thesis on community economic development

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Keary, Cynthia (Cynthia Christina) Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "Community economic development; theoretical development." Ottawa, 1995.

Trotter, Francine Bly. "Community colleges and economic development." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186427.

TerMaat, Richard J. "Community empowerment through economic development." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.

Goodman, Elisha R. (Elisha Renee). "Aquaponics : community and economic development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67227.

Wall, John. "Community economic development as a system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ47374.pdf.

Zysman, Paul. "Community economic development and adult education." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28317.

Irvin-Ross, Kerri L. "Community economic development in the inner city, Lord Selkirk Economic Development Project." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0013/MQ32140.pdf.

Samuel, Jeannie. "Making change, women doing community economic development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ45440.pdf.

Cairns, Iain Owen. "Asset based community development and economic democracy." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.743910.

Hedmann, David G. C. "Yukon's housing industry and community economic development." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28670.

Butler, Elizabeth A. "Community involvement and economic reality a case study of the community and economic revitalization of Allentown /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1997. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

Diochon, Monica C. "Entrepreneurship and community economic development : exploring the link." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1649/.

Tuchak, Tamara Mary. "Empowering Inuit women in community-based economic development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq21214.pdf.

Fields, Zenobia L. "Using Public Policy to Promote Community Economic Development." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9891.

Mora, Peter L. "Economic development functions of New Jersey community colleges." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53591.

Eberle, Margaret Patricia. "Credit union participation in community based economic development." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26809.

Mapitse, Thobo Gloria. "The management of community development projects by the District Development Committee : a case of Mahalapye Sub District in Botswana." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/527.

Rusden, Sally Anne 1954. "Management of the community economic base as a strategy for economic development." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276924.

Alpaugh, Amanda Danielle. "A systematic approach to project portfolio selection for economic development in municipalities: a case study in Vienna, Missouri." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Alpaugh_09007dcc8050aaa7.pdf.

Andison, R. Mark. "Community futures : an evaluation of a top-down approach to community economic development." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29894.

Saíde, Eusébio M. "Community building for economic empowerment in rural Mozambique : an exploratory study in the Maganja da Costa District /." Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1187.

Kapur, Vishal. "Development in harmony, the Community Futures Program as a model of Community Economic Development in northern Manitoba." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ53165.pdf.

Wilson, Anne Baron. "Community economic development in Boston : the challenge of the eighties." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78795.

Davis, Alice Brooks. "Innovation districts : economic development, community benefits, and the public realm." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98929.

Weiner, Joel Laevin. "Recycling and economic development : a plan for a community venture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70692.

Bullock, Virginia G. (Virginia Grace). "Philanthropic support for community economic development : emerging strategies for Boston." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64869.

Gould, P. G. "Putting the past to work : archaeology, community and economic development." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1427269/.

Fulson, Karl A., and Amy Seabrooke. "Strategic Community Economic Development and Small Business : Cooperation for Sustainability." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för maskinteknik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3128.

Moyo, Clement Zibusiso. "Financial liberalisation and economic growth in SADC countries." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5748.

Nsanzya, Brenda Monde Kabika. "How community participation influences the success and sustainability of the Ilitha farming project." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020622.

Joseph, Brian A. "Tourism and economic development in the Caribbean comparative advantage deferred /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1313917941&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Mallory, Kristin L. "Employment success of community and technical college program graduates as an indicator of economic development in West Virginia." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2006. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=642.

Ahmed, Mohamed Ashfaque. "Corporate Governance in the Southern African Development Community." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5502.

Haffey, James L. "Level of involvement among Mississippi community college workforce personnel in community and economic development activities." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11092007-111629.

Nel, E. L. "Regional and local economic development strategies in the Eastern Cape and guidelines for future development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005524.

Swack, Michael Eliot. "Enhancing community economic development practice : the role of an adult degree program /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1990. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10944175.

Smith, Brent T. "Community economic development on the Bonavista Headland, Newfoundland, perception and practice." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0026/MQ34229.pdf.

Holzberg, Jenna. "West Tampa : economic development and community engagement within an urban neighborhood." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001834.

Van, Deventer Gerhardus Johannes. "Socio-economic development of the Coloured community since the Theron Commission." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51910.

Smith, Brent T. "Community economic development on the Bonavista Headland, Newfoundland : perception and practice /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 1997. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,38894.

Nxele, Musawenkosi. "Does mining alleviate or exacerbate poverty: Are local community grievances really 'Much Ado about Nothing'?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24930.

Millner, Timothy L. "Formulating a plan for economic diversification in defense dependent communities : establishing a model for stability, growth and development /." Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403329.

Barton, Julia Allison. "Agricultural and Food System Development at the Rural-Urban Interface." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1284742419.

MacDonald, Ann. "The impact of the B.C. enterprise development centres on local economic development." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26871.

Kabbale, Ivan Denis. "The conflicting aspects of economic development within Economic Partnership Agreements: will they promote development? a case study of the East African Community Economic Partnership Agreement." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3274.

Amick, Abby L. "Improving community connection to its youth: the case of Wabaunsee county." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13065.

Pillay, Deevani. "The relationship between financial market development and economic growth in the Southern Africa Development Community." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/39957.

Dranginis, Tracy K. "Balancing approaches : the impact of local decision makers on community economic viability /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841278.

Rosmarin, Tessa. "Community-driven educational and training model for sustainable community development resulting in sosio-economic upliftment in the Western Soutpansberg." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1500.

Chigombe, Courage. "New Economic Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and Africa's quest for regional economic integration: the case of Southern African Development Community (SADC)." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2072.

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Asset-Based, Sustainable Local Economic Development: Using Community Participation to Improve Quality of Life Across Rural, Small-Town, and Urban Communities

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• Published: 22 June 2022
• Volume 17 , pages 3023–3047, ( 2022 )

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• Matt Kammer-Kerwick   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8848-3438 1 ,
• Kara Takasaki   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7278-1622 1 ,
• J. Bruce Kellison   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6517-3285 1 &
• Jeff Sternberg   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7907-1367 1  

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We analyze survey data from 5,487 residents of 85 Texas communities, including rural communities, small towns, medium-sized cities, and the five largest urban centers, to model the influence of the degree of urbanity and rurality of a community as well as residents’ social position, values, and their satisfaction with local assets. The paper’s central argument is that a wide range of factors impact how community members think about their needs and thus should be considered in any community development process. This human-centered approach looks at how community specific factors impact economic and quality-of-life development project preferences in support of adapting community development decision-making processes according to the context of each community. For the sake of parsimony, this paper presents results for three community development project concepts: (1) renovating some downtown buildings as mixed-use facilities with retail shops and apartments, (2) opening a community health center, and (3) deploying gigabit high-speed fiber broadband internet in the downtown area. Our findings specifically highlight areas where participatory processes can be introduced to guide further interactions between experts and community members to (1) identify groups in the community to bring into the process who may be most impacted by the choice of one intervention over another, and (2) target areas where further community discussion and deliberation is necessary around which community dialogues (round tables, town halls, workshops, etc.) could be facilitated.

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Introduction

People who want to improve quality of life in the place where they live must often make choices constrained by other residents’ preferences and priorities about which projects have the best fit for their shared community. With fewer resources, smaller, more rural communities often have less room for error. Moreover, the migration of more educated workers and prime working-age residents from rural to urban areas puts economic stress on rural communities (Domina 2006 ; Kilkenny 2010 ; Parker et al. 2018 ).

Researchers have studied social, cultural, and political divisions between urban and rural residents who are thought to have fundamentally different types of personalities, values, cultures, politics, and needs (Brown & Kandel 2006 ; Gimpel et al. 2020 ; Kellogg Foundation 2002 ). These differences in the social, cultural, and political characteristics of urban and rural America have been chalked up to the relative isolation of rural communities from the social and cultural influences of the city, seen as a preserve of traditional American values (Logan 1996 ), or a stagnant cultural backwater of reactionary conservativism and underdevelopment (Lewis 1998). Each type of settlement is thought to either produce or reinforce different personality types, whose interaction in these spaces produces sets of values and cultural frameworks that evaluate the world differently, which in turn make different types of decision-making, actions, and outcomes possible over others.

Yet, studying quality of life through an urban-rural binary is a simplification of the way that regional contexts develop. Schema for classifying a community as urban or rural abound and change over time (for a review see National Academies of Sciences and Medicine, 2016, Appendix B). Communities can be more accurately seen as possessing a degree of urbanity and rurality by incorporating multiple dimensions of information that include local population size, local population density, and commuting distance to sources of employment, healthcare, culture, and other forms of entertainment.

We examined these issues formally by addressing the following research questions:

How, if at all, do community size, population density, and distance to a major metropolitan area predict preferences for and priorities among various community development project concepts?

How do community members’ social position (for instance, age, race, income) predict preferences for community development project concepts?

To what degree do personality types and personal values help predict preferences for community development project concepts?

To what degree does community satisfaction with and the perceived importance of assets available in a community further improve predictions about preferences for various community development projects?

