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EBSCO Open Dissertations

EBSCO Open Dissertations makes electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) more accessible to researchers worldwide. The free portal is designed to benefit universities and their students and make ETDs more discoverable. 

Increasing Discovery & Usage of ETD Research

EBSCO Open Dissertations is a collaboration between EBSCO and BiblioLabs to increase traffic and discoverability of ETD research. You can join the movement and add your theses and dissertations to the database, making them freely available to researchers everywhere while increasing traffic to your institutional repository. 

EBSCO Open Dissertations extends the work started in 2014, when EBSCO and the H.W. Wilson Foundation created American Doctoral Dissertations which contained indexing from the H.W. Wilson print publication, Doctoral Dissertations Accepted by American Universities, 1933-1955. In 2015, the H.W. Wilson Foundation agreed to support the expansion of the scope of the American Doctoral Dissertations database to include records for dissertations and theses from 1955 to the present.

How Does EBSCO Open Dissertations Work?

Your ETD metadata is harvested via OAI and integrated into EBSCO’s platform, where pointers send traffic to your IR.

EBSCO integrates this data into their current subscriber environments and makes the data available on the open web via opendissertations.org .

You might also be interested in:

Open Access Theses and Dissertations

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About OATD.org

OATD.org aims to be the best possible resource for finding open access graduate theses and dissertations published around the world. Metadata (information about the theses) comes from over 1100 colleges, universities, and research institutions . OATD currently indexes 6,911,340 theses and dissertations.

About OATD (our FAQ) .

Visual OATD.org

We’re happy to present several data visualizations to give an overall sense of the OATD.org collection by county of publication, language, and field of study.

You may also want to consult these sites to search for other theses:

• Google Scholar
• NDLTD , the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. NDLTD provides information and a search engine for electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs), whether they are open access or not.
• Proquest Theses and Dissertations (PQDT), a database of dissertations and theses, whether they were published electronically or in print, and mostly available for purchase. Access to PQDT may be limited; consult your local library for access information.

Finding Dissertations & Theses: Online Dissertations & Theses

• Online Dissertations & Theses
• Dissertations & Theses Written at Simmons

United States

Use the links below to locate dissertations and theses from the United States in both proprietary and open access collections.

International

Use the links below to locate international dissertations and theses in open access collections.

More Dissertations & Theses on the Web

More colleges and universities such as the University of Minnesota are setting up digital repositories to make theses and dissertations freely available on the Internet. Try searching for keywords , author , title , or academic institution in Google Scholar , to check for full-text availability.

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• Last Updated: Feb 23, 2024 11:11 AM
• URL: https://simmons.libguides.com/Dissertations

How to find resources by format

Why use a dissertation or a thesis.

A dissertation is the final large research paper, based on original research, for many disciplines to be able to complete a PhD degree. The thesis is the same idea but for a masters degree.

They are often considered scholarly sources since they are closely supervised by a committee, are directed at an academic audience, are extensively researched, follow research methodology, and are cited in other scholarly work. Often the research is newer or answering questions that are more recent, and can help push scholarship in new directions. 

Search for dissertations and theses

Locating dissertations and theses.

The Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global database includes doctoral dissertations and selected masters theses from major universities worldwide.

• Searchable by subject, author, advisor, title, school, date, etc.
• More information about full text access and requesting through Interlibrary Loan

NDLTD – Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations provides free online access to a over a million theses and dissertations from all over the world.

WorldCat Dissertations and Theses searches library catalogs from across the U.S. and worldwide.

Locating University of Minnesota Dissertations and Theses

Use  Libraries search  and search by title or author and add the word "thesis" in the search box. Write down the library and call number and find it on the shelf. They can be checked out.

Check the  University Digital Conservancy  for online access to dissertations and theses from 2007 to present as well as historic, scanned theses from 1887-1923.

Other Sources for Dissertations and Theses

• Center for Research Libraries
• DART-Europe E-Thesis Portal
• Theses Canada
• Ethos (Great Britain)
• Australasian Digital Theses in Trove
• DiVA (Sweden)
• E-Thesis at the University of Helsinki
• DissOnline (Germany)
• List of libraries worldwide - to search for a thesis when you know the institution and cannot find in the larger collections

University of Minnesota Dissertations and Theses FAQs

What dissertations and theses are available.

