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Appendix A: Case Studies

List of case studies, case study 1: handling roommate conflicts, case study 2: salary negotiation at college corp, case study 3: oecollaboration, case study 4: the ohio connection, case study 5: uber pays the price, case study 6: diverse teams hold court.

Chapter Reference: Section 2.2 Approaches to Conflict

Whether you have a roommate by choice, by necessity, or through the random selection process of your school’s housing office, it’s important to be able to get along with the person who shares your living space. While having a roommate offers many benefits such as making a new friend, having someone to experience a new situation like college life with, and having someone to split the cost on your own with, there are also challenges. Some common roommate conflicts involve neatness, noise, having guests, sharing possessions, value conflicts, money conflicts, and personality conflicts (Ball State University, 2001). Read the following scenarios and answer the following questions for each one:

• Which conflict management style, from the five discussed, would you use in this situation?
• What are the potential strengths of using this style?
• What are the potential weaknesses of using this style?

Scenario 1: Neatness. Your college dorm has bunk beds, and your roommate takes a lot of time making their bed (the bottom bunk) each morning. They have told you that they don’t want anyone sitting on or sleeping in the bed when they are not in the room. While your roommate is away for the weekend, your friend comes to visit and sits on the bottom bunk bed. You tell your friend what your roommate said, and you try to fix the bed back before your roommate returns to the dorm. When they return, your roommate notices that the bed has been disturbed and confronts you about it.

Scenario 2: Noise and having guests. Your roommate has a job waiting tables and gets home around midnight on Thursday nights. They often brings a couple friends from work home with them. They watch television, listen to music, or play video games and talk and laugh. You have an 8 a.m. class on Friday mornings and are usually asleep when they returns. Last Friday, you talked to your roommate and asked them to keep it down in the future. Tonight, their noise has woken you up and you can’t get back to sleep.

Scenario 3: Sharing possessions. When you go out to eat, you often bring back leftovers to have for lunch the next day during your short break between classes. You didn’t have time to eat breakfast, and you’re really excited about having your leftover pizza for lunch until you get home and see your roommate sitting on the couch eating the last slice.

Scenario 4: Money conflicts. Your roommate got mono and missed two weeks of work last month. Since they have a steady job and you have some savings, you cover their portion of the rent and agree that they will pay your portion next month. The next month comes around and your roommate informs you that they only have enough to pay their half of the rent.

Scenario 5: Value and personality conflicts. You like to go out to clubs and parties and have friends over, but your roommate is much more of an introvert. You’ve tried to get them to come out with you or join the party at your place, but they’d rather study. One day your roommate tells you that they want to break the lease so they can move out early to live with one of their friends. You both signed the lease, so you have to agree or they can’t do it. If you break the lease, you automatically lose your portion of the security deposit

Works Adapted

“ Conflict and Interpersonal Communication ” in Communication in the Real World  by University of Minnesota is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Ball State University. (2001). Roommate conflicts. accessed June 16, 2001, from  http://cms.bsu.edu/CampusLife/CounselingCenter/VirtualSelfHelpLibrary/RoommateIssues.asx.

Chapter Reference:  Section 2.4 Negotiation

Janine just graduated college, she’s ready to head out on her own and get that first job, and she’s through her first interviews. She receives an offer of a $28,000 salary, including benefits from COLLEGE CORP, from an entry-level marketing position that seems like a perfect fit. She is thrown off by the salary they are offering and knows that it is lower than what she was hoping for. Instead of panicking, she takes the advice of her mentor and does a little research to know what the market range for the salary is for her area. She feels better after doing this, knowing that she was correct and the offer is low compared to the market rate. After understanding more about the offer and the rates, she goes back to the HR representative and asks for her preferred rate of $32,500, knowing the minimum that she would accept is $30,000. Instead of going in for her lowest amount, she started higher to be open to negotiations with the company. She also sent a note regarding her expertise that warranted why she asked for that salary. To her happy surprise, the company counter offered at $31,000—and she accepted.

• What key points of Janice’s negotiation led to her success?
• What could have Janice done better to get a better outcome for her salary?

“ Conflict and Negotiations ” in Organizational Behaviour by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

“Good & Bad Salary Negotiations,”  Salary.com , April 19, 2018, https://www.salary.com/articles/good-bad-examples-of-salary-negotiations .

Herner, M. (n.d). 5 things HR wishes you knew about salary negotiation. Payscale.com, accessed October 21, 2018, https://www.payscale.com/salary-negotiation-guide/salary-negotiation-tips-from-hr .

Chapter Reference:  Section 3.2 Creating, Maintaining, and Changing Culture

At OECollaboration, a technology company that develops virtual collaboration software for new companies, Mike Jones is a new manager. One of the biggest challenges he has faced is that the team that he is managing is well established and because he is an outsider, the team members haven’t yet developed trust in him.