To answer these research questions, we present the findings of a survey fielded in the summer and fall of 2020 (during COVID-19) among Texas residents that asked participants to allocate hypothetical “points” toward 6 distinct economic development project concepts for their town (for a rural resident) or neighborhood (for a big-city resident). We analyze survey data from 5,487 residents of 85 Texas communities, including rural communities, small towns, medium-sized cities, and the five largest urban centers to predict respondent economic and quality-of-life priorities based on a community’s degree of urbanity and rurality and individual respondents’ social position, community values, personality types, and community asset satisfaction and importance. By using a participatory process to consider what members of different communities would choose for their communities to invest in using a trade-off exercise, we put the human and community member view of their needs first in determining which projects should be prioritized in any given community, looking at how each community member sees the connected needs of the community and how they impact each other. This human-centered approach to looking at how these factors impact economic and quality-of-life development project preferences will support the adaptation of community development decision-making processes to the conditions of each community.

The Role of Community and Quality of Life in Economic Development

Economic development theories and practice commonly address sustainability across multiple objectives and decision-making criteria. Sustainable Local Economic Development (SLED) is a model that incorporates the community into the development process with a focus on producing equitable long-term solutions (Newby 1999 ). SLED’s concern with sustainability comes from its critique of traditional economic development practices, which viewed development, and the assets and values that it is based on, from the narrow view of economic actors (external capital and local elites) operating outside of any given community. Traditional development approaches were performed by elites and technicians who viewed a community as a source of labor, infrastructure, and raw materials for supporting a given type of economic or business activity. In the traditional model, communities that wanted economic development presented themselves through the previous lens to attract outside capital because any economic activity or growth placed in a community was believed to be a net good (Vaughan, Pollard & Dyer 1984 ).

SLED starts from the basis that economic activity and growth may not be good for its own sake; economic development must also concern itself with how economic activity impacts the lives of the communities incorporated into it. SLED holds that the needs of community members should be considered in the economic development decision-making process. The community needs should be used to guide selection over which type of development intervention should be chosen based on equitably balancing trade-offs between outside capital and the community, asking whether an intervention or project improves the future quality of life, equity, participation, and partnership in the community, even if privileged or institutional economic actors were to end their involvement.

Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) moved beyond SLED to frame a community not just as a partner to economic development but as a system of subsystems, the economy being one of many subsystems, that needs to be developed to maintain a balance or equilibrium (Nel 2018 ). ABCD addresses these subsystems broadly, including rights, capacities, and capabilities across human, physical, financial, natural, political, social, spiritual, and cultural assets (or capitals). ABCD is guided by the principles that everyone has gifts, relationships build a community, leaders involve others as active members of the community, people care about something, and that people can be motivated to act. These principles and the ABCD approach operate to mobilize 5 key assets: individuals, associations, institutions, physical assets, and connections (Collaborative for Neighborhood Transformation 2020). From this basis, Asset-Based Community Development starts at the level of the individual, who is thought to have their own talents and assets to mobilize. The mobilization of these assets toward meeting shared community needs relies first on the individual identifying and evaluating their own assets and needs, and from there those of their community. The individual then finds motivation to mobilize these assets and forms connections with other motivated community members to create associations and wield institutions to connect different communities to meet shared needs.

We focus on a human-centered, participatory approach that builds from SLED and ABCD by attempting to start from the needs of the community as a way of assessing projects that would meet the human needs of the members of that community. Good jobs, human flourishing, and community creation are as important—if not more important—than economic growth. This framing of a human-centered approach to sustainable community development draws from the literature on human-centered design, wherein product solutions are created with the involvement of the human perspective at all steps in the planning and development process. However, this approach is less commonly applied to psychosocial interventions and implementation strategies (Lyon, Brewer, & Areán 2020 ). Here, the quality of life of the community is a way to plan for sustainable and locally appropriate economic development that requires individual-, community-, and economy-level information. Quality of life serves as a domain of observation from which the balance between economic and community concerns can be measured. Individual needs have been shown to be shaped and impacted by individual personality type and personal values, their individual well-being, and levels of perceived community attachment and community satisfaction (Fried 1982 , Theodori 2009). Community-level needs have been shown to be shaped by individual-level needs, and all the factors that are associated with them, as well as by the underlying assets of a given community, levels of community satisfaction with these assets, and the shared culture and values held by individuals coming together as a community (Fried 1984 , Hanscott 2016, Garretsen et al. 2019 , Stinner and Van Loon 1992 ). As McGregor, Camfield and Woodcock ( 2009 ) find, people identify their needs and interpret their quality of life through a local context, which suggests that economic development should not only assess satisfaction with a community asset but also the importance of that community asset to its community members.

Rural and Urban Community Personality, Values, Satisfaction, and Decision-Making

Settlement type was the starting point for American Urban Sociology (Park, Burgess, McKenzie 1926 ) which built from competition and succession models from studies of natural ecology to understand how human behavior is shaped by social structures and factors of the physical environment. This school of thought argued that the ecological pattern of a community – the spatial distribution of its economic, cultural, and social relationships within and among groups – has independent effects on social life separate from those of other explanatory variables. Georg Simmel ( 1950 ) was among the first to theorize the impact of settlement type on personality. Simmel argued that rural and urban settings established different conditions for the creation and flourishing of distinct personality types. Rural settings were thought to provide relatively stable, predictable, and habitual ways of life and interaction, with residents not often experiencing change or new kinds of stimuli. When new stimuli were encountered, it would be jarring and reacted to rashly, causing this rural personality type to want to avoid change. This type of personality can be seen to correspond with values of conservativism and tradition. In urban settings, new stimuli were encountered constantly, due to the city’s population size, density, and heterogeneity (Wirth 1938 ), producing high levels of mental energy and stimulation. This type of personality characteristic of urban settings is thought to adopt a jaded and dispassionate stance toward their condition of ever-present instability, tolerating and embracing change as a constant in life, leading to values of openness and progressivism.

Through personality type, urbanity and rurality have been shown to have an impact on community satisfaction, as a product of whether the personality of an individual matches those of the people around them, and whether the location they are in, both in terms of the compilation of personalities clustered within it, and the contours of the community itself, allows that personality to thrive (Fried 1984 ). It has been shown that cities have different compositions of personality types, which lend themselves to more or less of an entrepreneurial culture, which in turn impacts their economic performance and growth (Garretsen et al. 2019 ). The physical, social, and cultural assets of a community, and its level of social inequality relative to other communities, have also been shown to have a direct and primary effect on levels of residential and community satisfaction (Fried 1982 ). The types of assets available in a community and their quality are thought to vary across the urban-rural divide, with small rural communities believed to have more responsive local governments, greater social solidarity, and more pleasing physical environments. In contrast, larger cities are thought to have greater economic opportunities, cultural environments, and more highly developed public service infrastructure (Wilkening 1982 ; Stinner & Van Loon 1992 ).

Community satisfaction has been shown to have an impact on decision-making in both urban and rural circumstances and has also been used to evaluate the success or failure of different planning initiatives. One study showed that community satisfaction with various community assets and community size preferences are strong predictors of decision-making when it comes to migration intention, this decision-making also influenced by metropolitan versus non-metropolitan residence and whether the migration intention was short-term or long-term (Stinner & Van Loon 1992 ). The influence of planning interventions on growth rates and community satisfaction across the urban-rural continuum has also been studied, with Baldassare et al. (1982) finding that places that adopted growth controls had lower community satisfaction; however, the impact of community satisfaction on the selection of planning interventions and their outcomes has yet to be studied.

Degree of urbanity and rurality can cause variation in factors (personality type and values, community satisfaction) connected to decision-making processes in general, and community development in particular; however, the relevance and primacy of the interaction effect of settlement type on these factors, and decision-making as a whole, remains an open question. Lichter & Brown ( 2011 ) argue that perceptions about urban and rural communities do not reflect the reality on the ground, with many scholars (Hamilton 2006 , Weber et al. 2005 ) claiming that differences along the urban-rural continuum may have less to do with settlement type than with spatial differences between urban and rural residents such as social boundaries within spatial groups (race, class, gender, etc.). The following analysis will test whether settlement type has an independent effect on decision-making when it comes to community development preferences.

We compare Texas resident responses in mixed multi-level logistic regression models to explain outcomes of a community investment allocation exercise across economic development and quality-of-life development concepts. We include community size, community population density, and distance of the community from the nearest major urban center to assess the influence of the degree of urbanity and rurality. We include basic human values as well as the personality traits of agreeableness and openness to assess the influence of underlying psychological traits of members of communities. And, we include community members’ satisfaction with and the perceived importance of community resources to assess the influence how community members think about resources that are available to them. As controls, we also analyze the effects of demographic variables and perception of emergent COVID-19 impacts on the resident’s community. We hypothesize that respondents’ values and level of agreeableness would predict—given the constraint of finite resources—preferences for economic and quality of life interventions. We thought choosing and allocating resources to interventions would be further explained by the degree of satisfaction with what is currently available as well as how important those resources are to the community.

Schwartz Value Theory

Schwartz’ theory of basic human values (Schwartz 2012 ) argues that all cultures are structured by a set of ten distinct personal values. People use values to motivate action toward goals. These goals help people to deal with the universal requirements of being humans who live with other humans. The ten values consist of self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, security, conformity, tradition, benevolence, and universalism. These values form a circular motivational continuum that reflects the conflict and compatibility among values.

Schwartz theory argues that the continuum is organized along two bipolar dimensions, where “openness to change” and “conservation” are compared in one dimension, and “self-enhancement” and “self-transcendence” are compared in another. For example, pursuing the value of self-direction—autonomous control over one’s life—in the dimension of openness to change, would conflict with pursuing the value of conformity—group harmony—in the dimension of conservation. Another example would be pursuing a value that upholds the interests of others in the dimension of self-transcendence, like universalism, conflicting with pursuing the value of power, which values dominance over others, in the self enhancement dimension.

