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35 Micro Environmental Analysis Examples

🔝 top-10 micro environmental analysis examples, 🤔 what is micro environment in business, 📊 what are micro environmental factors, 🔎 what is a micro environment analysis, 🔧 micro environment analysis tools, 💡 essay ideas on micro environmental analysis.

Today, several internal and external factors come into play to drive sustainable growth for businesses. It takes seamless coordination and implementation between these elements to nurture the future development of a company.

Micro environmental analysis refers to internal factors like employees, customers, suppliers, shareholders, and competitors that lead to failure or success. Keep reading to learn more about it and find some excellent micro environment essay examples.

• Marketing: Concept and Approaches
• Coca-Cola Middle East: Coke Zero Marketing Strategy
• Eastman Kodak Company's Marketing Analysis
• Lolous Company's Marketing Plan
• Atec Incorporation Marketing Plan
• Marketing Techniques and Segmentation in Examples
• Dior Company Marketing Strategies
• Marks and Spencer Company's Marketing Principles
• Toyota Motor Corporation's Marketing Plan
• Eye2Go Company's Three Year Marketing Plan

Micro environment pinpoints an organizational environment that can directly influence day-to-day operations. It involves several internal forces that can lead to the success or failure of a company. Depending on the organizational issue, these internal factors are unique in nature. In fact, they can impact the company’s performance potential over time. 

In a competitive landscape, companies face a lot of challenges, and things get more complicated when internal micro environmental elements are distinctive.

Macro Vs. Micro Environment

Suppliers can impact a company’s delivery network and customer value . Their reliability determines whether or not the business can maintain smooth operations. Typically, managers have to exercise full control over suppliers’ costs and availability. If the supply shortages and expenses are under control, the company won’t have to deal with customer dissatisfaction and decreased sales.

The Company

When reviewing micro environmental factors, it is crucial to consider top management, HR, finance, accounting, and research and development departments . There’s no rocket science – managers have to collaborate and bring stakeholders on the same page to make informed decisions and follow strategic plans.

Competitors

Competitors or rivals propel companies to improve their customer satisfaction and overall value. Businesses have to meet customers’ increasing demands and expectations to maintain a competitive edge in the market.

Marketing Intermediaries

In a standard value delivery network, marketing intermediaries play a crucial role for any company. Middlemen like merchants or agents help businesses find potential customers, whereas physical distribution entities like transportation and warehouses assist companies in stocking and moving goods.

In a company’s micro environment, customers are the most valuable actors. Companies need a solid value delivery system to engage customers and build long-term relationships to drive growth. Customer markets can include business, reseller, government, international, and consumer markets .

General Public

The general public is a potential group interested in the product or service offered by the company. The company can lose the general public’s interest if business offerings are not purposeful.

From a company’s perspective, the public falls into several categories:

• media public,
• citizen-action public,
• financial public,
• local public,
• general public,
• internal public.

A micro environment includes elements within a unique organizational environment. Micro doesn’t translate into a minor task or factor. It hints at one or more problems within a company and how often they can affect organizational growth .

Look at a micro environment analysis through the lens of the company rather than the industry. Technically, micro environment analysis refers to reviewed internal forces of a micro environment. It can be about the competitor, market, stakeholder, or supplier analyses.

A SWOT analysis is one of the most effective micro environment analysis tools. It helps you understand the strengths , opportunities , weaknesses , and threats of each internal force. You can use this method to paint a full picture of all internal elements that can influence the growth and performance of your business. SWOT analysis can work as a direct indicator to assess different organizational areas and determine if there’s been an improvement. An in-depth SWOT analysis helps organizations tackle challenges, threats, and avail opportunities.

Porter’s 5 Forces

Porter’s Five Forces refer to a model to review five key competitive factors that apply to all industries. This model makes it easier to spot the pros and cons of an industry. It includes the following:

• Competitive rivalry in the same industry
• Substitute threat of a product or service
• The bargaining influence of customers
• The bargaining influence of suppliers
• The potential threat of new players in the market

Need some additional information? Check our more micro environment essay examples on the web page below.

• Marketing Strategy and Development in the UAE Business essay sample: Companies' innovation shifts in modern times are outcomes of the game that compelled some firms to exit the market prematurely.
• Samsung Company: Contemporary Marketing Report Business essay sample: The political factors that influence the marketing of Samsung’s smartphones in the UK are associated with Brexit.
• McDonalds' Marketing Strategies in the UAE Business essay sample: This paper analyzes the marketing strategies of McDonald's in the UAE, its strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities, the micro-environmental and macro-environmental factors.
• "A Cut Above" Hairdressing Business' Marketing Management Business essay sample: The A Cut Above business has to introduce a new type of cutting and styling method to improve the good appearance and confidence of customers.
• Sony Ericsson Company's Marketing Plan Business essay sample: This marketing plan depicts the importance of situation analysis for setting the objectives and strategies, so Sony Ericsson will be able to target all segments in the UK.
• Marketing Environment Definition in the Marketing Sector Business essay sample: Marketing environment is a term used to define the factors that influence the marketing sector in a particular setting.
• Hong Kong Greenking Food Stuff Co Ltd.: Case Study Business essay sample: The company selected for analysis is Hong Kong Greenking Food Stuff Co Ltd. This company specializes in frozen food distributed through traditional stores and the Internet Web Site.
• Apple and Microsoft Companies' Marketing Approaches Business essay sample: Marketing strategy determines the choice of market segments that the company is targeting and it is part of the strategic direction of the company.
• Toyota Motor Corporation: Financial Strategies Business essay sample: Lowering the costs of the current products has no risks as long as the same quality standards are maintained, thus the company can increase its profits due to higher revenue.
• Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola Companies' Marketing Business essay sample: The two companies, Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola, depend on experienced employees, finance, and brand names as their strengths in competing for market share.
• Marketing Fundamentals to Magnolia Web Studio Business essay sample: Demonstration of the applicability of the marketing concepts to promote the website Magnolia Web Studio. The paper contains an overview of the general marketing concept
• Marketing Plan for Kraft Foods Business essay sample: The marketing plan relates to Kraft Foods Incorporation which is a firm that operates within the United States food processing industry.
• Toyota Prius, Green or Geek Machine-Case Study Business essay sample: The article examines the Toyota Prius hybrid car: what is the reason for its popularity, what challenges did Toyota face in its production and how it coped with them.
• BEA19 Technologies Ltd: Opportunities in Sports Coaching Business essay sample: Essential GPS tracking devices are currently used in sports coaching to monitor athletes’ distance traveled and speed during a training session.
• Australian Supermarket Industry Analysis Business essay sample: There are two dominant actors within the retail industry in Australia - Coles, and Woolworths. Together, they seem to possess about 80% of the whole market share.
• Business and Business Environment Business essay sample: The current report is going to explore the key impacts of micro- and macroeconomic factors on Tesla Inc. using PESLE and SWOT analyses.
• Macro and Micro Factors Leading to Credit Crunch Business essay sample: This paper is about the ongoing economic meltdown caused by the credit crunch in the US and UK economies since the winter of 2007.
• Global Marketing Environment Business essay sample: The paper states that the complexity of the global marketing environment is justified by the abundance of variables that influence marketing decisions.
• Strategic Management Analysis Nike Business essay sample: The paper gathered analyses and evaluates relevant information on both the Nike company and the industry it occupies.
• Analysis of Uber American Company Business essay sample: Uber is an American international public company from San Francisco that has created a mobile application for finding, calling, and paying for taxis or private drivers.
• The Walt Disney Company's Marketing Transformations Business essay sample: Disney's expansion into foreign markets has become more complex than before. To keep the high revenues and a good public image, the organization must adapt its approaches.
• Primark Stores Limited's Retail Theory and Practices Business essay sample: This report assesses the retail scenario, opportunities, and threats of Primark Stores Limited, as well as the company’s strategies to foster its growth and continuity.
• Influence of Leadership and Strategy on Decision-Making Process in Maxis Company Business essay sample: Organizational leadership and corporate strategy are significant components of any business company. They often shape the organization’s “economic appearance”.
• Colgate Palmolive Company: Colgate Toothpaste Products Business essay sample: Colgate toothpaste products are made for oral hygiene they include mouthwashes, toothpaste, dental floss, and toothbrushes.
• The Unilever Group's Strategies for the Next Five Years Business essay sample: This paper provides a detailed analysis of the Unilever Group to determine the best strategies for the next five years.

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5.4 A Firm’s Micro Environment: Porter’s Five Forces

A firm’s micro environment is directly connected to the firm in some way, and firms must understand the micro environment in order to successfully compete in an industry. All firms are part of an industry —a group of firms all making similar products or offering similar services, for example, automobile manufacturers or airlines. Firms in an industry may or may not compete directly against one another, as we’ll discuss shortly, but they all face similar situations in terms of customer interests, supplier relations, and industry growth or decline.

Harvard strategy professor Michael Porter developed an analysis tool to evaluate a firm’s micro environment. Porter’s Five Forces is a tool used to examine different micro-environmental groups in order to understand the impact each group has on a firm in an industry (Figure 5.4). Each of the forces represents an aspect of competition that affects a firm’s potential to be successful in its industry. It is important to note that this tool is different than Porter’s generic strategy typology that we will discuss later.

Industry Rivalry

Industry rivalry , the first of Porter’s forces, is in the centre of the diagram. Note that the arrows in the diagram show two-way relationships between rivalry and all of the other forces. This is because each force can affect how hard firms in an industry must compete against each other to gain customers, establish favourable supplier relationships, and defend themselves against new firms entering the industry.

When using Porter’s model, an analyst will determine if each force has a strong or weak impact on industry firms. In the case of rivalry, the question of strength focuses on how hard firms must fight against industry rivals (competitors) to gain customers and market share. Strong rivalry in an industry reduces the profit potential for all firms because consumers have many firms from which to purchase products or services and can make at least part of their purchasing decisions based on prices. An industry with weak rivalry will have few firms, meaning that there are enough customers for everyone, or will have firms that have each staked out a unique position in the industry, meaning that customers will be more loyal to the firm that best meets their particular needs.

The Threat of New Entrants

In an industry, there are incumbent (existing) firms that compete against each other as rivals. If an industry has a growing market or is very profitable, however, it may attract new entrants . These either are firms that start-up in the industry as new companies or are firms from another industry that expand their capabilities or target markets to compete in an industry that is new to them.

Different industries may be easier or harder to enter depending on barriers to entry , and factors that prevent new firms from successfully competing in the industry. Common barriers to entry include cost, brand loyalty, and industry growth. For example, the firms in the airline industry rarely face threats from new entrants because it is very expensive to obtain the equipment, airport landing rights, and expertise to start up a new airline.

