essay writing on nature conservation

Essay on Conservation of Nature for Students and Children

500+ words essay on conservation of nature.

Nature has provided us numerous gifts such as air , water, land, sunlight , minerals, plants, and animals. All these gifts of nature make our earth a place worth living. Existence on Earth would not be possible without any of these. Now, while these natural resources are present on Earth in plenty. Unfortunately, the necessity of most of these has increased extremely over the centuries due to growth in the human population.

What is Conservation of Nature?

Conservation of nature means the preservation of forests, land, water bodies, and minerals, fuels, natural gases, etc. And to make sure that all these continue to be available in abundance. Thus all these natural resources make life worth living on Earth. Life would not be imaginable without air, water, sunlight as well as other natural resources present on the earth.

Thus, it is essential to conserve these resources in order to retain the environment integral. Here is a look at the types of natural resources existing on Earth and the ways to conserve these:

Types of Natural Resources:

Renewable Resources : These are resources such as air, water, and sunlight that refill naturally.
Non-Renewable Resources: These are resources like fossil fuels and minerals that do not restock reform very slowly.
Biotic: These originate from living beings and organic material like plants and animals.
Abiotic: These come from non-living things and non-organic material. These comprise air, water, and land as well as metals like iron, copper, and silver.

Natural resources are also categories such as actual resources, reserve resources, stock resources and potential resources based on their development stage.

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How to Conserve Nature and Its Resources?

Many of the natural resources are being used at a faster rate as compared to their speed of production. There is so a necessity for conservation of nature and the natural resources it offers. Here are some of the ways in which these resources can be conserved:

Reduce Water Consumption

Water is available in abundance on Earth . This is one of the reasons people do not consider much before using it. However, if we keep using it at this speed. In the future, we may not be left with as much of it. Therefore, simple things such as turn off the tap while brushing or reuse the leftover water to water the plants can help in this direction.

Reduce Usage of Electricity

Use only as much energy as you require. It is thus advised to limit the usage of electricity. Simple habits such as turning off the lights before parting your room, turn off the electric appliances after use. Switching to energy-saving fluorescent or LED bulbs can make a change.

Restrict Usage of Paper

Paper manufacturing depends only on trees. Increasing the use of paper means encouraging deforestation . This is one of the key reasons for concern is in today’s time Always ensure you use only as much paper as necessary. Stop taking print outs and use e-copies instead to do your bit.

Use Newer Agricultural Methods

The government must aware the methods such as mixed cropping, crop rotation. Also, the government should teach the minimum use of pesticides, insecticides. Appropriate use of manures , bio-fertilizers, and organic fertilizers to the farmers.

Spread Awareness

Spreading awareness about the conservation of nature is always a necessary step. It can be achieved only when more and more people understand its importance and the ways in which they can help. Besides this, it is essential to plant more and more tress. It is necessary to contribute towards lowering air pollution. We must use shared transport and employing rainwater harvesting systems to conserve nature.

Nature comprises of everything that surrounds us. The trees, forests, rivers, rivulets, soil, air all are the part of nature. Keeping nature and its resources integral. So, it is very important for the continuation of life on earth. It would be difficult to imagine life on earth, which has a spoiled natural environment.

Therefore, taking appropriate steps to conserve nature in its untouched form. It must be a priority for the human race. Only human beings with their power and ability can save nature in its purest forms.

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Essay on Conservation of Nature

Students are often asked to write an essay on Conservation of Nature in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Conservation of Nature

Understanding nature conservation.

Nature conservation involves preserving Earth’s natural resources. These resources include water, air, soil, plants, and animals. We conserve nature to ensure future generations can enjoy it.

Why Conserve Nature?

How to conserve nature.

There are many ways to conserve nature. We can recycle, reduce waste, plant trees, and protect wildlife. Everyone can contribute to nature conservation.

250 Words Essay on Conservation of Nature

Introduction.

Nature, the life-support system of our planet, is an intricate web of interconnected elements, all of which are vital for the sustenance of life. However, human activities have been causing severe damage to this complex system, necessitating urgent actions for its conservation.

The Need for Nature Conservation

Strategies for conservation.

Conservation strategies can be bifurcated into in-situ and ex-situ methods. In-situ conservation involves preserving habitats, ecosystems, and natural areas, maintaining biodiversity within their natural environments. Ex-situ conservation, on the other hand, includes actions such as creating seed banks, botanical gardens, and zoos for species preservation.

Role of Individuals

Individuals play a crucial role in nature conservation. Simple actions like reducing waste, recycling, and reusing can make a significant impact. Additionally, supporting and participating in local conservation efforts can help maintain biodiversity.

Conservation of nature is a collective responsibility. It is an urgent call to action for all stakeholders, from governments and corporations to individuals, to protect our planet. Through concerted efforts, we can ensure the survival and prosperity of all life forms on Earth.

500 Words Essay on Conservation of Nature

Nature, in its broadest sense, is the physical world and life in its entirety. It encompasses the complex interplay of living organisms, the environment, and the ecosystems that support them. However, the relentless pursuit of human progress has led to significant degradation of natural resources. Conservation of nature, therefore, is not just a necessity, but an imperative for the survival of future generations.

The Importance of Nature Conservation

Nature offers us a plethora of resources, many of which are indispensable for our survival. It provides us with air to breathe, water to drink, food to eat, and raw materials for our industries. However, the reckless exploitation of these resources has led to their depletion. Natural habitats are being destroyed, species are becoming extinct, and climate change is becoming a grave reality. Conserving nature is thus crucial for maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystems and ensuring the sustainability of our resources.

Methods of Nature Conservation

The role of technology in nature conservation.

In this digital era, technology plays a significant role in nature conservation. Satellite imagery and remote sensing technologies are being used to monitor deforestation and habitat destruction. Drones are being deployed for wildlife tracking and anti-poaching efforts. Moreover, data analytics and artificial intelligence are being utilized to predict environmental changes and devise effective conservation strategies.

Human Responsibility and Nature Conservation

While technology and policies play a pivotal role, the onus of nature conservation ultimately lies on individuals. Adopting sustainable practices, reducing waste, and promoting renewable energy are some ways in which we can contribute. Education and awareness about the importance of nature conservation are also essential to foster a collective sense of responsibility towards our environment.

In conclusion, the conservation of nature is a complex yet crucial task that requires a multi-pronged approach. It involves not only the implementation of effective conservation strategies but also a shift in human attitudes and behaviors. As we stand at the precipice of an environmental crisis, it is imperative that we prioritize nature conservation to ensure a sustainable future for all. As the famous naturalist John Muir once said, “When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world.”

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Essay On Nature | Nature Essay for Students and Children in 500 Words

February 13, 2024 by Prasanna

Essay On Nature: An Essay on Nature helps the students to understand the implications of the natural world. From the various flora and fauna to the expansive biomes, nature has a lot to offer. However, ever since humans and showed up, the planet has started to change drastically. Nature seems to be getting sparser every year, animals disappear, and trees get cut down only to be replaced by skyscrapers.

Hence, it is crucial to enable students to understand that nature should be conserved. And there is no better way to do it than to write an essay on nature. Furthermore, the earlier that students are educated about the plight of nature, the better the chances that future generations act on the matter. Read on about Essay on Nature Conservation, Importance of Nature, Beauty of Nature and for School Children and Kids. Explore the “do’s” and “don’ts” when writing an essay on nature:

You can also find more Essay Writing articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.

Essay On Nature – Important Points to Note

When writing an essay on nature, or any essay for that matter, remember the following:

Before starting the essay, do your research. This will help you create quality content.
Write an introductory paragraph for the essay
Reduce the use of jargons unless the topic is very technical
Write in points wherever possible
Break up the content into digestible chunks
Use dates, names and factual figures
End the essay with a conclusion
Read through the essay to find and remove grammatical issues or factual errors.

“Look deep into Nature and then you will understand everything Better” – Nature Essay

Essay On Nature – Sample 1 (250 Words)

Nature, in its broadest sense, is a term that refers to the physical world and life in general. It encompasses all life on earth, including humans. However, it does not include human activities. The term nature is derived from the Latin word, “Natura”, which translates to “essential qualities” or “innate disposition.” Nature seems to be getting sparser every year, animals disappear, and trees get cut down only to be replaced by skyscrapers

As stated above, nature includes not just life, but a host of other non-living physical entities. These include the atmosphere, climate, weather, water and even abstract factors like the aesthetic beauty of nature. Nature did not arise spontaneously; hence if we were to make an accurate timeline, it would encompass billion of years of progress and evolution.

The earth is thought to have formed when gravity pulled the stellar gas, dust and debris together, eventually forming a planet. And like the other terrestrial planets in the solar system, the earth is made up of a central core and a rocky mantle. But before the earth got to this stage, scientists believe that the earth’s surface was entirely covered by hot molten rock or magma. Only after a few billion years did it start cooling down, creating the solid crust that we are familiar with today.

Just like the non-living components of nature, life did not arise instantaneously. It took billions of years for the earliest precursors of life to show up. However, these “organisms” were nothing more than a self-replicating molecule. However, from this precursor, life has evolved into the multitude of lifeforms that we see today. Today, the complex interaction between living things and non-living things contributes to the concept of nature.

500 Words Nature Essay

Nature can be understood as a “phenomena” that encompasses the physical world and the life which interacts with it. It includes humans and every other form of life present on the planet. The word nature has its roots in Latin. It is derived from the word “Natura” which means “essential qualities”. However, in ancient times, the word was a literal synonym for “birth”.

Today, the word “nature” refers to wildlife and geology. This means it includes the realm that includes all forms of life and the many processes associated with non-living objects. In most cases, nature also refers to the forests and the wildlife living within. Other definitions indicate places with the absence of human intervention as nature too.

The evolution of nature is not spontaneous; it took billions of years of geological time for its formation. According to scientists, the earth was formed nearly 4.54 billion years ago. Before this time, the earth was a giant, swirling mass of gas and debris orbiting the sun. The early earth was a completely different place. The atmosphere was completely devoid of oxygen, and there was no water on its surface. It was a hellish place with extremely high temperatures.

The landscape was littered with molten magma and thick plumes of toxic smoke. Life was nowhere in sight, and it would not emerge for several billion years more. As the earth cooled down, water condensed and fell as rain. However, it rained for such a long time that the basins and troughs began to fill up with water. This event created the very first oceans of the world. However, the earth was still devoid of life and oxygen was non-existent in the atmosphere.

One of the biggest unsolved mysteries today is the origin of life. There are fossils to support the earliest organisms, but nothing was known of how they came about. Scientists have put forth many speculations and hypotheses stating the origin of life. One of the most popular is the Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents Theory. It states that the earliest precursors to life originated from underwater volcanic vents. These volcanic vents spewed out minerals that were abundant in many nutrients required for early life forms. However, this is just a speculation that there is no conclusive evidence supporting the same.

The first undisputed evidence of life emerged some 3.7 billion years ago. These were similar to today’s cyanobacteria – which were microscopic single-celled organisms. Since then, life has had billions of years to evolve. And when life emerged from the seas on to dry land, major evolutionary leaps were made. The first-ever land plants appeared followed by the invertebrates. Vertebrates made their way on to land much later, evolving into magnificent life forms such as the dinosaurs. On the geological timescale, we humans evolved only recently. The fossils of our earliest ancestors are over 200,000 years old.

Conclusion on Nature Essay

However, our technology and progress have had a detrimental effect on the planet. Our climates are changing and temperatures and rising. We are losing our polar icecaps, and as a result, ocean levels are rising. All these factors can cause destruction in the near future if we do not keep a check on our carbon footprint and deforestation. Essay on Nature In Hindi, Marathi, Telugu and Kannada will update soonly.

FAQ’s on Essay On Nature

Question 1. What is nature?

Answer: Nature encompasses the physical world and the life which interacts with it.

Question 2. What is the importance of nature?

Answer: Without nature, the natural balance in the ecosystem is lost. This can lead to many detrimental effects such as global warming, greenhouse effect, rising sea levels, increased natural calamities.

Question 3. How does nature help us?

Answer: Nature provides a lot of resources. Some of these resources are life-saving and others are of significant commercial value. It also keeps a check on the adverse effects of human activities.

Question 4. Are humans nature?

Answer: Humans and all other lifeforms are a part of nature. But human activities are not a part of nature.

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Essay on Conservation of Nature

Introduction

Conservation of nature is the collective effort to protect, manage, and restore Earth’s ecosystems and biodiversity. It includes a broad spectrum of initiatives aimed at preserving the delicate balance of life on our planet. One poignant example of conservation in action is the restoration of coral reefs. These vibrant marine ecosystems, essential for countless marine species and coastal communities, face threats from pollution , overfishing, and climate change. Through collaborative efforts involving scientists, governments, and local communities, initiatives like coral reef restoration projects offer hope for revitalizing these vital ecosystems and underline the urgency of conservation efforts worldwide.

Understanding Nature’s Value

Ecosystem Services: Nature provides essential services that support life on Earth. These include pollination, water purification, soil fertility, and climate regulation.
Biodiversity: Nature’s biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem resilience and adaptation to environmental changes. It guarantees that ecosystems can continue to offer services even in the presence of disruptions.
Cultural and Spiritual Significance: Many cultures and communities worldwide have deep spiritual and cultural connections to nature. It provides inspiration, aesthetic value, and a sense of belonging.
Economic Benefits: Nature contributes to economies through tourism, recreation, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. For example, ecotourism relies on the preservation of natural habitats.
Health and Well-being: Researchers have linked nature to human health benefits, including reduced stress, improved mental health, and physical well-being. Access to green spaces is essential for urban populations.
Climate Change Mitigation: Natural ecosystems, like forests and wetlands, are critical in absorbing carbon dioxide and mitigating climate change.
Food Security: Nature provides a variety of food sources, including crops, livestock, and fisheries. Maintaining biodiversity is crucial for ensuring resilient food systems.

Threats to Nature

Nature faces numerous threats that endanger its biodiversity, ecosystem services, and overall health. Human activities primarily drive these threats and include:

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Habitat Loss: Human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and land conversion for agriculture and infrastructure development are causing the loss of natural habitats, one of the most significant threats to nature.
Climate Change: The increasing temperatures, alterations in precipitation patterns, and occurrence of extreme weather events linked with climate change pose significant risks to ecosystems and various species across the globe. These include habitat disruption, altered migration patterns, and increased risk of extinction.
Pollution: Pollution from multiple sources, such as industrial activities, agriculture, and urban runoff, contaminates air, water , and soil, leading to the degradation of ecosystems and harming wildlife and human health.
Overexploitation: Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, such as overfishing, illegal logging, and poaching, threatens the survival of numerous species and disrupts ecosystem dynamics.
Invasive Species: Introducing non-native species into new environments, whether deliberate or unintentional, can adversely affect native ecosystems by outcompeting native species, spreading diseases, and altering habitat structure.
Habitat Fragmentation: Fragmentation of natural habitats due to human infrastructure, such as roads and dams, disrupts ecological connectivity, reduces genetic diversity, and isolates populations, making them more vulnerable to extinction.
Human Population Growth: The increasing human population exerts pressure on natural resources and habitats, leading to intensified exploitation, habitat destruction, and increased pollution.

The Case for Conservation

Conservation is essential for preserving the health and stability of our planet’s ecosystems, which are vital for human well-being and survival. Here are some compelling reasons why conservation is imperative:

Preservation of Biodiversity: Conservation efforts are essential for preserving Earth’s rich biodiversity, which forms the foundation of ecosystems and sustains life on our planet. Every species has a distinct role in maintaining ecosystem health and resilience.
Ecosystem Services: Natural ecosystems offer invaluable services, including clean air and water, crop pollination, climate regulation, and nutrient cycling. Conserving these ecosystems ensures the continued provision of these services, vital for human well-being and economic prosperity.
Protection of Endangered Species: Numerous species are in danger of extinction because of human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change . Conservation efforts strive to safeguard and restore habitats, enact species recovery programs, and combat illegal wildlife trade to prevent biodiversity loss.
Sustainable Resource Management: Conservation involves managing natural resources to meet present needs while safeguarding future generations. This includes sustainable forestry, fisheries management, and land-use planning.
Climate Change Mitigation: Forests, wetlands, and oceans are vital natural ecosystems that capture carbon dioxide and mitigate climate change. Conservation efforts that protect and restore these ecosystems contribute to global climate change mitigation efforts.
Cultural and Recreational Value: Nature holds immense cultural, spiritual, and recreational value for communities worldwide. Conserving natural landscapes and wildlife preserves cultural heritage, provides opportunities for recreation and ecotourism, and fosters a deeper connection to the natural world.
Resilience to Environmental Challenges: Healthy and biodiverse ecosystems are more resilient to environmental challenges such as disease outbreaks, invasive species, and extreme weather events. Conservation helps build ecological resilience, ensuring that ecosystems adapt and thrive in the face of change.

Strategies for Conservation

Protected Areas Management: Establishing and effectively managing protected areas, such as wildlife reserves, national parks, and marine sanctuaries, to conserve biodiversity, protect habitats, and safeguard critical ecosystems from human disturbances and exploitation.
Habitat Restoration and Rehabilitation: Implementing habitat restoration projects to revive degraded ecosystems, restore natural habitats, and enhance biodiversity . This includes reforestation, wetland restoration, and efforts to rehabilitate degraded lands.
Sustainable Land Use Practices: Promoting sustainable land use practices, including sustainable agriculture, forestry, and fisheries management, to minimize habitat destruction, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss while ensuring the long-term productivity of natural resources.
Community-Based Conservation: By using participatory approaches to involve local communities in conservation efforts, they can be empowered to manage natural resources sustainably, promote traditional knowledge, and incentivize conservation through benefits-sharing mechanisms.
Policy and Legal Instruments: Developing and enforcing laws, regulations, and policies at local, national, and international levels to protect wildlife, habitats, and ecosystems, combat illegal wildlife trade, regulate land use, and promote sustainable resource management.
Education and Awareness: Raising public awareness and fostering environmental education initiatives to increase understanding of the value of nature, promote conservation behaviors, and empower individuals to contribute to conservation efforts in their daily lives.
Science and Research: Conduct scientific research to inform conservation decision-making, monitor biodiversity, assess the effectiveness of conservation interventions, and develop innovative solutions to conservation challenges, including genetic conservation and assisted reproductive technologies.
International Collaboration: Fostering collaboration and partnerships between governments, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, and local communities to address transboundary conservation challenges, share knowledge and best practices, and mobilize resources for conservation initiatives on a global scale.