To model the impact of personal values across these bipolar dimensions on community decision-making preferences, we have incorporated resultant self-transcendence (self-transcendence – self enhancement) and resultant conservation (conservation – openness to change) into our survey. This approach is common and has been used in a variety of marketing and business strategy settings (Ahmad, et al. 2020 ; Ashraf, et al. 2020 ; Keh and Sun 2008 ; Steenkamp, ter Hofstede and Wedel 1999 ).

Big Five Personality Traits

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) measures five personality dimensions that are theorized to be and have been tested to be relatively stable and distinct over the life course and applicable across cultures (Cobb-Clark & Schurer 2011 ; Schmitt et al. 2007 ; Soldz and Vaillant 1999 ). These personality dimensions are measured in a way that precludes the need to break down these personality dimensions into lower order measures (John et al. 1991 ). We measured agreeableness and openness because the research suggested that these personality dimensions would predict a respondent’s likelihood to invest in a community intervention. For reasons of parsimony and to avoid survey participant fatigue, we did not include conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism from the BFI.

Agreeableness. From the Big Five Inventory (BFI) we hypothesize that variation in agreeableness would be the personality factor that would best predict whether community members would cooperate toward an intervention. Agreeableness is correlated with wanting to engage in positive actions for society. Agreeableness is positively related to the orientation of Self-Transcendence and to the individual value of Benevolence from Schwartz’ value theory.

Openness . Openness to experience is a personality trait whose distinct facets can be broken down into three higher-order measures of intellectual curiosity, active experiencing of senses and emotions, and open mindedness toward different cultural ideas and values (Christensen et al., 2019 ). Central aspects of openness distinct from other personality traits include willingness to entertain novel ideas and unconventional values, intellectual curiosity and reflection about the inner and outer world, and independent judgement. Openness to experience has been studied in relation to creativity and innovation in social entrepreneurship (Nga and Shamuganathan, 2010 ), adjustment to change, identification and maintenance of specific communities (Chang, et al. 2013 ; Füller, et al. 2008), and engagement with community development interventions (Litchfield & Javernick-Will 2015 ). Based on this research, openness to experience seemed to be a personality trait that might predict respondent likelihood to invest in community development interventions.

Asset Satisfaction and Importance

We asked survey respondents to rate how satisfied they were with eighteen assets of their community, on a scale from 1 = not at all satisfied to 7 = extremely satisfied. Participants were also asked to assess the importance of these same eighteen assets if they were to be considering relocating to another community (1 = not at all important to 7 = extremely important). The eighteen community assets consist of the following items: broadband internet, cellular or mobile telephone options, arts and culture options, nature and outdoor options, walking and biking options, public transportation, infrastructure conditions, institutions of higher education, primary and secondary education of children prior to college (referred to as K-12 education), housing affordability, housing availability, employment options, cost of living, incentives to start or expand a business, library, healthcare, childcare options, and safe environment.

We expected and confirmed multicollinearity among the community assets. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability analysis to create four mean asset satisfaction subscales from the original eighteen survey items, previously listed, see Table  1 . Principal components analysis with varimax rotation (KMO = 0.916, sig. < 0.001) produced asset themes for broad-based community services, economic environment, family-oriented community services, and communications services with 40.8%, 9.2%, 6.8%, and 6.0% variance explained for each, respectively. Average asset scores were defined for this grouping of four asset themes, with reliability analysis adequate for all subscales, Chronbach α > 0.75. Reliability was not improved by dropping any asset from the subscale characterized by the EFA. We used these same four themes to calculate asset importance subscales.

Additional Explanatory Variables

We include other variables that may explain partial variance in intervention interest. These variables include community size, population density of each community, and the distance of each community to the nearest major metropolitan center in Texas. We also include community as a random effect in our analysis because of our multi-site data collection design. We include the age, race, gender, education, and income of community members in sample to assess the role of social position. Lastly, this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, so we include variables indicating participants’ perception of how COVID-19 impacted their community’s health and economy.

Interventions

In a point-allocation exercise, we examined how community members prioritize and make trade-offs among a set of community development project concepts. The concepts chosen for this manipulation are all popular options both considered by and implemented in various community settings (see, for example, Hightree, et al. 2018). We employed very simple descriptions of these community development concepts in this survey, but the concepts were selected based on need expressed in literature as well as from comments obtained during qualitative exercises conducted during the planning phase for this survey.

The allocation exercise asked the participant to “ allocate 100 points across the following projects based on how well you think they would fit the needs of (insert resident’s community). Allocate more points to projects that you think are a better fit for (insert resident’s community). If a project does not have any fit, allocate 0 points to it. If only one project fits (insert resident’s community)’s needs, allocate all 100 points to that project. ” The seven intervention options included the following: Renovating downtown buildings with retail shops and apartments, opening a community health center, deploying high speed internet downtown, adding more computers and meeting spaces in the public library, early college credit and vocational programs for high school students, opening a co-working and startup working space for entrepreneurs, and an “other” category to capture additional significant intervention options. The wording included the phrase “in my neighborhood” for surveys conducted in the 5 major metro areas to localize the context. For example, the first option was worded “renovating some buildings in my neighborhood as mixed-use facilities with retail shops and apartments.”

For the sake of parsimony, the present study presents results for three community development project concepts. The results for all seven concepts are available from the corresponding author. We selected renovating some downtown buildings as mixed-use facilities, opening a community health center, and deploying gigabit high-speed fiber broadband internet downtown as the concepts to focus on in this paper because of their relevance in general in our literature review and to the communities included in our study, as will be discussed further in our findings. The motivational context for the chosen concepts is discussed next.

Renovating some downtown buildings as mixed-use facilities . We have observed downtown renovation efforts in small towns in New Hampshire; Lufkin, TX; Sweetwater, TX and Del Rio TX, among others. The benefits of a town center even extend to urban neighborhoods. Specifically, Pendola & Gen ( 2008 ) demonstrated that urban neighborhoods with a “main street” are endowed with a higher sense of community than other urban and suburban neighborhood settings. Gibson, Zurcher, & Wisemiller ( 2020 ) show that direct public-private investment in downtowns of smaller towns has a spillover effect on additional private investment in renovations and maintenance in the downtown area. Powe ( 2020 ) compares strategies that have been used successfully by communities, recommending that town centers be thought of as “complex adaptive places, their multi-functionality must be treasured and recognition given to the unpredictability/serendipity of opportunities emerging within them.” By renovating downtown to include mixed-use buildings there is an opportunity to increase walkability of the area and increase social capital between residents, thereby also increasing their quality of life (Rogers, et al. 2011 ). This intervention is also important to assess in our gradient of urbanity and rurality because Jeffres et al. ( 2009 ) found that when people believe they can access “third places”, defined as places where people can meet and talk outside of home and work, they perceive a higher quality of life in their community.

Opening a community health center . Community health centers (CHCs) were launched in 1965 during President Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty. CHCs were designed to reduce health disparities experienced by racial and ethnic minorities, the uninsured, and the poor. They provide primary medical, dental, behavioral, and social services to medically underserved populations in medically underserved areas, including migrant and homeless populations that do not have the ability to pay. CHCs have received substantial bipartisan legislative funding to address a growing need for primary care (Adashi, et al. 2010 ). Their presence in a county has been shown to lower the rate of hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions among older adults and in some cases, for working-age adults as well (Probst, et al. 2009 ). CHCs are models of community oriented primary care and especially serve populations facing language and culture barriers that may need additional translation, interpretation, and transportation services. CHCs are an opportunity for community development by leveraging local resources among critical access hospitals, rural health clinics, and educational institutions (Geiger, 2002 ; Samuels et al., 2008 ).

Deploying gigabit high-speed fiber broadband internet downtown . The disparities in access to high-speed internet between urban and rural communities are widely discussed in the media (e.g., CNN’s “America’s surprising breeding ground for inequality: The internet,” May 17, 2020) and by researchers (e.g., Pew Research Center’s Internet/Broadband Fact Sheet). These disparities are also central to the Biden Administration’s The American Jobs Plan (The White House 2021 ) wherein high-speed broadband is considered a fundamental infrastructure along with roads, drinking water, and electricity. Indeed, we have observed Smithville, a small community in Texas, deploy fiber along its main street as a central part of an economic development program intended to attract new business to its community. Other communities have done the same, including Tullahoma, TN; Mount Washington, MA; and Wilson, NC, just to name a few (Hanna & Mitchell 2020).

Procedure and Participants

Data for this paper were collected in two phases, both of which occurred in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. A purposeful community sampling methodology was used to collect data from 80 rural and small-town communities outside of the 5 largest metro areas in Texas (consisting of Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, Austin, San Antonio, and El Paso). Student researchers promoted the project and distributed links to the web-based survey in rural and small-town communities using a variety of techniques, including social media; telephone calls to local community members and leaders; and distributing electronic fliers to local groups to post on their websites. These communities were incentivized with funding for school computer equipment to be donated to the community with the highest number of completed surveys per capita. Participants from the 5 largest metro areas in Texas were recruited through a commercial panel, Dynata. Footnote 1 The rural and small-town surveys were collected during the summer of 2020 while the major metro surveys were collected during the fall of 2020. The study was reviewed and approved by authors’ institutional review board.