Brand loyalty can also keep new firms from entering an industry, because customers who are familiar with a strong brand name may be unwilling to try a new, unknown brand. Industry growth can increase or decrease the chances a new entrant will succeed. In an industry with low growth, new customers are scarce, and a firm can only gain market share by attracting customers from other firms. Think of all the ads you see and hear from competing cell phone providers. Cell phone companies are facing lower industry growth and must offer consumers incentives to switch from another provider. On the other hand, high-growth industries have an increasing number of customers, and new firms can successfully appeal to new customers by offering them something existing firms do not offer. It is important to note that barriers to entry are not always external, firms often lobby politicians for regulations that can be a barrier to entry. These types of barriers will be covered in greater depth in more upper-level courses.

Threat of Substitutes

In the context of Porter’s model, a substitute is any other product or service that can satisfy the same need of a customer as an industry’s offerings. Be careful not to confuse substitutes with rivals. Rivals offer similar products or services and directly compete with one another. Substitutes are completely different products or services that consumers would be willing to use instead of the product they currently use. For example, the fast-food industry offers quickly prepared, convenient, low-cost meals. Customers can go to McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Burger King, or Taco Bell—all of these firms compete against each other for business. However, their customers are really just hungry people. What else could you do if you were hungry? You could go to the grocery store and buy food to prepare at home. McDonald’s does not directly compete against Kroger for customers because they are in different industries, but McDonald’s does face a threat from grocery stores because they both sell food. How does McDonald’s defend itself from the threat of Kroger as a substitute? By making sure their food is already prepared and convenient to purchase—your burger or salad is ready to eat and available without even getting out of your car.

Supplier Power

Virtually all firms have suppliers who sell parts, materials, labour, or products. Supplier power refers to the balance of power in the relationship between firms and their suppliers in an industry. Suppliers can have the upper hand in a relationship if they offer specialized products or control rare resources. For example, when Sony develops a new PlayStation model, it often works with a single supplier to develop the most advanced processor chip it can for their game console. That means its supplier will be able to command a fairly high price for the processors, an indication that the supplier has power. On the other hand, a firm that needs commodity resources such as oil, wheat, or aluminum in its operations will have many suppliers to choose from and can easily switch suppliers if price or quality is better from a new partner. Commodity suppliers usually have low power.

Buyer Power

The last of Porter’s forces is buyer power , which refers to the balance of power in the relationship between a firm and its customers. If a firm provides a unique good or service, it will have the power to charge its customers premium prices, because those customers have no choice but to buy from the firm if they need that product. In contrast, when customers have many potential sources for a product, firms will need to attract customers by offering better prices or better value for the money if they want to sell their products. One protection firms have against buyer power is switching costs , the penalty consumers face when they choose to use a particular product made by a different company. Switching costs can be financial (the extra price paid to choose a different product) or practical (the time or hassle required to switch to a different product). For example, think about your smartphone. If you have an iPhone now, what would be the penalty for you to switch to a non-Apple smartphone? Would it just be the cost of the new phone? Smartphones are not inexpensive, but even when cell phone service providers offer free phones to new customers, many people still don’t switch. The loss of compatibility with other Apple products, the need to transfer apps and phone settings to another system, and the loss of favourite iPhone features, such as iMessage, are enough to keep many people loyal to their iPhones.

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5.4 A Firm’s Micro Environment: Porter’s Five Forces Copyright © 2022 by Lina Manuel is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Micro Environment Definition, Factors & Example

The micro environment in marketing includes all those micro factors that affect business strategy, decision making and performance. It is vital for business success to conduct macro environment and micro environment analysis before decision-making process. Macro environment f actors  include political, economic, social, technological, and legal factors. On the other hand, company micro environment factors include customers, suppliers, competitors, employees, shareholders and media.

Table of Contents

How Micro Environment Affect Business Decisions

Mostly, in the marketing environment, micro factors do not affect all the businesses in the industry in the same manner. The reason is that every business is different in size, capacity, financial resources, human resources and overall strategies.

For example, competitors affect the business decision-making process. MacBook Pro is a well-known brand of Apple Inc. Dell XPS 13 and HP Spectre 13 Laptops are giving Apple Inc. a tough time and certainly affect its decision making. Apple is already introduced a functional keys touch bar. It is possible that Apple Inc. introduces MacBook Pro with Intel Coffee Lake Processor in mid 2018 to compete with its rivals and sustain the customer base.

Examples of Micro Environment Factors Affect Business

The customers are the central part of any business as they tend to attract and retain most of the customers to generate revenue. Therefore, organizations must adopt a marketing strategy that attracts the potential customers and retains the existing customers by taking into consideration the wants and needs of customers and by providing the after sales services and value-added services.

Competitors

The competitors of an organization can have a direct impact on business strategies. The organization must know how to do a competitive analysis of competitors and have a competitive advantage.  An organization must understand, what value added services their competitor is providing or the unique selling point of their competitors. How they can differentiate from their competitors. What benefits a company can offer to the customers which competitors does not offer.

In other words, understand competitors marketing mix strategy i.e. product, price, placement, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. Other approaches for market competitive analysis is PEST Analysis , PESTLE Analysis and SWOT Analysis as well.

An organization must understand that unawareness of competitors can make it difficult beat the competitors and lead the market. It must know how competitors react when there is a change in market environment such as political and legal changes, technological change, change in consumers behaviours can impact their business. They should also analyze how their competitors are responding to market changes and what tactics they are using to come up with better planning to these changes.

For Instance, Videocon, BPL, Onida and others are competitors of Philip Television in Television Market. The other form of competition is “Product Form” in which customer seeks different features and functions in a product. For example, a customer is willing to purchase a two-wheeler car which can come with gears and without gear, automatic or manual. These are the features of product and services which customer would be considered during the purchase process.

Skilled employees can help an organization to achieve organizational goals and objectives. As skilled and experienced employees has expertise to support organization to get success. This begins with the hiring process and continues through regular and timely training and development sessions. The training and development process helps the employees to work effectively and efficiently in order to achieve the organizational goals, specifically in service sector.

To some extent employees affect business environment. If there is low motivation and low skilled employees, business would suffer as the employees would be least motivated towards sales.

Actions of a supplier can influence the business strategy, as they provide the materials for production. For instance, if their services will not reasonable and timely that will affect the production time and the sales due to delayed process of production.

If the supplier increases the prices of raw material they provide to the company, it will impact the marketing mix strategy of an organization, which will end-up with the increase in price of finished goods. Therefore keeping a strong relation with supplier can help a company in getting an edge over competitors.

Shareholders

Shareholders of an organization have an influence as the company want investors to increase for this they might make a decision to increase money by buoyant on stock market, i.e. shifting to public from private ownership. This change will pressure the company as the public shareholders seek returns on their investment.

The shareholders’ demand for raise in profit can influence the business success in longer-run. Therefore, it is important for top management to keep strong and better relations with shareholders to have a successful business on long-term basis.

Media and Social Media

The way media acts can make or break an organization. Organization should manage to keep a good relationship with media as whatever it shows will directly influence the organization business. If media will show positive aspect, this will increase the business of organization and vice-versa. In order to maintain good relations with media some organization do maintain a public relation department who manage events and deal with media on behalf of company

Organizations must understand the ways which they can reach their customers and have positive company and brand image in their mind. For this, some organization approaches newspapers to let people know about their business and some approach consumer television programs to have the attention of a large number of direct audience. These days social media applications are a good idea to reach customers in a more appropriate way i.e. Facebook, Youtube, Twitter and Instagram etc.

A story that has been done by the media on a one-off, could impact on a firms’ daily operations thus becoming that firms micro environment. However, a firm could be influenced to have long term operational decisions in a bid to avoid negative media stories.

It is not necessary that business will control microenvironment factors all the time. Since micro and macro environment affect marketing campaigns, companies should conduct environmental analysis before developing marketing strategy.

About The Author

Umar Farooq

8.4 A Firm's Micro Environment: Porter's Five Forces

• What makes up a firm’s external micro environment, and what tools do strategists use to understand it?

A firm’s micro environment is illustrated in the green circle in Exhibit 8.4 . These entities are all directly connected to the firm in some way, and firms must understand the micro environment in order to successfully compete in an industry. All firms are part of an industry —a group of firms all making similar products or offering similar services, for example automobile manufacturers or airlines. Firms in an industry may or may not compete directly against one another, as we’ll discuss shortly, but they all face similar situations in terms of customer interests, supplier relations, and industry growth or decline.

Harvard strategy professor Michael Porter developed an analysis tool to evaluate a firm’s micro environment. Porter’s Five Forces is a tool used to examine different micro-environmental groups in order to understand the impact each group has on a firm in an industry ( Exhibit 8.6 ). Each of the forces represents an aspect of competition that affects a firm’s potential to be successful in its industry. It is important to note that this tool is different than Porter’s generic strategy typology that we will discuss later.

Industry Rivalry

Industry rivalry , the first of Porter’s forces, is in the center of the diagram. Note that the arrows in the diagram show two-way relationships between rivalry and all of the other forces. This is because each force can affect how hard firms in an industry must compete against each other to gain customers, establish favorable supplier relationships, and defend themselves against new firms entering the industry.

When using Porter’s model, an analyst will determine if each force has a strong or weak impact on industry firms. In the case of rivalry, the question of strength focuses on how hard firms must fight against industry rivals (competitors) to gain customers and market share. Strong rivalry in an industry reduces the profit potential for all firms because consumers have many firms from which to purchase products or services and can make at least part of their purchasing decisions based on prices. An industry with weak rivalry will have few firms, meaning that there are enough customers for everyone, or will have firms that have each staked out a unique position in the industry, meaning that customers will be more loyal to the firm that best meets their particular needs.

The Threat of New Entrants

In an industry, there are incumbent (existing) firms that compete against each other as rivals. If an industry has a growing market or is very profitable, however, it may attract new entrants . These either are firms that start up in the industry as new companies or are firms from another industry that expand their capabilities or target markets to compete in an industry that is new to them.

Different industries may be easier or harder to enter depending on barriers to entry , factors that prevent new firms from successfully competing in the industry. Common barriers to entry include cost, brand loyalty, and industry growth. For example, the firms in the airline industry rarely face threats from new entrants because it is very expensive to obtain the equipment, airport landing rights, and expertise to start up a new airline.

Brand loyalty can also keep new firms from entering an industry, because customers who are familiar with a strong brand name may be unwilling to try a new, unknown brand. Industry growth can increase or decrease the chances a new entrant will succeed. In an industry with low growth, new customers are scarce, and a firm can only gain market share by attracting customers of other firms. Think of all the ads you see and hear from competing cell phone providers. Cell phone companies are facing lower industry growth and must offer consumers incentives to switch from another provider. On the other hand, high-growth industries have an increasing number of customers, and new firms can successfully appeal to new customers by offering them something existing firms do not offer. It is important to note that barriers to entry are not always external, firms often lobby politicians for regulations that can be a barrier to entry. These types of barriers will be covered in greater depth in more upper level courses.