Role of Individuals

Education and Awareness: Individuals can educate themselves and others about conservation issues, raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity, sustainable living, and the impacts of human activities on the environment.
Conservation Behaviors: Adopting environmentally friendly practices in daily life, such as reducing waste, recycling, using energy-efficient appliances, and supporting sustainable products, can help reduce the overall ecological footprint.
Support for Conservation Organizations: Individuals can support conservation organizations financially or through volunteering, helping to fund conservation projects, research, and advocacy efforts.
Advocacy and Policy Support: Individuals can advocate for stronger environmental policies and regulations at local, national, and international levels, supporting initiatives that promote conservation and sustainable development.
Participation in Citizen Science: Citizen science projects allow individuals to contribute valuable data to conservation research, monitor wildlife populations, track biodiversity, and identify environmental changes.
Community Engagement: Promoting conservation practices, supporting sustainable livelihoods, and enabling local communities to manage natural resources can positively impact conservation efforts.
Responsible Tourism: When traveling, individuals can choose eco-friendly accommodations, support local conservation projects, and respect local wildlife and habitats to minimize the negative impacts of tourism on the environment.
Lifestyle Choices: Adopting a more sustainable lifestyle, such as using public transportation, reducing meat consumption, and supporting sustainable agriculture, can help reduce resource consumption and mitigate environmental impacts.
Personal Advocacy: Speaking out about conservation issues, sharing information on social media, and encouraging others to take action can help amplify the message of conservation and inspire others to get involved.
Lifelong Learning: Continuously educating oneself about conservation issues, staying informed about new developments and solutions, and being open to changing behaviors based on new information is crucial for effective conservation action.

Conservation Initiatives

Global Conservation Agreements: International agreements and treaties, like the CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity), the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), are aimed at fostering worldwide collaboration towards conservation, establishing conservation objectives, and advancing sustainable development.
Protected Area Networks: Establishing and expanding networks of protected areas, including marine sanctuaries, wildlife reserves, and national parks, to conserve biodiversity, protect critical habitats, and provide safe havens for endangered species.
Species Recovery Programs: Implementing species recovery and reintroduction programs for endangered species, such as captive breeding, habitat restoration, and population monitoring, to prevent extinctions and restore populations to sustainable levels.
Corporate Conservation Initiatives: These initiatives encourage corporate responsibility through programs such as CSR (corporate social responsibility) programs, sustainable supply chain management, and conservation partnerships, which minimize environmental impacts and promote sustainable practices.
Conservation Finance: Mobilizing financial resources for conservation through mechanisms such as environmental funds, conservation easements, and payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes to incentivize conservation and sustainable land use practices.
Technology and Innovation: Harnessing technology and innovation for conservation purposes, including remote sensing, GPS tracking, and DNA analysis to monitor wildlife, map habitats, and detect environmental changes.
Education and Outreach: Conduct public awareness campaigns, educational programs, and community outreach activities to raise awareness about conservation issues, promote sustainable behaviors, and build public support for conservation efforts.
Research and Monitoring: Conducting scientific research, monitoring biodiversity, and assessing the effectiveness of conservation interventions to inform decision-making, improve conservation strategies, and track progress toward conservation goals.

Success Stories

Giant Panda Conservation (China): Conservation efforts, including habitat protection, captive breeding, and community engagement, have increased the giant panda population in China. The IUCN Red List reclassified the species from “Endangered” to “Vulnerable” in 2016.
California Condor Recovery (USA): The California condor population, critically endangered with only 27 individuals in the 1980s, has now exceeded 400 individuals due to a captive breeding program and habitat protection efforts.
Gorongosa National Park Restoration (Mozambique): Gorongosa National Park, once devastated by civil war, has recovered remarkably thanks to conservation efforts. The park’s wildlife populations have rebounded, and ecotourism has economically benefited local communities.
Bald Eagle Recovery (USA): Once on the verge of extinction due to habitat loss and DDT poisoning, the bald eagle has made a remarkable comeback. Conservation efforts, including habitat protection and banning DDT, have significantly increased the bald eagle population.
Vaquita Conservation (Mexico): The vaquita, the world’s most endangered marine mammal, has been the focus of conservation efforts in Mexico. Despite challenges, including illegal fishing practices, conservation efforts have led to increased enforcement measures and international cooperation to protect the vaquita’s habitat.
Turtle Conservation in Costa Rica: Conservation efforts in Costa Rica have protected nesting beaches and implemented sustainable fishing practices, resulting in increased turtle populations along the country’s coastlines.
Coral Reef Conservation (Various Locations): Conservation initiatives, including marine protected areas, coral reef restoration projects, and community-based conservation efforts, have led to the recovery of coral reefs in some regions, demonstrating the potential for conservation to restore marine ecosystems.
Wolf Recovery in Yellowstone National Park (USA): The reintroduction of wolves has positively impacted Yellowstone National Park’s ecosystem, helping to reduce elk overgrazing and establish a more balanced ecosystem.

Future Directions

Incorporating Climate Resilience: Given the increasing impacts of climate change on ecosystems, future conservation efforts must prioritize strategies that enhance natural systems’ resilience to climate-related stressors, such as habitat restoration, assisted species migration, and creating climate-smart protected areas.
Embracing Technology: Advancements in technology , such as remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and satellite monitoring, offer new opportunities for conservation monitoring, assessment, and decision-making. Future conservation efforts will increasingly rely on these tools to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and effectiveness.
Promoting Nature-Based Solutions: Nature-based solutions, such as ecosystem restoration, green infrastructure, and natural climate solutions, offer cost-effective approaches to addressing biodiversity loss and climate change. Future conservation efforts should prioritize implementing these nature-based solutions to achieve multiple benefits for people and nature.
Mainstreaming Biodiversity Across Sectors: To address the root causes of biodiversity loss, future conservation efforts must work towards mainstreaming biodiversity considerations across sectors such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, urban planning, and infrastructure development. This requires integrating biodiversity objectives into policies, plans, and decision-making processes at all levels.
Enhancing Collaboration and Partnerships: To tackle intricate conservation issues, it is imperative to foster cooperation and alliances among various entities such as governmental and non-governmental organizations, indigenous groups, local communities, businesses , and other stakeholders. Future conservation efforts should build inclusive, multi-stakeholder partnerships to leverage resources, share knowledge, and implement coordinated action.
Empowering Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities: To achieve successful conservation and sustainable development, it is crucial to acknowledge and honor the rights and traditional knowledge of Indigenous peoples and local communities. Future conservation efforts should prioritize the empowerment of indigenous peoples and local communities as key stewards of biodiversity and natural resources .
Investing in Conservation Finance: Securing adequate funding for conservation is essential for scaling up efforts and achieving conservation goals. To mobilize resources and incentivize conservation action, future conservation efforts should explore innovative financing mechanisms, such as impact investing, conservation finance bonds, and payments for ecosystem services.
Promoting Equity and Social Justice: Conservation efforts should prioritize equity, social justice , and inclusivity to ensure that all social groups benefit equally from conservation and bear the burdens equitably. Future conservation efforts should address social inequalities, empower marginalized communities, and promote environmental justice.

The conservation of nature is an urgent imperative for safeguarding the planet’s biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the well-being of present and future generations. By preserving habitats, protecting endangered species, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering global collaboration, we can mitigate the threats facing our natural world and build a more resilient and sustainable future. However, the task ahead requires collective action, innovation, and a commitment to equity and justice. With determination and concerted effort, we can ensure that our planet remains a thriving home for all life forms and that the beauty and diversity of nature endure for generations to come.

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Conserving Earth

Earth’s natural resources include air, water, soil, minerals, plants, and animals. Conservation is the practice of caring for these resources so all living things can benefit from them now and in the future.

Biology, Ecology, Earth Science, Geography, Geology, Conservation

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Earth ’s natural resources include air , water , soil , minerals , fuels , plants, and animals. Conservation is the practice of caring for these resources so all living things can benefit from them now and in the future. All the things we need to survive , such as food , water, air, and shelter , come from natural resources. Some of these resources, like small plants, can be replaced quickly after they are used. Others, like large trees, take a long time to replace. These are renewable resources . Other resources, such as fossil fuels , cannot be replaced at all. Once they are used up, they are gone f orever . These are nonrenewable resources . People often waste natural resources. Animals are overhunted . Forests are cleared, exposing land to wind and water damage. Fertile soil is exhausted and lost to erosion because of poor farming practices. Fuel supplies are depleted . Water and air are polluted . If resources are carelessly managed, many will be used up. If used wisely and efficiently , however, renewable resources will last much longer. Through conservation, people can reduce waste and manage natural resources wisely. The population of human beings has grown enormously in the past two centuries. Billions of people use up resources quickly as they eat food, build houses, produce goods, and burn fuel for transportation and electricity . The continuation of life as we know it depends on the careful use of natural resources. The need to conserve resources often conflicts with other needs. For some people, a wooded area may be a good place to put a farm. A timber company may want to harvest the area’s trees for construction materials. A business may want to build a factory or shopping mall on the land. All these needs are valid, but sometimes the plants and animals that live in the area are forgotten. The benefits of development need to be weighed against the harm to animals that may be forced to find new habitats , the depletion of resources we may want in the future (such as water or timber), or damage to resources we use today. Development and conservation can coexist in harmony. When we use the environment in ways that ensure we have resources for the future, it is called sustainable development . There are many different resources we need to conserve in order to live sustainably. Forests A forest is a large area covered with trees grouped so their foliage shades the ground. Every continent except Antarctica has forests, from the evergreen -filled boreal forests of the north to mangrove forests in tropical wetlands . Forests are home to more than two-thirds of all known land species . Tropical rainforests are especially rich in biodiversity . Forests provide habitats for animals and plants. They store carbon , helping reduce global warming . They protect soil by reducing runoff . They add nutrients to the soil through leaf litter . They provide people with lumber and firewood. Deforestation is the process of clearing away forests by cutting them down or burning them. People clear forests to use the wood, or to make way for farming or development. Each year, Earth loses about 14.6 million hectares (36 million acres) of forest to deforestation—an area about the size of the U.S. state of New York. Deforestation destroys wildlife habitats and increases soil erosion. It also releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere , contributing to global warming. Deforestation accounts for 15 percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation also harms the people who rely on forests for their survival, hunting and gathering, harvesting forest products, or using the timber for firewood. About half of all the forests on Earth are in the tropics —an area that circles the globe near the Equator . Although tropical forests cover fewer than 6 percent of the world’s land area, they are home to about 80 percent of the world’s documented species. For example, more than 500 different species of trees live in the forests on the small U.S. island of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea. Tropical forests give us many valuable products, including woods like mahogany and teak , rubber , fruits, nuts, and flowers. Many of the medicines we use today come from plants found only in tropical rainforests. These include quinine , a malaria drug; curare , an anesthetic used in surgery; and rosy periwinkle , which is used to treat certain types of cancer . Sustainable forestry practices are critical for ensuring we have these resources well into the future. One of these practices is leaving some trees to die and decay naturally in the forest. This “ deadwood ” builds up soil. Other sustainable forestry methods include using low-impact logging practices, harvesting with natural regeneration in mind, and avoiding certain logging techniques , such as removing all the high-value trees or all the largest trees from a forest. Trees can also be conserved if consumers recycle . People in China and Mexico, for example, reuse much of their wastepaper, including writing paper, wrapping paper, and cardboard. If half the world’s paper were recycled, much of the worldwide demand for new paper would be fulfilled, saving many of Earth’s trees. We can also replace some wood products with alternatives like bamboo , which is actually a type of grass. Soil Soil is vital to food production. We need high-quality soil to grow the crops that we eat and feed to livestock . Soil is also important to plants that grow in the wild. Many other types of conservation efforts, such as plant conservation and animal conservation, depend on soil conservation. Poor farming methods, such as repeatedly planting the same crop in the same place, called monoculture , deplete nutrients in the soil. Soil erosion by water and wind increases when farmers plow up and down hills. One soil conservation method is called contour strip cropping . Several crops, such as corn, wheat, and clover , are planted in alternating strips across a slope or across the path of the prevailing wind . Different crops, with different root systems and leaves, help slow erosion.

Harvesting all the trees from a large area, a practice called clearcutting , increases the chances of losing productive topsoil to wind and water erosion. Selective harvesting —the practice of removing individual trees or small groups of trees—leaves other trees standing to anchor the soil. Biodiversity Biodiversity is the variety of living things that populate Earth. The products and benefits we get from nature rely on biodiversity. We need a rich mixture of living things to provide foods, building materials, and medicines, as well as to maintain a clean and healthy landscape . When a species becomes extinct , it is lost to the world forever. Scientists estimate that the current rate of extinction is 1,000 times the natural rate. Through hunting, pollution , habitat destruction, and contribution to global warming, people are speeding up the loss of biodiversity at an alarming rate. It’s hard to know how many species are going extinct because the total number of species is unknown. Scientists discover thousands of new species every year. For example, after looking at just 19 trees in Panama, scientists found 1,200 different species of beetles—80 percent of them unknown to science at the time. Based on various estimates of the number of species on Earth, we could be losing anywhere from 200 to 100,000 species each year. We need to protect biodiversity to ensure we have plentiful and varied food sources. This is true even if we don’t eat a species threatened with extinction because something we do eat may depend on that species for survival. Some predators are useful for keeping the populations of other animals at manageable levels. The extinction of a major predator might mean there are more herbivores looking for food in people’s gardens and farms. Biodiversity is important for more than just food. For instance, we use between 50,000 to 70,000 plant species for medicines worldwide. The Great Barrier Reef , a coral reef off the coast of northeastern Australia, contributes about $6 billion to the nation’s economy through commercial fishing , tourism , and other recreational activities. If the coral reef dies, many of the fish, shellfish , marine mammals , and plants will die, too. Some governments have established parks and preserves to protect wildlife and their habitats. They are also working to abolish hunting and fishing practices that may cause the extinction of some species. Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are fuels produced from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They include coal , petroleum (oil), and natural gas . People rely on fossil fuels to power vehicles like cars and airplanes, to produce electricity, and to cook and provide heat. In addition, many of the products we use today are made from petroleum. These include plastics , synthetic rubber, fabrics like nylon , medicines, cosmetics , waxes, cleaning products, medical devices, and even bubblegum.

Fossil fuels formed over millions of years. Once we use them up, we cannot replace them. Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource. We need to conserve fossil fuels so we don’t run out. However, there are other good reasons to limit our fossil fuel use. These fuels pollute the air when they are burned. Burning fossil fuels also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Global warming is changing ecosystems . The oceans are becoming warmer and more acidic , which threatens sea life. Sea levels are rising, posing risks to coastal communities. Many areas are experiencing more droughts , while others suffer from flooding . Scientists are exploring alternatives to fossil fuels. They are trying to produce renewable biofuels to power cars and trucks. They are looking to produce electricity using the sun, wind, water, and geothermal energy — Earth’s natural heat. Everyone can help conserve fossil fuels by using them carefully. Turn off lights and other electronics when you are not using them. Purchase energy-efficient appliances and weatherproof your home. Walk, ride a bike, carpool , and use public transportation whenever possible. Minerals Earth’s supply of raw mineral resources is in danger. Many mineral deposits that have been located and mapped have been depleted. As the ores for minerals like aluminum and iron become harder to find and extract , their prices skyrocket . This makes tools and machinery more expensive to purchase and operate. Many mining methods, such as mountaintop removal mining (MTR) , devastate the environment. They destroy soil, plants, and animal habitats. Many mining methods also pollute water and air, as toxic chemicals leak into the surrounding ecosystem. Conservation efforts in areas like Chile and the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States often promote more sustainable mining methods. Less wasteful mining methods and the recycling of materials will help conserve mineral resources. In Japan, for example, car manufacturers recycle many raw materials used in making automobiles. In the United States, nearly one-third of the iron produced comes from recycled automobiles. Electronic devices present a big problem for conservation because technology changes so quickly. For example, consumers typically replace their cell phones every 18 months. Computers, televisions, and mp3 players are other products contributing to “ e-waste .” The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that Americans generated more than three million tons of e-waste in 2007. Electronic products contain minerals as well as petroleum-based plastics. Many of them also contain hazardous materials that can leach out of landfills into the soil and water supply. Many governments are passing laws requiring manufacturers to recycle used electronics. Recycling not only keeps materials out of landfills, but it also reduces the energy used to produce new products. For instance, recycling aluminum saves 90 percent of the energy that would be required to mine new aluminum.

Water Water is a renewable resource. We will not run out of water the way we might run out of fossil fuels. The amount of water on Earth always remains the same. However, most of the planet’s water is unavailable for human use. While more than 70 percent of Earth’s surface is covered by water, only 2.5 percent of it is freshwater . Out of that freshwater, almost 70 percent is permanently frozen in the ice caps covering Antarctica and Greenland. Only about 1 percent of the freshwater on Earth is available for people to use for drinking, bathing, and irrigating crops. People in many regions of the world suffer water shortages . These are caused by depletion of underground water sources known as aquifers , a lack of rainfall due to drought, or pollution of water supplies. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2.6 billion people lack adequate water sanitation . More than five million people die each year from diseases caused by using polluted water for drinking, cooking, or washing. About one-third of Earth’s population lives in areas that are experiencing water stress . Most of these areas are in developing countries. Polluted water hurts the environment as well as people. For instance, agricultural runoff—the water that runs off of farmland—can contain fertilizers and pesticides . When this water gets into streams , rivers , and oceans, it can harm the organisms that live in or drink from those water sources. People can conserve and protect water supplies in many ways. Individuals can limit water use by fixing leaky faucets, taking shorter showers, planting drought-resistant plants, and buying low-water-use appliances. Governments, businesses, and nonprofit organizations can help developing countries build sanitation facilities. Farmers can change some of their practices to reduce polluted runoff. This includes limiting overgrazing , avoiding over-irrigation, and using alternatives to chemical pesticides whenever possible. Conservation Groups Businesses, international organizations , and some governments are involved in conservation efforts. The United Nations (UN) encourages the creation of national parks around the world. The UN also established World Water Day, an event to raise awareness and promote water conservation. Governments enact laws defining how land should be used and which areas should be set aside as parks and wildlife preserves. Governments also enforce laws designed to protect the environment from pollution, such as requiring factories to install pollution-control devices. Finally, governments often provide incentives for conserving resources, using clean technologies, and recycling used goods. Many international organizations are dedicated to conservation. Members support causes such as saving rain forests, protecting threatened animals, and cleaning up the air. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an alliance of governments and private groups founded in 1948. The IUCN works to protect wildlife and habitats. In 1980, the group proposed a world conservation strategy . Many governments have used the IUCN model to develop their own conservation plans. In addition, the IUCN monitors the status of endangered wildlife, threatened national parks and preserves, and other environments around the world. Zoos and botanical gardens also work to protect wildlife. Many zoos raise and breed endangered animals to increase their populations. They conduct research and help educate the public about endangered species . For instance, the San Diego Zoo in the U.S. state of California runs a variety of research programs on topics ranging from disease control in amphibians to heart-healthy diets for gorillas. Scientists at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in London, England, work to protect plant life around the world. Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank , for example, works with partners in 54 countries to protect biodiversity through seed collection. Kew researchers are also exploring how DNA technology can help restore damaged habitats. Individuals can do many things to help conserve resources. Turning off lights, repairing leaky faucets, and recycling paper, aluminum cans, glass, and plastic are just a few examples. Riding bikes, walking, carpooling, and using public transportation all help conserve fuel and reduce the amount of pollutants released into the environment. Individuals can plant trees to create homes for birds and squirrels. At grocery stores, people can bring their own reusable bags. And people can carry reusable water bottles and coffee mugs rather than using disposable containers. If each of us would conserve in small ways, the result would be a major conservation effort.