We analyze survey data from 3,363 residents of the rural and small-town communities and 2,124 residents from the five largest metro areas in Texas. Table  2 summarizes demographic descriptive statistics for the sample. Rural and small-town communities ranged in population size from Bandera (pop. 910 in 2021) to Amarillo (pop. 199,747 in 2021) with an average of 24,692 and a median of 7325. The complete list of rural communities is available in the data supplement for this manuscript. The 2021 El Paso metro area population is 963,000. The other 4 metro (Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, Austin, and San Antonio) areas each have 2021 populations well above 1 million.

Data Analysis Strategy

Descriptive statistics as well as exploratory factor and reliability analyses were conducted using SPSS 27.0. Generalized linear mixed models were used to answer our research questions. Each model was fit with a logit link function and binomial distribution. Interest in each project concept was coded as yes (allocation of any points) or no (allocation of zero points). Due to the multiple sites involved in this study, interest in each project concept was modeled using random intercept mixed models. All predictive models were run in R with the glmmTMB package 1.0.2.1 (Brooks, et al. 2017 ).

Each model was tested in a series of steps: first, community characteristics were entered, followed by social position and COVID impact; additional steps added the independent variables for values, personality, and asset satisfaction and importance. The improvement of the models with the addition of variables after each step was assessed with the reduction in AIC. In summary, the specification for the models employed in the present study is shown in Table  3 .

Table  4 summarizes the hierarchal model results for the three community development project concepts, including fit statistics for each model as information is added to the hierarchy. The table includes the Akaike information criteria (AIC) for each model, the change in the Χ 2 statistic as information is added, and the significance of the change in model fit.

More specifically, Table  4 shows the change in model fit when the following stages of information are added to the models for each community development project concept: (1) a random intercept is included to control for variability across the sites in the study, (2) three location variables for each community, (3) social position and community perceptions of the impact of COVID on the community, (4) four variables for personal values and personality, and (5) eight asset satisfaction and importance variables. The inclusion of the random intercept improved fit for all models. The sequential addition of location variables significantly improved fit for the model for the community health center (p < 0.009). (The improvement in fit for gigabit fiber was significant at p = 0.055.) Fit was improved significantly after the addition of social position and community perceptions of the impact of COVID for all models; all significant at p < 0.001. The addition of personal values and personality variables significantly improved the fit of the model for downtown renovation (p < 0.001), but did not improve the fit of the models for opening a community health center or adding gigabit fiber downtown. The fit of all three models was improved by the addition of information about perceptions about satisfaction and importance of community assets, all significant at p ≤ 0.001.

Tables  5 a, 5 b, and 5 c show the detailed results for each community development project concept as perceived by communities, and include the adjusted odds ratio (AOR), standard error (SE), and the significance (Sig.) for all terms in each model. We focus our discussion on model effects (AOR) that are significant at 0.05 or less, and organize this discussion around our research questions. The presentation of these results will start with the results from the hierarchical modeling process across all three concepts followed by a presentation of the results for our research questions for each model taken in turn: question 1 (community characteristics), 2 (social position), 3 (personal values and personality types), and 4 (asset satisfaction and importance).

The discussion of these models focuses on the final, or full, model. Only one change in the structural results were observed as stages of information were added to the hierarchy. Specifically, for the community health center model , age dropped from significance in the final model, but earlier stages indicated that increased age predicted lower interest in this concept.

Downtown renovation for mixed use facilities. As shown in Table  5 a, increasing age predicts a lower likelihood of interest in a downtown renovation for mixed use facilities (AOR = 0.993, p = 0.006). A more agreeable personality predicts a higher likelihood of interest in a downtown renovation for mixed use facilities (AOR = 1.110, p = 0.017). Greater resultant self-transcendence predicts a lower likelihood of interest in a downtown renovation for mixed use facilities (AOR = 0.902, p < 0.001). Higher satisfaction with available broadband and cellular/mobile predicts a higher likelihood of interest in a downtown renovation for mixed use facilities (AOR = 1.076, p = 0.005).

Community health center . As shown in Table  5 b, minority status predicts a higher likelihood of interest in a community health center (AOR = 1.311, p = 0.002). Perceiving a greater health impact of COVID on one’s community predicts a higher likelihood of interest in a community health center (AOR = 1.088, p = 0.012). Additively, lower satisfaction with and greater perceived importance of available family-oriented community services predict a higher likelihood of interest in a community health center, respectively (AOR = 0.814, p < 0.001) and (AOR = 1.191, p < 0.001). Additively, higher satisfaction with and lower perceived importance of available broadband and cellular/mobile predict a higher likelihood of interest in a community health center (AOR = 1.104, p < 0.001) and (AOR = 0.993, p = 0.009). Greater perceived importance of broad-based community services predicts a higher likelihood of interest in a community health center (AOR = 1.159, p = 0.001). Greater perceived importance of the economic environment predicts a lower likelihood of interest in a community health center (AOR = 0.833, p < 0.001).

Adding gigabit fiber to a downtown area . As shown in Table  5 c, increased distance from a major metro area predicts a lower likelihood of interest in adding gigabit fiber to a downtown area (AOR = 0.999, p = 0.034). Female community members are less likely than males to be interested in adding gigabit fiber to a downtown area (AOR = 0.787, p = 0.001). Community members with at least an undergraduate degree are more likely than community members with less education to be interested in adding gigabit fiber to a downtown area (AOR = 1.420, p < 0.001). Additively, lower satisfaction with and higher perceived importance of available broadband and cellular/mobile predict a higher likelihood of interest in adding gigabit fiber to a downtown area (AOR = 0.839, p < 0.001) and (AOR = 1.213, p < 0.001). Higher perceived importance of broad-based community services predict a lower likelihood of interest in adding gigabit fiber to a downtown area (AOR = 0.924, p = 0.048).

The present study illustrates that interest in various community development project concepts is differentially and variously correlated with many factors, including the identities of community members, their personalities, and personal values, as well as their levels of satisfaction with and the importance of the assets that are available in their community. However, the patterns seen in the connections among these factors, and interest in community development projects, differ little along degrees of urbanity and rurality as measured in the present study, though they do hint at how relationships among communities may effect these processes.

Agreeableness is positively associated with interest in a downtown renovation for mixed-use facilities, while resultant self-transcendence is negatively associated with interest in the same community development concept. Neither is associated with interest in a community health center or adding Gigabit fiber. Satisfaction with broadband and cellular/mobile services is connected to interest in a downtown renovation for mixed-use facilities.

Interest in a community health center is connected to minority status. However, interest is also connected to satisfaction with and perception of the importance of several community assets. In particular, lower levels of satisfaction and higher perceptions of importance for family-oriented community services are connected to interest in a community health center. Interestingly, higher levels of satisfaction and lower perceptions of importance for broadband and cellular/mobile are connected to interest in a community health center.

These results highlight the necessity of including local perspectives in sustainably developing a community, in agreement with the SLED model. Additionally, these results illustrate that decision-making about community development is connected to both emotional perspectives held by community members and their rational assessment of the performance of assets in their community. Further, the role of these emotional and rational decision drivers varies by the context of the decision being considered.

Findings presented here reinforce the complex understanding of the interconnectedness among community, personality, and satisfaction/importance variables in community economic development presented in the SLED and ABCD frameworks. Both approaches deal with individuals, relationships, and organizations to optimize community development decision-making. This paper has shown that personality traits, too, affect the relationships people form, their motivations for engaging with others, and the types of activities in which they engage (community development being one such activity).

While community-level characteristics had a limited impact on development project preferences – distance from an urban center decreasing support for the broadband intervention – their qualified significance and inclusion in this study went beyond the frameworks of ABCD and SLED speaking to the relationship communities have to each other. Part of ABCD is the creation of communities through interaction. Knowing that a community is close to an urban center where there are generally centralized assets, resources and services could tend to make one feel just as connected to that center as their home community, and thus not see their community as lacking. Population size and density also increases individuals’ ability to interact with others, therefore making different types of development activity possible, increasing the assets in play. If communities are far from urban centers, or have low populations that are spread apart from one another, then interaction among community members is harder and there will be more gaps in agreement on what improvements in which to invest. The models and data presented here only partially confirm this intuition, and further research on community distance from major urban metropolitan areas, community identity, and gaps in satisfaction and importance should be further developed.

Limitations

The present study is not without limitations. Data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic limited our ability to sample small town and rural communities, despite the community outreach methods we utilized, described earlier. Although we utilized social media; telephone calls to local community members and leaders; and distributing electronic fliers to local groups to post on their websites, future research, conditions permitting, should include deeper in-person outreach into selected communities to ensure better representation of marginalized community members who are more likely to have faced systematic barriers and inequalities. Such deeper human-centered engagement would allow researchers to establish greater degrees of trust in the community and to connect with community members in the places where they physically gather, including places of worship, town squares, public parks, etc. where both social networking to establish trust and intercept interviewing to increase randomness of participation would likely extend the electronic outreach used in this study during the pandemic.

Additionally, as discussed above, the present study operationalized degree of urbanity/rurality with only 3 measures, community population size, population density, and distance from one of the 5 major metropolitan areas in the state. Future research should more systematically select variables that capture variation across the urban-rural continuum (from the spatial, cultural, ecological, demographic levels) as well as test which competing sets of variables provide the most explanatory power for the processes being studied.