Threat of Substitutes

In the context of Porter’s model, a substitute is any other product or service that can satisfy the same need for a customer as an industry’s offerings. Be careful not to confuse substitutes with rivals. Rivals offer similar products or services and directly compete with one another. Substitutes are completely different products or services that consumers would be willing to use instead of the product they currently use. For example, the fast food industry offers quickly prepared, convenient, low-cost meals. Customers can go to McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Burger King, or Taco Bell—all of these firms compete against each other for business. However, their customers are really just hungry people. What else could you do if you were hungry? You could go to the grocery store and buy food to prepare at home. McDonald’s does not directly compete against Kroger for customers, because they are in different industries, but McDonald’s does face a threat from grocery stores because they both sell food. How does McDonald’s defend itself from the threat of Kroger as a substitute? By making sure their food is already prepared and convenient to purchase—your burger or salad is ready to eat and available without even getting out of your car.

Supplier Power

Virtually all firms have suppliers who sell parts, materials, labor, or products. Supplier power refers to the balance of power in the relationship between firms and their suppliers in an industry. Suppliers can have the upper hand in a relationship if they offer specialized products or control rare resources. For example, when Sony develops a new PlayStation model, it often works with a single supplier to develop the most advanced processor chip it can for their game console. That means its supplier will be able to command a fairly high price for the processors, an indication that the supplier has power. On the other hand, a firm that needs commodity resources such as oil, wheat, or aluminum in its operations will have many suppliers to choose from and can easily switch suppliers if price or quality is better from a new partner. Commodity suppliers usually have low power.

Buyer Power

The last of Porter’s forces is buyer power , which refers to the balance of power in the relationship between a firm and its customers. If a firm provides a unique good or service, it will have the power to charge its customers premium prices, because those customers have no choice but to buy from the firm if they need that product. In contrast, when customers have many potential sources for a product, firms will need to attract customers by offering better prices or better value for the money if they want to sell their products. One protection firms have against buyer power is switching costs , the penalty consumers face when they choose to use a particular product made by a different company. Switching costs can be financial (the extra price paid to choose a different product) or practical (the time or hassle required to switch to a different product). For example, think about your smartphone. If you have an iPhone now, what would be the penalty for you to switch to a non-Apple smartphone? Would it just be the cost of the new phone? Smartphones are not inexpensive, but even when cell phone service providers offer free phones to new customers, many people still don’t switch. The loss of compatibility with other Apple products, the need to transfer apps and phone settings to another system, and the loss of favorite iPhone features, such as iMessage, are enough to keep many people loyal to their iPhones.

Concept Check

• Describe each of Porter’s Five Forces. What information does each provide a manager trying to understand her firm’s micro environment?

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• Authors: David S. Bright, Anastasia H. Cortes
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• Book title: Principles of Management
• Publication date: Mar 20, 2019
• Location: Houston, Texas
• Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/1-introduction
• Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/8-4-a-firms-micro-environment-porters-five-forces

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Analyzing the Organization’s Microenvironment

When we say microenvironment (or alternatively, Competitor Environment) we are referring primarily to an organization’s industry, and the upstream and downstream markets related to it. An industry is a group of firms producing products that are close substitutes. In the course of competition, these firms influence one another. Typically, industries include a rich mix of competitive strategies that companies use in pursuing strategic competitiveness and above-average returns. In part, these strategies are chosen because of the influence of an industry’s characteristics. [1] Upstream markets are the industries that provide the raw material or inputs for the focal industry, while downstream markets are the industries (sometimes consumer segments) that consume the industry outputs. For example, the oil production market is upstream of the oil-refining market (and, conversely, the oil refiners are downstream of the oil producers), which in turn is upstream of the gasoline sales market. Instead of upstream and downstream, the terms wholesale and retail are often used. Accordingly, the industry microenvironment consists of stakeholder groups that a firm has regular dealings with. The way these relationships develop can affect the costs, quality, and overall success of a business.

Porter’s Five-Forces Analysis of Market Structure

You can distill the results of PESTEL and microenvironment analysis to view the competitive structure of an industry using Michael Porter’s five forces, see Figure 3.1 . Here you will find that your understanding of the microenvironment is particularly helpful. Porter’s model attempts to analyze the attractiveness of an industry by considering five forces within a market. According to Porter, the likelihood of firms making profits in a given industry depends on five factors: (1) barriers to entry and new entry threats, (2) buyer and (3) supplier bargaining power, (4) threat from substitutes, and (5) the degree of rivalry of competitors in the industry. [2]

The industry environment has a more direct effect on the firm’s strategic competitiveness and above-average returns than the general environment. The intensity of industry competition and an industry’s profit potential (as measured by the long-run return on invested capital) are a function of these five forces of competition: the threats posed by new entrants, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, product substitutes, and the intensity of rivalry among competitors.

Porter’s five-forces model of competition expands the arena for competitive analysis. Historically, when studying the competitive environment, firms concentrated on companies with which they competed directly (competitor groups). However, firms must search more broadly to identify current and potential competitors by identifying potential customers as well as the firms serving them. Competing for the same customers and thus being influenced by how customers value location and firm capabilities in their decisions is referred to as the market microstructure. [3]

Example 3.2 Understanding an Industry Using Porter’s Five Forces

Looking at JPMorgan Chase, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis shows that the company’s strongest force is rivalry, as there is a huge variety of banking companies to compete with JPM. Bargaining power of buyers is important too, because of the various competitors the buyers could switch to, and so JPM combats this with special offers that attract consumers. Substitutions are a large factor in the banking industry as well, and like with buyers, consumers have a great level of bargaining power as a whole. New entrants, on the other hand, are a relatively low threat to JPMorgan Chase.

Source: Investopedia, Analyzing Porter’s Five Forces on JPMorgan (JPM) , 2018Fa

Understanding this area is particularly important because, in recent years, industry boundaries have become blurred. For example, in the electrical utilities industry, cogenerators (firms that also produce power) are competing with regional utility companies. Moreover, telecommunications companies now compete with broadcasters, software manufacturers provide personal financial services, airlines sell mutual funds, and automakers sell insurance and provide financing. [4] In addition to focusing on customers rather than specific industry boundaries to define markets, geographic boundaries are also relevant. Research suggests that different geographic markets for the same product can have considerably different competitive conditions. [5]

Example 3.3 Forward or Backward Integration

In August 2017, the e-commerce giant Amazon acquired Whole Foods Market Inc. for $13.7 Billion. This acquisition allowed Amazon to gain 400 physical stores and get access to large data of consumers’ grocery buying habits, patterns, and preferences.

Source: Doctor Vidya Hattangadi, What is a business integration strategy? , 2018Fa

The five-forces model recognizes that suppliers can become a firm’s competitors (by integrating forward), as can buyers (by integrating backward). Several firms have integrated forward in the pharmaceutical industry by acquiring distributors or wholesalers. In addition, firms choosing to enter a new market and those producing products that are adequate substitutes for existing products can become competitors of a company.

Another way to think about industry market structure is that these five sets of stakeholders are competing for profits in the given industry. For instance, if a supplier to an industry is powerful, they can charge higher prices. If the industry can’t pass its higher costs onto their buyers in the form of higher prices, industry members make less profit. For example, if you have a jewelry store, but are dependent on a monopolist like De Beers for diamonds, then De Beers actually is extracting more relative value from your industry (i.e., the retail jewelry business).

Threat of New Entrants

The likelihood of new entry is a function of the extent to which barriers to entry exist. Evidence suggests that companies often find it difficult to identify new competitors. [6] Identifying new entrants is important because they can threaten the market share of existing competitors. One reason new entrants pose such a threat is that they bring additional production capacity. Unless the demand for a good or service is increasing, additional capacity holds consumers’ costs down, resulting in less revenue and lower returns for competing firms. Often, new entrants have a keen interest in gaining a large market share. As a result, new competitors may force existing firms to be more effective and efficient and to learn how to compete on new dimensions (for example, using an Internet-based distribution channel).

Example 3.4 New Entrant

Amazon’s recent acquisition of PillPack is threatening pharmaceutical market share, potentially altering the landscape of medication home delivery. Amazon serves as a threat due to its power and capacity to provide service. Existing local pharmaceutical companies now competing with home delivery will have to add tools to keep customers satisfied and to maintain trust.

Source: Pharmacy Today, Will recent announcements alter medication home delivery? , Sarah Cushing, 2018Fa

The more difficult it is for other firms to enter a market, the more likely it is that existing firms can make relatively high profits. The likelihood that firms will enter an industry is a function of two factors: barriers to entry and the retaliation expected from current industry participants. Entry barriers make it difficult for new firms to enter an industry and often place them at a competitive disadvantage even when they are able to enter. As such, high-entry barriers increase the returns for existing firms in the industry. [7]

The threat of new entrants is high when:

• Barriers to entry are low (initial capital costs, costs to scale efficiently.)
• There are no network effects (a good or service is more valuable when more people use it, e.g., the internet was of little value until more people started to use it.)
• Customer switching costs are low.
• Incumbents do not possess brand loyalty, proprietary technology, preferential access to raw materials or distribution channels, favorable geographic location, or cumulative experience.
• There are no restrictive government regulations.
• A low expectation that incumbents in the industry cannot or will not retaliate.

Buyer Bargaining Power

The stronger the power of buyers in an industry, the more likely it is that they will be able to force down prices and reduce the profits of firms that provide the product. Firms seek to maximize the return on their invested capital. Alternatively, buyers (customers of an industry or firm) want to buy products at the lowest possible price—the point at which the industry earns the lowest acceptable rate of return on its invested capital. To reduce their costs, buyers bargain for higher-quality, greater levels of service, and lower prices. These outcomes are achieved by encouraging competitive battles among the industry’s firms.

Example 3.5 Buyer Bargaining Power

Tenants and buyer of real estate in Abu Dhabi are experiencing greater bargaining power due to the oversupply of apartments and villas in the city and driving down purchase prices by 9% and rental prices by 12% overall. With  more units coming on the market in 2019, this trend is expected to remain for the foreseeable future. Meanwhile, buyers and tenants are expected to move to bigger and better apartments as property owners seek their investments.

Source: Khaleej Times, Tenants, buyers have more bargaining power in Abu Dhabi , 2019Wi

The bargaining power of buyers is high when:

• Only a few buyers exist and those buyers purchase relatively large quantities relative to the size of any single seller.
• When the industry’s products are commodities or standardized.
• Switching costs are low or non-existent.
• Buyers can reasonably threaten backward integration into the industry.