Two weeks into his new employment, Mike held a meeting and discussed all of the changes to the remote work agreements as well as implementing new meeting requirements for each employee to have a biweekly meeting scheduled with him to discuss their projects. The team was outraged, they were not excited, and the following days he wasn’t greeted in a friendly way; in addition, his team seemed less engaged when asked to participate in team functions.

Tracy James is also a new manager at OECollaboration who started at the same time as Mike, in a similar situation where she is a new manager of an existing team. Tracy was able to hold a meeting the first day on the job to listen to her team and get to know them. During this meeting she also told the team about herself and her past experiences. Additionally, she held one-on-one meetings to listen to each of her team members to discuss what they were working on and their career goals. After observation and discussion with upper management, she aligned her own team goals closely with the skills and experiences of her new team. She met with the whole team to make changes to a few policies, explaining why they were being changed, and set the strategy for the team moving forward.

Because she got her team involved and learned about them before implementing her new strategy, this was well received. Her team still had questions and concerns, but they felt like they could trust her and that they were included in the changes that were being made.

• What challenges can a new manager encounter when starting to manage an existing team?
• What strategies can a new manager implement to ensure that their new team is engaged with them and open to change and growth?

Adapted Works

“ Organizational Power and Politics ” in Organizational Behaviour by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

Giang, V. (2013, July 31). The 7 types of power that shape the workplace. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/the-7-types-of-power-that-shape-the-workplace-2013-7

Morin, A. (2018, June 25). How to prevent a workplace bully from taking your power. Inc. https://www.inc.com/amy-morin/how-to-prevent-a-workplace-bully-from-taking-your-power.html

Weinstein,  B. (n.d.). 10 tips for dealing with a bully boss,” CIO , accessed October 13, 2018, https://www.cio.com.au/article/198499/10_tips_dealing_bully_boss/.

Chapter Reference:  Section 4.1 Power

Janey worked as an executive assistant to a product manager at her company: Ohio Connection. Overall, she loved her job; she was happy to work with a company that provided great benefits, and she and found enjoyment in her day-to-day work. She had the same product manager boss for years, but last year, her manager left Ohio Connection and retired. Recently her new manager has been treating her unfairly and showcasing bullying behavior.

Yesterday, Janey came into work, and her boss decided to use their power as her manager and her “superior” to demand that she stay late to cover for him, correct reports that he had made mistakes on, and would not pay her overtime. She was going to be late to pick up her son from soccer practice if she stayed late; she told him this, and he was not happy.

Over subsequent days, her boss consistently would make comments about her performance, even though she had always had good remarks on reviews, and created a very negative work environment. The next time she was asked to stay late, she complied for fear of losing her job or having other negative impacts on her job. Janey’s situation was not ideal, but she didn’t feel she had a choice.

• What type of power did Janey’s boss employ to get her to do the things that he wanted her to do?
• What negative consequences are apparent in this situation and other situations where power is not balanced in the workplace?
• What steps should Janey take do to counteract the power struggle that is occurring with her new manager?

Chapter Reference:   Section 5.1 Interpersonal Relationships at Work

Uber revolutionized the taxi industry and the way people commute. With the simple mission “to bring transportation—for everyone, everywhere,” today Uber has reached a valuation of around $70 billion and claimed a market share high of almost 90% in 2015. However, in June 2017 Uber experienced a series of bad press regarding an alleged culture of sexual harassment, which is what most experts believe caused their market share to fall to 75%.

In February of 2017 a former software engineer, Susan Fowler, wrote a lengthy post on her website regarding her experience of being harassed by a manager who was not disciplined by human resources for his behavior. In her post, Fowler wrote that Uber’s HR department and members of upper management told her that because it was the man’s first offense, they would only give him a warning. During her meeting with HR about the incident, Fowler was also advised that she should transfer to another department within the organization. According to Fowler, she was ultimately left no choice but to transfer to another department, despite having specific expertise in the department in which she had originally been working.

As her time at the company went on, she began meeting other women who worked for the company who relayed their own stories of harassment. To her surprise, many of the women reported being harassed by the same person who had harassed her. As she noted in her blog, “It became obvious that both HR and management had been lying about this being his ‘first offense.’” Fowler also reported a number of other instances that she identified as sexist and inappropriate within the organization and claims that she was disciplined severely for continuing to speak out. Fowler eventually left Uber after about two years of working for the company, noting that during her time at Uber the percentage of women working there had dropped to 6% of the workforce, down from 25% when she first started.

Following the fallout from Fowler’s lengthy description of the workplace on her website, Uber’s chief executive Travis Kalanick publicly condemned the behavior described by Fowler, calling it “abhorrent and against everything Uber stands for and believes in.” But later in March, Uber board member Arianna Huffington claimed that she believed “sexual harassment was not a systemic problem at the company.” Amid pressure from bad media attention and the company’s falling market share, Uber made some changes after an independent investigation resulted in 215 complaints. As a result, 20 employees were fired for reasons ranging from sexual harassment to bullying to retaliation to discrimination, and Kalanick announced that he would hire a chief operating officer to help manage the company. In an effort to provide the leadership team with more diversity, two senior female executives were hired to fill the positions of chief brand officer and senior vice president for leadership and strategy.