With minor exceptions, all doctoral dissertations and all "Plan A" master's theses accepted by the University of Minnesota are available in the University Libraries system. In some cases (see below) only a non-circulating copy in University Archives exists, but for doctoral dissertations from 1940 to date, and for master's theses from 1925 to date, a circulating copy should almost always be available.

"Plan B" papers, accepted in the place of a thesis in many master's degree programs, are not received by the University Libraries and are generally not available. (The only real exceptions are a number of old library school Plan B papers on publishing history, which have been separately cataloged.) In a few cases individual departments may have maintained files of such papers.

In what libraries are U of M dissertations and theses located?

Circulating copies of doctoral dissertations:.

• Use Libraries Search to look for the author or title of the work desired to determine location and call number of a specific dissertation. Circulating copies of U of M doctoral dissertations can be in one of several locations in the library system, depending upon the date and the department for which the dissertation was done. The following are the general rules:
• Dissertations prior to 1940 Circulating copies of U of M dissertations prior to 1940 do not exist (with rare exceptions): for these, only the archival copy (see below) is available. Also, most dissertations prior to 1940 are not cataloged in MNCAT and can only be identified by the departmental listings described below.  
• Dissertations from 1940-1979 Circulating copies of U of M dissertations from 1940 to 1979 will in most cases be held within the Elmer L. Andersen Library, with three major classes of exceptions: dissertations accepted by biological, medical, and related departments are housed in the Health Science Library; science/engineering dissertations from 1970 to date will be located in the Science and Engineering Library (in Walter); and dissertations accepted by agricultural and related departments are available at the Magrath Library or one of the other libraries on the St. Paul campus (the Magrath Library maintains records of locations for such dissertations).  
• Dissertations from 1980-date Circulating copies of U of M dissertations from 1980 to date at present may be located either in Wilson Library (see below) or in storage; consult Libraries Search for location of specific items. Again, exceptions noted above apply here also; dissertations in their respective departments will instead be in Health Science Library or in one of the St. Paul campus libraries.

Circulating copies of master's theses:

• Theses prior to 1925 Circulating copies of U of M master's theses prior to 1925 do not exist (with rare exceptions); for these, only the archival copy (see below) is available.  
• Theses from 1925-1996 Circulating copies of U of M master's theses from 1925 to 1996 may be held in storage; consult Libraries search in specific instances. Once again, there are exceptions and theses in their respective departments will be housed in the Health Science Library or in one of the St. Paul campus libraries.  
• Theses from 1997-date Circulating copies of U of M master's theses from 1997 to date will be located in Wilson Library (see below), except for the same exceptions for Health Science  and St. Paul theses. There is also an exception to the exception: MHA (Masters in Health Administration) theses through 1998 are in the Health Science Library, but those from 1999 on are in Wilson Library.

Archival copies (non-circulating)

Archival (non-circulating) copies of virtually all U of M doctoral dissertations from 1888-1952, and of U of M master's theses from all years up to the present, are maintained by University Archives (located in the Elmer L. Andersen Library). These copies must be consulted on the premises, and it is highly recommended for the present that users make an appointment in advance to ensure that the desired works can be retrieved for them from storage. For dissertations accepted prior to 1940 and for master's theses accepted prior to 1925, University Archives is generally the only option (e.g., there usually will be no circulating copy). Archival copies of U of M doctoral dissertations from 1953 to the present are maintained by Bell and Howell Corporation (formerly University Microfilms Inc.), which produces print or filmed copies from our originals upon request. (There are a very few post-1952 U of M dissertations not available from Bell and Howell; these include such things as music manuscripts and works with color illustrations or extremely large pages that will not photocopy well; in these few cases, our archival copy is retained in University Archives.)

Where is a specific dissertation of thesis located?

To locate a specific dissertation or thesis it is necessary to have its call number. Use Libraries Search for the author or title of the item, just as you would for any other book. Depending on date of acceptance and cataloging, a typical call number for such materials should look something like one of the following:

Dissertations: Plan"A" Theses MnU-D or 378.7M66 MnU-M or 378.7M66 78-342 ODR7617 83-67 OL6156 Libraries Search will also tell the library location (MLAC, Health Science Library, Magrath or another St. Paul campus library, Science and Engineering, Business Reference, Wilson Annex or Wilson Library). Those doctoral dissertations still in Wilson Library (which in all cases should be 1980 or later and will have "MnU-D" numbers) are located in the central section of the third floor. Those master's theses in Wilson (which in all cases will be 1997 or later and will have "MnU-M" numbers) are also located in the central section of the third floor. Both dissertations and theses circulate and can be checked out, like any other books, at the Wilson Circulation desk on the first floor.

