in Java
• Regex Tutorial - How to write Regular Expressions?
• Matcher pattern() method in Java with Examples
• Pattern pattern() method in Java with Examples
• Quantifiers in Java
• java.lang.Character class methods | Set 1
• Java IO : Input-output in Java with Examples
• Java.io.Reader class in Java
• Java.io.Writer Class in Java
• Java.io.FileInputStream Class in Java
• FileOutputStream in Java
• Java.io.BufferedOutputStream class in Java
• Java Networking
• TCP/IP Model
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
• Difference between Connection-oriented and Connection-less Services
• Socket Programming in Java
• java.net.ServerSocket Class in Java
• URL Class in Java with Examples

JDBC - Java Database Connectivity

• Introduction to JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)
• JDBC Drivers
• Establishing JDBC Connection in Java
• Types of Statements in JDBC
• JDBC Tutorial
• Java 8 Features - Complete Tutorial

Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers write once, and run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java was first released in 1995 and is widely used for developing applications for desktop, web, and mobile devices. Java is known for its simplicity, robustness, and security features, making it a popular choice for enterprise-level applications.

JAVA was developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems Inc in the year 1995  and later acquired by Oracle Corporation. It is a simple programming language. Java makes writing, compiling, and debugging programming easy. It helps to create reusable code and modular programs. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language and is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. A general-purpose programming language made for developers to write once run anywhere that is compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java. Java applications are compiled to byte code that can run on any Java Virtual Machine. The syntax of Java is similar to c/c++.

History: Java’s history is very interesting. It is a programming language created in 1991. James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton, a team of Sun engineers known as the Green team initiated the Java language in 1991. Sun Microsystems released its first public implementation in 1996 as Java 1.0 . It provides no-cost -run-times on popular platforms. Java1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur Van Hoff to strictly comply with its specifications. With the arrival of Java 2, new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms.

In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO standards body and later formalized Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System.

On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine as free, open-source software. On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM’s core code available under open-source distribution terms.

The principles for creating java were simple, robust, secured, high-performance, portable, multi-threaded, interpreted, dynamic, etc. In 1995 Java was developed by James Gosling , who is known as the Father of Java. Currently, Java is used in mobile devices, internet programming, games, e-business, etc.

Implementation of a Java application program involves a following step. They include: 1. Creating the program 2. Compiling the program 3. Running the program

Remember that, before we begin creating the program, the Java Development Kit (JDK) must be properly installed on our system and also path will be set. • Creating Program    We can create a program using Text Editor (Notepad) or IDE (NetBeans)           class Test           {                      public static void main(String []args)                      {                                    System.out.println(“My First Java Program.”);                      }           };

File -> Save -> d:\Test.java  

• Compiling the program   To compile the program, we must run the Java compiler (javac), with the name of the source file on “command prompt” like as follows

  If everything is OK, the “javac” compiler creates a file called “Test.class” containing byte code of the program.

• Running the program    We need to use the Java Interpreter to run a program.

Java programming language is named JAVA. Why?

After the name OAK, the team decided to give it a new name to it and the suggested words were Silk, Jolt, revolutionary, DNA, dynamic, etc. These all names were easy to spell and fun to say, but they all wanted the name to reflect the essence of technology. In accordance with James Gosling, Java the among the top names along with Silk , and since java was a unique name so most of them preferred it.

Java is the name of an island in Indonesia where the first coffee(named java coffee) was produced. And this name was chosen by James Gosling while having coffee near his office. Note that Java is just a name, not an acronym.

Java Terminology

Before learning Java, one must be familiar with these common terms of Java.

1.  Java Virtual Machine(JVM):  This is generally referred to as JVM . There are three execution phases of a program. They are written, compile and run the program.

• Writing a program is done by a java programmer like you and me.
• The compilation is done by the JAVAC compiler which is a primary Java compiler included in the Java development kit (JDK). It takes the Java program as input and generates bytecode as output.
• In the Running phase of a program, JVM executes the bytecode generated by the compiler.