Critical Thinking Questions

• Based on Cox’s business case for diversity, what are some positive outcomes that may result in changes to Uber’s leadership team?
• If the case had occurred in Canada, what forms of legislation would have protected Fowler?
• What strategies should have been put in place to help prevent sexual harassment incidents like this from happening in the first place?

“ Diversity in Organizations ” in Organizational Behaviour by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

Della Cava, M. (2017, June 13). Uber has lost market share to Lyft during crisis. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/06/13/uber-market-share-customer-image-hit-string-scandals/102795024/

Fowler, T. (2017, February 19). Reflecting on one very, very strange year at Uber. https://www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber.

Lien,  T. (2017, June 6). Uber fires 20 workers after harassment investigation. Los Angeles Times.  http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-tn-uber-sexual-harassment-20170606-story.html

Uber (2017, February). Company info. https://www.uber.com/newsroom/company-info/

Chapter Reference:  Section 5.3 Collaboration, Decision-Making and Problem Solving in Groups

Diverse teams have been proven to be better at problem-solving and decision-making for a number of reasons. First, they bring many different perspectives to the table. Second, they rely more on facts and use those facts to substantiate their positions. What is even more interesting is that, according to the Scientific American article “How Diversity Makes Us Smarter,” simply “being around people who are different from us makes more creative, diligent, and harder-working.”

One case in point is the example of jury decision-making, where fact-finding and logical decision-making are of utmost importance. A 2006 study of jury decision-making, led by social psychologist Samuel Sommers of Tufts University, showed that racially diverse groups exchanged a wider range of information during deliberation of a case than all-White groups did. The researcher also conducted mock jury trials with a group of real jurors to show the impact of diversity on jury decision-making.

Interestingly enough, it was the mere presence of diversity on the jury that made jurors consider the facts more, and they had fewer errors recalling the relevant information. The groups even became more willing to discuss the role of race case, when they hadn’t before with an all-White jury. This wasn’t the case because the diverse jury members brought new information to the group—it happened because, according to the author, the mere presence of diversity made people more open-minded and diligent. Given what we discussed on the benefits of diversity, it makes sense. People are more likely to be prepared, to be diligent, and to think logically about something if they know that they will be pushed or tested on it. And who else would push you or test you on something, if not someone who is different from you in perspective, experience, or thinking. “Diversity jolts us into cognitive action in ways that homogeneity simply does not.”

So, the next time you are called for jury duty, or to serve on a board committee, or to make an important decision as part of a team, remember that one way to generate a great discussion and come up with a strong solution is to pull together a diverse team.

• If you don’t have a diverse group of people on your team, how can you ensure that you will have robust discussions and decision-making? What techniques can you use to generate conversations from different perspectives?
• Evaluate your own team at work. Is it a diverse team? How would you rate the quality of decisions generated from that group?

Sources: Adapted from Katherine W. Phillips, “How Diversity Makes Us Smarter,” Scientific American, October 2014, p. 7–8.

“ Critical Thinking Case ” in  Organizational Behaviour by OpenStax is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

Conflict Management Copyright © 2022 by Laura Westmaas, BA, MSc is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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5 Strategies for Conflict Resolution in the Workplace

• 07 Sep 2023

Any scenario in which you live, work, and collaborate with others is susceptible to conflict. Because workplaces are made up of employees with different backgrounds, personalities, opinions, and daily lives, discord is bound to occur. To navigate it, it’s crucial to understand why it arises and your options for resolving it.

Common reasons for workplace conflict include:

• Misunderstandings or poor communication skills
• Differing opinions, viewpoints, or personalities
• Biases or stereotypes
• Variations in learning or processing styles
• Perceptions of unfairness

Although conflict is common, many don’t feel comfortable handling it—especially with colleagues. As a business leader, you’ll likely clash with other managers and need to help your team work through disputes.

Here’s why conflict resolution is important and five strategies for approaching it.

Access your free e-book today.

Why Is Addressing Workplace Conflict Important?

Pretending conflict doesn’t exist doesn’t make it go away. Ignoring issues can lead to missed deadlines, festering resentment, and unsuccessful initiatives.

Yet, according to coaching and training firm Bravely , 53 percent of employees handle “toxic” situations by avoiding them. Worse still, averting a difficult conversation can cost an organization $7,500 and more than seven workdays.

That adds up quickly: American businesses lose $359 billion yearly due to the impact of unresolved conflict.

As a leader, you have a responsibility to foster healthy conflict resolution and create a safe, productive work environment for employees.