Supplier Bargaining Power

The stronger the power of suppliers in an industry, the more difficult it is for firms within that sector to make a profit because suppliers can determine the terms and conditions on which business is conducted. Increasing prices and reducing the quality of its products are potential means used by suppliers to exert power over firms competing within an industry. If a firm is unable to recover cost increases by its suppliers through its pricing structure, its profitability is reduced by its suppliers’ actions.

Example 3.6 Supplier Bargaining Power

Apple plans to move away from its Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) antenna technology toward a newer modified polyimide (MPI) for all phones built starting in 2019. The newer material is performs as well as the older one but has a much higher yield rate, making it more effective. The older LCP process was complicated to manufacture, prone to defects, and could be accomplished by a limited number of suppliers. Because there will be five new suppliers of the MPI antennae, Apple has greater bargaining power, will get comparable performance with fewer failures, and expects to pay lower prices.

Source: 9to5Mac, 2019 iPhones to use new combination of antenna technology , Ziqi Cao, 2018Fa

The bargaining power of suppliers is high when:

• The industry of the suppliers is more concentrated than that of the industry to which it sells.
• Suppliers do not rely on the industry as their sole source of revenue.
• Switching costs are high.
• The products offered by the supplier is highly differentiated.
• No readily available substitutes are available.
• The threat of forward integration into the industry by suppliers is reasonable.

Threat of Substitutes

This measures the ease with which buyers can switch to another product that does the same thing, such as using aluminum cans rather than glass or plastic bottles to package a beverage. The ease of switching depends on what costs would be involved (e.g., while it may be easy to sell Coke or Pepsi in bottles or cans, transferring all your data to a new database system and retraining staff could be expensive) and how similar customers perceive the alternatives to be. Substitute products are goods or services from outside a given industry that perform similar or the same functions as a product that the industry produces. For example, as a sugar substitute, NutraSweet places an upper limit on sugar manufacturers’ prices—NutraSweet and sugar perform the same function but with different characteristics.

Example 3.7 Substitution

Boxed is a new online, membership-free wholesale retailer that allows you to buy in bulk from the comfort of your home without any membership fees. They have a curated range of products that allow them to be the low cost leader which makes for direct competition with other wholesalers such as Costco or Sam’s club. As switching costs are minimal to almost non-existent, it is very easy for customers to switch to Boxed as they not only offer the best prices, but also offer free shipping on orders over 49 dollars.

Source: Fox 4 News, On Your Side: ‘Boxed’ Bulk Delivery Service , Ariadna Archibald, 2018Fa

Other product substitutes include fax machines instead of overnight deliveries, plastic containers rather than glass jars, and tea substituted for coffee. Recently, firms have introduced to the market several low-alcohol fruit-flavored drinks that many customers substitute for beer. For example, Smirnoff Ice was introduced with substantial advertising of the type often used for beer. Other firms have introduced lemonade with 5% alcohol (e.g., Doc Otis Hard Lemon) and tea and lemon combinations with alcohol (e.g., BoDean’s Twisted Tea). These products are increasing in popularity, especially among younger people, and, as product substitutes, have the potential to reduce overall sales of beer. [8] In general, differentiating a product along dimensions that customers value (such as price, quality, service after the sale, and location) reduces a substitute’s attractiveness.

The threat of substitute products is high when:

• The substitute offers an attractive price-to-performance trade-off.
• The substitute product’s price is lower or its quality and performance capabilities are equal to or greater than those of the competing product.
• Customers face few, if any, switching costs.

Degree of Rivalry

This measures the degree of competition between existing firms. The higher the degree of rivalry, the more difficult it is for existing firms to generate high profits.

The degree of rivalry is highest when:

• There are numerous competitors or competitors are equally balanced.
• The industry is experiencing slow growth.
• Fixed costs are high in the industry.
• The industry’s products lack differentiation
• Rivals in the industry have high strategic stakes.
• Leaving the industry comes with high exit barriers.

Numerous or Equally Balanced Competitors

Example 3.8 numerous or balanced rivalry.

Coca-Cola and Pepsi have been in the “Cola Wars” for a long time. Although their portfolios are no longer limited to soft drinks, their continuing battle on a full spectrum of growth and earnings measures shows the intensity of rivalry that continues between the two. Pepsi seems to currently lead in consumer demand, showing a 43% higher return over the last five years. And while consumers are shifting their preferences to healthier options, so are these two rivals as they attempt to modify consumer perceptions of their brands. Pepsi acquired Naked, Kevita and Soda Stream. Meanwhile Coca-Cola acquired Honest Tea, Costa Coffee, MOJO Kombucha, and a minority stake in the growing Gatorade competitor Body Armor.

Source: Yahoo Finance, The Cola Wars: Pepsi vs. Coke , 2019Sp

Intense rivalries are common in industries with many companies. With multiple competitors, it is common for a few firms to believe that they can act without eliciting a response. However, evidence suggests that other firms generally are aware of competitors’ actions, often choosing to respond to them. At the other extreme, industries with only a few firms of equivalent size and power also tend to have strong rivalries. The large and often similar-sized resource bases of these firms permit vigorous actions and responses. The Fuji/Kodak and Airbus/Boeing competitive battles exemplify intense rivalries between pairs of relatively equivalent competitors.

Example 3.9 Slow Growing Industry

With the growing concern of vehicle carbon emissions, the advent of electric cars for consumer use has become inevitable. While the need for a change is clear, the market is clearly developing slowly because there isn’t the proper infrastructure for the charging of electric vehicles like the network of gas stations that currently exist. Until companies can differentiate through an increased range and charging options, the industry will continue to develop slowly.

Source: Phys.org, ‘Not right away’: Electric cars still have long road ahead , 2018Fa

Slow Industry Growth

When a market is growing, firms try to use resources effectively to serve an expanding customer base. Growing markets reduce the pressure to take customers from competitors. However, rivalry in non-growth or slow-growth markets becomes more intense as firms battle to increase their market shares by attracting their competitors’ customers.

Typically, battles to protect market shares are fierce. Certainly, this has been the case with Fuji and Kodak. The instability in the market that results from these competitive engagements reduce profitability for firms throughout the industry, as is demonstrated by the commercial aircraft industry. The market for large aircraft is expected to decline or grow only slightly over the next few years. To expand market share, Boeing and Airbus will compete aggressively in terms of the introduction of new products, and product and service differentiation; both firms are likely to win and lose battles; however, as of this writing Boeing is the current leader.

High Fixed Costs or High Storage Costs

Example 3.10 high fixed costs.

Approach Resources, an independent oil and gas company, is an example of a company hindered by high fixed costs in 2018. G&A and interest costs are the main reason these fixed costs are so high, and need to be reduced if the company wants to remain competitive. It is likely that in the future they will use some sort of debt restructuring to try and drive down these costs compared to other companies in their industry.

Source: Seeking Alpha, Approach Resources: Hindered By High Fixed Costs , 2018Fa

When fixed costs account for a large part of total costs, companies try to maximize the use of their productive capacity. Doing so allows the firm to spread costs across a larger volume of output. However, when many firms attempt to maximize their productive capacity, excess capacity is created on an industry-wide basis. To then reduce inventories, individual companies typically cut the price of their product and offer rebates and other special discounts to customers. These practices, however, often intensify competition. The pattern of excess capacity at the industry level followed by intense rivalry at the firm level is observed frequently in industries with high storage costs. Perishable products, for example, lose their value rapidly with the passage of time. As their inventories grow, producers of perishable goods often use pricing strategies to sell products quickly.

Lack of Differentiation or Low Switching Costs

When buyers find a differentiated product that satisfies their needs, they frequently purchase the product faithfully over time. Industries with many companies that have successfully differentiated their products have less rivalry, resulting in lower competition for individual firms. [9] However, when buyers view products as commodities (as products with few differentiated features or capabilities), rivalry intensifies. In these instances, buyers’ purchasing decisions are based primarily on price and, to a lesser degree, service. Film for cameras is an example of a commodity. Thus, the competition between Fuji and Kodak is expected to be strong.

Example 3.11 Commodities

Commodities are grouped into three main categories – agriculture, energy, and metals. The term “agriculture” leads one to think about this category as items such as lumber or fibers that we create clothes out of, but it also pertains to drinks, grains, and animals that are specifically raised for food.  Low product differentiation and low prices are both characteristics of commodities.

Based on this definition, buying a soft drink at grocery store presents two options — to buy a commodity or a branded item. If the customer perceives Pepsi or Coca-Cola as providing a higher quality than the generic store brand (also known as a dealer brand) of “cola”, they will pay a premium for the product. However, if the customer doesn’t perceive a value distinction then the cola is simply a commodity and they will purchase the lowest cost alternative.

Source: The Balance, What Commodities Are and How Its Trading Market Works , 2019Wi

The effect of switching costs is identical to that described for differentiated products. The lower the buyer’s’ switching costs, the easier it is for competitors to attract buyers through pricing and service offerings. High switching costs, however, at least partially insulate the firm from rivals’ efforts to attract customers. Interestingly, the switching costs—such as pilot and mechanic training—are high in aircraft purchases, yet, the rivalry between Boeing and Airbus remains intense because the stakes for both are extremely high.

High Strategic Stakes

Competitive rivalry is likely to be high when it is important for several of the competitors to perform well in the market. For example, although it is diversified and is a market leader in other businesses, Samsung has targeted market leadership in the consumer electronics market. This market is quite important to Sony and other major competitors such as Hitachi, Matsushita, NEC, and Mitsubishi. Thus, we can expect substantial rivalry in this market over the next few years.

Example 3.12 High Stakes Rivalry

After acquiring Uber’s local business in Indonesia, Grab, a top ride-hailing firm based in South East Asia, formed a joint venture with ZhongAn International and insurance company to add insurance and loan financing products for its drivers. This action by Grab is part of their ambition to become the leading South East Asia irval to Go-Jek (an Indonesian ride-hailing firm).

In recent years, these two companies have battled to provide services beyond ride-hailing. For its part, Go-Jek is expanding its business to Vietnam and Thailand compete with Grab. This rivalry has escalated since 2018 as Grab has raised $3 billion of a $5 billion capital goal while Go-Jek is close to raising $2 billion to strengthen their balance sheet.