Tree Huggers The Chipko Movement, which is dedicated to saving trees, was started by villagers in Uttar Pradesh, India. Chipko means hold fast or embrace. The villagers flung their arms around trees to keep loggers from cutting them down. The villagers won, and Uttar Pradesh banned the felling of trees in the Himalayan foothills. The movement has since expanded to other parts of India.

Thirsty Food People require about 2 to 4 liters of drinking water each day. However, a day's worth of food requires 2,000 to 5,000 liters of water to produce. It takes more water to produce meat than to produce plant-based foods.

Tiger, Tiger Tigers are dangerous animals, but they have more to fear from us than we have to fear from them. Today there are only about 3,200 tigers living in the wild. Three tiger subspecies the Bali, Caspian, and Javan tigers have gone extinct in the past century. Many organizations are working hard to protect the remaining tigers from illegal hunting and habitat loss.

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Conservation of Forest Essay

Forests are integral to the environment—they provide us with air, water and food; they help protect against floods and other natural disasters. But forests are also under threat—from illegal logging, agricultural expansion, and deforestation. We must take steps to conserve our forests if we hope to avoid the consequences of their destruction. Here are a few sample essays on ‘conservation of forest’.

100 Words Essay On Forest Conservation

200 words essay on forest conservation, 500 words essay on forest conservation, factors responsible deforestation.

Forests are one of the most important natural resources on the planet. They provide us with food, fuel, and shelter, as well as many other products that we use in our everyday lives. Forests also play a vital role in regulating the Earth’s climate and maintaining biodiversity. Despite all of these benefits, forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate. According to the World Wildlife Fund, forest cover has decreased from 30% of the world’s land surface in 1950 to just 6% today. The main cause of this loss is deforestation, which is often done to clear land for agriculture or other development projects.

The loss of forests has serious consequences for both people and the environment. For example, forests help regulate global temperatures by absorbing carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) from the atmosphere. As more forests are lost, there is less vegetation to absorb this gas, leading to an increase in atmospheric CO2 levels and a corresponding rise in global temperatures. This climate change can have devastating effects on ecosystems and human societies around the world.

Many species find their natural home in the forest. This habitat must be protected because it provides animals with a safe haven where they can find food, water, and shelter while avoiding danger. Additionally, woods support a stable temperature and give food to animals that dwell in them or rely on them for survival.

There are many different species on the planet, and it is our duty to protect them. While some animals are endangered and in risk of extinction, others require conservation. The planet will be better off the more we can do to help these animals. It is essential to conserve our species and the environment because the Earth's resources are running out. Many individuals are ignorant of the several advantages of wildlife conservation for society. It also aids the environment by lowering pollution and safeguarding endangered species.

Forests are essential for the sustenance of life on this planet. They provide us with air and water, remove carbon dioxide, shield us from natural calamities, and shelter a large number of our wild creatures. Unfortunately, forests are disappearing from the planet. We will lose them forever if we do nothing now.

Climate change is both a cause and a result of the ongoing degradation of our forests. This damages the habitat of many plant and animal species that are unable to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The ecosystem must be protected for future generations, and we must all do our share to protect it.

There are various factors responsible for the destruction of forests. Some of the important factors are as follows:

Population Pressure | Population growth is one of the important factors responsible for the destruction of forests. With the increase in population, there is an increasing demand for forest resources like timber, fuelwood, etc. This has led to the large-scale cutting of trees and the destruction of forests.

Agricultural expansion | Agricultural expansion is another major factor responsible for the destruction of forests. In order to expand agricultural land, people clear forests and convert them into fields. This leads to large-scale deforestation and loss of forests.

Grazing | Grazing is one of the important reasons for the degradation of forests. When livestock graze in a forested area, they damage vegetation and soil structure, leading to soil erosion and loss of fertility. This eventually leads to the loss of forest cover.

Mining | Mining is another major factor responsible for forest destruction. Mining activities lead to deforestation as well as soil and water pollution, which damages the environment and destroys forests.

Industrialization | Industrialization is another significant factor that contributes to Forest destruction. The establishment of industries requires a large amount of land, which results in deforestation. Additionally, industries release harmful pollutants into the air and water, which pollute the environment and destroy forests

How We Can Help

It is essential that we take steps to protect our remaining forests and prevent further deforestation. Here is how we can protect our forests—

One way to do this is through forest conservation, which is the practice of protecting forested areas and managing them in a sustainable way. Conservation efforts can include creating protected areas, such as national parks, or working with local communities to promote sustainable forestry practices.

One of the most important ways we can conserve forests is by using less paper. We can do this by recycling the paper we use, using both sides of the paper when we print or copy, and avoiding excessive printing.

In addition to using less paper, we can also help conserve forests by using products made from recycled paper or from sustainably grown trees. When we buy products made from recycled paper, we are helping to create a market for this type of paper, which encourages manufacturers to use more recycled content. Similarly, when we choose products made from sustainably grown trees, we are supporting forestry practices that help protect our forests.

Finally, we can also help conserve forests simply by enjoying them. Getting out into nature and appreciating the beauty of the forest helps us to value these ecosystems and motivates us to work towards their protection.

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Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Biodiversity — Conservation Imperative: The Urgent Need to Save Endangered Species

Conservation Imperative: The Urgent Need to Save Endangered Species

Categories: Biodiversity Invasive Species

About this sample

Words: 722 |

Published: Jun 6, 2024

Words: 722 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Introduction, body paragraph 1: the importance of biodiversity and endangered species, body paragraph 2: causes of species endangerment, body paragraph 3: strategies for conservation.

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Conservation of Natural Resources Essay

Essay On Conservation of Natural Resource

Natural resources are the resources that occur naturally on Earth. It is an indispensable part of our lives. Natural resources consist of air, water, sunlight, coal, petroleum, natural gas, fossil fuels, oil, etc. However, humans have exploited these resources for their economic gains. Over usage of natural resources has caused depletion resulting in a huge impending threat to the existence of the human race. Conservation of nature means taking care and protecting these resources like forests, water bodies, natural gases, minerals, and fuels so that they continue to be available in abundance.

Long Essay On Conservation of Natural Resource

Conservation of nature means taking care and protecting these resources like forests, water bodies, natural gases, minerals, and fuels so that they continue to be available in abundance. Conservation refers to saving the resources for the use of the upcoming generation. There are enough natural resources which nature has provided to us. It is our duty to save them for our successors. For saving these natural resources we have to gain enough knowledge about that and should work in that direction.

Natural resources are categorized into renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources can be replenished naturally. These include air, water, and sunlight. Non-renewable resources consist of coal, natural gas, and oil. These resources cannot be replenished by natural resources easily to keep up with consumption. It takes hundreds of years to recycle these resources. The usage of natural resources has been pivotal for the evolution of mankind. But his progress and development have led to the exploitation of these natural resources. This demands a responsible behavior of conserving the resources to ensure sustainability .If we do not use these resources judiciously then it can create an imbalance in the environment. Global warming, floods, climate change, famine, and drought are some of the consequences we will have to face in the future. So, conservation of natural resources has become the need of the hour.

Water is the most important and valuable natural resource on Earth. It sustains all life. We use water for drinking, generating electricity, in agriculture for irrigation of crops, in many industries for manufacturing processes. Scarcity of water would cause loss of vegetation and to all plant life, erosion of soil. Forests determine natural vegetation for mankind. It is the major natural resource that helps in economic development. Their use in fuel, timber, and industrial raw material cannot be undermined. Moreover, forests help in the control of soil erosion and control floods

Fossil fuel is the most important natural commodity for everyday activities. Coal, oil, and natural gas produce a lot of energy. Governments and agencies of various countries are employing different measures to conserve nature. Children should be educated about the implications of the exploitation of the environment. Recycling and reusing of water will help reduce the rate of depletion of freshwater from the planet. Farmers must use modern techniques in agriculture like sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, dry farming, and rotational grazing, to save water. They should start the practice of rainwater harvesting. Conservation of natural resources is the need of the present and it is our duty to conserve them.

Alternative resources or renewable resources like solar energy or water energy should be used. Saving electricity can be a step to conserve natural resources such as water, coal, natural gases, and biomass. Basic practices like switching off fans, lights, geysers, and air conditioners must become a habit. The use of solar-powered lights and cars, using public transport, and regular car-pooling will reduce the depletion of coal, oil, and gas. Increase the use of biogas and biofuels. Paper is made from wood, which is a renewable natural source. Trees are being cut at a very high speed but take time to grow. To reduce the usage of paper, modern technology must be used. This will help in reducing the carbon footprint in the atmosphere. We must plant more and more trees to prevent deforestation.

Dumping of industrial wastes into water bodies must be prevented to protect marine life. The practice of crop rotation techniques can be implemented to increase soil fertility. Burning fossil fuel emits a large amount of carbon dioxide that is responsible for the greenhouse effect. This must be controlled. It is important to realize that natural resources are limited and it is our social responsibility to protect and take care of nature. We need to rationally use these natural resources to maintain the environment and secure our future. Farmers must use modern techniques in agriculture like sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, dry farming, and rotational grazing, to save water. They should start the practice of rainwater harvesting.

What is Biodiversity Conservation?

Biodiversity refers generally to the richness of organisms. It can be defined as the variability of the species in a particular area. The conservation of biodiversity is essential for the balance of nature. We can divide conservation into two types based on their site of conservation.

These types are :

In situ Conservation

Ex-situ conservation

There are different types of conservation in environmental science. These are classified under two categories which are mentioned here. In- situ is generally a Latin word. In means inside and ex means outside. In situ is a type of conservation in which we conserve any of the species in its home itself. While ex situ refers to the type of conservation in which we conserve any of the species out of its residence.

In-Situ Conservation

In in-situ conservation, we conserve any of the particular species in their natural habitat. It can also be called on-site conservation of genetic resources. It has various advantages over ex-situ conservation. It does not require any advanced technology for conservation. As we are storing any of the species into its natural habitat, it is also cost-effective. Moreover, scientific research is also possible in an in-situ environment. It is also easily adaptable. Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are some examples of in-situ conservation.

Ex-Situ Conservation

Ex-situ conservation is when we conserve any of the species out of the site of his residence. In other terms, it is the mode of conservation in which we conserve any particular species out of its habitat. It helps to rescue the threatened species. In an ex-situ conservation, we can send a particular species to that area where proper natural resources are available for its conservation. Zoo, aquarium, zoological gardens, and botanical gardens are some examples of ex-situ conservation.

The advantages of ex-situ conversions is that it is an efficient way to increase the reproduction of threatened species and requires low maintenance.

Conservation of natural resources is the need of the future generation. It is our duty to conserve them for the future. Conservation of biodiversity is the most essential for the upcoming generations. It is important to conserve natural resources to maintain the ecosystem and sustainability of these resources for our future generation. Sustainable development is a theory which states that we should use our resources in such a way that it can also be conserved for our successors.

FAQs on Conservation of Natural Resources Essay

1. What are the types of Natural Resources?

There are two types of natural resources - Renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable sources of energy are those which are inexhaustible in nature and keep producing more and more. Renewable sources of energy are present in nature with enough concentration . Other than renewable resources, non renewable sources of energy are present in limited quantities in nature and can end up due to their overuse.

2. Why is it important to conserve natural resources?

It is important to conserve natural resources to maintain the ecosystem and sustainability of these resources for our future generation. The concept of sustainable development is that we use our resources taking care of future generations. Using the resources in a sustainable manner can conserve the resources for our upcoming generations. For ecological balance , it is necessary that we keep balance in the nature of resources. As the natural resources are present in nature in limited quantities, their conservation is necessary.

3. How do we reduce the consumption of fuel?

Use of solar powered cars, public transport, car-pooling, maintenance of vehicles periodically can reduce the consumption of fuel. We can also try non- conventional sources of energy. For example, we can produce electricity by hydropower plants and wind energy plants. Using non conventional sources of energy will reduce our dependence on fossil- fuels. Now, most of the countries are committing zero carbon emission and so implementation of new techniques for energy production becomes necessary in today's world.

4. What modern techniques should farmers adopt to save water?

To save water, farmers should practice modern techniques like sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, rotational grazing, dry farming and rain water harvesting. These techniques not only reduce the water consumption but also are more effective for farming. Water harvesting is also one of the most effective techniques for saving water. It also fulfills our goal to attain sustainable development. Especially, in the areas of water shortage, water harvesting techniques can be very useful for farmers to grow the crop of their choice.

5. What are differences between in-situ and ex-situ conservation ?

In - situ conservation refers to the conservation of various species inside their own natural habitat. While , ex situ conservation involves the conservation of species outside of their habitat. In situ conservation requires less technological advancements and is more effective in increasing population of species. While, ex situ conservation involves less maintenance. Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are examples of in-situ conservation, while aquarium and zoological parks are examples of ex-situ conservation.

You can read on various topics about environmental science on Vedantu platform and also can download PDF.

Essay On Nature And Its Conservation

Essay On Nature And Its Conservation- The word NATURE has a very vast meaning in it. The goal of life is to live in agreement with nature. Everything in nature invites us constantly to be what we are.

Nature is an amazing blessing from God. It helps us sustain our lives. So it is our duty to protect it from transforming from its real definition. We need to leave the practices of selfish activities so that our future generations can live well.

Short Essay On Nature | 250 Words

Introduction.

We all are surrounded by Nature. Whatever we see around us like trees, animals, sun, moon, landscapes, etc. are parts of nature. It is said that things that are not made by humans are parts of nature. But What things are made by humans?

It is nothing. Humans only modified natural things and gave them a new shape. So Eventually, everything we see, feel, and experience is Nature. Nature is an amazing blessing from God.

Why is nature important?

First of all, nature has provided us with a suitable environment for living comfortably. It also sustains every living organism. Nature has created a balanced ecosystem that makes everything interdependent on each other.

Also, it has catered for every living being on earth with exact needs. For example, some trees can grow in the coldest environment and others can grow underwater.

From a germ to the largest animal whale is given a suitable environment by Nature. Is not it amazing? If we talk about humans, they are totally dependent on nature to execute their needs be it shelter, food or protection.

The conservation of nature

We, humans, have damaged nature at a great level. But it is time to press the restore button. The most important step is to stop deforestation which creates an imbalance in the ecosystem. Pollution is another challenge to face. Different types of pollution need to be stopped at all levels.

If we adopt some sort of handy solutions we can make a difference. We should use public transport to cut down a share of increasing pollution . The government must also create some rules and regulations to control the current situation. Awareness can be proved as a very powerful tool to conserve nature.

In conclusion, nature is an essential part of our lives. It helps us sustain our lives. So it is our duty to protect it from transforming from its real definition. We need to leave the practices of selfish activities so that our future generations can live well.

Long Essay On Nature | 500 Words

The word NATURE has a very vast meaning within it. The goal of life is to live in agreement with nature. It is an integral and vital part of living organisms. Nature is nothing but everything we are surrounded by like the air we inhale, the water we drink, the sun, the moon, the landscapes and the list goes to infinity.

Everything in nature invites us constantly to be what we are. Nature nurtures and nourishes us. It fulfils all the basic needs of living beings. It sustains life and maintains a balance in the environmental ecosystem. In fact, Nature is the best gift from God to us.

Importance of nature

Nature that is in front of us today have been developed 4.5 billion years ago. from the first living being developed, it offered us protection against every kind of damage and harm.

Our survival is impossible without the support of nature. If nature can nourish us, it also can bring the greatest destruction to mankind.

Each and every element of nature like water, trees, animals, moon and son etc are equally significant to us. If one of them goes absent, life on earth will undergo difficulties. Our breath, our health and our life are fully dependent on nature. Nature has designed the environment according to our needs.

Gifts of nature

Nature has blessed us with a lot of gifts. All our basic needs like air, water, food, and shelter are provided by Nature. Crops and trees help us in the form of fruits, veggies, medicines and wood. The sun is the greatest source of energy that illuminates the earth and so our lives.

To cover our bodies and protect against adverse effects of weather, we get from nature. The beautiful home we live in is made from natural resources. The list is so long that words will run out of the dictionary. In fact, Nature itself is a gift to us.

Beauty of nature

Nature is intelligent enough to sustain a balance in the environment. Nature’s intelligence is very complex to understand. Even scientists are wordless to explain how nature has systematized everything in the universe. Every element of nature is exceptionally beautiful. The greenery of green lands can mesmerize anyone in seconds.

The view of different types of landscapes looks extremely beautiful. The rainy season decorates the earth even more. The symmetry of butterflies, the spark of a firefly, the formation of the rainbow, the dance of the peacock, the copying attitude of monkeys etc. explains how beautiful nature is. The description of Nature is endless.

Nature conservation

For the sake of money, we have exploited nature very much. As result, we are putting ourselves in danger. We need to conserve nature and let it do its work. Nature’s first function is to make a balance in the environment but gets disturbed when we cut down trees in bulk. Deforestation needs to be stopped as soon as possible.

Different types of pollution are damaging nature’s real worth. We need to control every type of pollution. Furthermore, we need to take care of every form of nature equally because they hold equal significance. Individuals and the government should do their duties for the conservation of nature.

Final Words (Conclusion)

To sum it up, Everything we see around us is a form of nature. It is a real supporter of life. But we are not aware of its real value. It is time to understand the importance of nature and conserve it. If we want to assume life on earth for a long time, we need to protect it.

What is Nature in simple words?

Words nature or natural is used for the things that are not made by humans and they can not be made by humans. For example, Sun, Moon, Trees, Mountains, Animals, germs, etc. are natural things.

How to conserve nature?

To conserve nature, we need to stop environmental issues like pollution, deforestation etc.

How to write a short essay on Nature?

Follow some steps 1. Write an engaging introduction 2. Think about some subheadings 3. Arrange the subheading in a proper way 4. Write engaging content under subheadings 5. Give a finishing touch in the Conclusion. That’s all your Essay on nature is done!

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Essay on Conservation of Nature for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Conservation of Nature refers to the preservation of resources that are produced naturally. These include water, sunlight, atmosphere, minerals, land, vegetation and animals. Many of these resources are depleting at a rapid pace due to over utilization. The importance of conservation of nature must be understood and steps must be taken to ensure the ecological balance.

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Target Exam ---

Conservation of nature implies the conservation of resources that are formed naturally, without any human intervention. The importance of conservation of natural resources has been stressed upon often enough as it is essential for maintaining a balanced environment on earth. Here are essays of varying lengths on the topic to help you with it in your exam.

Long and Short Essay on Conservation of Nature in English

Conservation of Nature Essay 1 (200 words)

Conservation of nature is basically the conservation of resources such as air, water, sunlight, land, vegetation, animal life and minerals. All these resources are obtained from nature without any interference from the mankind. These resources are further employed to produce various things that make the lives of human beings as well as other living beings comfortable.