“Some rights, such as the right to safe working conditions or the right against sexual harassment, are fundamental to the employment relationship,” says Harvard Business School Professor Nien-hê Hsieh in the course Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability . “These rights are things that employees should be entitled to no matter what. They’re often written into the law, but even when they aren’t, they’re central to the ethical treatment of others, which involves respecting the inherent dignity and intrinsic worth of each individual.”

Effectively resolving disputes as they arise benefits your employees’ well-being and your company’s financial health. The first step is learning about five conflict resolution strategies at your disposal.

Related: How to Navigate Difficult Conversations with Employees

While there are several approaches to conflict, some can be more effective than others. The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Model —developed by Dr. Kenneth W. Thomas and Dr. Ralph H. Kilmann—outlines five strategies for conflict resolution:

• Accommodating
• Compromising
• Collaborating

These fall on a graph, with assertiveness on the y-axis and cooperativeness on the x-axis. In the Thomas-Kilmann model, “assertiveness” refers to the extent to which you try to reach your own goal, and “cooperativeness” is the extent to which you try to satisfy the other party’s goal.

Alternatively, you can think of these axis labels as the “importance of my goal” and the “importance of this relationship.” If your assertiveness is high, you aim to achieve your own goal. If your cooperativeness is high, you strive to help the other person reach theirs to maintain the relationship.

Here’s a breakdown of the five strategies and when to use each.

1. Avoiding

Avoiding is a strategy best suited for situations in which the relationship’s importance and goal are both low.

While you’re unlikely to encounter these scenarios at work, they may occur in daily life. For instance, imagine you’re on a public bus and the passenger next to you is loudly playing music. You’ll likely never bump into that person again, and your goal of a pleasant bus ride isn’t extremely pressing. Avoiding conflict by ignoring the music is a valid option.

In workplace conflicts—where your goals are typically important and you care about maintaining a lasting relationship with colleagues—avoidance can be detrimental.

Remember: Some situations require avoiding conflict, but you’re unlikely to encounter them in the workplace.

2. Competing

Competing is another strategy that, while not often suited for workplace conflict, can be useful in some situations.

This conflict style is for scenarios in which you place high importance on your goal and low importance on your relationships with others. It’s high in assertiveness and low in cooperation.

You may choose a competing style in a crisis. For instance, if someone is unconscious and people are arguing about what to do, asserting yourself and taking charge can help the person get medical attention quicker.

You can also use it when standing up for yourself and in instances where you feel unsafe. In those cases, asserting yourself and reaching safety is more critical than your relationships with others.

When using a competing style in situations where your relationships do matter (for instance, with a colleague), you risk impeding trust—along with collaboration, creativity, and productivity.

3. Accommodating

The third conflict resolution strategy is accommodation, in which you acquiesce to the other party’s needs. Use accommodating in instances where the relationship matters more than your goal.

For example, if you pitch an idea for a future project in a meeting, and one of your colleagues says they believe it will have a negative impact, you could resolve the conflict by rescinding your original thought.

This is useful if the other person is angry or hostile or you don’t have a strong opinion on the matter. It immediately deescalates conflict by removing your goal from the equation.

While accommodation has its place within organizational settings, question whether you use it to avoid conflict. If someone disagrees with you, simply acquiescing can snuff out opportunities for innovation and creative problem-solving .

As a leader, notice whether your employees frequently fall back on accommodation. If the setting is safe, encouraging healthy debate can lead to greater collaboration.

Related: How to Create a Culture of Ethics and Accountability in the Workplace

4. Compromising

Compromising is a conflict resolution strategy in which you and the other party willingly forfeit some of your needs to reach an agreement. It’s known as a “lose-lose” strategy, since neither of you achieve your full goal.

This strategy works well when your care for your goal and the relationship are both moderate. You value the relationship, but not so much that you abandon your goal, like in accommodation.

For example, maybe you and a peer express interest in leading an upcoming project. You could compromise by co-leading it or deciding one of you leads this one and the other the next one.

Compromising requires big-picture thinking and swallowing your pride, knowing you won’t get all your needs fulfilled. The benefits are that you and the other party value your relationship and make sacrifices to reach a mutually beneficial resolution.

5. Collaborating

Where compromise is a lose-lose strategy, collaboration is a win-win. In instances of collaboration, your goal and the relationship are equally important, motivating both you and the other party to work together to find an outcome that meets all needs.

An example of a situation where collaboration is necessary is if one of your employees isn’t performing well in their role—to the point that they’re negatively impacting the business. While maintaining a strong, positive relationship is important, so is finding a solution to their poor performance. Framing the conflict as a collaboration can open doors to help each other discover its cause and what you can do to improve performance and the business’s health.

Collaboration is ideal for most workplace conflicts. Goals are important, but so is maintaining positive relationships with co-workers. Promote collaboration whenever possible to find creative solutions to problems . If you can’t generate a win-win idea, you can always fall back on compromise.