Now, we understood that the function of Java Virtual Machine is to execute the bytecode produced by the compiler. Every Operating System has a different JVM but the output they produce after the execution of bytecode is the same across all the operating systems. This is why Java is known as a platform-independent language.

2. Bytecode in the Development Process:   As discussed, the Javac compiler of JDK compiles the java source code into bytecode so that it can be executed by JVM. It is saved as .class file by the compiler. To view the bytecode, a disassembler like javap can be used.

3. Java Development Kit(JDK): While we were using the term JDK when we learn about bytecode and JVM. So, as the name suggests, it is a complete Java development kit that includes everything including compiler, Java Runtime Environment (JRE), java debuggers, java docs, etc. For the program to execute in java, we need to install JDK on our computer in order to create, compile and run the java program.

4. Java Runtime Environment (JRE): JDK includes JRE. JRE installation on our computers allows the java program to run, however, we cannot compile it. JRE includes a browser, JVM, applet support, and plugins. For running the java program, a computer needs JRE.

5. Garbage Collector: In Java, programmers can’t delete the objects. To delete or recollect that memory JVM has a program called Garbage Collector . Garbage Collectors can recollect the objects that are not referenced. So Java makes the life of a programmer easy by handling memory management. However, programmers should be careful about their code whether they are using objects that have been used for a long time. Because Garbage cannot recover the memory of objects being referenced.

6. ClassPath: The classpath is the file path where the java runtime and Java compiler look for .class files to load. By default, JDK provides many libraries. If you want to include external libraries they should be added to the classpath.

Primary/Main Features of Java

1. Platform Independent: Compiler converts source code to bytecode and then the JVM executes the bytecode generated by the compiler. This bytecode can run on any platform be it Windows, Linux, or macOS which means if we compile a program on Windows, then we can run it on Linux and vice versa. Each operating system has a different JVM, but the output produced by all the OS is the same after the execution of the bytecode. That is why we call java a platform-independent language.

2. Object-Oriented Programming Language: Organizing the program in the terms of a collection of objects is a way of object-oriented programming, each of which represents an instance of the class.

The four main concepts of Object-Oriented programming are:

• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism

3. Simple:   Java is one of the simple languages as it does not have complex features like pointers, operator overloading, multiple inheritances, and Explicit memory allocation. 

4. Robust:   Java language is robust which means reliable. It is developed in such a way that it puts a lot of effort into checking errors as early as possible, that is why the java compiler is able to detect even those errors that are not easy to detect by another programming language. The main features of java that make it robust are garbage collection, Exception Handling, and memory allocation.

5. Secure:  In java, we don’t have pointers, so we cannot access out-of-bound arrays i.e it shows ArrayIndexOutOfBound Exception if we try to do so. That’s why several security flaws like stack corruption or buffer overflow are impossible to exploit in Java. Also, java programs run in an environment that is independent of the os(operating system) environment which makes java programs more secure.

6. Distributed:   We can create distributed applications using the java programming language. Remote Method Invocation and Enterprise Java Beans are used for creating distributed applications in java. The java programs can be easily distributed on one or more systems that are connected to each other through an internet connection.

7. Multithreading:   Java supports multithreading. It is a Java feature that allows concurrent execution of two or more parts of a program for maximum utilization of the CPU.

8. Portable:   As we know, java code written on one machine can be run on another machine. The platform-independent feature of java in which its platform-independent bytecode can be taken to any platform for execution makes java portable.

9. High Performance: Java architecture is defined in such a way that it reduces overhead during the runtime and at some times java uses Just In Time (JIT) compiler where the compiler compiles code on-demand basics where it only compiles those methods that are called making applications to execute faster.

10. Dynamic flexibility: Java being completely object-oriented gives us the flexibility to add classes,  new methods to existing classes, and even create new classes through sub-classes. Java even supports functions written in other languages such as C, C++ which are referred to as native methods.

11. Sandbox Execution: Java programs run in a separate space that allows user to execute their applications without affecting the underlying system with help of a bytecode verifier. Bytecode verifier also provides additional security as its role is to check the code for any violation of access.