Source: TechCrunch, Grab moves to Offer Digital Insurance Services in Southeast Asia , 2019Wi

High strategic stakes can also exist in terms of geographic locations. For example, Japanese automobile manufacturers are committed to a significant presence in the U.S. marketplace. A key reason for this is that the United States is the world’s single largest market for auto manufacturers’ products. Because of the stakes involved in this country for Japanese and U.S. manufacturers, rivalry among firms in the U.S. and global automobile industry is highly intense. While close proximity tends to promote greater rivalry, physically proximate competition has potentially positive benefits as well. For example, when competitors are located near one another, it is easier for suppliers to serve them and they can develop economies of scale that lead to lower production costs. Additionally, communications with key industry stakeholders such as suppliers are facilitated and more efficient when they are close to the firm. [10]

High Exit Barriers

Sometimes companies continue competing in an industry even though the returns on their invested capital are low or negative. Firms making this choice likely face high exit barriers, which include economic, strategic, and emotional factors, causing companies to remain in an industry when the profitability of doing so is questionable.

Example 3.13 Exit Barriers to Rivalry

Earn credit, add your own example !

Attractiveness and Profitability

Using Porter’s analysis, firms are likely to generate higher profits (and be considered attractive) if the industry:

• Is difficult to enter
• There is limited rivalry
• Buyers are relatively weak
• Suppliers are relatively weak
• There are few substitutes

Profits are likely to be low (and the industry considered unattractive) if:

• The industry is easy to enter
• There is a high degree of rivalry between firms within the industry
• Buyers are strong
• Suppliers are strong
• It is easy to switch to alternatives

Effective industry analyses are products of careful study and interpretation of data and information from multiple sources. A wealth of industry-specific data is available to be analyzed. Because of globalization, international markets and rivalries must be included in the firm’s analyses. In fact, research shows that in some industries, international variables are more important than domestic ones as determinants of strategic competitiveness. Furthermore, because of the development of global markets, a country’s borders no longer restrict industry structures. In fact, movement into international markets enhances the chances of success for new ventures as well as more established firms. [11]

Following a study of the five forces of competition, the firm can develop the insights required to determine an industry’s attractiveness in terms of its potential to earn adequate or superior returns on its invested capital. In general, the stronger competitive forces are, the lower the profit potential for an industry’s firms. An unattractive industry has low entry barriers, suppliers and buyers with strong bargaining positions, strong competitive threats from product substitutes, and intense rivalry among competitors. These industry characteristics make it very difficult for firms to achieve strategic competitiveness and earn above-average returns. Alternatively, an attractive industry has high entry barriers, suppliers and buyers with little bargaining power, few competitive threats from product substitutes, and relatively moderate rivalry. [12]

• Spanos, Y. E., & Lioukas, S. (2001). An examination into the causal logic of rent generation: Contrasting Porter’s competitive strategy framework and the resource-based perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 907–934. ↵
• Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy. New York: Free Press. ↵
• Zaheer, S., & Zaheer, A. (2001). Market microstructure in a global b2b network, Strategic Management Journal, 22, 859–873. ↵
• Hitt, M. A., Ricart I Costa, J., & Nixon, R. D. (1999). New managerial mindsets. New York: Wiley. ↵
• Pan, Y., & Chi, P. S. K. (1999). Financial performance and survival of multinational corporations in China. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 359–374; Brooks, G. R. (1995). Defining market boundaries Strategic Management Journal, 16, 535–549. ↵
• Geroski, P. A. (1999). Early warning of new rivals. Sloan Management Review, 40(3), 107–116. ↵
• Robinson, K. C., & McDougall, P. P. (2001). Entry barriers and new venture performance: A comparison of universal and contingency approaches. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 659–685. ↵
• Khermouch, G. (2001, March 5). Grown-up drinks for tender taste buds. Business Week, p. 96. ↵
• Deephouse, D. L. (1999). To be different, or to be the same? It’s a question (and theory) of strategic balance. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 147–166. ↵
• Chung, W., & Kalnins, A. (2001). Agglomeration effects and performance: Test of the Texas lodging industry Strategic Management Journal, 22, 969–988. ↵
• Kuemmerle, W. (2001). Home base and knowledge management in international ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 17, 99–122; Lorenzoni, G., & Lipparini, A. (1999). The leveraging of interfirm relationships as a distinctive organizational capability: A longitudinal study. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 317–338. ↵

Strategic Management Copyright © 2020 by John Morris is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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6.4 A Firm’s Micro Environment: Porter’s Five Forces

• What makes up a firm’s external micro environment, and what tools do strategists use to understand it?

A firm’s micro environment is illustrated in the green circle in Exhibit 6 .2 . These entities are all directly connected to the firm in some way, and firms must understand the micro environment in order to successfully compete in an industry. All firms are part of an industry —a group of firms all making similar products or offering similar services, for example automobile manufacturers or airlines. Firms in an industry may or may not compete directly against one another, as we’ll discuss shortly, but they all face similar situations in terms of customer interests, supplier relations, and industry growth or decline.

Harvard strategy professor Michael Porter developed an analysis tool to evaluate a firm’s micro environment. Porter’s Five Forces is a tool used to examine different micro-environmental groups in order to understand the impact each group has on a firm in an industry ( Exhibit 6 .4 ). Each of the forces represents an aspect of competition that affects a firm’s potential to be successful in its industry. It is important to note that this tool is different than Porter’s generic strategy typology that we will discuss later.

Industry Rivalry

Industry rivalry , the first of Porter’s forces, is in the center of the diagram. Note that the arrows in the diagram show two-way relationships between rivalry and all of the other forces. This is because each force can affect how hard firms in an industry must compete against each other to gain customers, establish favorable supplier relationships, and defend themselves against new firms entering the industry.

When using Porter’s model, an analyst will determine if each force has a strong or weak impact on industry firms. In the case of rivalry, the question of strength focuses on how hard firms must fight against industry rivals (competitors) to gain customers and market share. Strong rivalry in an industry reduces the profit potential for all firms because consumers have many firms from which to purchase products or services and can make at least part of their purchasing decisions based on prices. An industry with weak rivalry will have few firms, meaning that there are enough customers for everyone, or will have firms that have each staked out a unique position in the industry, meaning that customers will be more loyal to the firm that best meets their particular needs.

The Threat of New Entrants

In an industry, there are incumbent (existing) firms that compete against each other as rivals. If an industry has a growing market or is very profitable, however, it may attract new entrants . These either are firms that start up in the industry as new companies or are firms from another industry that expand their capabilities or target markets to compete in an industry that is new to them.

Different industries may be easier or harder to enter depending on barriers to entry , factors that prevent new firms from successfully competing in the industry. Common barriers to entry include cost, brand loyalty, and industry growth. For example, the firms in the airline industry rarely face threats from new entrants because it is very expensive to obtain the equipment, airport landing rights, and expertise to start up a new airline.

Brand loyalty can also keep new firms from entering an industry, because customers who are familiar with a strong brand name may be unwilling to try a new, unknown brand. Industry growth can increase or decrease the chances a new entrant will succeed. In an industry with low growth, new customers are scarce, and a firm can only gain market share by attracting customers of other firms. Think of all the ads you see and hear from competing cell phone providers. Cell phone companies are facing lower industry growth and must offer consumers incentives to switch from another provider. On the other hand, high-growth industries have an increasing number of customers, and new firms can successfully appeal to new customers by offering them something existing firms do not offer. It is important to note that barriers to entry are not always external, firms often lobby politicians for regulations that can be a barrier to entry. These types of barriers will be covered in greater depth in more upper level courses.

Threat of Substitutes

In the context of Porter’s model, a substitute is any other product or service that can satisfy the same need for a customer as an industry’s offerings. Be careful not to confuse substitutes with rivals. Rivals offer similar products or services and directly compete with one another. Substitutes are completely different products or services that consumers would be willing to use instead of the product they currently use. For example, the fast food industry offers quickly prepared, convenient, low-cost meals. Customers can go to McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Burger King, or Taco Bell—all of these firms compete against each other for business. However, their customers are really just hungry people. What else could you do if you were hungry? You could go to the grocery store and buy food to prepare at home. McDonald’s does not directly compete against Kroger for customers, because they are in different industries, but McDonald’s does face a threat from grocery stores because they both sell food. How does McDonald’s defend itself from the threat of Kroger as a substitute? By making sure their food is already prepared and convenient to purchase—your burger or salad is ready to eat and available without even getting out of your car.

Supplier Power

Virtually all firms have suppliers who sell parts, materials, labor, or products. Supplier power refers to the balance of power in the relationship between firms and their suppliers in an industry. Suppliers can have the upper hand in a relationship if they offer specialized products or control rare resources. For example, when Sony develops a new PlayStation model, it often works with a single supplier to develop the most advanced processor chip it can for their game console. That means its supplier will be able to command a fairly high price for the processors, an indication that the supplier has power. On the other hand, a firm that needs commodity resources such as oil, wheat, or aluminum in its operations will have many suppliers to choose from and can easily switch suppliers if price or quality is better from a new partner. Commodity suppliers usually have low power.

Buyer Power

The last of Porter’s forces is buyer power , which refers to the balance of power in the relationship between a firm and its customers. If a firm provides a unique good or service, it will have the power to charge its customers premium prices, because those customers have no choice but to buy from the firm if they need that product. In contrast, when customers have many potential sources for a product, firms will need to attract customers by offering better prices or better value for the money if they want to sell their products. One protection firms have against buyer power is switching costs , the penalty consumers face when they choose to use a particular product made by a different company. Switching costs can be financial (the extra price paid to choose a different product) or practical (the time or hassle required to switch to a different product). For example, think about your smartphone. If you have an iPhone now, what would be the penalty for you to switch to a non-Apple smartphone? Would it just be the cost of the new phone? Smartphones are not inexpensive, but even when cell phone service providers offer free phones to new customers, many people still don’t switch. The loss of compatibility with other Apple products, the need to transfer apps and phone settings to another system, and the loss of favorite iPhone features, such as iMessage, are enough to keep many people loyal to their iPhones.

CONCEPT CHECK

• Describe each of Porter’s Five Forces. What information does each provide a manager trying to understand her firm’s micro environment?

Source contents: Principles of Management and Organizational Behavior . Please visit OpenStax for more details: https://openstax.org/subjects/view-all

Introduction to Management and Organizational Behavior Copyright © by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

• Micro Environment

As an organization, understanding the environment in which you function is an extremely important exercise. It could be the difference between success and failure. Let us study in detail the different factors of micro environment that affect an organization.

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The micro environment is the operating environment of the firm. This is because the functioning of the micro environment has a direct and immediate bearing on the company . They are more interlinked with the company than macro environmental factors.

Let us take a look at some of the most important and common elements of the micro environment. These elements are different for different organizations. But the following ones are usually found in almost all companies.

(Source: KeyDifferences)

                                                                          Learn Macro Environment here. 

1] Customers

The main purpose for the existence of most organizations is to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers. The enterprise aims to please the customer and earn a profit in return.

So the ultimate aim is to provide the best products /services to the customer at the best prices. Failure to do so may result in failure of the business .