Considering Your Responsibilities as a Leader

As a leader, not only must you address your own conflicts but help your employees work through theirs. When doing so, remember your responsibilities to your employees—whether ethical, legal, or economic.

Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability groups your ethical responsibilities to employees into five categories:

• Well-being: What’s ultimately good for the person
• Rights: Entitlement to receive certain treatment
• Duties: A moral obligation to behave in a specific way
• Best practices: Aspirational standards not required by law or cultural norms
• Fairness: Impartial and just treatment

In the course, Hsieh outlines three types of fairness you can use when helping employees solve conflicts:

• Legitimate expectations: Employees reasonably expect certain practices or behaviors to continue based on experiences with the organization and explicit promises.
• Procedural fairness: Managers must resolve issues impartially and consistently.
• Distributive fairness: Your company equitably allocates opportunities, benefits, and burdens.

Particularly with procedural fairness, ensure you don’t take sides when mediating conflict. Treat both parties equally, allowing them time to speak and share their perspectives. Guide your team toward collaboration or compromise, and work toward a solution that achieves the goal while maintaining—and even strengthening—relationships.

Are you interested in learning how to navigate difficult decisions as a leader? Explore Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability —one of our online leadership and management courses —and download our free guide to becoming a more effective leader.

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Managing Workplace Conflicts: A Case Study In The City Of Johannesburg

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maya sutherland

Khaleda Yasmin

Conflicts in organizations or workplaces can have serious consequences. Workplace conflicts can lead to hostile relations among individuals within a group. Sometimes, conflicts can hamper overall efficiency of organizations. Its negative consequences can gravely affect relationships resulting in inhospitable work environment and psychological stress. On the other hand, conflicts, when managed properly, can open the doors of opportunity to strengthen relationships in workplaces. Conflict management depends on a range of causal factors, the nature of which varies from conflict to conflict. Sometimes, conflicts may become difficult to resolve without the help of impartial mediators. As a result, negotiators may be required; they can play a significant role in managing and mitigating conflicts, especially organizational conflicts. This paper attempts to explain causes of organizational, institutional, and workplace conflicts. It also focuses on workplace conflicts' outcomes and organizational conflict management strategies.

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4 Common Types of Team Conflict — and How to Resolve Them

• Randall S. Peterson,
• Priti Pradhan Shah,
• Amanda J. Ferguson,
• Stephen L. Jones

Advice backed by three decades of research into thousands of team conflicts around the world.

Managers spend 20% of their time on average managing team conflict. Over the past three decades, the authors have studied thousands of team conflicts around the world and have identified four common patterns of team conflict. The first occurs when conflict revolves around a single member of a team (20-25% of team conflicts). The second is when two members of a team disagree (the most common team conflict at 35%). The third is when two subgroups in a team are at odds (20-25%). The fourth is when all members of a team are disagreeing in a whole-team conflict (less than 15%). The authors suggest strategies to tailor a conflict resolution approach for each type, so that managers can address conflict as close to its origin as possible.

If you have ever managed a team or worked on one, you know that conflict within a team is as inevitable as it is distracting. Many managers avoid dealing with conflict in their team where possible, hoping reasonable people can work it out. Despite this, research shows that managers spend upwards of 20% of their time on average managing conflict.

• Randall S. Peterson is the academic director of the Leadership Institute and a professor of organizational behavior at London Business School. He teaches leadership on the School’s Senior Executive and Accelerated Development Program.
• PS Priti Pradhan Shah is a professor in the Department of Work and Organization at the Carlson School of Management at the University of Minnesota. She teaches negotiation in the School’s Executive Education and MBA Programs.
• AF Amanda J. Ferguson  is an associate professor of Management at Northern Illinois University. She teaches Organizational Behavior and Leading Teams in the School’s MBA programs.
• SJ Stephen L. Jones is an associate professor of Management at the University of Washington Bothell. He teaches Organizational and Strategic Management at the MBA level.

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When Strategies to Resolve Conflict in the Workplace Backfire

Strategies to resolve conflict in the workplace are sorely needed. but as a case study from twitter shows, a top-down approach to managing conflict in organizations can easily fail..

By Katie Shonk — on May 30th, 2022 / Conflict Resolution

When employees lack effective strategies to resolve conflict in the workplace, issues with coworkers often fester and grow. Employees may feel they lack avenues for resolving conflict at work. And when they feel uncomfortable voicing their opinions, creativity and innovation can stall.

Take social-media platform Twitter, which over the years developed a reputation for being complacent and slow to innovate. By 2019, top executives had come to believe the company’s collaborative environment had “calcified, making workers reluctant to criticize one another,” Kate Conger wrote in a 2021 New York Times article.

As the case study of Twitter shows, finding the right strategies to resolve conflict in the workplace is key yet can be easier said than done.