12. Write Once Run Anywhere: As discussed above java application generates a ‘.class’ file that corresponds to our applications(program) but contains code in binary format. It provides ease t architecture-neutral ease as bytecode is not dependent on any machine architecture. It is the primary reason java is used in the enterprising IT industry globally worldwide.

13. Power of compilation and interpretation: Most languages are designed with the purpose of either they are compiled language or they are interpreted language. But java integrates arising enormous power as Java compiler compiles the source code to bytecode and JVM  executes this bytecode to machine OS-dependent executable code.

class : class keyword is used to declare classes in Java public : It is an access specifier. Public means this function is visible to all. static : static is again a keyword used to make a function static. To execute a static function you do not have to create an Object of the class. The main() method here is called by JVM, without creating any object for class. void : It is the return type, meaning this function will not return anything. main : main() method is the most important method in a Java program. This is the method which is executed, hence all the logic must be inside the main() method. If a java class is not having a main() method, it causes compilation error. String[] args : This is used to signify that the user may opt to enter parameters to the Java Program at command line. We can use both String[] args or String args[]. Java compiler would accept both forms. System.out.println : This is used to print anything on the console like “printf” in C language.

Explanation:

1.  Comments: Comments are used for explaining code and are used in a similar manner in Java or C or C++. Compilers ignore the comment entries and do not execute them. Comments can be of a single line or multiple lines.

Single line Comments:

Multi-line comments:

2.  import java.io.*: This means all the classes of the io package can be imported. Java io package provides a set of input and output streams for reading and writing data to files or other input or output sources.

3.  class: The class contains the data and methods to be used in the program. Methods define the behavior of the class. Class GFG has only one method Main in JAVA.

4.  static void main(): static keyword tells us that this method is accessible without instantiating the class. 

5.  void: keywords tell that this method will not return anything. The main () method is the entry point of our application.

6.  System.in: This is the standard input stream that is used to read characters from the keyboard or any other standard input device.

7.  System.out: This is the standard output stream that is used to produce the result of a program on an output device like the computer screen.

8.  println(): This method in Java is also used to display text on the console. It prints the text on the console and the cursor moves to the start of the next line at the console. The next printing takes place from the next line.

9.   String []args: This is the argument passed to the main function which is an array of strings with the array name args. One can choose their own flexible name but this name is used by many developers.

Everything in java is represented in Class as an object including the main function.

Related Courses

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IMPORTANT POINTS OF JAVA:

Here are some important points about Java:

• Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language that was first released in 1995.
• Java is platform-independent, which means that code written in Java can run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.
• Java code is compiled into bytecode, which can then be executed by the JVM.
• Java is known for its “write once, run anywhere” philosophy, which makes it a popular choice for cross-platform development.
• Java provides automatic memory management through garbage collection, which makes it easier to write and maintain code.
• Java has a vast standard library that provides a wide range of tools for common programming tasks.
• Java is widely used in enterprise applications, web development, and Android app development.
• Java is a strongly typed language, which means that every variable and expression has a specific type that must be declared before use.
• Java has a robust exception-handling mechanism that makes it easier to handle errors and unexpected behavior in code.
• Java supports multithreading, which makes it possible to write programs that can perform multiple tasks simultaneously.

Advantages of Java:

• Platform independent: Java code can run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed, which means that applications can be written once and run on any device.
• Object-Oriented: Java is an object-oriented programming language, which means that it follows the principles of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
• Security: Java has built-in security features that make it a secure platform for developing applications, such as automatic memory management and type checking.
• Large community: Java has a large and active community of developers, which means that there is a lot of support available for learning and using the language.
• Enterprise-level applications: Java is widely used for developing enterprise-level applications, such as web applications, e-commerce systems, and database systems.

Disadvantages of Java:

• Performance: Java can be slower compared to other programming languages, such as C++, due to its use of a virtual machine and automatic memory management.
• Memory management: Java’s automatic memory management can lead to slower performance and increased memory usage, which can be a drawback for some applications.

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