Lastly, the present study addressed the consideration aspect of thinking about community development project concepts. Although our survey included an allocation exercise, analysis of and predictions about the actual allocation of points was left to a subsequent manuscript. Mimicking the process of making budget or resource allocations, that point allocation analysis will examine the trade-offs made by community members as they decide the quantity of points to give to each concept that they deem worthy of consideration. Such an analysis will need to address the compositional nature of the allocation (Wang, et al. 2013 ; Tsagris 2015 ); Feng et al. 2017 ; Fry, Fry, & McLaren 2000). Further, hurdle models are ideally suited for assessing this kind of sequential decision-making process, first modeling the consideration step and then, conditioned on consideration, modeling the allocation (Kammer-Kerwick, et al. 2019 ; Ntuli, et al. 2021 ; and Zuur, et al. 2011 ). Of particular interest in application of this approach is whether or not a different set of predictors are better suited to improving understanding of the allocation step than those that predict the consideration step (Morris, et al. 2021 ).

Conclusions

This analysis clarifies the complex role of community characteristics, the personal values and personality types of members of those communities, and the assessment by community members of their satisfaction with and the importance that they perceive for various assets available in the community. All of these factors have the potential to influence interest in different community development concepts, but they also do so differently across concepts. These nuanced results reinforce the benefits of incorporating local community perspectives in community development planning and approaching the development process as purposefully addressing a system of subsystems (Nel 2018 ). Indeed, different community development concepts fill the needs of different community segments because they enhance or expand different subsystems. The findings presented here also locate opportunities to engage in further practical interventions within the community development process. Our findings specifically highlight areas where human-centered, participatory processes can be brought in to guide further interactions between experts and community members to (1) identify groups in the community to bring into the process who may be most affected by the choice of one intervention over another, as well as (2) target areas where further community discussion and deliberation is necessary around which community dialogues (round tables, town halls, workshops, etc.) could be facilitated.

The first type of practical intervention seeks to identify who in the community is most interested in a given type of community development project in order to get both an idea of who the project is serving as well as who should be targeted for outreach and brought further into the development process. The findings related to the Community Health Center project intervention showed that minority-status was an outsized predictor for gauging levels of support for this intervention. In this instance, minorities supported establishing a Community Health Center more than white community members, which makes sense given the large disparities that exist in healthcare provision along racial lines. Minorities have historically been left out of community development decision-making and have been the most under-served by development interventions as a result, making the benefits of this development project to minority community members especially impactful. These concerns over inclusion and exclusion find themselves reappearing along different lines across community development processes, which should push researchers and practitioners to step back and ask about who is being represented in the decision-making process, whether they are representative of the community as a whole, and whether the right voices and perspectives have been engaged. The success of a community choosing such a project relies on targeting and engaging various groups of community members in the decision-making process through outreach.

The second type of intervention seeks to identify and target specific domains of intervention where community preferences and priorities are still inchoate and could benefit from further discussion and deliberation. The findings related to the broadband project intervention above reveal that while experts have repeatedly shown that rural broadband is extremely important for both community wellbeing and economic growth, support for broadband interventions declined among our respondents the farther they lived from an urban center. This may be a situation where local perceptions are a barrier to implementing community development initiatives that are known to produce positive and outsized benefits in just such a community. In such a situation, a round table could be planned where experts and members of other similar communities that implemented broadband projects could share how their communities benefitted from broadband and share the struggles they faced in implementing their projects. The goal of facilitating such a community dialogue would be to make community members aware of the unknowns of a given project while also encouraging discussion and collaboration across communities to this end, forming relationships that could support and guide the community development process moving forward.

The development of both types of interventions call for a participatory action research process (Baum, MacDougall, and Smith 2006 ) that brings community members into discussions with policy makers, development professionals, and researchers at the very beginning of planning and deliberation about options that allow the design to emerge with input from all (Genat 2009 ).

This analysis of community development priorities across geographies in a large U.S. state reveals more commonalities than differences between urban and rural residents. Surprisingly, preferences among economic and quality of life development choices did not break cleanly into an urban-rural binary but were dependent on a far more complex set of identities. Economic development professionals would be well advised to acknowledge this complexity in their communities when weighing the choices available to them, for the well-being of their whole community.

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Kammer-Kerwick, M., Takasaki, K., Kellison, J.B. et al. Asset-Based, Sustainable Local Economic Development: Using Community Participation to Improve Quality of Life Across Rural, Small-Town, and Urban Communities. Applied Research Quality Life 17 , 3023–3047 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10051-1

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As we emerge from the pandemic, economic recovery is on everyone’s minds. Cities around the world are grappling with the intersecting challenges of inflation , climate change and deep systemic inequities .

Throughout the pandemic, there were calls for change. People across all sectors argued that we could not simply “go back” to how things were — we needed to take the lessons learned and begin to reshape our communities.

While the staggering negative impacts of the pandemic should never be overlooked, there were moments of grace that emerged. We all became more aware and appreciative of public spaces . Parks were full , libraries were never busier and streets were taken over by people and patios. There were movements to shop and eat locally .

We all became increasingly aware of our need to be connected with one another and found creative ways to sustain our relationships. The pandemic reminded us that community is important, that people are important and that places are important. But community isn’t just important for us socially. It’s also important for our economy.

A community-centred approach

As we begin our slow economic recovery, we need to bring the spirit of creative problem solving, local engagement and community building into our economic planning. Traditional approaches to economic development have focused on creating policies and programs to foster economic growth and job creation. This “smokestack chasing” approach prioritized relationships between businesses and governments, leaving communities vulnerable.

While municipal incentives to attract corporations into cities still exist in economic development practice , emerging 21st century models of economic development have begun to consider the importance of improving the overall quality of life within communities.

The emergence of community or local economic development has added new voices into economic planning and policy making. With community leaders, nonprofit groups and local residents at the table, ideas begin to emerge from the bottom up and work to create more inclusive, equitable and sustainable solutions to social, environmental and economic issues.

A new approach to economic development

In the early 2000s, community wealth building emerged as a new approach to local economic development. With the goal of taking one-off approaches to local economic development and “supercharging” them, a community wealth building approach is concerned with keeping wealth in communities.

Community wealth building is a direct response to extractive policies that see wealth leaving communities and instead aims to build an economy on the principles of local ownership and control of assets.

The Democracy Collaborative, an American public policy think tank, offers a five-pillar approach to building local economies . These pillars include progressive procurement, locally rooted finance, inclusive and democratic enterprise, fair work and the just use of land.

From Scotland to Chicago to Toronto , places around the world are experimenting with this new model of economic development to “take back” their economies.

A community wealth building approach resonates with the perspectives advanced by economist Raghuram Rajan in his book, The Third Pillar . He argues that is only by creating balance across the three pillars of society — businesses, governments and our communities — that we can build a more just and equitable society.

Building more resilient economies

Even before the pandemic, small and mid-sized cities were struggling to build resilient economies in Ontario. With a smaller tax base, fewer knowledge workers and competition from larger urban centres, smaller cities face a number of challenges when it comes to creating sustainable economies.

There are a number of emerging projects that my research team at the University of Guelph is beginning to explore. Our goal is to understand how community wealth building projects can be created and scaled in mid-sized cities.

In partnership with the Centre for Social Innovation , we have launched a multi-city case study (Guelph, Kingston, London and Windsor) to explore how Ontario’s mid-sized cities are transforming their economies through community-led initiatives.

For example, a Community Benefits Coalition began in Windsor-Essex, Ontario, in 2016 with the creation of a community benefits agreement with the Windsor-Detroit Bridge Authority in response to the new bridge project. The community believed its members should directly benefit from the building of the Gordie Howe International Bridge — a multi-billion dollar project.

The community benefits agreement has been a game-changer for Windsor-Essex. In addition to new jobs and training, a $10 million fund was created to develop projects in Windsor-Essex that were designed by the community to mitigate the impacts of construction.

Through their experience over the last six years, the coalition has published a community wealth report designed to help small and mid-sized cities develop their own community benefits agreements around new infrastructure projects.

A new way forward

As communities across the world look to revitalize their economies, a community wealth building approach to local economic development can help point a new way forward as we begin to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.

By scaling up and coordinating local economic development projects and expanding collaborations across the three pillars — businesses, governments and communities — we can rebuild an economy that prioritizes sustainability, resilience and equity.

A community wealth building approach includes more co-operatives and locally owned businesses, using the buying power of key institutions like hospitals, universities and municipalities to invest in communities, and preserving land for affordable housing.

We need to build communities that put people first, and community wealth building offers a way for us to accomplish this.