Natural resources are broadly categorized into renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources are the ones that replenish naturally. These include air, water and sunlight. The use of these resources is encouraged over the non-renewable resources as the latter do not replenish and are fast depleting.

Conservation of nature is an issue that must be taken seriously. While the governments of different countries are employing various means to conserve nature, individuals must also come forward to contribute their bit in this direction.

Some of the ways in which the common man can help in the conservation of nature is by planting trees, restricting the use of paper, stopping wastage of water and electricity, stopping ill practices such as hunting of animals, and employing rain water harvesting systems. It does not take much to put the above mentioned ideas to practice. However, if each one of us contributes our bit to it, the difference it will bring about would be tremendous.

Conservation of Nature Essay 2 (300 words)

Introduction.

Nature fulfils our basic requirement to live by providing us air, water, land, sunlight and plants. These resources are further used to manufacture various things that make life more convenient and comfortable for the human beings. Unfortunately, man has grown so engrossed in over-utilizing these resources to invent newer things that he has almost forgotten the importance of conserving them. As a result, many of these resources are depleting at a fast pace and if it continues this way then the survival of human beings as well as other living beings on Earth would become very difficult.

What Conservation of Nature Means

Conservation of nature means the preservation of forests, land, water bodies and conservation of resources such as minerals, fuels, natural gases, etc to ensure that all these continue to be available in abundance. There are many ways in which the common man can help in the conservation of nature. Here are some of those that can be done easily and can make a huge difference:

Restrict Usage of Water

Water must be used wisely else that day wouldn’t be far when we will have to pay a huge price for it. Turn off the tap while brushing your teeth, limit the number of showers, use the waste RO water to water the plants or clean the house so as to ensure wise usage of water.

Limit Usage of Electricity

Limiting the usage of electricity is also essential for the conservation of nature. Simple things such as turning off the electric appliances when they are not in use and switching to energy saving lights, such as LED lights, to save electricity can help in this direction.

Plant Trees and Grow Vegetables

It advised to plant as many trees as possible to make up for those that cut each day. Also grow vegetables at home to restrict the usage of chemical fertilizers used in professional farming.

Besides these, people can do their bit by limiting the usage of paper, employing rain water harvesting system, restricting usage of cars and lastly by spreading awareness about the conservation of nature.

To keep earth in its serene and pristine form, it is very essential to conserve nature and its resources in their present form, maintaining both quality and quantity. “Conservation of Nature” relates to not just conserving one or two elements of nature, but all the elements – water, soil, forests, flora & fauna, oceans, air, plants, insects, birds, etc, which together constitute nature or our natural habitat. In the preceding essay we have gone through some of the methods for conserving nature, which indeed will help us in achieving the goal of nature conservation.

Conservation of Nature Essay 3 (400 words)

Nature has given us several gifts such as air, water, land, sunlight, minerals, plants and animals. All these gifts of nature make our planet a place worth living. Survival on Earth would not be possible without any of these. Now, while these natural resources are present on Earth in abundance, unfortunately the requirement of most of these has increased tremendously over the centuries due to growth in human population.

How to Conserve Nature and Its Resources

Many of the natural resources are being consumed at a far greater speed as compared to their rate of production. There is thus a need for conservation of nature and the natural resources it offers. Here is a look at some of the ways in which these resources can be conserved:

Reduce Water Consumption

Water is available in abundance on Earth and this is one of the reasons people do not think much before using it. However, if we continue to use it at this pace we may not be left with as much of it in the future. Simple things such as turning the tap off while brushing, using washing machine only when its tub is full, using the left over water in the bottles to water the plants, etc can help in this direction.

Reduce Usage of Electricity

Energy saved energy produced. It thus suggested to restrict the usage of electricity. Simple practices such as turning off the lights before leaving your room, turning off the electric appliances after use and switching to energy saving fluorescent or LED bulbs can make a difference.

Restrict Usage of Paper

Paper made from trees. Using more paper means encouraging deforestation which is one of the main causes of concern in today’s time. Make sure you use only as much paper as required. Stop taking print outs and use e-copies instead to do your bit.

Use Newer Agricultural Methods

The government must teach methods such as mixed cropping, crop rotation and appropriate use of pesticides, insecticides, manures, bio fertilizers and organic fertilizers to the farmers.

Spread Awareness

Spreading awareness about the conservation of nature and the methods to used for the same is very important. It can achieved only when more and more people understand its importance and the ways in which they can help.

Apart from this, it is important to plant more and more tress, contribute towards lowering the air pollution by using shared transport and employing rain water harvesting systems to conserve nature.

Nature consists of everything that surrounds us which also not human made. The trees, forests, rivers, rivulets, soil, air all are part of nature. Keeping the nature and its resources intact is very essential for the continuation of life on earth. It would be hard to imagine life on earth, which has a damaged natural environment. Therefore, taking appropriate steps to conserve nature in its pristine form must remain a priority for the human race. Only humans bestowed with power and ability to help save the nature in its purest forms.

Conservation of Nature Essay 4 (500 words)

Conservation of nature refers to the conservation of all those resources that formed naturally without any kind of help from the human beings. These include water, air, sunlight, land, forests, minerals, plants as well as animals. Together, all these natural resources make life worth living on Earth. Life would not be possible without air, water, sunlight as well as other natural resources present on the planet. It is thus essential to conserve these resources in order to keep the environment intact. Here is a look at the kind of natural resources present on Earth and the ways to conserve these:

Types of Natural Resources

Renewable Resources : These are resources such as air, water and sunlight that replenish naturally.
Non-Renewable Resources: These are resources like fossil fuels and minerals that do not replenish or form very slowly.
Biotic: These come from living beings and organic material like plants and animals.
Abiotic: These derived from non-living things and non-organic material. These include air, water and land as well as metals like iron, copper and silver.

Natural resources also divided into categories such as actual resources, reserve resources, stock resources and potential resources based on their development stage.

Methods for Conservation of Nature

Conservation of nature is a subject that requires serious attention. Most of the resources of nature are depleting at a fast rate. This is because the demand of these resources is high while the rate of their formation is low. However, it needs to understood that nature has given us abundance of all that we require. We require using the available natural resources wisely and must employ the below mentioned methods to conserve these:

Limit Usage

Water and electricity two things that wasted the most. It is essential to understand the importance of saving both these. Use only as much water as you require. Same goes for electricity. Use the electric appliances wisely and turn them off when they are not in use. Similarly, the use of other resources such as paper, petroleum and gases must also restricted.

There are a lot of things such as paper, cardboard, metal, tin, aluminium foil, glass bottles, plastic containers as well as water that can recycled and reused. The government is using methods to pick these things from the waste to recycle them. You can also do your bit by employing rain water harvesting system to reuse water.

Replenish Nature

Plant more and more trees to make up for those that cut for manufacturing paper, furniture and other items made of wood. Also ensure cleanliness around your area. Do not throw waste products in water bodies and elsewhere.

Lastly, spread as much awareness as you can about the importance of conservation of nature.

The consumption of natural resources has far exceeded their production. It is the duty of each one of us to stop wasting these gifts of nature and start using them wisely so as to maintain ecological balance on Earth. The aforementioned methods should help in this direction.

Conservation of Nature Essay 5 (600 words)

Conservation of nature is basically the conservation of all those resources that nature has gifted to the mankind. These include minerals, water bodies, land, sunlight and atmosphere. It also includes the preservation of flora and fauna. All these help in creating a balanced environment that it fit for the survival of human beings as well as other living organisms on Earth. Conservation of nature is thus vital.

Natural resources have categorized based on their characteristics. Here is a look at this classification, the ways employed to conserve each of these and the related concerns.

Classification of Natural Resources

Natural resources are broadly classified based on their capacity to renew, source of origin and stage of development. These further divided into sub categories. Read on to learn about these in detail:

Certain resources are renewable while others are non-renewable. Here is a detailed look at both these categories:

Renewable Resources: These are the resources that replenish naturally. Some of these include air, water, land and sunlight.
Non-Renewable Resources: These resources either form at a very slow speed or do not form naturally. Minerals and fossil fuels are some of the examples of this category.

Based on their origin, natural resources divided into two types:

Abiotic : These are those resources that come from non living things and non organic material. Few examples of this type of natural resources include water, air, land and metals such as iron, copper, gold and silver.
Biotic : These resources derived from living beings and organic material such as plants and animals. This category also includes fossil fuels as they obtained from decayed organic matter.

On the basis of their stage of development, natural resources categorized in the following way:

Actual Resources: The development of these resources is dependent on the availability of technology and the cost involved. These used in the present times.
Reserve Resources: That part of the actual resource that can successfully developed and used in future is known as reserve resource.
Potential Resources: These are the resources that exist in certain region but require some work before they can actually be put to work.
Stock Resources : These are those resources that surveyed but cannot put to use because of lack of technology.

Whether renewable or non renewable, biotic or non-biotic, the resources of nature must conserved. Here are some of the methods that the government and individuals should employ for conservation of nature:

Over utilization of natural resources must stopped. The available resources must used wisely without any wastage.
Hunting of wild animals must stopped for the preservation of wild life.
Farmers must taught the method of mixed cropping, use of fertilizers, insecticide, pesticide, and crop rotation. The use of manures, organic fertilizers and biofertilizers should encouraged.
Deforestation should controlled.
Rain water harvesting systems should installed.
The use of renewable resources such as solar, hydro and wind power must encouraged.
Water must recycled for using in agricultural processes.
Car-pooling is a good way to bring down the consumption of fossil fuels.
Restrict the use of paper and encourage recycling it.
Save electricity by replacing old light bulbs with energy saving fluorescent bulbs. Also, turn off the light and electronic items when you do not require them.

Conservation of nature is important to ensure a balanced environment. However, sadly enough many natural resources are depleting at a fast rate. Each one must contribute his/ her bit towards conservation of nature by employing the above mentioned methods.

Others Informative Resources

Conservation of Nature Essay

Conservation of nature is related to the conservation of natural resources. These mainly include water, sunlight, atmosphere, minerals, land, vegetation and animals. Some of these resources are being over-utilised, due to which they are getting reduced at a faster rate. We should understand the importance of conserving nature and take concrete steps to ensure ecological balance. Conservation of nature refers to the conservation of naturally occurring resources without any human intervention.

Table of Contents

Short and Long Essay on Conservation of Nature in English

Essay 1 (300 words).

Nature fulfills our basic needs by providing us with water, land, sunlight and trees and plants. These resources can be used to manufacture various things which certainly make human life more convenient and comfortable.

Unfortunately, man has become so engrossed in inventing new things instead of using these resources that he has almost forgotten the importance of preserving them. As a result, many of these resources are depleting at a rapid rate and if this continues, the existence of humans as well as other living organisms on the earth will be in trouble.

Conservation of nature means protection of forests, land, water bodies and conservation of natural resources is the protection of resources like minerals, fuels, natural gases so as to ensure that all these are available in abundance for human use. . There are many ways in which common man can help in the conservation of nature. Here a detailed description of some such ways can be of great benefit to human life:-

limited use of water

Water should be used wisely. If water is not used properly then the day is not far when we will have to yearn for even a little water. Water can be used properly in many ways like turning off the running water while brushing your teeth, bathing with bucket water instead of fountain, using RO waste water to plants or using it to clean the house. By doing so that the water does not spoil in excess.

limited use of electricity

It is also necessary to limit the use of electricity for the conservation of nature. We can save electricity in many ways such as by turning off the electrical equipment especially when they are not in use or by using such bulb or tube light which consumes the least amount of electricity, for example LED light.

By growing more and more trees and vegetables

Plant as many trees as possible, only then the trees that are being cut every day will be compensated. Try growing vegetables at home to restrict the use of chemical fertilizers used in professional farming. Apart from this people can make their valuable contribution by limiting the use of paper, employing rainwater harvesting system, limiting the use of cars and spreading awareness about conservation of nature.

Essay 2 (400 words)

Nature has given us many gifts like air, water, land, sunlight, minerals, plants and animals. All these gifts of nature make our planet a habitable place. Without any of these the existence of human life on earth would not be possible. Now, while these natural resources exist in abundance on Earth, unfortunately the need for most of them has increased over the centuries due to the increase in human population.

Many of these natural resources are being used at a faster rate while their production capacity is less. Thus there is a need to conserve nature and save the natural resources provided by nature. Here is a detailed look at some of the ways in which these resources can be conserved:-

reducing water consumption

Water is available in abundance on earth, so people do not consider it necessary to pay much attention to its decreasing quantity before using it. If we keep using water at this fast pace, then surely we may have to face serious consequences in future. To save water, we can use some simple things like turning off the tap during brushing, using the water in the washing machine according to the amount of clothes and giving the remaining water to the plants.

by reducing the use of electricity

Electricity can be made only by saving electricity. That is why it is suggested to have limited use of electricity. Just taking care such as turning off the lights before leaving your room, turning off electrical appliances after use, and using fluorescent or LED bulbs as much as possible can be an important step in saving electricity.

using limited paper

Paper is made from trees. Using more paper means encouraging deforestation which is a matter of concern in today’s time. We need to make sure that we use only as much paper as is required. Taking print out and using e-copy has to be stopped.

use new farming practices

The government should teach the farmers to use mixed cropping, crop rotation and proper use of pesticides, fertilisers, biofertilizers and organic manures.

spread awareness

It is very important to spread awareness about the conservation of nature and adopt the right method of the method used for this. This goal can be achieved only when more and more people understand its importance and help in whatever way they can.

Apart from this, it is also very important to plant more and more trees. People can contribute towards reducing air pollution by using shared transport for travel and by employing rainwater harvesting system to conserve nature.

Essay 3 (500 words)

Conservation of nature refers to the conservation of all those resources which are created naturally without the help of humans. These include water, air, sunlight, land, forests, minerals, plants and animals. All these natural resources make life on earth worth living. Human life is not possible without air, water, sunlight and other natural resources present on the earth. Therefore, to maintain life and environment on earth, it is very important to conserve these resources. Here is a look at the natural resources on earth and the ways to conserve them:-

types of natural resources

Renewable Resources:- These are the resources that can be regenerated naturally such as air, water and sunlight.
Non-renewable resources:- These are the resources which either do not regenerate or are formed very slowly like fossil fuels and minerals etc.
Organic: These come from living beings and organic material like plants and animals .
Abiotic: These are derived from non-living things and non-organic substances. It includes air, water and land, as well as metals such as iron, copper and silver.

Natural resources are also divided into categories such as actual resources, reserve resources, stock resources and potential resources based on their level of development.

Nature Conservation Methods

Conservation of nature is a serious matter that needs immediate attention.

Most of nature’s resources are depleting at a rapid rate. The reason for this is that the demand for these resources is high while the rate of their creation is low. However, we need to understand that nature has given us all the resources we need in abundance. We only need to use the available natural resources wisely. To conserve these resources, we should follow the below mentioned methods:

limited use

Water and electricity are two such things which are being wasted the most in today’s time. It is necessary for us to understand the importance of saving both of them. Try to use as much water as you need. The same rule will have to be applied to electricity. Use electrical appliances wisely and turn them off when not in use. Similarly other resources like paper, petroleum and gas should also be used in a limited rate.

make nature green again

Do more and more afforestation instead of cut trees for the manufacture of wooden paper, furniture and other items. Apart from this, ensure cleanliness around your area and do not throw waste products in water bodies and other places.

Lastly, spread as much awareness as possible about the importance of conserving nature.

The consumption of natural resources exceeds its production. It is the duty of each one of us to stop the wastage of these gifts of nature and start using them wisely so that ecological balance can be maintained on the earth. By following the above-given methods, we can contribute to the conservation of nature.

Essay 4 (600 words)

Conservation of nature is basically the conservation of all the resources that nature has presented to mankind. It includes minerals, water bodies, land, sunlight and atmosphere etc. and also includes conservation of flora and fauna. All these gifts given by nature help in creating a balanced environment and all these are suitable for the existence of human beings and the existence of other organisms on earth. Therefore conservation of nature is very important.

Natural resources are classified on the basis of their characteristics. Here’s a look at this classification, with well-planned ways to preserve each:

classification of natural resources

Natural resources are mainly classified on the basis of their capacity to be renewed, source of development and level of development. These are further divided into sub categories. Their detailed information is as follows:

Some resources are renewable while others are non-renewable. Here’s a detailed look at both these categories:

Renewable Resources : These resources are those which are naturally regenerated. These include air, water, land and sunlight.
Non-renewable Resources : These resources are either generated very slowly or do not form naturally. Minerals and fossil fuels are some examples of this category.

On the basis of their origin, natural resources are divided into two types:

Abiotic: These are the resources that are formed from non-living things and non-organic substances. Some examples of these types of natural resources include water, air, land, and metals such as iron, copper, gold and silver.
Biological: These are the resources that arise from organic matter such as living beings, plants and animals. Fossil fuels are also included in this category as they are derived from decaying organic matter.

On the basis of the level of development, natural resources are classified in the following manner:

Actual Resources: The development of these resources is dependent on the availability and cost of technology. These resources are used at the present time.
Reserve Resource: That part of the actual resource which can be successfully developed and used in future is called reserve resource.
Potential Resources: These are resources that exist in some areas but need some improvement before they can actually be used.
Stock Resources: These are the resources on which surveys have been done for their use but due to lack of technology are yet to be utilized.

Different ways of conserving nature

Whether renewable or non-renewable, organic or non-organic, nature’s resources must be conserved. Here are some of the ways that the government and individuals should use to conserve nature:

Overuse of natural resources should be stopped. The available resources need to be used wisely without wastage.
Hunting of wild animals should be stopped for the conservation of wildlife.
Farmers should be taught the method of mixed cropping, the use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and crop rotation. There is a need to encourage the use of manures, organic fertilizers and biofertilizers.
Deforestation should be controlled.
Rain water harvesting system should be installed.
The use of renewable resources such as solar, hydro and wind energy should be encouraged.
The system of reuse of water used in agricultural processes should be followed.
Car-pooling is a good way to reduce fossil fuel consumption.
Limit paper use and encourage recycling.
Save energy by using fluorescent bulbs instead of old light bulbs so that electricity can be saved. Also turn off lighting devices and electronic items when not needed.

Conservation of nature is of utmost importance to ensure a balanced environment although sadly many natural resources are depleting rapidly. By following the above mentioned methods, every person should contribute for the conservation of nature.

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The UK’s nature restoration plans have some big holes – here’s how to fill them

Tasso Leventis Professor of Biodiversity, University of Oxford

Professor, Conservation Biology, Zoological Society of London

Disclosure statement

Eleanor Jane Milner-Gulland receives funding for biodiversity-related work from the Research England Development Fund, Defra/WRAP, USFWS, the International Climate Initiative, Leverhulme Trust, UKRI-GCRF. She is a member of the UK Government's Biodiversity Expert Committee and Chair of the Darwin Expert Committee.