Tumult at Twitter

In 2019, Twitter hired Dantley Davis away from Facebook as its first chief design officer. Davis was handed several important assignments, including addressing the spread of hate speech and misinformation on the platform, building diversity in the ranks, and rebuilding the company’s culture. It was a “turnaround role,” Davis told the Times , one that would require “changes to staff, changes to our work, changes to how we collaborate.”

Soon after coming on board in 2019, Davis gathered his staff in a conference room and told them that “Twitter was too nice” and that “he was there to change it,” Conger reports. He then asked employees to take turns complimenting and critiquing each other. “The barbs soon flew,” according to the Times . Several attendees reportedly cried during the two-hour meeting.

Davis went on to fire numerous employees. Some who stayed believed the changes he implemented offered a much-needed corrective at a company that had grown complacent. But others believed Davis had created a “culture of fear,” the Times reports. Attrition rose in the design department to about double the rate of the rest of the company. Over time, employee complaints led to internal investigations of Davis’s decisions and behavior.

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A Change in Direction

In a March 2021 email to employees, Davis said he wanted the design team to “transition to a team of belonging, which is less transactional and more focused on care and support.” He criticized himself for focusing on “what was wrong” and said he was now working harder at “celebrating wins.” But employees said the unexplained firings and harsh feedback continued.

In May 2021, the head of Twitter’s research department, Nikkia Reveillac, complained to Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey that Davis’s defensiveness made it difficult for employees to offer him feedback—even as he was blunt with them—and described a “toxic” culture. Within weeks of the meeting, Reveillac was abruptly fired for unexplained reasons.

“We’ve got to find our own Twitter way of direct feedback that’s still empathetic, that’s still respectful,” the company’s head of human resources, Jennifer Christie, told the Times , adding that Davis was “heartbroken” by the employee complaints.

A few months later, on November 29, 2021, Dorsey made the surprise announcement that he was leaving Twitter. His replacement, Parag Agrawal, immediately announced a reorganization that included pushing out Davis by the end of the year.

Strategies to Resolve Conflict in the Workplace

During his tenure at Twitter, Davis diagnosed a need for better strategies to resolve conflict in the workplace, but his style appeared to largely backfire. His invitation to share grievances in an open meeting appeared to only deepen employees’ distress. A better approach would have been to offer confidential conflict-resolution strategies, such as private meetings with managers or professional mediators.

When an organization is struggling to deal with internal conflict, leaders often assume that a simple change in management can provide a quick fix. But as was the case at Twitter, a top-down approach too often breeds an authoritarian leadership style that fails to empower employees to surface conflict and take responsibility for managing it effectively.

In their book Decision Leadership: Empowering Others to Make Better Choices , Don A. Moore and Max Bazerman describe how Netflix cofounder and CEO Reed Hastings rebounded from a disastrous 2011 decision to separate the company’s mail-order and streaming businesses by adjusting decision-making processes to “elicit the best evidence and stimulate healthy debate, even when that means encouraging dissent.” The revamped “culture of open debate and constructive dissent” helped the company rebound and thrive, according to Moore and Bazerman.

Twitter seems to have not yet learned this lesson. Many employees expressed frustration that they were largely left in the dark regarding Tesla CEO Elon Musk’s bid to buy the social-media platform in April 2022. After the parties reached a deal, Agrawal met with employees and admitted the future of Twitter’s policies and culture was unclear. “Once the deal closes, we don’t know what direction this company will go in,” he said, the Times reports .

What strategies to resolve conflict in the workplace have you found to be effective?

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Workplace Dynamics

It’s not me, it’s you: solving workplace conflicts, the solution is more likely to be found in systems than in personalities..

Posted May 9, 2024 | Reviewed by Gary Drevitch

• A reflexive response to conflicts at work is to blame “personality clashes.”
• The cause of workplace conflict is more often a systems issue, not personal differences.
• Addressing the organizational reasons for conflict is simpler than changing co-workers' hearts and minds.

“Conflict cannot survive without your participation.” – Wayne Dyer

As an Employee Assistance professional who routinely engages in consultations involving workplace conflict it’s clear to me that the answer to the age-old question of “can’t we all just get along?” is a resounding “Hell no!”

What can we do about the ubiquitous nature of conflict in the workplace? How do we solve what seem to be deep-seated personality clashes to get back to the business of business?

Trying to get to the core of a workplace conflict is not unlike doing couples therapy where each partner points to the other as the instigator and sustainer of tension. Heard separately, the stories sound legitimate and it’s often hard to envision a resolution when the parties involved are so convincing in placing the blame outside themselves.

An example to which I often refer when providing trainings on resolving workplace conflict is an employee who came to me in great distress, stating that her “micro-managing” supervisor did not trust her, was always looking over her shoulder and questioned every decision she makes. Unbeknownst to the employee, said manager came to me complaining of this employee, stating that she seemed incapable of working independently, was never accepting of feedback and, in short, “high maintenance." The one area of common ground between them was that each stated that the stress of the working relationship was becoming unbearable, and each was giving serious thought to switching departments.