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Real and Nominal Effects of Exchange Rate Regimes , Emiliano Libman, Economics

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The Political Economy of Smallholder Incorporation and Land Acquisition , Alfredo R. Rosete, Economics

Employment and Family Leave Mandates: Three Essays on Labor Supply and Demand, Nontraditional Families, and Family Policy , Samantha Schenck, Economics

Endogenous Capacity, Multiple Equilibria and Thirlwall's Law: Theory and an Empirical Application to Mexico: 1950 - 2012. , Juan Alberto Vázquez Muñoz, Economics

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The financialization of the nonfinancial corporation in the post-1970 U.S. economy , Leila Emami Davis, Economics

The Financial Underpinnings of the EU Crisis: Financial Deregulation, Privatization, and Asymmetric State Power , Nina Q. Eichacker, Economics

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OUTPUT FLUCTUATIONS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN LATIN AMERICA IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE GREAT RECESSION , Gonzalo Hernandez Jimenez, Economics

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Three Essays in Macroeconomic History , Joshua W. Mason, Economics

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Productive Stagnation and Unproductive Accumulation in the United States, 1947-2011. , Tomas N. Rotta, Economics

Advertising and the Creation of Exchange Value , Zoe Sherman, Economics

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Contract as Contested Terrain: An Economic History of Law and the Rise of American Capitalism , Daniel P MacDonald, Economics

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Social Emulation, the Evolution of Gender Norms, and Intergenerational Transfers: Three Essays on the Economics of Social Interactions , Seung-Yun Oh, Economics

Decollectivization and Rural Poverty in Post-Mao China: A Critique of the Conventional Wisdom , Zhaochang Peng, Economics

Capitalist Crisis and Capitalist Reaction: The Profit Squeeze, the Business Roundtable, and the Capitalist Class Mobilization of the 1970s , Alejandro Reuss, Economics

The Economics of Same-Sex Couple Households: Essays on Work, Wages, and Poverty , Alyssa Schneebaum, Economics

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Public enterprises in mixed economies: Their impact on economic growth and social equity , Andong Zhu

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An economic analysis of prison labor in the United States , Asatar P Bair

Three essays on income, inequality and environmental degradation , Rachel A Bouvier

The implementation and enforcement of environmental regulations in a less developed market economy: Evidence from Uruguay , Marcelo F Caffera

Race, altruism and trust: Experimental evidence from South Africa , Justine Claire Keswell

Exchanging entailments: The contested meaning of commodity exchange , Philip M Kozel

Three essays on capital account liberalization and economic growth: New measures, new estimates and the experience of South Korea , Kang-Kook Lee

Enterprise hybrids and alternative growth dynamics , Kenneth M Levin

Social interaction and economic institution , Yongjin Park

Research and policy considerations in the valuation and the allocation of environmental and health commodities , Mihail Samnaliev

Immiserizing growth: Globalization and agrarian change in Telangana, South India between 1985 and 2000 , Vamsicharan Vakulabharanam

Social networks and labor market outcomes: Theoretical expansions and econometric analysis , Russell E Williams

Dissertations from 2003 2003

Three essays on the evolution of cooperation , Jung-Kyoo Choi

Economic size and long -term growth: An empirical analysis of the consequences of small economic size on investment, productivity and income growth , Pavel E Isa

Essays on categorical inequality, non-linear income dynamics and social mobility in South Africa , Malcolm M Keswell

The effectiveness of tax incentives in attracting investment: The case of Puerto Rico , Carlos F Liard-Muriente

A theoretical and statistical exploration into the effects of morals, personality and uncertainty on hypothetical bias in contingent valuation , Joseph D Ogrodowczyk

The role of the stock market in influencing firm investment in China , Feng Xiao

Dissertations from 2002 2002

Essays on the threat effects of foreign direct investment on labor markets , Minsik Choi

An international analysis of child welfare , Nasrin Dalirazar

Fiscal faux pas? An empirical analysis of the revenue and expenditure implications of trade liberalization , Barsha Khattry

Property from the sky: The creation of property rights in the radio spectrum in the United States , Elizabeth M Kruse

Three essays on China's state owned enterprises: Towards an alternative to privatization , Minqi Li

From welfare rights to welfare fights: Neo -liberalism and the retrenchment of social provision , John Arthur O'Connor

Political community and individual gain: Aristotle, Adam Smith and the problem of exchange , Kimberly Kaethe Sims

Rethinking prostitution: Analyzing an informal sector industry , Marjolein Katrien van der Veen

Dissertations from 2001 2001

Land and labor markets among paddy producers in the Nepalese Tarai , Ravi Bhandari

What drives equity values: fundamentals or net flows? An empircal analysis of the 1982--1999 United States stock market boom , Lawrence Lee Evans

Investment, labor demand, and political conflict in South Africa , James S Heintz

Education, Inequality and Economic Mobility in South Africa , Thomas Nathaniel Hertz

Employer work -family programs: Essays on policy implementation, employee preferences, and parental childcare choices , Sally Jane Kiser

Valuing environmental health risks: A comparison of stated preference techniques applied to groundwater contamination , Tammy Barlow McDonald

Endogenous quality and intra-industry trade , Edward Allan McPhail

Perceptions of Massachusetts family and consumer sciences education professionals regarding the importance and use of the National Standards for Family and Consumer Sciences Education in Massachusetts , Jo Ann Pullen

From feudal serfs to independent contractors: Class and African American women's paid domestic labor, 1863–1980 , Cecilia M Rio

A home of one's own: Overcoming gender and familial status barriers to homeownership , Judith K Robinson

Springfield Armory as industrial policy: Interchangeable parts and the precision corridor , Bruce K Tull

Dissertations from 2000 2000

Intergroup inequality, social identity and economic outcomes , Katherine E Baird

Engendering Globalization: Household Structures, Female Labor Supply and Economic Growth , Elissa Braunstein

Capital, conditionality, and free markets: The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the effects of the neoliberal transformation in Latin America and the Caribbean , Andres Carbacho-Burgos

Rural institutions, poverty and cooperation: Learning from experiments and conjoint analysis in the field , Juan-Camilo Cardenas

Understanding the equal split as a bargaining convention and the role of residual claimancy in team production: Three essays in behavioral and experimental economics , Jeffrey Paul Carpenter

Enforcing market -based environmental policies , Carlos A Chavez Rebolledo

A comparative analysis of three economic theories focusing upon the international trade of hazardous waste (the case of electric arc furnace dust) , Amy Silverstein Cramer

The political economy of transformation in Hungary , Anita Dancs

Cross -media transfers of pollution and risk , Janine Marie Dombrowski

Essays on endogenous preferences and public generosity , Christina Margareta Fong

Con nuestro trabajo y sudor: Indigenous women and the construction of colonial society in 16th and 17th century Peru , Karen B Graubart

Banks, insider lending and industries of the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts, 1813–1860 , Paul Andre Lockard

Existence value: A reappraisal and cross -cultural comparison , Billy Manoka

Quality management systems and the estimation of market power exertion , Corinna Michaela Noelke

The power of personality: Labor market rewards and the transmission of earnings , Melissa Anne Osborne

Accumulation and European unemployment , Engelbert Richard Stockhammer

Modeling Superfund: A hazardous waste bargaining model with rational threats , Mary Anderson Taft

Welfare, inequality, and resource depletion: A reassessment of Brazilian economic growth, 1965–1993 , Mariano Torras

Dissertations from 1999 1999

Steadying the husband, uplifting the race: The Pittsburgh Urban League's promotion of black female domesticity during the Great Black Migration , Nina Elizabeth Banks

The origins of parallel segmented labor and product markets: A reciprocity-based agency model with an application to motor freight , Stephen V Burks

R&D, advertising, and profits: Economic theory, empirical evidence, and consequences for transfer pricing policy , David W DeRamus

Rethinking demand: A critique and reformulation of Marxian theories of price , David Leo Kristjanson

Wealth, the power to set terms, and the financing and control of firms , Paul N Malherbe

Intra -family transfers and the household division of labor: A case study of migration and remittance behavior in South Africa , Dorrit Ruth Posel

Transportation network policy modeling for congestion and pollution control: A variational inequality approach , Padma Ramanujam

The political economy of organized baseball: Analysis of a unique industry , Ross David Weiner

Dissertations from 1998 1998

The internationalization of production and its effects on the domestic behavior of United States manufacturing multinational firms , James Michael Burke

Neoliberal and neostructuralist theories of competitiveness and flexible labor: The case of Chile's manufactured exports, 1973-1996 , Fernando Ignacio Leiva

An econometric study of the export sector of Somalia , Mohamed A Osman

Financial liberalization, multinational banks and investment: Three essays on the cases of Hungary and Poland , Christian Erik Weller

Dissertations from 1997 1997

Structuralism and individualism in economic analysis: The "contractionary devaluation debate" in development economics , S Charusheela

Financial liberalization in Mexico, 1989-1993 , Colin Danby

CEO pay, agency, and the theory of the firm , Frederick Dexter Guy

Food quality regulation under trade agreements: Effects on the supply of food safety and competitiveness , Neal Hilton Hooker

Agency problems in the capital markets and the employment relationship: The possibility of efficiency-enhancing institutional innovation: An empirical case-study , Pierre Laliberte

New directions in the political economy of consumption , Allan Henry MacNeill

Capabilities and processes of industrial growth: The case of Argentina and the Argentine auto industry , Marcela Monica Miozzo

Manufacturers' responses to new nutrition labeling regulations , Eliza Maria Mojduszka

Rethinking rural development: Making peasant organizations work. The case of Paraguay , Jose R Molinas Vega

Property regimes, technology, and environmental degradation in Cuban agriculture , Hector R Saez

International multi-sector, multi-instrument financial modeling and computation: Statics and dynamics , Stavros Siokos

Three essays on government decision-making to implement and enforce environmental policies , Kristin Ellen Skrabis

Dissertations from 1996 1996

An economic critique of urban planning and the 'postmodern' city: Los Angeles , Enid Arvidson

Dissertations from 1995 1995

Trade liberalization and income distribution: Three essays with reference to the case of Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) , Mehrene E Larudee

Dissertations from 1994 1994

Subjectivism and the limits of F. A. Hayek's political economy , Theodore A Burczak

International currencies and endogenous enforcement , Roohi Prem

Three essays on key currencies and currency blocs , Ellen Tierney

Dissertations from 1993 1993

Capitalist regulation and unequal integration: The case of Puerto Rico , Jaime Eduardo Benson