Nathalie Pettorelli works at the Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London. She receives funding for biodiversity-related work from Research England, the UKRI and the Biodiversity Landscapes Fund. She is a member of the UK Government's Biodiversity Expert Committee and a member of the Office for Environmental Protection's College of Experts.

University of Oxford provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK.

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Have you heard anything about nature as a political priority in the upcoming UK general election? We haven’t. And as biodiversity researchers, that troubles us.

The UK is already one of the world’s most nature-depleted countries . Any further loss is a major risk to wellbeing and prosperity, would make climate change worse , and would remove options for adapting to a warming world. The UK public cares deeply about nature, yet it is not a major topic in this election.

That’s why we recently sent a letter to all UK political parties asking them to make the loss of nature at home and overseas a priority both in this election and in the years to come. The letter was signed by over 180 UK scientists with expertise in biodiversity and conservation, including Fellows of the Royal Society and government advisers.

You might think that the country’s nature recovery needs had been taken care of. After all, in England and Northern Ireland, better environmental protection has been enshrined into law through the 2021 Environment Act.

A 25-year environment plan , which sets out how the environment in England will be improved within a generation, aims to halt and reverse declines in species abundance. Also in England, environmental actions are now built into payments to farmers and under “biodiversity net gain” provisions, most developers will be required to create habitats for wildlife .

Wales’s nature recovery plan explicitly aims to reverse the decline in biodiversity, while Scotland’s devolved administration has also recognised the importance of reversing biodiversity loss and recovering nature. A new national biodiversity strategy and action plan for the whole of the UK has just been published. This is all very positive, but it is only part of the story.

Gaps in legislation

In December 2022, the UK, along with 195 other countries, agreed to a bold global target to halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity by 2030 . It may seem that the UK is well placed to play its part in fulfilling this target. Unfortunately, there are major gaps in legislation and critical implementation issues.

To date, Westminster and the devolved administrations have not enshrined the global biodiversity target in law: current legally binding targets focus just on species (rather than both species and ecosystems), and only ask for declines to be halted (as opposed to reversed) by 2030. The UK biodiversity framework was recently launched as a platform to facilitate cooperation between Westminster and the devolved administrations, but details are still lacking.

Most importantly, the UK’s impact on nature is not just within its own borders. In our globalised world, consumption is underpinned by international supply chains and associated financial investments.

Between 2016 and 2018, the UK demand for deforestation-linked agricultural commodities such as beef, soy and palm oil required an area equivalent to 88% of the UK , while UK-based financiers provided over £40 billion to companies at risk of causing deforestation in Brazil and Indonesia alone.

We need to take responsibility for the impacts we cause to nature overseas. At the moment, these overseas impacts are not systematically tracked by the UK’s governments or considered in environmental legislation.

Biodiversity recovery within the UK has to be a national priority. But recognising responsibilities towards biodiversity loss overseas is equally important.

As a wealthy country, the UK can and should work with the countries where its effects are felt, to conserve and restore biodiversity, to green its supply chains, and take leadership in ensuring financial flows act to recover nature rather than deplete it.

This is an issue of international and intergenerational equity, and bold commitments in this area would realise the country’s ambitions for global leadership in international conservation and development policy.

Reversing the loss of nature

To make this happen, the UK needs to legislate a legally binding requirement on the government to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, at home and with respect to the UK’s overseas footprint. It should also set up a platform for implementing this biodiversity commitment across all different levels of government and their departments and agencies.

Nature is not just a nice-to-have. Investing in nature recovery brings so many opportunities for building a resilient, sustainable, fairer future, at home and abroad. Nature underpins our health, our economy, our wellbeing and is key to getting out of the climate emergency we found ourselves in. The UK’s next government needs to recognise this and act upon it.

Don’t have time to read about climate change as much as you’d like? Get a weekly roundup in your inbox instead. Every Wednesday, The Conversation’s environment editor writes Imagine, a short email that goes a little deeper into just one climate issue. Join the 30,000+ readers who’ve subscribed so far.

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Wildlife Conservation Essay

500+ words essay on wildlife conservation.

After the evolution of humans, we have changed the land cover of the planet Earth. Wildlife means species of animals living in their natural habitats and not domesticated by humans. Wildlife is found in almost all grasslands, plains, rainforests, ecosystems, deserts, etc. It maintains stability in our environment and is involved in natural processes both directly and indirectly. So, living organisms found in the forest region are also considered wildlife. Every living organism plays a crucial role in the food chain: producer, consumer, or decomposer. All these roles are connected and depend on each other for survival.

Some of the primary reasons that lead to wildlife destruction are the increase in demand for meat leads to hunting, deforestation leads to scarcity of food and space, and natural disasters like floods and earthquakes cause wildlife destruction.

In India, we have a diversity of wildlife. It is a hub of a variety of animals. The ecosystem of India ranges from the Northern Himalayas to the evergreen rainforest of the south, the Western Ghats of the west, to the marshy mangroves of the east. The national animal of India, the Tiger, is found in various parts. Various national parks and sanctuaries have been set up to save tigers.

Wildlife helps in maintaining the ecological balance. Before, the count of wild animals was much greater, but the development of farming, developmental activities and hunting has led to a decrease in the number of wild animals. But, now, due to human interference, wildlife is getting affected and we are now becoming increasingly concerned about their safety and conservation. Unfortunately, many animals are already extinct due to these reasons, and a few of them are on the verge of extinction. So, it is crucial to safeguard these rare wildlife species. This essay on Wildlife Conservation will look at its significance and tackle the situation.

Deforestation

Deforestation means cutting down trees from forests at a large scale for human activities. It is an unavoidable environmental concern as it leads to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, disturbance in the water cycle and damage to natural habitats. It is also a significant contributor to global warming and climate change.

Approximately forests cover 31% of the Earth’s total land surface. Between 2000 and 2012, over 568 million acres of forest have been claimed by deforestation. In 2018, approximately 9 million acres of virgin tropical forest were cut down. 20% of the world’s oxygen supply comes from the Amazon rainforest. Due to deforestation, every minute, approximately 1.32 acres are lost.

Due to road construction, pollution, and agricultural development, our wildlife is disturbed. Due to illegal hunting, some wild animals are on the verge of extinction.

We should be serious about wildlife conservation because much of wildlife is being rapidly wiped off the earth. The World Wildlife Fund is a global organisation that works towards wildlife protection. National agencies are also involved in wildlife conservation.

Importance of Wildlife Conservation

For our ecosystem, wildlife is an essential aspect. Below, we have listed a few reasons to conserve wildlife:

For medicinal values – Wild plants cover one-third of the pharmaceutical needs. Forests provide great scope for experiments and research for medical science and technology. It also offers excellent scope for the large-scale manufacture of therapeutic medicines.

Keeps our environment healthy – It helps in balancing temperatures globally. It also helps in fighting against the greenhouse effect and controlling the rising sea levels.

Helps in maintaining ecological balance – The interdependence of plants and animals is essential in this aspect.

Economic importance – From forests, we can obtain raw materials which help in the country’s economic growth and contribute to a better standard of living.

How can we conserve wildlife?

Wildlife can be conserved by a strict observance of the following points:

We can protect our wildlife by building more national parks and wildlife sanctuaries to protect animals in natural habitats.
Species that are vulnerable and endangered should be kept in zoos or sanctuaries and bred for population increase.
Deforestation should be prohibited strictly. Forests are home to a variety of wild animals.
We should ban hunting animals.

Conclusion of Wildlife Conservation Essay

If all the animals are safe, people can live a very social and happy life. They are an integral part of our life. Some people harm animals because of their personal needs. We should all stop this and save them from getting beaten up or tortured because these innocent beings can’t speak up as we do.

From our BYJU’S website, students can also access CBSE Essays related to different topics. It will help students to get good marks in their exams.

Frequently asked Questions on Wildlife conservation Essay

How does wildlife imbalance affect the human species.

All species on Earth are inter-related to one another and the sustenance of all these species is necessary. Humans are dependent on other species and also on the eco-system for various needs.

How to write a 500+ words essay within the stipulated time?

Students must practise writing essays on a regular basis to gain the necessary speed and momentum to write 500+ words essay.

Which topics are to be asked in the Board exam essay question (most probable)?

The topics for essay can be asked from a wide list as this is a generic question. However topics of national importance and issues regarding equality, etc can be given more importance.

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Top 50 World Environment Day Project Ideas [Updated]

Hey there, eco-warriors! Are you ready to make a positive impact on our planet? World Environment Day is just around the corner, and it’s the perfect time to roll up our sleeves and get involved in some exciting projects. In this blog, we’ll explore a variety of World Environment Day project ideas that are not only educational but also fun and easy to execute. Whether you’re passionate about conservation, sustainability, or technology, there’s something here for everyone. Let’s dive in!

How Do We Celebrate World Environment Day In School?

Table of Contents

Celebrating World Environment Day in school can be both educational and fun. Here are some ideas:

Organize Workshops: Host workshops on environmental conservation, sustainable living, and the importance of biodiversity. Invite guest speakers or local environmental organizations to lead discussions and activities.
Plant Trees: Plan a tree planting event in the school garden or nearby parks. This not only helps beautify the surroundings but also teaches students the importance of trees in combating climate change.
Eco-Friendly Art Projects: Encourage students to create artwork using recycled materials. This could include sculptures, paintings, or crafts that highlight environmental themes and promote recycling.
Clean-Up Campaigns: Organize clean-up campaigns within the school premises or in the surrounding community areas. This helps teach kids to take responsibility for keeping the environment clean and litter-free.
Environmental Awareness Campaigns: Start campaigns to inform people about environmental problems like plastic pollution, cutting down forests, or climate change. This could involve creating posters, organizing assemblies, or distributing informational pamphlets.
Sustainable Practices: Encourage students to live sustainably every day by using less water and energy, sorting their waste correctly, and choosing eco-friendly ways to get to school, like biking or walking.
Outdoor Activities: Take learning outdoors with nature walks, birdwatching sessions, or gardening activities. This allows students to connect with nature firsthand and appreciate the beauty and importance of the environment.
Engage in Advocacy: Empower students to become advocates for environmental change by organizing letter-writing campaigns, petition drives, or advocating for eco-friendly policies within the school and local community.

Top 50 World Environment Day Project Ideas: Category Wise

Educational projects.

Environmental Workshops: Conduct interactive workshops on climate change and conservation.
Documentary Screenings: Show environmental documentaries followed by discussions.
Guest Lectures: Invite environmentalists to speak to students about sustainability.
Eco-Friendly Art Competitions: Host art competitions using recycled materials.
Poster Making: Organize a poster-making contest on environmental themes.
Essay Writing: Hold an essay competition on topics like “How to Save Our Planet.”
Book Club: Start a book club focusing on environmental literature.
Science Fairs: Host a science fair showcasing eco-friendly inventions.
Debates: Organize debates on environmental issues.
Nature Journaling: Encourage students to maintain a journal documenting their observations of nature.

Conservation Projects

Tree Planting Drives: Organize tree planting events in the school or community.
Beach Clean-Ups: Arrange beach or river clean-up activities.
Wildlife Habitat Restoration: Work on projects to restore local wildlife habitats.
Gardening Clubs: Start a school gardening club to grow native plants.
Bird Feeder Workshops: Make bird feeders and place them around the school.
Butterfly Gardens: Create butterfly-friendly gardens.
Native Plant Nurseries: Establish nurseries for native plants.
Invasive Species Removal: Conduct drives to remove invasive species.
Composting Projects: Set up composting bins and teach students how to use them.
Rainwater Harvesting: Implement a rainwater harvesting system.

Sustainable Living Projects

Recycling Programs: Start a school-wide recycling program.
Zero Waste Challenges: Challenge students to go to zero waste for a week.
Reusable Bag Campaigns: Promote the use of reusable bags.
Upcycling Projects: Create art or useful items from waste materials.
Eco-Bricks: Teach students how to make eco-bricks from plastic waste.
Energy Audits: Conduct energy audits of the school and suggest improvements.
Solar Panel Installations: Install solar panels on school buildings.
Bike to School Days: Encourage biking to school with organized events.
Green Classroom Certifications: Work towards certifying classrooms as green.
Water Conservation Campaigns: Raise awareness about water-saving practices.

Advocacy Projects

Petition Drives: Collect signatures for environmental causes.
Letter Writing Campaigns: Write letters to local officials advocating for green policies.
Social Media Campaigns: Create social media campaigns to spread awareness.
Eco-Friendly School Policies: Advocate for the adoption of eco-friendly policies in the school.
Public Speaking: Organize public speaking events on environmental topics.
Community Outreach: Engage with the local community to promote environmental conservation.
Eco Clubs: Start an environmental club at school.
Sustainable Fashion Shows: Host a fashion show with clothes made from recycled materials.
Green Pledges: Encourage students to take pledges to reduce their environmental impact.
Collaboration with NGOs: Partner with environmental NGOs for projects.

Technology Projects

Environmental Monitoring Apps: Develop apps to monitor local environmental conditions.
Sustainability Blogs: Start a blog documenting school sustainability efforts.
Energy Efficiency Projects: Implement projects to improve energy efficiency in the school.
Virtual Reality Tours: Create VR tours of local natural habitats.
Drones for Conservation: Use drones to monitor wildlife and habitats.
Online Awareness Campaigns: Launch online campaigns about environmental issues.
Green Tech Innovations: Develop green technology prototypes.
Water Purification Projects: Work on projects to improve water quality.
Eco-Friendly School Websites: Build a website to promote the school’s green initiatives.
Solar-Powered Gadgets: Create gadgets powered by solar energy.

What Can Children Do On Environment Day?

Educational activities.

Nature Walks: Go on a guided nature walk to learn about local plants and animals.
Storytime: Read books or stories about the environment and discuss their themes.
Eco-Friendly Crafts: Create crafts using recycled materials, like making bird feeders from plastic bottles.
Educational Games: Play games that teach about recycling, conservation, and wildlife.
Science Experiments: Conduct simple experiments, such as observing plant growth or testing water quality.

Conservation Activities

Tree Planting: Plant trees or flowers in the schoolyard or community.
Clean-Up Activities: Participate in clean-up events at parks, beaches, or local neighborhoods.
Garden Projects: Help start or maintain a school or community garden.
Recycling Drives: Collect recyclable materials like paper, plastic, and cans from home or school.
Wildlife Support: Make bird feeders, butterfly gardens, or insect hotels to support local wildlife.

Sustainable Living Activities

Waste Segregation: Learn and practice proper waste segregation at home and school.
Upcycling Projects: Turn old items into new, useful products, such as making tote bags from old T-shirts.
Energy Saving: Create posters or campaigns to promote energy-saving habits like turning off lights and electronics when not in use.
Water Conservation: Learn and practice ways to save water, like fixing leaky taps or using water-efficient methods in daily activities.
Reusable Crafts: Create reusable items such as cloth shopping bags or reusable snack wraps.

Advocacy and Awareness Activities

Poster Making: Create posters about environmental issues and display them around school or the community.
Public Speaking: Give short presentations or speeches about the importance of protecting the environment.
Social Media Campaigns: Create simple videos or posts to share on social media, spreading awareness about environmental issues.
Petitions: Help gather signatures for petitions related to environmental causes.
Eco Clubs: Join or start an eco-club at school to organize and participate in ongoing environmental projects.

Fun and Interactive Activities

Scavenger Hunts: Organize a scavenger hunt focusing on finding and identifying different types of plants, animals, and insects.
Recycled Art Shows: Host an art show featuring artwork made from recycled materials.
Green Pledges: Write and share personal pledges to adopt more environmentally friendly habits.
Nature Photography: Take photos of nature and create a gallery or slideshow to showcase the beauty of the environment.
Environmental Quiz: Participate in or organize an environmental quiz to test knowledge and learn new facts about the environment.

Collaborative Projects

Community Clean-Up: Work with friends, family, and community members to clean up local parks or neighborhoods.
Garden Exchange: Exchange plants or seeds with friends and neighbors to promote biodiversity.
Eco-Friendly Competitions: Compete in challenges like who can create the least amount of waste in a day or week.
Green Craft Workshops: Attend or host workshops where kids can learn to make eco-friendly crafts and products.
Educational Tours: Visit local farms, botanical gardens, or recycling centers to learn more about sustainable practices.

As we celebrate World Environment Day, let’s remember that each one of us has the power to make a difference. By getting involved in these World Environment Day project ideas, we can contribute to a healthier and more sustainable planet for future generations. So, gather your friends, unleash your creativity, and let’s work together to protect our precious environment. Happy World Environment Day!

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Applying large language models for automated essay scoring for non-native Japanese

Wenchao Li 1 &
Haitao Liu 2

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications volume 11 , Article number: 723 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Language and linguistics

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to an increased use of large language models (LLMs) for language assessment tasks such as automated essay scoring (AES), automated listening tests, and automated oral proficiency assessments. The application of LLMs for AES in the context of non-native Japanese, however, remains limited. This study explores the potential of LLM-based AES by comparing the efficiency of different models, i.e. two conventional machine training technology-based methods (Jess and JWriter), two LLMs (GPT and BERT), and one Japanese local LLM (Open-Calm large model). To conduct the evaluation, a dataset consisting of 1400 story-writing scripts authored by learners with 12 different first languages was used. Statistical analysis revealed that GPT-4 outperforms Jess and JWriter, BERT, and the Japanese language-specific trained Open-Calm large model in terms of annotation accuracy and predicting learning levels. Furthermore, by comparing 18 different models that utilize various prompts, the study emphasized the significance of prompts in achieving accurate and reliable evaluations using LLMs.

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Conventional machine learning technology in aes.

AES has experienced significant growth with the advancement of machine learning technologies in recent decades. In the earlier stages of AES development, conventional machine learning-based approaches were commonly used. These approaches involved the following procedures: a) feeding the machine with a dataset. In this step, a dataset of essays is provided to the machine learning system. The dataset serves as the basis for training the model and establishing patterns and correlations between linguistic features and human ratings. b) the machine learning model is trained using linguistic features that best represent human ratings and can effectively discriminate learners’ writing proficiency. These features include lexical richness (Lu, 2012 ; Kyle and Crossley, 2015 ; Kyle et al. 2021 ), syntactic complexity (Lu, 2010 ; Liu, 2008 ), text cohesion (Crossley and McNamara, 2016 ), and among others. Conventional machine learning approaches in AES require human intervention, such as manual correction and annotation of essays. This human involvement was necessary to create a labeled dataset for training the model. Several AES systems have been developed using conventional machine learning technologies. These include the Intelligent Essay Assessor (Landauer et al. 2003 ), the e-rater engine by Educational Testing Service (Attali and Burstein, 2006 ; Burstein, 2003 ), MyAccess with the InterlliMetric scoring engine by Vantage Learning (Elliot, 2003 ), and the Bayesian Essay Test Scoring system (Rudner and Liang, 2002 ). These systems have played a significant role in automating the essay scoring process and providing quick and consistent feedback to learners. However, as touched upon earlier, conventional machine learning approaches rely on predetermined linguistic features and often require manual intervention, making them less flexible and potentially limiting their generalizability to different contexts.