This is why it has become increasingly important to listen to customers and value their feedback. This is why customer consumer surveys have increasing importance in today’s markets .

2] Competitors

There are no pure monopolies in the world. Every organization, whether big or small, has competition and competitors. So the company has to keep a constant check on their competitors.

The company must ensure that their products have a USP that makes them different and unique in the market. The products offered must also be better and cheaper than those of the competition.

3] Employees

Employees or labor is one of the most important factor of production for a company. Human resources are a significant factor in the success (or failure) of a firm. Hence employing the correct people, best suited to your firm is of vital importance.

And training and development of these employees is also essential. If care is not taken in this matter the organization can never succeed, because employees are the back bone of every organization.

4] Shareholders

Shareholders invest in the company, but they are not merely investors. They own shares of the company, so they are actually owners of the company in a way. This means they get a say in the running of a company.

Shareholders will also demand a return on their investment. So it is the company’s duty to earn profits and pass on this benefits to the shareholders. They have to create wealth for these shareholders.

To keep their interest dividends also have to be paid. So the company must find the right balance between the health of the company and the benefits to the shareholders.

5] Suppliers

Suppliers provide the firm with the materials and factors of production they need to run the business. The relation between the company and the suppliers is a power equation. Both depend on each other for their survival.

So it is necessary for the company to have healthy and amenable relations with their suppliers. This is essential to the smooth running of the organization. For example if the company has a falling out with one raw material supplier it could delay their whole production process by days.

Every company is going to need media to promote their brand and market their products. So it is necessary that the company maintain their relationship and their status quo with the media.

Any negative coverage in the media can lead to huge losses for the company. This is why companies hire PR managers to help them use the media to a positive effect.

Learn the vision and mission statement here in detail. 

Solved Question on Micro Environment

Q: In any market, ____ is king and they are the organizations most important micro economic factor.

Ans: The correct option is A. Customer is the king, and the reason for the existence of the firm is to satisfy the wants and needs of the customers. They are the most important element of their micro environment.

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• Vision and Mission Statements
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• Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between Micro and Macro Environment

While microenvironment has a direct impact on business activities, the macro environment is a general business environment, which influences all business groups at large. It is important to learn the business environment, so as to understand the effect of various forces on business. Take a read of the given article to know the difference between microenvironment and macro environment.

Content: Micro Environment Vs Macro Environment

Comparison chart, definition of micro environment.

Microenvironment refers to the environment which is in direct contact with the business organization and can affect the routine activities of business straight away. It is associated with a small area in which the firm functions.

The microenvironment is a collection of all the forces that are close to the firm. These forces are very particular for the said business only. They can influence the performance and day to day operations of the company, but for the short term only. Its elements include suppliers, competitors, marketing intermediaries, customers and the firm itself.

Micro Environment

• Suppliers are the ones who provide inputs to the business like raw material, equipment and so on.
• Competitors are the rivals, which compete with the firm in the market and resources as well.
• Marketing intermediaries may include wholesalers, distributors, and retailers that make a link between the firm and the customers.
• Customers / Consumers are the ones who purchase the goods for their own consumption. They are considered as the king of business.
• The firm itself is an aggregate of a number of elements like owners like shareholders or investors, employees and the board of directors.

Definition of Macro Environment

The general environment within the economy that influences the working, performance, decision making and strategy of all business groups at the same time is known as Macro Environment. It is dynamic in nature. Therefore it keeps on changing.

It constitutes those outside forces that are not under the control of the firm but have a powerful impact on the firm’s functioning. It consists of individuals, groups, organizations, agencies and others with which the firm deals during the course of its business.

Macro Environment

The study of Macro Environment is known as PESTLE Analysis. PESTLE stands for the variables that exist in the environment, i.e. Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Legal and Environmental. These variables, consider both economic and non-economic factors like social concerns, government policies, family structure, population size, inflation, GDP aspects, income distribution, ethnic mix, political stability, taxes, and duties, etc.

Key Differences Between Micro Environment and Macro Environment

The following are the major difference between micro and macro environment:

• The microenvironment is the environment which is in immediate contact with the firm. The environment which is not specific to a particular firm but can influence the working of all the business groups is known as Macro Environment.
• The factors of the microenvironment affect the particular business only, but the macro-environmental factors affect all the business entities.
• The microenvironmental factors are controllable by the business but to some extent only. However, the macroeconomic variables are uncontrollable.
• The elements of the microenvironment affect directly and regularly to the firm which is just opposite in the case of the macro environment.
• The study of the microenvironment is described as COSMIC analysis. Conversely, PESTLE Analysis is a study of the macro environment.

Video: Micro Vs Macro Environment

Microenvironment and macro environment, both cover the overall environment of business. So, they are more complementary rather than contradictory. The study of these environments will help to know the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of business.

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Preksha says

January 12, 2017 at 11:34 am

Wonderfully written.

January 12, 2017 at 11:35 am

In which category would service provider come?

Surbhi S says

January 12, 2017 at 12:15 pm

samuel onyema says

March 23, 2019 at 3:11 am

can you help me with the Harvard referencing of your journal Difference between micro and macro environment

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January 23, 2017 at 12:48 am

Wonderfully written it makes sense

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March 4, 2017 at 9:03 pm

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December 20, 2017 at 8:19 pm

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Its helpful for my assignment

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April 11, 2018 at 10:22 pm

Well written & easy to understand

February 11, 2019 at 2:56 pm

Well written and it will definitely assist with my strategy module this year. thank you.

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July 8, 2019 at 1:04 am

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Maureen says

August 17, 2019 at 10:30 pm

The micro and macro environment that influence the business. I require reasons. please help me sir.

March 25, 2020 at 10:34 pm

helpfull but i have to relate this to law enforcement enviroment

help with Havard referencing

Isagani says

November 27, 2020 at 5:26 am

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November 29, 2020 at 5:51 pm

This is a very, very clear article that has clarified the differences between the micro and macro environment. I found the advice to think of the environments as complementary rather than contradictory to be especially helpful. Thank you!

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8.5: A Firm's Micro Environment- Porter's Five Forces

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Learning Objectives

• What makes up a firm’s external micro environment, and what tools do strategists use to understand it?

A firm’s micro environment is illustrated in the green circle in Exhibit 8.4. These entities are all directly connected to the firm in some way, and firms must understand the micro environment in order to successfully compete in an industry. All firms are part of an industry —a group of firms all making similar products or offering similar services, for example automobile manufacturers or airlines. Firms in an industry may or may not compete directly against one another, as we’ll discuss shortly, but they all face similar situations in terms of customer interests, supplier relations, and industry growth or decline.

Harvard strategy professor Michael Porter developed an analysis tool to evaluate a firm’s micro environment. Porter’s Five Forces is a tool used to examine different micro-environmental groups in order to understand the impact each group has on a firm in an industry (Exhibit 8.6). Each of the forces represents an aspect of competition that affects a firm’s potential to be successful in its industry. It is important to note that this tool is different than Porter’s generic strategy typology that we will discuss later.

Industry Rivalry

Industry rivalry , the first of Porter’s forces, is in the center of the diagram. Note that the arrows in the diagram show two-way relationships between rivalry and all of the other forces. This is because each force can affect how hard firms in an industry must compete against each other to gain customers, establish favorable supplier relationships, and defend themselves against new firms entering the industry.

When using Porter’s model, an analyst will determine if each force has a strong or weak impact on industry firms. In the case of rivalry, the question of strength focuses on how hard firms must fight against industry rivals (competitors) to gain customers and market share. Strong rivalry in an industry reduces the profit potential for all firms because consumers have many firms from which to purchase products or services and can make at least part of their purchasing decisions based on prices. An industry with weak rivalry will have few firms, meaning that there are enough customers for everyone, or will have firms that have each staked out a unique position in the industry, meaning that customers will be more loyal to the firm that best meets their particular needs.

The Threat of New Entrants

In an industry, there are incumbent (existing) firms that compete against each other as rivals. If an industry has a growing market or is very profitable, however, it may attract new entrants . These either are firms that start up in the industry as new companies or are firms from another industry that expand their capabilities or target markets to compete in an industry that is new to them.

Different industries may be easier or harder to enter depending on barriers to entry , factors that prevent new firms from successfully competing in the industry. Common barriers to entry include cost, brand loyalty, and industry growth. For example, the firms in the airline industry rarely face threats from new entrants because it is very expensive to obtain the equipment, airport landing rights, and expertise to start up a new airline.

Brand loyalty can also keep new firms from entering an industry, because customers who are familiar with a strong brand name may be unwilling to try a new, unknown brand. Industry growth can increase or decrease the chances a new entrant will succeed. In an industry with low growth, new customers are scarce, and a firm can only gain market share by attracting customers of other firms. Think of all the ads you see and hear from competing cell phone providers. Cell phone companies are facing lower industry growth and must offer consumers incentives to switch from another provider. On the other hand, high-growth industries have an increasing number of customers, and new firms can successfully appeal to new customers by offering them something existing firms do not offer. It is important to note that barriers to entry are not always external, firms often lobby politicians for regulations that can be a barrier to entry. These types of barriers will be covered in greater depth in more upper level courses.

Threat of Substitutes

In the context of Porter’s model, a substitute is any other product or service that can satisfy the same need for a customer as an industry’s offerings. Be careful not to confuse substitutes with rivals. Rivals offer similar products or services and directly compete with one another. Substitutes are completely different products or services that consumers would be willing to use instead of the product they currently use. For example, the fast food industry offers quickly prepared, convenient, low-cost meals. Customers can go to McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Burger King, or Taco Bell—all of these firms compete against each other for business. However, their customers are really just hungry people. What else could you do if you were hungry? You could go to the grocery store and buy food to prepare at home. McDonald’s does not directly compete against Kroger for customers, because they are in different industries, but McDonald’s does face a threat from grocery stores because they both sell food. How does McDonald’s defend itself from the threat of Kroger as a substitute? By making sure their food is already prepared and convenient to purchase—your burger or salad is ready to eat and available without even getting out of your car.

Supplier Power

Virtually all firms have suppliers who sell parts, materials, labor, or products. Supplier power refers to the balance of power in the relationship between firms and their suppliers in an industry. Suppliers can have the upper hand in a relationship if they offer specialized products or control rare resources. For example, when Sony develops a new PlayStation model, it often works with a single supplier to develop the most advanced processor chip it can for their game console. That means its supplier will be able to command a fairly high price for the processors, an indication that the supplier has power. On the other hand, a firm that needs commodity resources such as oil, wheat, or aluminum in its operations will have many suppliers to choose from and can easily switch suppliers if price or quality is better from a new partner. Commodity suppliers usually have low power.