Production and reproduction: Family policy and gender inequality in East and West Germany , Lynn Susan Duggan

Dissertations from 1992 1992

Capital controls and long-term economic growth , Jessica G Nembhard

Dissertations from 1990 1990

Concentration and product diversity in culture-based industries: A case study of the music recording industry , Peter James Alexander

Dissertations from 1987 1987

THE DETERMINANTS OF THE ECONOMIC POLICIES OF STATES IN THE THIRD WORLD: THE AGRARIAN POLICIES OF THE ETHIOPIAN STATE, 1941-1974 , HENOCK KIFLE

Dissertations from 1986 1986

The Political-Economy of Nuclear Power 1946-1982 , Steven Mark Cohn, Economics

Dissertations from 1985 1985

THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT ON RACIAL INEQUALITY: 1950 TO 1984 (BLACK, AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, GOVERNMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, LABOR) , PETER GEORGE BOHMER

THE GROWTH OF NONMARRIAGE AMONG U.S. WOMEN, 1954-1983 (MARRIAGE, FAMILY, HOUSEHOLDS, UNITED STATES) , ELAINE DENISE MCCRATE

Dissertations from 1983 1983

TAXATION AND PUBLIC SCHOOL FINANCE REFORM IN CONNECTICUT , MICHAEL ROBERT FEDEROW

Dissertations from 1982 1982

Evolution of a Hospital Labor System: Technology, Coercion, and Conflict , Jean E. Fisher, Economics

Dissertations from 1981 1981

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKET ECONOMY IN COLONIAL MASSACHUSETTS , RONA STEPHANIE WEISS

Dissertations from 1980 1980

Justice and economic theory. , Barry Stewart Clark, Economics

Dissertations from 1976 1976

EVALUATION OF NEOCLASSICAL THEORY OF PRICE, PRODUCTION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME. , MANUCHER DARESHURI

Dissertations from 1970 1970

COST PROBLEMS OF THE RUTLAND RAILROAD AND ITS SUCCESSORS FROM--1937 TO 1968 , ROBERT DAVID SMITH

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Socio-economic Impacts of Tourism Development and Their Implications on Local Communities

2016, International Journal of Economics and Business Administration,American Institute of Science (AIS)

Tourism has significant potentials for generating positive social, cultural and economic benefits depending on how tourism activities are managed and developed. However, tourism also has the potential to generate more negative outcomes. Therefore, the objectives of this study are first; to examine the impacts of tourism development on local communities, second; to recognize the attitudes and perception of local communities towards tourism development in their neighbourhoods. The study is based on the data gathered from 108 families in three villages to analysis the attitudes and perceptions of local communities towards tourism development. Additionally, six unstructured interviews were conducted with government officers of these villages to get the precise understanding of the tourism development in local communities and its impacts. The study reveals inadequate government planning, policies and regulations, insufficient knowledge and skills of tour operators, and the broader social...

Related Papers

SARJIT S. Gill / FEM

This article illustrates the role of local communities for tourism development. This study also attempts to highlight the role of tourism local development. This article looks at how local communities can develop tourism in local area. The concepts of community and community development have been important for local tourism development. The implication of this study arises from the fact that there has been little research carried out on interaction between communities and local tourism. Theoretically, the findings of this study enrich the knowledge concerning local tourism industry (Journal of American Science 2010;6(2):155-161). (ISSN: 1545-1003).

TRJ Tourism Research Journal

Filma Festivalia

The research aimed to analyze “The Impact of Tourism on Village Society”. The methodology of the study was quantitative research and descriptive analysis. The research was located in Sumurugul village. Respondents of this research were 92 residents. The data was collected by using convenience sampling. The data was analyzed by using validity and reliability test, frequency, and descriptive (mean) analysis. The study found that there is the positive impact of tourism on village society in Sumurugul in the point of economics, social, and environment aspect. The implication of this study showed that tourism should be one of the alternatives to develop a village.

Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality and Travel

The perception of the locals respecting the impacts of tourism can be determined by the factors such as how the community, which they are member of is, affected by tourism; how tourism affects social activities and the attitudes of political and administrative authorities towards tourism. The main purpose of this study is to estimate whether locals' negative perceptions (NP) and positive perceptions (PP), locals' support for tourism development (STD) and community participation (CP) differ at rural and urban levels. The sub-aims are to figure out whether there is any mediation effect and correlations among NP, PP, STD and CP. Data were obtained from Muğla (urban) and Fethiye (rural) through face-to-face surveys with a total number of 400 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), validity and reliability analysis and path analysis for Fethiye and Muğla have performed. No statistically significant effect of CP, PP and NP on STD was found in Muğla and Fethiye. In Fethiye locals' PP have a significant and positive effect on STD. Locals' PP and NP have a significant and positive effect on CP. Consequently, a difference has found between Fethiye and Muğla concerning the impact of positive and negative perceptions on the participation in the tourism processes.

Journal of Tourism and Services

GÜRKAN ALAGÖZ

The purpose of this research is to determine the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental effects of tourism perceived by the local community living in Manavgat/Turkey on the satisfaction with the tourism development, to identify the effect of this satisfaction with tourism development, and to ascertain the moderator role of the demographic variables in this relationship. The population of the research is the local community living in Manavgat/Turkey. EFA, CFA, path analyzes, and Slope difference tests have been performed through 384 surveys collected from the local community. As a result, it has been determined that perceived socio-cultural, economic, and environmental positive effects of tourism and negative environmental effects have an impact on satisfaction with tourism development. Meanwhile, it has been determined that the local community&#39;s satisfaction with tourism development affects the attitude and gender has a moderator role on this effect. In line with these resu...

African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure,

Lwazi Apleni

The aim of this paper is to assess tourism as a catalyst for rural development and community awareness in a case study of Coffee Bay. Tourism is considered as a viable tool for economic development, specifically in the developing world. It was envisaged and deemed necessary to develop tourism in the local community as it would generate community development, thus supporting its overall development. Apart from this tourist sites enhance community cohesion and promote peace within the host community. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. Questionnaires were distributed to community members of Coffee Bay. Furthermore, a random sampling method was used for the purpose of the study. Data obtained was analysed through the use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of the study revealed a high awareness and a high level of community willingness to participate in tourism ventures. Furthermore, findings of the study revealed that some members of the community have already participated in Small Medium Tourism Enterprises (SMTEs). However, the negative aspects raised by the community in the development processes are the issue of government interference and the lack of sponsors together with the poor infrastructure. Therefore, it is recommended that the government must make a concerted effort in providing a sustainable and conducive environment for tourism to thrive in the Coffee Bay community. Funding was also cited as one of the bottlenecks. As such, funding should be provided either by the government or by the private sector to ensure an on-going process of tourism development.

Dianne Dredge

Development is a challenging concept. Telfer and Sharpley (2008) observe that problems such as poverty, inequality, poor healthcare and a lack of educational opportunities are widely recognized and reflected in the goals of international development programs such as the UN Millennium Project. However, as these authors state, it is unclear as to what extent particular developmental vehicles such as tourism are effective in addressing these issues, especially as many of the problems facing developing countries may be the outcome rather than the cause of underdevelopment (see also Telfer, 2009). The notion of “community” is also problematic, and heterogeneity rather than homogeneity may be far more appropriate to describe communities that are encased with geographic (or virtual) boundaries (see Dicks, 1999). An alternative view of community, characterized by belonging to multiple networks over time and across spatial scales fits our contemporary understanding of a globalized world, but also makes “community” a slippery concept for the purposes of planning and policy. Hence, both the notion of “community” and “development” tend to be contested, adding to the challenge of understanding the meaning and contribution of “community-based tourism.” The recent critique of community participation in tourism by Butcher (2010) in the Research Probe section of Tourism Recreation Research, and responses by Singh (2010) and Weaver (2010), show that the debate around resident responsive tourism and community participation in tourism are far from over. This chapter continues to explore the challenges encapsulated in these debates and attempts to address the overall question: To what extent can tourism contribute to community development? Disadvantaged, low-income and minority populations generally tend to incur a high proportion of negative environmental and sociocultural impacts compared to other social groups, such as tourists, and local elites. How does community-based tourism address inequalities in the distribution of economic, environmental and sociocultural costs? And how do pro-poor and sustainable tourism agendas address pressing issues like climate change in the context of community development? The chapter will take up these questions of tourism’s contribution to community development, first by examining the key issues and challenges that underpin the chapter, followed by an examination of various approaches and forms of tourism. Planning and participatory approaches and mechanisms will then be addressed.

Economic Journal of Nepal

Marianne Heredge

A study of tourism in Upper Mustang was made in 2003 (Heredge, 2003) examining key issues in planning tourism development to maximize benefits to local communities there. In Upper Mustang at the time of writing, there was no evidence that any of the local people benefit ...

Athula Gnanapala

The study is mainly to identify the community perception and their involvement in the tourism development activities. Research was carried out at Passikudha, one of the planned tourism development site in Sri Lanka, adopting the mixed methodology. A survey was conducted using a semi structured questionnaire with 251 respondents from the local community. Additionally, in-depth interviews with six community leaders were conducted. The local community of Passikudha tourism resort area consists of 712 families, which was considered for the survey. The findings indicate that more benefits have been brought to the area due to the ongoing tourism development activities, however the local community is not in a position to get the real benefits of the tourism development due to lack of proper education, knowledge, experience, capacity etc. The community bear mixed perception about the ongoing development in the study area. On the other hand, those who get benefits through tourism hold positive perception and attitudes while those who have not received any tangible benefits hold negative attitudes about the tourism development. The results highlighted that, it is necessary to have a well planned awareness program about the community involvement for the ongoing tourism development activities. Therefore, the authorities should concern more about the community awareness and capacity building programs in order to deliver the benefits of tourism development to the local community also to ensure the long term sustainability of the industry.