In the context of the Japanese language, conventional machine learning-incorporated AES tools include Jess (Ishioka and Kameda, 2006 ) and JWriter (Lee and Hasebe, 2017 ). Jess assesses essays by deducting points from the perfect score, utilizing the Mainichi Daily News newspaper as a database. The evaluation criteria employed by Jess encompass various aspects, such as rhetorical elements (e.g., reading comprehension, vocabulary diversity, percentage of complex words, and percentage of passive sentences), organizational structures (e.g., forward and reverse connection structures), and content analysis (e.g., latent semantic indexing). JWriter employs linear regression analysis to assign weights to various measurement indices, such as average sentence length and total number of characters. These weights are then combined to derive the overall score. A pilot study involving the Jess model was conducted on 1320 essays at different proficiency levels, including primary, intermediate, and advanced. However, the results indicated that the Jess model failed to significantly distinguish between these essay levels. Out of the 16 measures used, four measures, namely median sentence length, median clause length, median number of phrases, and maximum number of phrases, did not show statistically significant differences between the levels. Additionally, two measures exhibited between-level differences but lacked linear progression: the number of attributives declined words and the Kanji/kana ratio. On the other hand, the remaining measures, including maximum sentence length, maximum clause length, number of attributive conjugated words, maximum number of consecutive infinitive forms, maximum number of conjunctive-particle clauses, k characteristic value, percentage of big words, and percentage of passive sentences, demonstrated statistically significant between-level differences and displayed linear progression.

Both Jess and JWriter exhibit notable limitations, including the manual selection of feature parameters and weights, which can introduce biases into the scoring process. The reliance on human annotators to label non-native language essays also introduces potential noise and variability in the scoring. Furthermore, an important concern is the possibility of system manipulation and cheating by learners who are aware of the regression equation utilized by the models (Hirao et al. 2020 ). These limitations emphasize the need for further advancements in AES systems to address these challenges.

Deep learning technology in AES

Deep learning has emerged as one of the approaches for improving the accuracy and effectiveness of AES. Deep learning-based AES methods utilize artificial neural networks that mimic the human brain’s functioning through layered algorithms and computational units. Unlike conventional machine learning, deep learning autonomously learns from the environment and past errors without human intervention. This enables deep learning models to establish nonlinear correlations, resulting in higher accuracy. Recent advancements in deep learning have led to the development of transformers, which are particularly effective in learning text representations. Noteworthy examples include bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) (Devlin et al. 2019 ) and the generative pretrained transformer (GPT) (OpenAI).

BERT is a linguistic representation model that utilizes a transformer architecture and is trained on two tasks: masked linguistic modeling and next-sentence prediction (Hirao et al. 2020 ; Vaswani et al. 2017 ). In the context of AES, BERT follows specific procedures, as illustrated in Fig. 1 : (a) the tokenized prompts and essays are taken as input; (b) special tokens, such as [CLS] and [SEP], are added to mark the beginning and separation of prompts and essays; (c) the transformer encoder processes the prompt and essay sequences, resulting in hidden layer sequences; (d) the hidden layers corresponding to the [CLS] tokens (T[CLS]) represent distributed representations of the prompts and essays; and (e) a multilayer perceptron uses these distributed representations as input to obtain the final score (Hirao et al. 2020 ).

AES system with BERT (Hirao et al. 2020 ).

The training of BERT using a substantial amount of sentence data through the Masked Language Model (MLM) allows it to capture contextual information within the hidden layers. Consequently, BERT is expected to be capable of identifying artificial essays as invalid and assigning them lower scores (Mizumoto and Eguchi, 2023 ). In the context of AES for nonnative Japanese learners, Hirao et al. ( 2020 ) combined the long short-term memory (LSTM) model proposed by Hochreiter and Schmidhuber ( 1997 ) with BERT to develop a tailored automated Essay Scoring System. The findings of their study revealed that the BERT model outperformed both the conventional machine learning approach utilizing character-type features such as “kanji” and “hiragana”, as well as the standalone LSTM model. Takeuchi et al. ( 2021 ) presented an approach to Japanese AES that eliminates the requirement for pre-scored essays by relying solely on reference texts or a model answer for the essay task. They investigated multiple similarity evaluation methods, including frequency of morphemes, idf values calculated on Wikipedia, LSI, LDA, word-embedding vectors, and document vectors produced by BERT. The experimental findings revealed that the method utilizing the frequency of morphemes with idf values exhibited the strongest correlation with human-annotated scores across different essay tasks. The utilization of BERT in AES encounters several limitations. Firstly, essays often exceed the model’s maximum length limit. Second, only score labels are available for training, which restricts access to additional information.

Mizumoto and Eguchi ( 2023 ) were pioneers in employing the GPT model for AES in non-native English writing. Their study focused on evaluating the accuracy and reliability of AES using the GPT-3 text-davinci-003 model, analyzing a dataset of 12,100 essays from the corpus of nonnative written English (TOEFL11). The findings indicated that AES utilizing the GPT-3 model exhibited a certain degree of accuracy and reliability. They suggest that GPT-3-based AES systems hold the potential to provide support for human ratings. However, applying GPT model to AES presents a unique natural language processing (NLP) task that involves considerations such as nonnative language proficiency, the influence of the learner’s first language on the output in the target language, and identifying linguistic features that best indicate writing quality in a specific language. These linguistic features may differ morphologically or syntactically from those present in the learners’ first language, as observed in (1)–(3).

我-送了-他-一本-书

Wǒ-sòngle-tā-yī běn-shū

1 sg .-give. past- him-one .cl- book

“I gave him a book.”

Agglutinative

彼-に-本-を-あげ-まし-た

Kare-ni-hon-o-age-mashi-ta

3 sg .- dat -hon- acc- give.honorification. past

Inflectional

give, give-s, gave, given, giving

Additionally, the morphological agglutination and subject-object-verb (SOV) order in Japanese, along with its idiomatic expressions, pose additional challenges for applying language models in AES tasks (4).

足-が棒-になり-ました

Ashi-ga bo-ni nar-mashita

leg- nom stick- dat become- past

“My leg became like a stick (I am extremely tired).”

The example sentence provided demonstrates the morpho-syntactic structure of Japanese and the presence of an idiomatic expression. In this sentence, the verb “なる” (naru), meaning “to become”, appears at the end of the sentence. The verb stem “なり” (nari) is attached with morphemes indicating honorification (“ます” - mashu) and tense (“た” - ta), showcasing agglutination. While the sentence can be literally translated as “my leg became like a stick”, it carries an idiomatic interpretation that implies “I am extremely tired”.

To overcome this issue, CyberAgent Inc. ( 2023 ) has developed the Open-Calm series of language models specifically designed for Japanese. Open-Calm consists of pre-trained models available in various sizes, such as Small, Medium, Large, and 7b. Figure 2 depicts the fundamental structure of the Open-Calm model. A key feature of this architecture is the incorporation of the Lora Adapter and GPT-NeoX frameworks, which can enhance its language processing capabilities.

GPT-NeoX Model Architecture (Okgetheng and Takeuchi 2024 ).

In a recent study conducted by Okgetheng and Takeuchi ( 2024 ), they assessed the efficacy of Open-Calm language models in grading Japanese essays. The research utilized a dataset of approximately 300 essays, which were annotated by native Japanese educators. The findings of the study demonstrate the considerable potential of Open-Calm language models in automated Japanese essay scoring. Specifically, among the Open-Calm family, the Open-Calm Large model (referred to as OCLL) exhibited the highest performance. However, it is important to note that, as of the current date, the Open-Calm Large model does not offer public access to its server. Consequently, users are required to independently deploy and operate the environment for OCLL. In order to utilize OCLL, users must have a PC equipped with an NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060 (8 or 12 GB VRAM).

In summary, while the potential of LLMs in automated scoring of nonnative Japanese essays has been demonstrated in two studies—BERT-driven AES (Hirao et al. 2020 ) and OCLL-based AES (Okgetheng and Takeuchi, 2024 )—the number of research efforts in this area remains limited.

Another significant challenge in applying LLMs to AES lies in prompt engineering and ensuring its reliability and effectiveness (Brown et al. 2020 ; Rae et al. 2021 ; Zhang et al. 2021 ). Various prompting strategies have been proposed, such as the zero-shot chain of thought (CoT) approach (Kojima et al. 2022 ), which involves manually crafting diverse and effective examples. However, manual efforts can lead to mistakes. To address this, Zhang et al. ( 2021 ) introduced an automatic CoT prompting method called Auto-CoT, which demonstrates matching or superior performance compared to the CoT paradigm. Another prompt framework is trees of thoughts, enabling a model to self-evaluate its progress at intermediate stages of problem-solving through deliberate reasoning (Yao et al. 2023 ).

Beyond linguistic studies, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of foreign workers in Japan and Japanese learners worldwide (Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan, 2022 ; Japan Foundation, 2021 ). However, existing assessment methods, such as the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT), J-CAT, and TTBJ Footnote 1 , primarily focus on reading, listening, vocabulary, and grammar skills, neglecting the evaluation of writing proficiency. As the number of workers and language learners continues to grow, there is a rising demand for an efficient AES system that can reduce costs and time for raters and be utilized for employment, examinations, and self-study purposes.

This study aims to explore the potential of LLM-based AES by comparing the effectiveness of five models: two LLMs (GPT Footnote 2 and BERT), one Japanese local LLM (OCLL), and two conventional machine learning-based methods (linguistic feature-based scoring tools - Jess and JWriter).

The research questions addressed in this study are as follows:

To what extent do the LLM-driven AES and linguistic feature-based AES, when used as automated tools to support human rating, accurately reflect test takers’ actual performance?

What influence does the prompt have on the accuracy and performance of LLM-based AES methods?

The subsequent sections of the manuscript cover the methodology, including the assessment measures for nonnative Japanese writing proficiency, criteria for prompts, and the dataset. The evaluation section focuses on the analysis of annotations and rating scores generated by LLM-driven and linguistic feature-based AES methods.

Methodology

The dataset utilized in this study was obtained from the International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS) Footnote 3 . This corpus consisted of 1000 participants who represented 12 different first languages. For the study, the participants were given a story-writing task on a personal computer. They were required to write two stories based on the 4-panel illustrations titled “Picnic” and “The key” (see Appendix A). Background information for the participants was provided by the corpus, including their Japanese language proficiency levels assessed through two online tests: J-CAT and SPOT. These tests evaluated their reading, listening, vocabulary, and grammar abilities. The learners’ proficiency levels were categorized into six levels aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and the Reference Framework for Japanese Language Education (RFJLE): A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2. According to Lee et al. ( 2015 ), there is a high level of agreement (r = 0.86) between the J-CAT and SPOT assessments, indicating that the proficiency certifications provided by J-CAT are consistent with those of SPOT. However, it is important to note that the scores of J-CAT and SPOT do not have a one-to-one correspondence. In this study, the J-CAT scores were used as a benchmark to differentiate learners of different proficiency levels. A total of 1400 essays were utilized, representing the beginner (aligned with A1), A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2 levels based on the J-CAT scores. Table 1 provides information about the learners’ proficiency levels and their corresponding J-CAT and SPOT scores.

A dataset comprising a total of 1400 essays from the story writing tasks was collected. Among these, 714 essays were utilized to evaluate the reliability of the LLM-based AES method, while the remaining 686 essays were designated as development data to assess the LLM-based AES’s capability to distinguish participants with varying proficiency levels. The GPT 4 API was used in this study. A detailed explanation of the prompt-assessment criteria is provided in Section Prompt . All essays were sent to the model for measurement and scoring.

Measures of writing proficiency for nonnative Japanese

Japanese exhibits a morphologically agglutinative structure where morphemes are attached to the word stem to convey grammatical functions such as tense, aspect, voice, and honorifics, e.g. (5).

食べ-させ-られ-まし-た-か

tabe-sase-rare-mashi-ta-ka

[eat (stem)-causative-passive voice-honorification-tense. past-question marker]

Japanese employs nine case particles to indicate grammatical functions: the nominative case particle が (ga), the accusative case particle を (o), the genitive case particle の (no), the dative case particle に (ni), the locative/instrumental case particle で (de), the ablative case particle から (kara), the directional case particle へ (e), and the comitative case particle と (to). The agglutinative nature of the language, combined with the case particle system, provides an efficient means of distinguishing between active and passive voice, either through morphemes or case particles, e.g. 食べる taberu “eat concusive . ” (active voice); 食べられる taberareru “eat concusive . ” (passive voice). In the active voice, “パンを食べる” (pan o taberu) translates to “to eat bread”. On the other hand, in the passive voice, it becomes “パンが食べられた” (pan ga taberareta), which means “(the) bread was eaten”. Additionally, it is important to note that different conjugations of the same lemma are considered as one type in order to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the language features. For example, e.g., 食べる taberu “eat concusive . ”; 食べている tabeteiru “eat progress .”; 食べた tabeta “eat past . ” as one type.

To incorporate these features, previous research (Suzuki, 1999 ; Watanabe et al. 1988 ; Ishioka, 2001 ; Ishioka and Kameda, 2006 ; Hirao et al. 2020 ) has identified complexity, fluency, and accuracy as crucial factors for evaluating writing quality. These criteria are assessed through various aspects, including lexical richness (lexical density, diversity, and sophistication), syntactic complexity, and cohesion (Kyle et al. 2021 ; Mizumoto and Eguchi, 2023 ; Ure, 1971 ; Halliday, 1985 ; Barkaoui and Hadidi, 2020 ; Zenker and Kyle, 2021 ; Kim et al. 2018 ; Lu, 2017 ; Ortega, 2015 ). Therefore, this study proposes five scoring categories: lexical richness, syntactic complexity, cohesion, content elaboration, and grammatical accuracy. A total of 16 measures were employed to capture these categories. The calculation process and specific details of these measures can be found in Table 2 .

T-unit, first introduced by Hunt ( 1966 ), is a measure used for evaluating speech and composition. It serves as an indicator of syntactic development and represents the shortest units into which a piece of discourse can be divided without leaving any sentence fragments. In the context of Japanese language assessment, Sakoda and Hosoi ( 2020 ) utilized T-unit as the basic unit to assess the accuracy and complexity of Japanese learners’ speaking and storytelling. The calculation of T-units in Japanese follows the following principles:

A single main clause constitutes 1 T-unit, regardless of the presence or absence of dependent clauses, e.g. (6).

ケンとマリはピクニックに行きました (main clause): 1 T-unit.

If a sentence contains a main clause along with subclauses, each subclause is considered part of the same T-unit, e.g. (7).

天気が良かったので (subclause)、ケンとマリはピクニックに行きました (main clause): 1 T-unit.

In the case of coordinate clauses, where multiple clauses are connected, each coordinated clause is counted separately. Thus, a sentence with coordinate clauses may have 2 T-units or more, e.g. (8).

ケンは地図で場所を探して (coordinate clause)、マリはサンドイッチを作りました (coordinate clause): 2 T-units.

Lexical diversity refers to the range of words used within a text (Engber, 1995 ; Kyle et al. 2021 ) and is considered a useful measure of the breadth of vocabulary in L n production (Jarvis, 2013a , 2013b ).

The type/token ratio (TTR) is widely recognized as a straightforward measure for calculating lexical diversity and has been employed in numerous studies. These studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between TTR and other methods of measuring lexical diversity (e.g., Bentz et al. 2016 ; Čech and Miroslav, 2018 ; Çöltekin and Taraka, 2018 ). TTR is computed by considering both the number of unique words (types) and the total number of words (tokens) in a given text. Given that the length of learners’ writing texts can vary, this study employs the moving average type-token ratio (MATTR) to mitigate the influence of text length. MATTR is calculated using a 50-word moving window. Initially, a TTR is determined for words 1–50 in an essay, followed by words 2–51, 3–52, and so on until the end of the essay is reached (Díez-Ortega and Kyle, 2023 ). The final MATTR scores were obtained by averaging the TTR scores for all 50-word windows. The following formula was employed to derive MATTR:

${\rm{MATTR}}({\rm{W}})=\frac{{\sum }_{{\rm{i}}=1}^{{\rm{N}}-{\rm{W}}+1}{{\rm{F}}}_{{\rm{i}}}}{{\rm{W}}({\rm{N}}-{\rm{W}}+1)}$

Here, N refers to the number of tokens in the corpus. W is the randomly selected token size (W < N). ${F}_{i}$ is the number of types in each window. The ${\rm{MATTR}}({\rm{W}})$ is the mean of a series of type-token ratios (TTRs) based on the word form for all windows. It is expected that individuals with higher language proficiency will produce texts with greater lexical diversity, as indicated by higher MATTR scores.

Lexical density was captured by the ratio of the number of lexical words to the total number of words (Lu, 2012 ). Lexical sophistication refers to the utilization of advanced vocabulary, often evaluated through word frequency indices (Crossley et al. 2013 ; Haberman, 2008 ; Kyle and Crossley, 2015 ; Laufer and Nation, 1995 ; Lu, 2012 ; Read, 2000 ). In line of writing, lexical sophistication can be interpreted as vocabulary breadth, which entails the appropriate usage of vocabulary items across various lexicon-grammatical contexts and registers (Garner et al. 2019 ; Kim et al. 2018 ; Kyle et al. 2018 ). In Japanese specifically, words are considered lexically sophisticated if they are not included in the “Japanese Education Vocabulary List Ver 1.0”. Footnote 4 Consequently, lexical sophistication was calculated by determining the number of sophisticated word types relative to the total number of words per essay. Furthermore, it has been suggested that, in Japanese writing, sentences should ideally have a length of no more than 40 to 50 characters, as this promotes readability. Therefore, the median and maximum sentence length can be considered as useful indices for assessment (Ishioka and Kameda, 2006 ).

Syntactic complexity was assessed based on several measures, including the mean length of clauses, verb phrases per T-unit, clauses per T-unit, dependent clauses per T-unit, complex nominals per clause, adverbial clauses per clause, coordinate phrases per clause, and mean dependency distance (MDD). The MDD reflects the distance between the governor and dependent positions in a sentence. A larger dependency distance indicates a higher cognitive load and greater complexity in syntactic processing (Liu, 2008 ; Liu et al. 2017 ). The MDD has been established as an efficient metric for measuring syntactic complexity (Jiang, Quyang, and Liu, 2019 ; Li and Yan, 2021 ). To calculate the MDD, the position numbers of the governor and dependent are subtracted, assuming that words in a sentence are assigned in a linear order, such as W1 … Wi … Wn. In any dependency relationship between words Wa and Wb, Wa is the governor and Wb is the dependent. The MDD of the entire sentence was obtained by taking the absolute value of governor – dependent:

MDD = $\frac{1}{n}{\sum }_{i=1}^{n}|{\rm{D}}{{\rm{D}}}_{i}|$

In this formula, $n$ represents the number of words in the sentence, and ${DD}i$ is the dependency distance of the ${i}^{{th}}$ dependency relationship of a sentence. Building on this, the annotation of sentence ‘Mary-ga-John-ni-keshigomu-o-watashita was [Mary- top -John- dat -eraser- acc -give- past] ’. The sentence’s MDD would be 2. Table 3 provides the CSV file as a prompt for GPT 4.