One of the reflexive responses to the above is to blame “personality clashes.” This perspective suggests that the flashpoints, or butting of heads, are simply the outgrowth of two people who are just wired differently and have been thrown into the sandbox together and told they must get along.

There are multiple problems with both this diagnosis and remedy. Studies have repeatedly shown that while there are personality issues in any relationship and everyone brings his or her personal history, including how they manage conflict, to the workplace, the reality is that it is the situations they find themselves in that create conflict and that others placed in similar circumstances would also experience conflict.

Examples of system issues that lead to conflict include:

• Someone who had authority and lost it and now resents those in charge.
• Someone who has authority but through its misuse alienates those around him or her.
• Two people sharing the same authority but different goals , each believing his or her way is correct.
• A blurred hierarchy in which no one knows who is really in charge.
• Poorly communicated expectations.
• An organizational culture that fosters unhealthy competition .

The list goes on, but the underlying element is the environment and how each person navigates the hierarchical structure in which they find themselves. This is not to say that dysfunctional people do not show up to work intent on creating drama for the sake of drama, see the workplace as an emotional playground, or are simply bullies kicking sand in everyone’s face. Addressing these individuals takes a strong leader who can implement the 3 C’s of managing problem employees: Coaching , Counseling, and Corrective Action.

The good news in the system approach to conflict resolution is that addressing and adjusting organizational issues is far easier than trying to change hearts and minds in hopes of creating a peaceful work environment.

The first step in addressing the issue is to take a hard look at the organizational culture that surrounds the employees, looking for the built-in power traps that put people at odds or unintentionally create an “us vs them” mentality. Since in many cases the conflict either directly involves a leader or the leader is too close to the issue, a third party, removed from the emotional content, is helpful in getting a broader view.

While many workers cope with the stress of conflict at work through the geographic cure of finding a new job—only to find in many cases that they have the same experience only with new faces—many others, through financial constraints, limited options or liking the work they do, choose to tough it out. The dangers with this approach include the damaging impact of long-term stress, a growing detachment from work—aka presenteeism —to lessen the emotional toll, a growing resentment toward leadership for not appropriately addressing the conflict, or leaning in on a conflictual approach. All of these responses are detrimental to the psychic, mental, and emotional health of the employee and contribute to a toxic work environment.

When counseling clients who seem locked in a battle of wills with a coworker to the point that the negative effects of that struggle are outweighing the benefits of a paycheck I will advise the following reflective questions:

• How invested in the relationship are you?
• How important is the issue to you?
• Do you have the energy for the conflict?
• Are you aware of the potential consequences of continuing the conflict?
• Are you ready for the consequences?
• What are the benefits of disengaging from the conflict?

If the circumstances do not involve bullying , discrimination , or abuse, I find it more helpful to move employees through the conflict by assuring them that “it’s not you” but then add the qualifier that it’s also not the other person. While sounding like a Zen koan, it’s the simple truth that the surrounding circumstances have contributed to a battle that cannot be won by changing someone’s personality. Additionally, I reassure them that as Gandhi pointed out, “Peace is not the absence of conflict, but the ability to cope with it.” Finally, I will ask that their awareness shift from tension mode to accepting the following:

• Our work lives are interconnected with our coworkers but also distinct from them.
• We are responsible for shared success but not for another’s success.
• Our ideas, beliefs, and opinions deserve respect but not necessarily agreement.
• It’s not conflict that destroys relationships; it’s how we address it.

Caesens, et al. Perceived Organizational Support and Workplace Conflict: The Mediating Role of Failure-Related Trust . Frontiers in Psychology, 2019.

Mike Verano, LPC, LMFT, CEAP, CCISM, CCTP, CFRC, is a licensed therapist, author, and public speaker.

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Mastering Conflict Management with Strategies and Solutions in the Workplace

Category: Task Management .

Introduction

Conflict is the disagreement or difference of opinions between individuals that can potentially harm any organization. In the workplace setting, it often involves personal agendas, insights, or goals versus those of the group or team. Conflict management seeks to resolve these disagreements positively, with outcomes that satisfy everyone involved or benefit the group.

However, the perception of conflict is often negative.

The reality is that conflict can be positive if managed properly, promoting team-building skills, critical thinking, new ideas, and alternative solutions. Leaders must master conflict management to ensure team success.

In this blog, we’ll look into the essentials of conflict management, explore different styles and strategies, and provide practical tips and FAQs.

The Importance of Conflict Management

Conflict management is crucial in ensuring that team members work harmoniously towards common goals. Managed effectively, conflict can encourage learning and growth in an organization.

Benefits of Conflict Management

• Enhanced Team Cohesion: Teams can build stronger bonds and trust by resolving conflicts collaboratively.
• Increased Innovation: Differing viewpoints often lead to new ideas and creative solutions.
• Improved Communication: Conflict resolution fosters open dialogue and effective listening.
• Reduced Workplace Stress: Properly managed conflict minimizes tension, improving overall morale.