Emmanuel Seni

Research Paper

Ala`a Abukhalifeh

This research discusses the role of local stakeholder participation in developing sustainable community-based tourism (CBT). A survey collected in Pulau Redang, Kuala Terengganu from carefully recruited community-based tourism stakeholders is discussed to further solidify the theoretical underpinnings of stakeholder participation and community based tourism nexus. Majority of the research participants indicated that the likelihood of them being included in the decision-making process shows improvement. In connection to this, types of community participation, strengths, motivations, and barriers to participation in community-based tourism development endeavours are highlighted. Research outcomes revealed two major influential factors for the existence of better community participation, namely, the presence of strong (CBT) organizations and committed leadership with growing support. The study concludes by providing with suggestions that further improve community-based tourism stakeholder participation in developing sustainable tourism from the perspective of the remote Island destination.

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Indiana University Northwest launches inaugural Economic Development Academy

NIPSCO, NiSource Charitable Foundation grant funds 7-week regional economic development program

The program, which runs May 21 through July 2, will connect economic development approaches with practice, using current research, case studies, guest speakers and lively discussions.

Regional economic development professionals will serve as program leaders, imparting their expertise and experience with program participants. Those leaders include:

• Anthony Sindone and Micah Pollak , IU Northwest, economists specializing in regional economic development
• Rick Calinski , NIPSCO, Director of Public Affairs and Economic Development
• Heather Ennis , Northwest Indiana Forum, President & CEO
• Seth Spencer , Sera Group, CEO

The program will focus on connecting multiple areas of economic development, including:

• Understanding the competitive advantage of a region : Every region has a unique competitive advantage. By identifying areas of relative strength and developing strategies to support and expand these areas, a region can better leverage its competitive advantage into more effective economic development.
• The importance of a dynamic workforce : To better harness the potential for economic growth, a region must attract and maintain a broad, flexible and well-educated workforce. This workforce should meet the needs of existing major industries, while the businesses must maintain a high-quality employee environment and be adaptable to new industries.
• The role of infrastructure in putting everything together : The infrastructure of a region represents the bedrock on which economic development is made possible. Realizing the potential of existing infrastructure and the benefit of investing in new infrastructure is critical in realizing the competitive advantage of a region.

Campus-community collaboration

The EDA program is made possible through many community partners, including a grant from NIPSCO and the NiSource Charitable Foundation.

“By combining the resources, strength and talent of IU Northwest, NIPSCO and many other partners, we have an unprecedented opportunity to help improve and advance the economic vitality of Northwest Indiana,” said Cynthia Roberts, Dean of SOBE. “We recognize that when we raise the bar for Northwest Indiana, we lift everyone in our region, which is why we are especially grateful for the financial support and partnership of NIPSCO and their Foundation.”

“A strong economic development strategy is a key driver to create and maintain a high quality of life in all communities,” said Rick Calinksi, NIPSCO Director of Public Affairs and Economic Development. “As an energy provider, NIPSCO often has a unique seat at the table to provide energy for many potential projects that can impact our region. When IU Northwest approached NIPSCO about being a partner for this program, we felt this was a great opportunity to educate, inform and align community and business leaders so we can best be prepared to drive business growth and job creation across Northern Indiana. NIPSCO is excited about the program and proud to be a partner.”

Program details & registration

The Economic Development Academy takes place over seven weeks, with in-person sessions at IU Northwest every other Tuesday from 9 a.m. to noon, starting Tuesday, May 21. Subsequent weeks’ content will be delivered virtually featuring online case studies, readings, interactive activities and discussions.

• In-person sessions (at IU Northwest): May 21, June 4, June 18 and July 2
• Virtual sessions: May 28, June 11 and June 25

Completion of the EDA will include a certificate of completion and allow registration in future programs, which will focus on more specialized economic development topics.

Registration is $395 per participant, with discounts for multiple registrations.

To register for the program, please click here .

Questions should be directed to Micah Pollak, Associate Professor of Economics, at [email protected] or (219) 980-6913.

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Shapiro Administration Invests $200,000 in New PIDA Loan to Spur Tourism and Business Growth in Elk County

• May 8, 2024

PIDA has approved $11,428,160 in low interest loans that have resulted in $19,854,839 in private investment and supported 387 created and retained full-time jobs across PA in 2024 so far.

Tourism is one of the largest industries in Pennsylvania, and Governor Shapiro has proposed an $18 million increase in his 2024-25 budget to boost tourism and business marketing efforts.

Harrisburg, PA – Today, Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED) Secretary Rick Siger announced the approval of one new low-interest $200,000 loan through the Pennsylvania Industrial Development Authority (PIDA) to support tourism, business expansion, and boost the economy in Elk County.

The newly approved loan builds upon Governor Josh Shapiro’s commitment to create a stronger economy across Pennsylvania. Since 2023, PIDA has approved more than $56 million in low interest loans that have resulted in more than $165 million in private investment and created and retained over 1,520 full-time jobs.

PIDA provides low-interest loans and lines of credit for eligible businesses that commit to creating and retaining full-time jobs, as well as for the development of industrial parks and multi-tenant facilities. Loans can be used for: land and building acquisitions; construction and renovation costs; machinery and equipment purchases; working capital and accounts receivable lines of credits; multi-tenant facility projects; and industrial park projects.

“Tourism is one of the largest industries in Pennsylvania generating over $76 billion a year and supporting more than 486,000 jobs,” said Secretary Rick Siger. “The PIDA loan approved today will boost tourism in the heart of the Pennsylvania Wilds in Elk County and attract tourists from across the nation to this majestic region. The Shapiro Administration is working to transform Pennsylvania into an economic powerhouse and PIDA loans like this one give small businesses the tools to help make that happen.”

Wapiti Woods Lodge, LLC, through the North Central PA Regional Planning & Development Commission, was approved for a fifteen-year $200,000 loan at a 4.00-percent reset interest rate to help to assist with site improvements and construction of a lodge that will feature four bedrooms with a sleeping capacity for eight adults, 2.5 bathrooms, a full kitchen, laundry facilities, indoor and outdoor fireplaces, and extensive outdoor seating. This new lodge addresses an existing demand in the market for larger accommodations capable of hosting sizable groups which is currently unfulfilled by Wapiti Woods, LLC, and its ten cabins. The total project cost is $431,950.

Tourism is one of the largest industries in Pennsylvania, generating over $76 billion a year and supporting more than 486,000 jobs. Investing in tourism is a key component of the Governor’s economic development strategy – and the Governor proposed an $18 million increase in his 2024-25 budget to boost tourism and business marketing efforts. The Governor’s 2024-25 budget also calls for significant investments directly tied back to the Commonwealth’s ten-year economic development strategy and issues a strong call to action for partners across all sectors to join in with their support.

Other proposed economic development investments in the Governor’s budget include: $500 million in PA SITES funding to bring more commercial and industrial sites to Pennsylvania; $25 million for the Main Street Matters program to support small businesses and commercial corridors in communities across our Commonwealth; $20 million to support large-scale innovation and leverage Pennsylvania’s best-in-class research and development assets; and $3.5 million to create and launch the Pennsylvania Regional Economic Competitiveness Challenge to incentivize regional growth.

You can read Pennsylvania’s first economic development strategy in 20 years online. For more information on how the Governor’s proposed budget will create opportunity for all Pennsylvanians, visit Shapiro’s Budget website .

For more information about the Pennsylvania Industrial Development Authority or the Department of Community and Economic Development, visit the DCED website , and be sure to stay up-to-date with all of our agency news on Facebook , X , and LinkedIn .

MEDIA CONTACT: Governor’s Office, [email protected] , 717.783.1116 Penny Ickes, DCED, [email protected]

• DCED Funding PIDA Tags Governor Shapiro

Community Economic Development

Division of Extension

Econ Quiz: Small Business Job Creation

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(Image Source: Tim Mossholder / Unsplash )

As we prepare for Wisconsin’s first Connecting Entrepreneurial Communities on May 30 and 31 in Platteville, we are thinking a lot about the contributions that small firms make to employment.

Over the past ten years, from 2013 through 2023, businesses with fewer than 249 employees accounted for roughly 46% of the workforce and created about 55% of all new jobs in the U.S. Aside from the quarters ending September 2017, September 2018, September 2019, March 2020, and June 2020, in which small firms experienced an overall loss in jobs, job creation for small firms ranged between 108,000 and 2,047,000 jobs each quarter. Large firms experienced overall losses in jobs for the quarters ending in March 2015, March 2020, and June 2020. In quarters other than those, job creation for large firms has ranged between 4,000 and 1,973,00 jobs each quarter.

That brings us to today’s question. In total, small firms and large firms have created a combined average of 400,463 jobs per quarter from 2013 through 2023. On average, how many of those jobs were created by small firms each quarter during that time period?

Answer: C. On average, small firms have created 220,119 jobs per quarter since January 2103. During the same time period, large firms have created an average of 180,524 jobs each quarter.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1 May 2024). The Economics Daily: Small businesses contributed 55 percent of the total net job creation from 2013 to 2023.

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