Cohesion (semantic similarity) and content elaboration aim to capture the ideas presented in test taker’s essays. Cohesion was assessed using three measures: Synonym overlap/paragraph (topic), Synonym overlap/paragraph (keywords), and word2vec cosine similarity. Content elaboration and development were measured as the number of metadiscourse markers (type)/number of words. To capture content closely, this study proposed a novel-distance based representation, by encoding the cosine distance between the essay (by learner) and essay task’s (topic and keyword) i -vectors. The learner’s essay is decoded into a word sequence, and aligned to the essay task’ topic and keyword for log-likelihood measurement. The cosine distance reveals the content elaboration score in the leaners’ essay. The mathematical equation of cosine similarity between target-reference vectors is shown in (11), assuming there are i essays and ( L i , …. L n ) and ( N i , …. N n ) are the vectors representing the learner and task’s topic and keyword respectively. The content elaboration distance between L i and N i was calculated as follows:

$\cos \left(\theta \right)=\frac{{\rm{L}}\,\cdot\, {\rm{N}}}{\left|{\rm{L}}\right|{\rm{|N|}}}=\frac{\mathop{\sum }\nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{L}_{i}{N}_{i}}{\sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{L}_{i}^{2}}\sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{N}_{i}^{2}}}$

A high similarity value indicates a low difference between the two recognition outcomes, which in turn suggests a high level of proficiency in content elaboration.

To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed measures in distinguishing different proficiency levels among nonnative Japanese speakers’ writing, we conducted a multi-faceted Rasch measurement analysis (Linacre, 1994 ). This approach applies measurement models to thoroughly analyze various factors that can influence test outcomes, including test takers’ proficiency, item difficulty, and rater severity, among others. The underlying principles and functionality of multi-faceted Rasch measurement are illustrated in (12).

$\log \left(\frac{{P}_{{nijk}}}{{P}_{{nij}(k-1)}}\right)={B}_{n}-{D}_{i}-{C}_{j}-{F}_{k}$

(12) defines the logarithmic transformation of the probability ratio ( P nijk /P nij(k-1) )) as a function of multiple parameters. Here, n represents the test taker, i denotes a writing proficiency measure, j corresponds to the human rater, and k represents the proficiency score. The parameter B n signifies the proficiency level of test taker n (where n ranges from 1 to N). D j represents the difficulty parameter of test item i (where i ranges from 1 to L), while C j represents the severity of rater j (where j ranges from 1 to J). Additionally, F k represents the step difficulty for a test taker to move from score ‘k-1’ to k . P nijk refers to the probability of rater j assigning score k to test taker n for test item i . P nij(k-1) represents the likelihood of test taker n being assigned score ‘k-1’ by rater j for test item i . Each facet within the test is treated as an independent parameter and estimated within the same reference framework. To evaluate the consistency of scores obtained through both human and computer analysis, we utilized the Infit mean-square statistic. This statistic is a chi-square measure divided by the degrees of freedom and is weighted with information. It demonstrates higher sensitivity to unexpected patterns in responses to items near a person’s proficiency level (Linacre, 2002 ). Fit statistics are assessed based on predefined thresholds for acceptable fit. For the Infit MNSQ, which has a mean of 1.00, different thresholds have been suggested. Some propose stricter thresholds ranging from 0.7 to 1.3 (Bond et al. 2021 ), while others suggest more lenient thresholds ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 (Eckes, 2009 ). In this study, we adopted the criterion of 0.70–1.30 for the Infit MNSQ.

Moving forward, we can now proceed to assess the effectiveness of the 16 proposed measures based on five criteria for accurately distinguishing various levels of writing proficiency among non-native Japanese speakers. To conduct this evaluation, we utilized the development dataset from the I-JAS corpus, as described in Section Dataset . Table 4 provides a measurement report that presents the performance details of the 14 metrics under consideration. The measure separation was found to be 4.02, indicating a clear differentiation among the measures. The reliability index for the measure separation was 0.891, suggesting consistency in the measurement. Similarly, the person separation reliability index was 0.802, indicating the accuracy of the assessment in distinguishing between individuals. All 16 measures demonstrated Infit mean squares within a reasonable range, ranging from 0.76 to 1.28. The Synonym overlap/paragraph (topic) measure exhibited a relatively high outfit mean square of 1.46, although the Infit mean square falls within an acceptable range. The standard error for the measures ranged from 0.13 to 0.28, indicating the precision of the estimates.

Table 5 further illustrated the weights assigned to different linguistic measures for score prediction, with higher weights indicating stronger correlations between those measures and higher scores. Specifically, the following measures exhibited higher weights compared to others: moving average type token ratio per essay has a weight of 0.0391. Mean dependency distance had a weight of 0.0388. Mean length of clause, calculated by dividing the number of words by the number of clauses, had a weight of 0.0374. Complex nominals per T-unit, calculated by dividing the number of complex nominals by the number of T-units, had a weight of 0.0379. Coordinate phrases rate, calculated by dividing the number of coordinate phrases by the number of clauses, had a weight of 0.0325. Grammatical error rate, representing the number of errors per essay, had a weight of 0.0322.

Criteria (output indicator)

The criteria used to evaluate the writing ability in this study were based on CEFR, which follows a six-point scale ranging from A1 to C2. To assess the quality of Japanese writing, the scoring criteria from Table 6 were utilized. These criteria were derived from the IELTS writing standards and served as assessment guidelines and prompts for the written output.

A prompt is a question or detailed instruction that is provided to the model to obtain a proper response. After several pilot experiments, we decided to provide the measures (Section Measures of writing proficiency for nonnative Japanese ) as the input prompt and use the criteria (Section Criteria (output indicator) ) as the output indicator. Regarding the prompt language, considering that the LLM was tasked with rating Japanese essays, would prompt in Japanese works better Footnote 5 ? We conducted experiments comparing the performance of GPT-4 using both English and Japanese prompts. Additionally, we utilized the Japanese local model OCLL with Japanese prompts. Multiple trials were conducted using the same sample. Regardless of the prompt language used, we consistently obtained the same grading results with GPT-4, which assigned a grade of B1 to the writing sample. This suggested that GPT-4 is reliable and capable of producing consistent ratings regardless of the prompt language. On the other hand, when we used Japanese prompts with the Japanese local model “OCLL”, we encountered inconsistent grading results. Out of 10 attempts with OCLL, only 6 yielded consistent grading results (B1), while the remaining 4 showed different outcomes, including A1 and B2 grades. These findings indicated that the language of the prompt was not the determining factor for reliable AES. Instead, the size of the training data and the model parameters played crucial roles in achieving consistent and reliable AES results for the language model.

The following is the utilized prompt, which details all measures and requires the LLM to score the essays using holistic and trait scores.

Please evaluate Japanese essays written by Japanese learners and assign a score to each essay on a six-point scale, ranging from A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 to C2. Additionally, please provide trait scores and display the calculation process for each trait score. The scoring should be based on the following criteria:

Moving average type-token ratio.

Number of lexical words (token) divided by the total number of words per essay.

Number of sophisticated word types divided by the total number of words per essay.

Mean length of clause.

Verb phrases per T-unit.

Clauses per T-unit.

Dependent clauses per T-unit.

Complex nominals per clause.

Adverbial clauses per clause.

Coordinate phrases per clause.

Mean dependency distance.

Synonym overlap paragraph (topic and keywords).

Word2vec cosine similarity.

Connectives per essay.

Conjunctions per essay.

Number of metadiscourse markers (types) divided by the total number of words.

Number of errors per essay.

Japanese essay text

出かける前に二人が地図を見ている間に、サンドイッチを入れたバスケットに犬が入ってしまいました。それに気づかずに二人は楽しそうに出かけて行きました。やがて突然犬がバスケットから飛び出し、二人は驚きました。バスケットの中を見ると、食べ物はすべて犬に食べられていて、二人は困ってしまいました。(ID_JJJ01_SW1)

The score of the example above was B1. Figure 3 provides an example of holistic and trait scores provided by GPT-4 (with a prompt indicating all measures) via Bing Footnote 6 .

Example of GPT-4 AES and feedback (with a prompt indicating all measures).

Statistical analysis

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of LLM for nonnative Japanese AES. It seeks to compare the scoring outcomes obtained from feature-based AES tools, which rely on conventional machine learning technology (i.e. Jess, JWriter), with those generated by AI-driven AES tools utilizing deep learning technology (BERT, GPT, OCLL). To assess the reliability of a computer-assisted annotation tool, the study initially established human-human agreement as the benchmark measure. Subsequently, the performance of the LLM-based method was evaluated by comparing it to human-human agreement.

To assess annotation agreement, the study employed standard measures such as precision, recall, and F-score (Brants 2000 ; Lu 2010 ), along with the quadratically weighted kappa (QWK) to evaluate the consistency and agreement in the annotation process. Assume A and B represent human annotators. When comparing the annotations of the two annotators, the following results are obtained. The evaluation of precision, recall, and F-score metrics was illustrated in equations (13) to (15).

${\rm{Recall}}(A,B)=\frac{{\rm{Number}}\,{\rm{of}}\,{\rm{identical}}\,{\rm{nodes}}\,{\rm{in}}\,A\,{\rm{and}}\,B}{{\rm{Number}}\,{\rm{of}}\,{\rm{nodes}}\,{\rm{in}}\,A}$

${\rm{Precision}}(A,\,B)=\frac{{\rm{Number}}\,{\rm{of}}\,{\rm{identical}}\,{\rm{nodes}}\,{\rm{in}}\,A\,{\rm{and}}\,B}{{\rm{Number}}\,{\rm{of}}\,{\rm{nodes}}\,{\rm{in}}\,B}$

The F-score is the harmonic mean of recall and precision:

${\rm{F}}-{\rm{score}}=\frac{2* ({\rm{Precision}}* {\rm{Recall}})}{{\rm{Precision}}+{\rm{Recall}}}$

The highest possible value of an F-score is 1.0, indicating perfect precision and recall, and the lowest possible value is 0, if either precision or recall are zero.

In accordance with Taghipour and Ng ( 2016 ), the calculation of QWK involves two steps:

Step 1: Construct a weight matrix W as follows:

${W}_{{ij}}=\frac{{(i-j)}^{2}}{{(N-1)}^{2}}$

i represents the annotation made by the tool, while j represents the annotation made by a human rater. N denotes the total number of possible annotations. Matrix O is subsequently computed, where O_( i, j ) represents the count of data annotated by the tool ( i ) and the human annotator ( j ). On the other hand, E refers to the expected count matrix, which undergoes normalization to ensure that the sum of elements in E matches the sum of elements in O.

Step 2: With matrices O and E, the QWK is obtained as follows:

K = 1- $\frac{\sum i,j{W}_{i,j}\,{O}_{i,j}}{\sum i,j{W}_{i,j}\,{E}_{i,j}}$

The value of the quadratic weighted kappa increases as the level of agreement improves. Further, to assess the accuracy of LLM scoring, the proportional reductive mean square error (PRMSE) was employed. The PRMSE approach takes into account the variability observed in human ratings to estimate the rater error, which is then subtracted from the variance of the human labels. This calculation provides an overall measure of agreement between the automated scores and true scores (Haberman et al. 2015 ; Loukina et al. 2020 ; Taghipour and Ng, 2016 ). The computation of PRMSE involves the following steps:

Step 1: Calculate the mean squared errors (MSEs) for the scoring outcomes of the computer-assisted tool (MSE tool) and the human scoring outcomes (MSE human).

Step 2: Determine the PRMSE by comparing the MSE of the computer-assisted tool (MSE tool) with the MSE from human raters (MSE human), using the following formula:

${\rm{PRMSE}}=1-\frac{({\rm{MSE}}\,{\rm{tool}})\,}{({\rm{MSE}}\,{\rm{human}})\,}=1-\,\frac{{\sum }_{i}^{n}=1{({{\rm{y}}}_{i}-{\hat{{\rm{y}}}}_{{\rm{i}}})}^{2}}{{\sum }_{i}^{n}=1{({{\rm{y}}}_{i}-\hat{{\rm{y}}})}^{2}}$

In the numerator, ŷi represents the scoring outcome predicted by a specific LLM-driven AES system for a given sample. The term y i − ŷ i represents the difference between this predicted outcome and the mean value of all LLM-driven AES systems’ scoring outcomes. It quantifies the deviation of the specific LLM-driven AES system’s prediction from the average prediction of all LLM-driven AES systems. In the denominator, y i − ŷ represents the difference between the scoring outcome provided by a specific human rater for a given sample and the mean value of all human raters’ scoring outcomes. It measures the discrepancy between the specific human rater’s score and the average score given by all human raters. The PRMSE is then calculated by subtracting the ratio of the MSE tool to the MSE human from 1. PRMSE falls within the range of 0 to 1, with larger values indicating reduced errors in LLM’s scoring compared to those of human raters. In other words, a higher PRMSE implies that LLM’s scoring demonstrates greater accuracy in predicting the true scores (Loukina et al. 2020 ). The interpretation of kappa values, ranging from 0 to 1, is based on the work of Landis and Koch ( 1977 ). Specifically, the following categories are assigned to different ranges of kappa values: −1 indicates complete inconsistency, 0 indicates random agreement, 0.0 ~ 0.20 indicates extremely low level of agreement (slight), 0.21 ~ 0.40 indicates moderate level of agreement (fair), 0.41 ~ 0.60 indicates medium level of agreement (moderate), 0.61 ~ 0.80 indicates high level of agreement (substantial), 0.81 ~ 1 indicates almost perfect level of agreement. All statistical analyses were executed using Python script.

Results and discussion

Annotation reliability of the llm.

This section focuses on assessing the reliability of the LLM’s annotation and scoring capabilities. To evaluate the reliability, several tests were conducted simultaneously, aiming to achieve the following objectives:

Assess the LLM’s ability to differentiate between test takers with varying levels of oral proficiency.

Determine the level of agreement between the annotations and scoring performed by the LLM and those done by human raters.

The evaluation of the results encompassed several metrics, including: precision, recall, F-Score, quadratically-weighted kappa, proportional reduction of mean squared error, Pearson correlation, and multi-faceted Rasch measurement.

Inter-annotator agreement (human–human annotator agreement)

We started with an agreement test of the two human annotators. Two trained annotators were recruited to determine the writing task data measures. A total of 714 scripts, as the test data, was utilized. Each analysis lasted 300–360 min. Inter-annotator agreement was evaluated using the standard measures of precision, recall, and F-score and QWK. Table 7 presents the inter-annotator agreement for the various indicators. As shown, the inter-annotator agreement was fairly high, with F-scores ranging from 1.0 for sentence and word number to 0.666 for grammatical errors.

The findings from the QWK analysis provided further confirmation of the inter-annotator agreement. The QWK values covered a range from 0.950 ( p = 0.000) for sentence and word number to 0.695 for synonym overlap number (keyword) and grammatical errors ( p = 0.001).

Agreement of annotation outcomes between human and LLM

To evaluate the consistency between human annotators and LLM annotators (BERT, GPT, OCLL) across the indices, the same test was conducted. The results of the inter-annotator agreement (F-score) between LLM and human annotation are provided in Appendix B-D. The F-scores ranged from 0.706 for Grammatical error # for OCLL-human to a perfect 1.000 for GPT-human, for sentences, clauses, T-units, and words. These findings were further supported by the QWK analysis, which showed agreement levels ranging from 0.807 ( p = 0.001) for metadiscourse markers for OCLL-human to 0.962 for words ( p = 0.000) for GPT-human. The findings demonstrated that the LLM annotation achieved a significant level of accuracy in identifying measurement units and counts.

Reliability of LLM-driven AES’s scoring and discriminating proficiency levels

This section examines the reliability of the LLM-driven AES scoring through a comparison of the scoring outcomes produced by human raters and the LLM ( Reliability of LLM-driven AES scoring ). It also assesses the effectiveness of the LLM-based AES system in differentiating participants with varying proficiency levels ( Reliability of LLM-driven AES discriminating proficiency levels ).

Reliability of LLM-driven AES scoring

Table 8 summarizes the QWK coefficient analysis between the scores computed by the human raters and the GPT-4 for the individual essays from I-JAS Footnote 7 . As shown, the QWK of all measures ranged from k = 0.819 for lexical density (number of lexical words (tokens)/number of words per essay) to k = 0.644 for word2vec cosine similarity. Table 9 further presents the Pearson correlations between the 16 writing proficiency measures scored by human raters and GPT 4 for the individual essays. The correlations ranged from 0.672 for syntactic complexity to 0.734 for grammatical accuracy. The correlations between the writing proficiency scores assigned by human raters and the BERT-based AES system were found to range from 0.661 for syntactic complexity to 0.713 for grammatical accuracy. The correlations between the writing proficiency scores given by human raters and the OCLL-based AES system ranged from 0.654 for cohesion to 0.721 for grammatical accuracy. These findings indicated an alignment between the assessments made by human raters and both the BERT-based and OCLL-based AES systems in terms of various aspects of writing proficiency.

Reliability of LLM-driven AES discriminating proficiency levels

After validating the reliability of the LLM’s annotation and scoring, the subsequent objective was to evaluate its ability to distinguish between various proficiency levels. For this analysis, a dataset of 686 individual essays was utilized. Table 10 presents a sample of the results, summarizing the means, standard deviations, and the outcomes of the one-way ANOVAs based on the measures assessed by the GPT-4 model. A post hoc multiple comparison test, specifically the Bonferroni test, was conducted to identify any potential differences between pairs of levels.

As the results reveal, seven measures presented linear upward or downward progress across the three proficiency levels. These were marked in bold in Table 10 and comprise one measure of lexical richness, i.e. MATTR (lexical diversity); four measures of syntactic complexity, i.e. MDD (mean dependency distance), MLC (mean length of clause), CNT (complex nominals per T-unit), CPC (coordinate phrases rate); one cohesion measure, i.e. word2vec cosine similarity and GER (grammatical error rate). Regarding the ability of the sixteen measures to distinguish adjacent proficiency levels, the Bonferroni tests indicated that statistically significant differences exist between the primary level and the intermediate level for MLC and GER. One measure of lexical richness, namely LD, along with three measures of syntactic complexity (VPT, CT, DCT, ACC), two measures of cohesion (SOPT, SOPK), and one measure of content elaboration (IMM), exhibited statistically significant differences between proficiency levels. However, these differences did not demonstrate a linear progression between adjacent proficiency levels. No significant difference was observed in lexical sophistication between proficiency levels.