Buyer Power

The last of Porter’s forces is buyer power , which refers to the balance of power in the relationship between a firm and its customers. If a firm provides a unique good or service, it will have the power to charge its customers premium prices, because those customers have no choice but to buy from the firm if they need that product. In contrast, when customers have many potential sources for a product, firms will need to attract customers by offering better prices or better value for the money if they want to sell their products. One protection firms have against buyer power is switching costs , the penalty consumers face when they choose to use a particular product made by a different company. Switching costs can be financial (the extra price paid to choose a different product) or practical (the time or hassle required to switch to a different product). For example, think about your smartphone. If you have an iPhone now, what would be the penalty for you to switch to a non-Apple smartphone? Would it just be the cost of the new phone? Smartphones are not inexpensive, but even when cell phone service providers offer free phones to new customers, many people still don’t switch. The loss of compatibility with other Apple products, the need to transfer apps and phone settings to another system, and the loss of favorite iPhone features, such as iMessage, are enough to keep many people loyal to their iPhones.

Concept Check

• Describe each of Porter’s Five Forces. What information does each provide a manager trying to understand her firm’s micro environment?

KFC Micro- and Macro-Environment Report

Marketing form an essential part of all business ventures. The Kentucky Fried Chicken is one such commercial undertaking that fulfils society needs through merchandizing fast foods and side dishes. Their delicacies attract the milieu and numerous persons outside Australia.

n an industrial setting, a quality SWOT analysis is advisable (Segal-Horn, & Faulkner, pg. 28). The strengths and weaknesses are internal to the organization while the opportunities and strengths are outside forces from the company’s control. In discussing these elements, the paper will focus on the micro-environmental and macro-environmental marketing factors that impact on an organization. KFC has been on the public limelight for both affirmative and negative concerns.

All these are central to their ability to capitalize on a strong corporate image as stipulated by a careful assessment on marketing techniques. Micro-environmental factors symbolize issues pertinent to the company. They directly impact on KFC from a personal perspective. It could be stakeholder response, customer satisfaction, employee grievances, or competition. These are issues that can easily be handled by the company without help from consultants.

Macro- environmental factors on the other hand, create as an enormous challenge to the company because they are bigger issues beyond interior control. They include demographics, technology, social factors, and legislative issues among others. Consequently, they probably affect the company over the long term. Collective effort in handling the two forces ensures a company’s ability to maintain an enviable customer base.

Managers pre-eminently address such concerns through a series of situation analyses that correlates the two scenarios whilst at the same time seeks to find long lasting remedies. An environmental scan aids in attending to issues effectively in order to avoid crises in the future (Groucutt, et al. pg.43).

KFC influence on microenvironment factors within Australia

All competitive markets are volatile and prone to change. KFC thus requires strategy transformation and plan update depending on the revolution exhibited in the market. Issues occurring within this business entity require internal attention as such; KFC can influence its internal activities through multiple means including the incorporation of the techniques discussed.

They represent KFC’s image and they can be controlled by it. Customer attraction, access and retention become the full responsibility of the service provider. For KFC in Australia, home deliveries will maximize the customer base. Alternatively, self-service measures will work well for them. This is so because customers like choosing what they want to eat in their preferred portions. Secondly, it creates enough time to serve everyone. KFC should implement a customer relations desk through which their complaints can be redressed efficiently.

Shareholders

Shareholders represent the second most important asset of a business entity. They should be treated with uttermost respect to prevent them from defecting from the company (Carroll, pg.7). When this occurs, the share value reduces and it daunts the company image. KFC should inform them of any changes in management and they should maintain consistency in communication in order to make the stakeholders feel Important.

A good relationship with suppliers means a quality feedback from the consumers. When the suppliers of various fast foods receive good treatment from KFC they most likely will reciprocate with goodwill. Suppliers ensure that no food poisoning cases occur and that quality meals reach the public through KFC.

Employees form an imperative part of the firm. For KFC to succeed in a competitive market, it should realize that employee-handling techniques reflect through service delivery. As such, the employees must receive salaries in good time. They should make a decent living out of the wages. They must be able to afford necessities. This is to ensure that psychological factors do not cause them to treat customers unfairly.

Competition

Australia poses a competitive environment especially when fast food joints come into the picture. World known McDonald’s, Chicken inn and Vissalis reside in Australia. They offer almost same food quality. To ensure success, KFC must develop a strategy to gain the competitive advantage.

Essentially, they should maximize on excellent customer care, increase food varieties, maintain good relations with the media and work on an eminent corporate image. Additional, Sanders must invest on franchising in marginalized sections of the globe like Latin America and Africa since they also pose as superior market destinations (Havaldar, & Havaldar, pg. 29).

The media poses a vital part of a marketing strategy. KFC must take special concern when media issues arise. They should use media for positive publicity and avoid contact with the media during scandals. So far, for KFC in Australia the media has been of tremendous help especially for advertising. The internal memos, press releases and conferences also act as the best forum for publicity and creation of awareness.

Macro-environmental trends

Macro-environmental factors require exceptional consideration since most of them impact negatively on the firm. The worst part of this is that their impacts last for a long time and often call for financial rejuvenation and image restoration efforts. Macro-environmental factors (Kirst-Ashman, pg.100) revolve around the treats and opportunities of the business empire.

The purpose of the assignment is to capitalize on the opportunities while reducing the threats. KFC’s location at Guilford was based on a strategic plan in the 18 th century. Changes within the society result in a complete transformation in how things occur. Two centuries down the line, KFC faces multiple threats

Various environmental front groups accuse KFC of ecological degradation (Carroll, pg.9). They claim the rain forests face extinction based on the amount of wrapping material used cover their products.

The paper that serves this purpose is manufactured from the same forest trees and thus KFC is in the verge of a sue trail by environmentalists. Secondly, the foods contain a large portion of oil, which poses as an enormous risk to health, and weight related complications. Finally, the vegans also threaten to sue KFC because they do not protect animals.

Investing in franchising (Segal-Horn, & Faulkner, pg. 19) within and outside Australia is a huge task requiring excellent skills and financial empowerment. KFC might face collapse if they fail to formulate a proper monetary plan to aid in future planning. Additionally, KFC will require enough money for marketing and settling up a crisis control unit in order to deviate from crisis situations. Without such a plan then they will likely fall victim of numerous circumstances.

Issues revolving around disputes, publicity, law, and controversies encompass political environment. A case of a teenage girl suffering effects of food poisoning from KFC products badly destroys the firm’s image. The Sydney incident really took a toll on KFC making it spend over eight million in compensation and huge sums of money in image restoration activities.

An accusation of racial stereotype in Australia also leaves this company struggling to win consumer goodwill. All these events plus others not highlighted that are politically instigated, pause a major threat to the firm’s success.

Response to the macro-environmental trends

The conditions earlier mentioned occur from time to time. Responding to them needs an individual to be in control especially when the media are involved. This is because they always have a way of blowing things out of proportion. To avoid future problems, KFC should invest in regular advertisements. This aids them to remain relevant within a changing environment.

They should not change their logo frequently in order to create consistency and to avoid consumer apathy and confusion. Secondly, consumer lobby groups help in brand positioning products so that when legislative issues arise, they come out strongly to defend their cause (Kirst-Ashman, pg .89).

The most important aspect of future reaction lies within a relevant Public Relation team and a crisis management unit. These two will always help KFC find a good solution to problems while at the same time control media coverage. Finally, KFC needs a superior company attorney who will handle all the corporate and legal matters. When they face jurisdiction, then the attorney advices them on the right steps to take.

In conclusion, KFC like many other companies dealing in fast foods, face many challenges both internal and external. A quality strategic plan aids in giving them a scope and direction over the long-term and essentially offers them a rejoinder in times of need. The strategy should also be review every three months to improve it based on the changes within the two environments (Groucutt, et al. pg.54).

Carroll, A 2009, Business & Society: Ethics & Stakeholder Management , South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.

Groucutt, J, Forsyth, P & Leadley, P 2004, Marketing: Essential Principles, New Realities , Kogan Page, London.

Havaldar, K & Havaldar, K 2010, Business Marketing Text and Cases , Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Ltd, New Delhi.

Kirst-Ashman, K 2011, Human Behavior in the Macro Social Environment: An Empowerment Approach to Understanding Communities, Organizations, and Groups , Brooks/Cole, Australia.

Segal-Horn, S & Faulkner, D 2008, International Strategy , Thomson Learning, London.

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IvyPanda. (2018, November 30). KFC Micro- and Macro-Environment Report. https://ivypanda.com/essays/microenvironment-and-the-macro-environment/

"KFC Micro- and Macro-Environment Report." IvyPanda , 30 Nov. 2018, ivypanda.com/essays/microenvironment-and-the-macro-environment/.

IvyPanda . (2018) 'KFC Micro- and Macro-Environment Report'. 30 November.

IvyPanda . 2018. "KFC Micro- and Macro-Environment Report." November 30, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/microenvironment-and-the-macro-environment/.

1. IvyPanda . "KFC Micro- and Macro-Environment Report." November 30, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/microenvironment-and-the-macro-environment/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "KFC Micro- and Macro-Environment Report." November 30, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/microenvironment-and-the-macro-environment/.

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Micro-Environmental Analysis Of Apple Inc Essay Sample

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Business , Market , Customers , Steve Jobs , Products , Apple , Company , Marketing

Published: 03/10/2020

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Apple is an American multinational company formed in 1976 by Steve Jobs and his friends S. Wozniak, and R. Wayne. Apple’s products brought revolution in personal computer and consumer electronic industry. Apple is well-known in world market for its innovative products. Micro-environmental analysis of the Apple will help in understanding direct impact of micro environment factors on the company, its operations and business performance. This paper discusses the impact of micro-environmental factors on the Apple Inc.

A micro-environmental analysis will analyze all internal and micro factors such as company, employees, suppliers, customers, competitors, and publics/ media.