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Conflict Management Styles

In this style, individuals involved in the conflict simply avoid the situation or ignore its existence. This approach may be useful temporarily to de-escalate a tense situation. However, it’s a losing situation in the long run as unresolved conflict festers and creates more tension.

Accommodative

In this style, one party wins, and one party loses. The losing party easily gives in when the problem is not so important to them or when they want to keep the peace. The resolution benefits one side but can leave others feeling resentful and dissatisfied.

Competitive

In the competitive style, one party wins at the expense of the other. Although the conflict is resolved, this style can foster resentment and hinder teamwork.

In compromise, each party sacrifices a portion of their solution, leading to a resolution that partially satisfies both sides. However, the best outcome might not always prevail, potentially leaving some parties feeling shortchanged.

Collaborative

The collaborative style aims to bring all parties together to find a resolution that benefits everyone involved. It incorporates active listening, respectful communication, and open-mindedness to reach the best possible solution.

“To get something new done you have to be stubborn and focused, to the point that others might find unreasonable.” Jeff Bezos

7 Steps in Conflict Management

1. set communication rules.

Establish ground rules for respectful communication before discussions begin. For cross-cultural conflicts, it’s important to consider cultural nuances in communication styles and norms.

2. Set Aside Preconceived Opinions

Ask all parties to approach the conflict with an open mind. In virtual team settings, be mindful of potential misunderstandings due to lack of non-verbal cues.

3. Active Listening

Encourage active listening without interruptions. Having emotional intelligence skills like empathy and self-awareness can greatly aid in truly understanding different perspectives during conflicts.

4. Define the Problem

Write down and restate the problem to ensure mutual understanding. Use collaboration tools or online platforms to document the issue for virtual teams.

5. Propose Solutions

Have each party suggest potential solutions. Online whiteboards or ideation tools can facilitate this process for remote teams.

6. Customer Lifetime Value (CLTV)

Evaluate the positive and negative aspects of each solution. Involve legal or HR departments if the conflict has potential legal or policy implications.

7. Agree on a Resolution

Choose a solution that benefits everyone involved or is beneficial to the group. Establish metrics like employee satisfaction, productivity or turnover rates to measure the effectiveness of the resolution.

Proactive conflict prevention strategies, such as clear communication, setting expectations, and building trust, can also help avoid conflicts from arising or escalating.

Conflict Management in Organizations

• Party-Directed Mediation (PDM): Suitable for disputes between co-workers, it involves pre-mediation coaching and role-playing before a joint session.
• Negotiated Performance Appraisal (NPA): Improves communication between supervisors and subordinates, preserving hierarchical power while encouraging dialogue.
• International Conflict Management: When managing conflicts across cultures, it’s essential to understand cultural differences in communication, traditions, and thought processes. A Confrontational style may not work well in cultures where harmony is prioritized.
• Inter-Organizational Conflict Management: In inter-organizational relationships, conflicts involve both individuals and organizations. Formal and informal governance mechanisms influence the type of conflicts and how they’re managed.

Conflict Resolution Case Study

Google vs. antitrust regulators.

In response to antitrust charges, Google followed its principle “ Don’t litigate, negotiate .” By engaging in direct negotiations with regulators, Google adapted its practices and provided settlements to affected parties, avoiding litigation and improving relations​.

Apple vs. Samsung

Apple and Samsung ended their long-running patent dispute with a settlement, concluding a seven-year legal battle over whether Samsung copied the iPhone. While settlement terms remain undisclosed, Apple emphasized the case was always about protecting innovation beyond monetary compensation. The settlement between Apple and Samsung shows how compromise and collaboration can help resolve long-standing disputes while protecting core business interests.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: what are the five styles of conflict management.

A1: The five styles of conflict management are Avoidance, Accommodative, Competitive, Compromise, and Collaborative.

Q2: How can conflict management benefit an organization?

A2: Conflict management can enhance team cohesion, improve communication, foster innovation, and reduce workplace stress.

Q3: What is Party-Directed Mediation (PDM)?

A3: PDM is a mediation approach suitable for disputes between colleagues. It involves coaching and role-playing before a joint mediation session.

Q4: How can leaders effectively manage international conflicts?

A4: Leaders should understand cultural differences in communication, traditions, and thought processes to navigate international conflicts.

Q5: What are the key steps to resolving workplace conflicts?

A5: The key steps include setting communication rules, actively listening, defining the problem, proposing solutions, discussing pros and cons, and agreeing on a resolution.

Conflict management is the process of limiting the negative aspects of conflict while increasing the positive aspects to enhance learning and group outcomes. Properly managed conflict can improve organizational performance and foster innovation, communication, and team cohesion. Leaders must be well-versed in conflict management styles and strategies to create a harmonious and productive workplace.

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