To summarize, our study aimed to evaluate the reliability and differentiation capabilities of the LLM-driven AES method. For the first objective, we assessed the LLM’s ability to differentiate between test takers with varying levels of oral proficiency using precision, recall, F-Score, and quadratically-weighted kappa. Regarding the second objective, we compared the scoring outcomes generated by human raters and the LLM to determine the level of agreement. We employed quadratically-weighted kappa and Pearson correlations to compare the 16 writing proficiency measures for the individual essays. The results confirmed the feasibility of using the LLM for annotation and scoring in AES for nonnative Japanese. As a result, Research Question 1 has been addressed.

Comparison of BERT-, GPT-, OCLL-based AES, and linguistic-feature-based computation methods

This section aims to compare the effectiveness of five AES methods for nonnative Japanese writing, i.e. LLM-driven approaches utilizing BERT, GPT, and OCLL, linguistic feature-based approaches using Jess and JWriter. The comparison was conducted by comparing the ratings obtained from each approach with human ratings. All ratings were derived from the dataset introduced in Dataset . To facilitate the comparison, the agreement between the automated methods and human ratings was assessed using QWK and PRMSE. The performance of each approach was summarized in Table 11 .

The QWK coefficient values indicate that LLMs (GPT, BERT, OCLL) and human rating outcomes demonstrated higher agreement compared to feature-based AES methods (Jess and JWriter) in assessing writing proficiency criteria, including lexical richness, syntactic complexity, content, and grammatical accuracy. Among the LLMs, the GPT-4 driven AES and human rating outcomes showed the highest agreement in all criteria, except for syntactic complexity. The PRMSE values suggest that the GPT-based method outperformed linguistic feature-based methods and other LLM-based approaches. Moreover, an interesting finding emerged during the study: the agreement coefficient between GPT-4 and human scoring was even higher than the agreement between different human raters themselves. This discovery highlights the advantage of GPT-based AES over human rating. Ratings involve a series of processes, including reading the learners’ writing, evaluating the content and language, and assigning scores. Within this chain of processes, various biases can be introduced, stemming from factors such as rater biases, test design, and rating scales. These biases can impact the consistency and objectivity of human ratings. GPT-based AES may benefit from its ability to apply consistent and objective evaluation criteria. By prompting the GPT model with detailed writing scoring rubrics and linguistic features, potential biases in human ratings can be mitigated. The model follows a predefined set of guidelines and does not possess the same subjective biases that human raters may exhibit. This standardization in the evaluation process contributes to the higher agreement observed between GPT-4 and human scoring. Section Prompt strategy of the study delves further into the role of prompts in the application of LLMs to AES. It explores how the choice and implementation of prompts can impact the performance and reliability of LLM-based AES methods. Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge the strengths of the local model, i.e. the Japanese local model OCLL, which excels in processing certain idiomatic expressions. Nevertheless, our analysis indicated that GPT-4 surpasses local models in AES. This superior performance can be attributed to the larger parameter size of GPT-4, estimated to be between 500 billion and 1 trillion, which exceeds the sizes of both BERT and the local model OCLL.

Prompt strategy

In the context of prompt strategy, Mizumoto and Eguchi ( 2023 ) conducted a study where they applied the GPT-3 model to automatically score English essays in the TOEFL test. They found that the accuracy of the GPT model alone was moderate to fair. However, when they incorporated linguistic measures such as cohesion, syntactic complexity, and lexical features alongside the GPT model, the accuracy significantly improved. This highlights the importance of prompt engineering and providing the model with specific instructions to enhance its performance. In this study, a similar approach was taken to optimize the performance of LLMs. GPT-4, which outperformed BERT and OCLL, was selected as the candidate model. Model 1 was used as the baseline, representing GPT-4 without any additional prompting. Model 2, on the other hand, involved GPT-4 prompted with 16 measures that included scoring criteria, efficient linguistic features for writing assessment, and detailed measurement units and calculation formulas. The remaining models (Models 3 to 18) utilized GPT-4 prompted with individual measures. The performance of these 18 different models was assessed using the output indicators described in Section Criteria (output indicator) . By comparing the performances of these models, the study aimed to understand the impact of prompt engineering on the accuracy and effectiveness of GPT-4 in AES tasks.


Model 1: GPT-4

Model 2: GPT-4 + 17 measures

Model 3: GPT-4 + MATTR	Model 4: GPT-4 + LD	Model 5: GPT-4 + LS
Model 6: GPT-4 + MLC	Model 7: GPT-4 + VPT	Model 8: GPT-4 + CT
Model 9: GPT-4 + DCT	Model 10: GPT-4 + CNT	Model 11: GPT-4 + ACC
Model 12: GPT-4 + CPC	Model 13: GPT-4 + MDD	Model 14: GPT-4 + SOPT
Model 15: GPT-4 + SOPK	Model 16: GPT-4 + word2vec
Model 17: GPT-4 + IMM	Model 18: GPT-4 + GER

Based on the PRMSE scores presented in Fig. 4 , it was observed that Model 1, representing GPT-4 without any additional prompting, achieved a fair level of performance. However, Model 2, which utilized GPT-4 prompted with all measures, outperformed all other models in terms of PRMSE score, achieving a score of 0.681. These results indicate that the inclusion of specific measures and prompts significantly enhanced the performance of GPT-4 in AES. Among the measures, syntactic complexity was found to play a particularly significant role in improving the accuracy of GPT-4 in assessing writing quality. Following that, lexical diversity emerged as another important factor contributing to the model’s effectiveness. The study suggests that a well-prompted GPT-4 can serve as a valuable tool to support human assessors in evaluating writing quality. By utilizing GPT-4 as an automated scoring tool, the evaluation biases associated with human raters can be minimized. This has the potential to empower teachers by allowing them to focus on designing writing tasks and guiding writing strategies, while leveraging the capabilities of GPT-4 for efficient and reliable scoring.

PRMSE scores of the 18 AES models.

This study aimed to investigate two main research questions: the feasibility of utilizing LLMs for AES and the impact of prompt engineering on the application of LLMs in AES.

To address the first objective, the study compared the effectiveness of five different models: GPT, BERT, the Japanese local LLM (OCLL), and two conventional machine learning-based AES tools (Jess and JWriter). The PRMSE values indicated that the GPT-4-based method outperformed other LLMs (BERT, OCLL) and linguistic feature-based computational methods (Jess and JWriter) across various writing proficiency criteria. Furthermore, the agreement coefficient between GPT-4 and human scoring surpassed the agreement among human raters themselves, highlighting the potential of using the GPT-4 tool to enhance AES by reducing biases and subjectivity, saving time, labor, and cost, and providing valuable feedback for self-study. Regarding the second goal, the role of prompt design was investigated by comparing 18 models, including a baseline model, a model prompted with all measures, and 16 models prompted with one measure at a time. GPT-4, which outperformed BERT and OCLL, was selected as the candidate model. The PRMSE scores of the models showed that GPT-4 prompted with all measures achieved the best performance, surpassing the baseline and other models.

In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the potential of LLMs in supporting human rating in assessments. By incorporating automation, we can save time and resources while reducing biases and subjectivity inherent in human rating processes. Automated language assessments offer the advantage of accessibility, providing equal opportunities and economic feasibility for individuals who lack access to traditional assessment centers or necessary resources. LLM-based language assessments provide valuable feedback and support to learners, aiding in the enhancement of their language proficiency and the achievement of their goals. This personalized feedback can cater to individual learner needs, facilitating a more tailored and effective language-learning experience.

There are three important areas that merit further exploration. First, prompt engineering requires attention to ensure optimal performance of LLM-based AES across different language types. This study revealed that GPT-4, when prompted with all measures, outperformed models prompted with fewer measures. Therefore, investigating and refining prompt strategies can enhance the effectiveness of LLMs in automated language assessments. Second, it is crucial to explore the application of LLMs in second-language assessment and learning for oral proficiency, as well as their potential in under-resourced languages. Recent advancements in self-supervised machine learning techniques have significantly improved automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems, opening up new possibilities for creating reliable ASR systems, particularly for under-resourced languages with limited data. However, challenges persist in the field of ASR. First, ASR assumes correct word pronunciation for automatic pronunciation evaluation, which proves challenging for learners in the early stages of language acquisition due to diverse accents influenced by their native languages. Accurately segmenting short words becomes problematic in such cases. Second, developing precise audio-text transcriptions for languages with non-native accented speech poses a formidable task. Last, assessing oral proficiency levels involves capturing various linguistic features, including fluency, pronunciation, accuracy, and complexity, which are not easily captured by current NLP technology.

Data availability

The dataset utilized was obtained from the International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS). The data URLs: [ https://www2.ninjal.ac.jp/jll/lsaj/ihome2.html ].

J-CAT and TTBJ are two computerized adaptive tests used to assess Japanese language proficiency.

SPOT is a specific component of the TTBJ test.

J-CAT: https://www.j-cat2.org/html/ja/pages/interpret.html

SPOT: https://ttbj.cegloc.tsukuba.ac.jp/p1.html#SPOT .

The study utilized a prompt-based GPT-4 model, developed by OpenAI, which has an impressive architecture with 1.8 trillion parameters across 120 layers. GPT-4 was trained on a vast dataset of 13 trillion tokens, using two stages: initial training on internet text datasets to predict the next token, and subsequent fine-tuning through reinforcement learning from human feedback.

https://www2.ninjal.ac.jp/jll/lsaj/ihome2-en.html .

http://jhlee.sakura.ne.jp/JEV/ by Japanese Learning Dictionary Support Group 2015.

We express our sincere gratitude to the reviewer for bringing this matter to our attention.

On February 7, 2023, Microsoft began rolling out a major overhaul to Bing that included a new chatbot feature based on OpenAI’s GPT-4 (Bing.com).

Appendix E-F present the analysis results of the QWK coefficient between the scores computed by the human raters and the BERT, OCLL models.

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This research was funded by National Foundation of Social Sciences (22BYY186) to Wenchao Li.

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Li, W., Liu, H. Applying large language models for automated essay scoring for non-native Japanese. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11 , 723 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03209-9

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By Robert Colls

“If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face – forever” — O’Brien, “ Nineteen Eighty-Four ”

George Orwell didn’t get everything right. Contrary to popular myth, he often got things wrong. In “Old George’s Almanac” ( Tribune , December 1945) for instance, he predicted that the US and Soviet Russia would do a postwar deal at Britain’s expense, that the Americans would suffer a postwar depression, that Germany would fall into banditry, and that Asia would turn xenophobic. He started the war thinking the British people wouldn’t fight and ended it expecting a collapse in the birth rate. He once argued that you could show your solidarity with people by killing them.

He didn’t get everything right in his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , either. There wasn’t a nuclear war or revolution, and whatever system we live under now, it is not a paranoid left-fascist dictatorship. We’ve never had anyone or anything remotely resembling Big Brother. There is no “terror”. We have not been looted of our law or language. Our institutions haven’t been wiped out – they creak on. Some of this happened in other places – Nagasaki and Hiroshima took the bomb, and foul tyrannies took over in eastern Europe and elsewhere – but not all at once and not all in the same way. The Marshall Plan stabilised western Europe and Nato defended it. If you see a Big Brother in the sky above London, it’s more likely to be a rap star.

Then there are those things that have happened but not in the way Orwell imagined. It’s possible to see the novel’s three great global formations in the post-1945 settlement – Oceania in the West, Eurasia in Russia, and Eastasia in China. But the world we live in now is a messier, more volatile place than Orwell’s power blocs, and although proxy wars across continents have never stopped, no wars have been fought directly between the three great civilisations (call them what you will). Decolonisation of the old European empires complicated the world order even more, and the rise of a fourth geopolitical formation, the European Union , has yet to register.

We all have TV, but not like Winston’s TV, which receives as well as transmits information and instruction. We have mobile phones instead, billions of them, one in every back pocket, but what they receive and transmit goes first and foremost to capitalist corporations in God knows where, not a vast central state apparatus in London. Pens have become scarce in our world as well as in Winston’s, but not because everyone now uses dictaphones; and no one makes a phone call in Nineteen Eighty-Four . We have a national lottery like the world of the novel has a national lottery, but ours is not a fraud because people do occasionally win. Nothing works properly in their world, and little seems to work properly in ours, but the reasons are different. In Oceania, the problem is state centralisation and for us the problem is market diffusion.

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I could make a long list of all our travails compared with all their travails but whatever they are, they are not comparable. Vape lounges are everywhere, but they are not where you go to get vapourised. Pornography is easily available but how much is self-generated? Horrible histories are what middle-class people buy for their children at Waterstones, not what kids are forced to read at school (“In the old days, before the glorious Revolution, London was not the beautiful city we know today”). Gay love, if that is what Winston shares with O’Brien, is no longer hidden. Capitalism, if that is what we have, has been transformed, not abolished. Communism has fallen but, according to the BBC’s Steve Rosenberg , Russian security services still appear to be spooked by a shabby little building in Ivanovo calling itself the George Orwell Library. No one talks any more of the Laws of Motion of Capital, and those who do don’t believe it. We are so much richer now (UK GDP is six times more than it was in 1948) but not, as Orwell argued, by holding on to the empire.

All these features of a world Orwell did not imagine have brought their own quandaries that he would have recognised. With a camera computer in every pocket, we have become our own watchers of the watched. Orwell’s newspeak had teams of people employed to reduce language beneath the threshold of everything that makes us human, but this isn’t Twitter, and it can’t be squared with the imminent quantum leap that world media is about to take with AI. Nobody is in control. Since 1949, far from seeing the submergence of the individual by the state, we have seen the rise of mass narcissism regardless of the state. The US saw an attack on its seat of government on 6 January 2020 by a rabble holding mobile phones to their faces. Everything is there to be selfied; and everything selfied is all there is. Orwell feared “fellow travellers” who kept their influence secret. Now we have “influencers” who do it in the daylight.

In Nineteen Eighty-Four , the Party seeks to control all speech and therefore all thought. Our elites also prefer their own ways of speaking and thinking, but they monitor our language by their control of public and business institutions, not party edict. We live in a society increasingly policed by graduates. Come, comrade, show me your language and I will show you how to free your mind. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY.

Orwell never set out to predict. He merely set out the problem and the problem was not the accuracy of his warnings but the hell he unleashed in a book.

Winston and Julia live in a sealed space that has no beginning or end. I say “space” but what I mean is “mind”. As in a nightmare, everything in Nineteen Eighty-Four is about not knowing who or where you are. There is no God . There are no morals. There is no politics. There is no culture. There is no trust. There can be no friends. Soon there will be no thought, only conformity. In the name of redeeming everyone, the state is devoted to destroying everyone. If you transgress, you will surely die. If you don’t transgress, you have lost your mind. Losing your mind, after all, is the point. O’Brien the chief inquisitor is a lunatic, a liar and a psychopath but he knows everything because he has the power to contain everyone. “Nothing exists except through human consciousness,” he says. The Party has abolished objective truth. It has almost abolished the family; the orgasm is next. O’Brien says he could identify as a soap bubble if he wanted to, and float in the air, and as his mind “contained Winston’s mind”, we can see how it works. Gravity only matters when the Party is forced to deal with the real world. “Doublethink”, a sort of dialectical method of thinking treacherously in opposites, allows all this to be true and untrue at the same time. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH.

Winston is insane as well, remember. Not as mad as his interlocutor, still holding on to an idea of the world as it is, but sick enough in ordinary circumstances to imagine raping and murdering Julia only minutes after meeting her. It is Julia, the anti-intellectual in a system of mindless hate run by intellectuals, who is the true hero of Nineteen Eighty-Four . Not Winston, and not O’Brien, even though he gets all the best lines.

In such circumstances we assume that self-surveillance is normal and self-censorship rife. Julia had been self-censoring for years. Winston is learning how, and for a time we think O’Brien and the Brotherhood were (must have been) masters of it. In other words, we feel there must be widespread self-censorship in their world just as we feel there must be in ours. But it’s hard to tell. I’m doing it now. Either way, nobody wants the Two-Minute Hate – “an abstract, undirected emotion which could be switched from one object to another like the flame of a blowtorch”. WAR IS PEACE.

There are two refrains. One is, “We are the dead” – to which Julia dryly responds, “We’re not dead yet.” And the other is, “If there is hope, it lies in the proles” – a statement Orwell notes as a “mystical truth” and a “palpable absurdity”.

Yet he believed it. In so far as he had a politics, Orwell believed in the common decency and good sense of the English people. He spent the first half of the Second World War working for the BBC’s Eastern Service, broadcasting to the Indian subcontinent. He spent the second half writing about how ordinary people in England saw themselves and their country – not in books and theories, not in newspaper editorials, not in political parties or great leaders, but in each other, out there on the street, in the garden, in the four-ale bar, at work and at home and in the armed forces. What Gramsci rather abstractly called the “national popular”, Orwell cleverly called “My Country Right or Left” ( Folios of New Writing , 1940).

If there was hope it could only be with the proles, and yet right from the start in his notes for Nineteen Eighty-Four Orwell recognised their “equivocal” position in the resistance movement (if there is a resistance movement). Big Brother fell but we don’t know who to (although Sandra Newman’s 2023 novel Julia makes a good stab at it). At first his publisher saw Nineteen Eighty-Four as Orwell’s “final breach” with socialism, worth a “cool million votes to the Conservatives”. Orwell was quick to reject this, but he was never slow to identify that mixture of condescension and distaste in left intellectual circles towards working-class people. As for now, our elites still prefer their own hierarchy of virtue to the democracy of other people, and no one pretends that Labour is a working-class party. For the people, maybe. By the people, not. As the American writer Thomas Meaney has remarked in these pages , the globalisation that was wished upon them now feels like a putsch.

Nineteen Eighty-Four was written in the Hebrides between 1946 and 1948 and published by Secker & Warburg on 8 June 1949. Orwell died seven months later in University College Hospital off Euston Road in London. Since then we have all learned to live with “Big Brother”, and “Orwellian” has joined “Shakespearian” and “Dickensian” in an elite company of adjectives. Even the Staggers’ best writers do it. Bruno Maçães’s recent Orwellism – “The globalisation of conflict ultimately means that the only universal principle is conflict itself” – is so good it could be a fake.

We are not talking here about ways of getting things wrong. We are not talking either of “Old George’s Almanac”. Nineteen Eighty-Four is a literary work before it is a political work, taking its cue from a wide range of fiction including, for example, novels as different as Katharine Burdekin’s Swastika Night (1937) and CS Lewis’s That Hideous Strength (1945). It was never meant to be a prophecy. Orwell caught what he saw as a last moment in our history and bound it to what was certainly the last moment in his own, to create a hell on Earth that, once born, could never be unborn.

Tortured and beaten and looking in the mirror on legs that look like sticks, Winston is horrified to see that it is him and we are horrified to see that it is Belsen. Orwell once called the work of Salvador Dalí a “direct, unmistakable assault on sanity and decency; and even… life itself”. Reading Nineteen Eighty-Four is not being raped and murdered. It is what being raped and murdered might feel like. It is a work of art stamping on the human imagination forever.

Robert Colls is the author of “George Orwell: English Rebel” (OUP)

[See also: Salman Rushdie’s warning bell ]

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