The Company: Apple has achieved new heights of success under the guidance of Steve Jobs. Steve was great a leader with extraordinary management skills. The leadership style of Steve was mix of situational and transformational. Steve was aware how make employees efficient and satisfied. Steve developed a collaborative organizational environment where all employees can share their ideas freely and participate in decision-making process. Collaborative environment of Apple not only empowered employees but also helped organization in bringing innovation to market before its competitors (Badenhorst-Weiss et al.). Presently Apple is growing under the guidance of Tim Cook who is also following the steps of Steve Jobs and taking his legacy forward. Apple is holding strong financial position in the market with annual revenue of around 183 billion US$ (2014) (Apple Press). Net income of the company is around 40 billion US$ for 2014. Recent success of i6 and iOS 8 across the world also positively impacted brand image and cash flow of the company. Apple is always on the top in bringing innovative technology to the consumers, which has proven on various instances. Apple involved in offering large variety of consumer electronics and computers that fulfill different needs of the customers. The offerings of Apple includes: Mac, iPod, iPad, iPhone, iTunes, Apple watch, and Apple store. Innovations drives success of the organization, and all offerings of the Apple are one step ahead of its competitors (Apple). Human Resource/ Employees: Apple is aware that success of any organization cannot be achieved without effective human resource management. Each employee at Apple has clear allocation of responsibilities; they understand their role and deliver the service as per the standards established by the Apple. All managers treat their employees with respect and dignity. Managers coach their team members and provide all type of support, training to drive customer satisfaction and organizational growth. Apple also ensures that it provide ample opportunity of growth and learnings to its employees. Employees at Apple can freely share their problems and issues with their seniors. A healthy working environment at Apple resulted in mutual growth of stakeholders (Fernando). Suppliers: Apple has large supplier base which provides company high bargaining power. The suppliers of the company are located in different parts of the world i.e. China, India, and South Africa. Apple believe in empowering its suppliers by organizing capacity building and training programs. A healthy and close relationship with its suppliers enables company to manage supply chain efficiently and gain competitive advantages. Apple developed strict code of conduct for its suppliers which need to follow by the suppliers. Apple ensure that all suppliers follow code of conduct by conducting various audits through the year and across the locations. Apple ensures that even small components is best in quality (Apple). Customers: Apple delivers what it promise to its customers i.e. good quality, innovative technology, excellent functioning and competitive pricing. According to a study conducted J.D. Power, Apple scores highest when it comes to customer satisfaction with 85 percent delighted customers (GSM Arena). Apple achieved customer satisfaction by efficiently managing all processes starting from procuring equipment, production of goods, retailing of the products and after sales services. Competitors: Apple is operating in very competitive market. Major competitors of Apple are Samsung, Microsoft and Google. In Smartphone market Motorola, HP, HCL and Blackberry also giving competition to the Apple. In developing countries Apple’s products are considered as premium products due to high pricing, however, Samsung has variety of products that are capable to fulfill needs of the customers and suitable on their pockets. Developing countries have wide untapped market and huge potential of growth that is presently not targeted by the Apple. It is important for the Apple to increase its product range and develop products in low price range in order to gain market share. Presently Samsung is holding top position when it comes to market share in Smart phone market. Apple needs to work strategically in order to regain its top position especially when product life cycle is too short and dynamics of market are continuously changing. Publics: media, government, financial bodies, and other general public falls into this factor. Apple is effectively dealing government bodies by adhering with all rules and regulations established by the authorities. Media may have mix opinion towards Apple by criticizing its products. However, customers like Apple and feel proud after owning its products.

Works Cited

"Apple Press." October 2014. Apple. 21 October 2014. Badenhorst-Weiss, H., Brevis, T., and Cant, M. Business Management: A Contemporary Approach. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd., 2008. Fernando, A.C. Business Environment. New Delhi: Pearson Education India, 2011. "Supplier Responsibility." 2014. Apple. Online. 21 October 2014. "US customer satisfaction led by Apple, Samsung close second." 25 April 2014 . GSM Arena. 21 October 2014.

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Micro Environment Essay

I believe Micro-environment is what our status role is, whereas a macro -environment is more of social hierarchy and socialization. There are many social institutions that can shape a person, just as one family can shape the same person in another way. I can say this since I had grown up in a very cold and unloving environment, at times abusive and cruel. I also encountered bullying by my teachers and peers while in school. The way I was taught in my home life was more of a very harsh boot camp. I was made to think I was nothing and would never be anything. I was told I was fat (even though I was not) and made to feel inferior to all others around me. Being raised in this way may have seemed awful at the time, but it helped me become the person I am today. Another plus from growing up in such a cruel and unloving family setting is that I know how it feels to be the black sheep or the only one out so to speak. Because of that I am a more compassionate person and helping individuals. I truly think if I had been brought up any other way I may not have grown to become such a driven and compassionate loving person I am. My …show more content…

For example, all the protest in the news lately about race and gender equality. I understand why they are upset and why one might go to an extreme to get their point across. Then again, I know I would not break the law to get my voice heard. There is a fine line between asking for the same privileges as others and flat out being destructive and horrid. I think society as a whole has bullied and discriminated against in one way or another. Society has molded me to who I am today, but having a greater knowledge of race, gender or sexual preference has also changed my outlook on many

Mormonism Personal Statement

A strong family life, faith, and ambition characterize my development. A lot of who I am now can be attributed to the manner in which my parents raised me. I grew up in a devout Mormon household, so from a young age my parents instilled values of love, honesty, and kindness.

Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr 's View, Oppressed People Can Not Remain Oppressed Forever

In Martin Luther King Jr’s view, “Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself.” (King 213) Basically King is warning the oppressors that the people’s desire for freedom will outlay their tolerance for discrimination. The oppressors force labels and societal norms onto people so that their identity falls inline with what the oppressors want. We are entering an era where identity is being forced by the labeling of individuals and causes us to questioned ourselves at every corner. The societal norms placed upon people instruct them to dress, act, and even express themselves in an acceptable way. The question that lies in the back of everyone

Biology: The Five Processes Of Microevolution

Microevolution occurs on a small scale. It refers to the processes that control evolutionary change within a species. It is controlled by mutations, genetic drift, recombination, natural selection, and gene flow. Microevolution focuses on changes that are small and ongoing. Macroevolution refers to evolutionary change that is on a much larger scale. It focuses on the creation of new species rather than change in a population or a single organism. Another difference is that macroevolution occurs at a much slower rate. Evolutionary changes take a lot longer to notice, whereas microevolutionary changes are noticed much

How I Was Socialized Growing Up

The way that I was socialized growing up was through my interactions different people of different races due to my military affiliation and being transferred to different locations every three years and more recently storytelling from both my parents about things they both went through while my dad was away. They instilled some of that storytelling into me and I used that technique to tell some of my experiences. Furthermore, most of my life revolved around the military and religion. Those two aspects are what keep my family together and those were the main forces that shape my siblings and I growing up.

Japanese American Internment Camps

In 1920, women across the United States were granted the right to vote through the passing of the 19th Amendment.  During WWII, Japanese Americans were subjected to Executive Order 9066, which labelled them as outcasts and criminals, and forced to live in internment camps. During the Great Depression, thousands of people took their own lives because they had lost all of their wealth after  the stock market crash. Those that killed themselves would rather be dead than poor.  These situations, among many, portray the dark side of living in such a diverse nation. There will always be individuals who do not want to bring about change and accept this that are different from their norm. These individuals live life wanting to keep those outside of

Female Veterans Ethical Issues

The micro level is comprised of the way the individuals view their own values, beliefs, communication styles, and behaviors (Grinnell et al., 2014). The macro level is comprised of levels of organizations, institutions, and communities in which the individual is surrounded by (Grinnell et al., 2014). Because different cultures establish different framework within which people process information, think, communicate, and behave (Grinnell et al., 2014). These organizations, institutions, and communities are displayed through mandates, policies, and practices (Grinnell et al.,

Why Is Minimum Wage Important

The macro social environment is extremely important in the fact that it focus its energy on the bigger picture. By focusing on the bigger picture we are able to address issues like minimum wage. We can then attack it from all angles such as, political, economic, and community wide. Take for example the political side of minimum wage we have to go through the various levels in order to get minimum wage approved and made into effect. Looking from and economical perspective is raising minimum wage really helping or hurting the economy, if by raising minimum wage are we just reinforcing everything else to be increased to compensate companies. Then by looking at raising minimum wage are we then improving the nearby community

Bronfenbrenner 's Ecological Systems, Nature And Nurture Influences And Cultural Influences

The Microsystem refers to the environment that has a direct influence on an individual; school, home, place of worship, teachers, and peers are included in the Microsystem. A personal example is that my mother, an extremely prominent figure in any person’s Microsystem, noticed that I had a rather good potential for working on creative stories. As a direct influence on me, she gave me praise on the stories that I showed her and gave me encouragement to continue working on my writing. Therefore, she directly influenced my psychological development since her praise heightened my self-esteem and allowed me to have a good self-image of myself thanks to the environment I was raised in.

Segregation In Americ The Story Of Rosa Parks

The story of Rosa Parks is an excellent example. In 1955, when segregation in America was the common practice, african americans were forced to sit in the back of the bus. Rosa Parks had been sitting where she was supposed to but they still asked her to move so they could make room for the white men. When they told her to move, even though she was sitting where she was supposed to, she did not. In that moment, she had two choices, to move or to stay. By moving, she would have quietly allowed their oppressive and discriminatory ways continue. By staying, she sparked an entire revolution that ended segregation between black and white Americans.

Explain How Social Standards Affect Cognitive Development Related To The Microsystem

Social standards can be connected to the Human ecology theory. How social standards effect cognitive development can relate to the microsystem. Each culture has different social standards that people must try and live up to. It can be in work place, at home or in the community. Social standards can also relate to the micro system. The individuals we surround our selves with also have there own standards on how you interact with them.

The Micro Environment Of The Coca Cola Company

The micro environment affects the organization straight. Its most closely connected to the business .micro environment mainly reflects by Strengths, Weakness Opportunities and Threats (SWOT).

Essay on Bullying and Its Negative Effects

In all, if a child is abused in any sort of way, bullied or even teased, they are more certainly to continue their lives within that path, negativity, surrounding their environment with hatred and unconsciousness of love and acceptance.

The Major Components, Strengths, and Limitations of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model

The microsystem refers to the activities, social roles and interpersonal relationships experienced by the individual in a face-to-face setting in their immediate environment. Examples of a microsystem include a child interacting with school friends and family. The mesosystem makes reference to the connections between the different aspects of the microsystem, for example the links between family and the work environment as the work environment can affect the family environment. The exosystem refers to the links between two or more settings with at least one of the settings not directly influencing the person, for example, the workplace of a parent and the home environment. The macrosystem is the overarching paradigms of the micro-, meso and exosystems. The macrosystem is the

Micro Level Theory: Inequitable Social Structure Of Society

I agree with you when you stated that, Micro level theory would apply to this situation because, you would concentrate on interactions with solely this individual. If I may add critical theory. “Most individual problems are in fact social problems, caused by an inequitable social structure” (Findly, 1978). P.16

Examples Of Oppression In School

Oppression is at the root of many of the most serious, enduring conflicts in the world today. For example, what's going on today with everybody kneeling or sitting during the national anthem is because of the fact that they say that black people in America are oppressed. Obviously oppression is a big topic in today’s day and age. I have been opressed before in our own school. I was oppressed in speech class when I got up to give a speech about gay marriage. I got up stated my opinions on gay marriage and the teacher made me stop speaking because it would be “offensive” to some people. It ended up with me having to choose a different topic to give a speech and do research about. It was unfair to make me choose something

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