How can dissertations and theses accepted by a specific department be located?

Wilson Library contains a series of bound and loose-leaf notebooks, arranged by department and within each department by date, listing dissertations and theses. Information given for each entry includes name of author, title, and date (but not call number, which must be looked up individually). These notebooks are no longer current, but they do cover listings by department from the nineteenth century up to approximately 1992. Many pre-1940 U of M dissertations and pre-1925 U of M master's theses are not cataloged (and exist only as archival copies). Such dissertations can be identified only with these volumes. The books and notebooks are shelved in the general collection under these call numbers: Wilson Ref LD3337 .A5 and Wilson Ref quarto LD3337 .U9x. Major departments of individual degree candidates are also listed under their names in the GRADUATE SCHOOL COMMENCEMENT programs of the U of M, available in University Archives and (for recent years) also in Wilson stacks (LD3361 .U55x).

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Resources to Find Dissertations: Home

Description.

This page provides links to databases and websites to find dissertations. This includes links to general databases to find dissertations, databases focused on the humanities, foreign dissertations, dissertations on religion, and dissertations hosted by other universities.

General Databases

Humanities dissertations, foreign dissertations, religion dissertations, dissertations of universities, yale divinity library.

Science Dissertations

• Last Updated: Aug 22, 2023 5:35 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.yale.edu/dissertations

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EBSCO Open Dissertations

Search millions of electronic theses and dissertations (etds).

With EBSCO Open Dissertations, institutions and students are offered an innovative approach to driving additional traffic to ETDs in institutional repositories. Our goal is to help make their students’ theses and dissertations as widely visible and cited as possible.

This approach extends the work started in 2014, when EBSCO and the H.W. Wilson Foundation created American Doctoral Dissertations which contained indexing from the H.W. Wilson print publication, Doctoral Dissertations Accepted by American Universities, 1933-1955. In 2015, the H.W. Wilson Foundation agreed to support the expansion of the scope of the American Doctoral Dissertations database to include records for dissertations and theses from 1955 to the present.

Get involved in the EBSCO Open Dissertations project and make your electronic theses and dissertations freely available to researchers everywhere. Please contact Margaret Richter for more information.

Dissertation Repositories, Open Access

How to find dissertations, open access repositories, selected university affiliated, open access repositories.

Use the websites listed below to find freely accessible (open access) dissertations from the United States and other countries.  While all repositories listed here include doctoral dissertations, Master's theses may be available in some cases as well.

Regis College maintains print copies of Regis student theses and dissertations in the Regis Library.  They are not digitized although individual students may have submitted their dissertation to a digital repository.

• American Doctoral Dissertations (EBSCO) A free resource, hosted by EBSCO, this database includes more than 172,000 theses and dissertations in total from 1902 to the present.
• British Library: EThOS, E-theses Online Service EThOS is the UK’s national thesis service. EThOS aims to hold a record for all doctoral theses awarded by all UK universities (institutions). Also available when using Regis Library discovery tool, PowerSearch.
• Digital Commons Network Free, full-text scholarly articles from hundreds of universities and colleges worldwide. Curated by university librarians and their supporting institutions, the Network includes a growing collection of peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, dissertations, working papers, conference proceedings, and other original scholarly work.
• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) is an international organization dedicated to promoting the adoption, creation, use, dissemination, and preservation of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). We support electronic publishing and open access to scholarship in order to enhance the sharing of knowledge worldwide.
• Open Access Theses and Dissertations OATD.org aims to be the best possible resource for finding open access graduate theses and dissertations published around the world. Metadata (information about the theses) comes from over 1100 colleges, universities, and research institutions. OATD currently indexes 4,264,663 theses and dissertations.
• PQDT Open PQDT Open provides the full text of open access dissertations and theses free of charge. The authors of these dissertations and theses have opted to publish as open access.
• Theses Canada Theses Canada is a collaborative program between Library and Archives Canada (LAC) and nearly 70 universities accredited by Universities Canada. It strives to: acquire and preserve theses and dissertations from participating universities; provide free access to Canadian electronic theses and dissertations in the collection.

These digital repositories maintained by various universities enable public access to theses and dissertations.  These are just a select sample; there are many other repositories associated with universities.

• Duke University: Duke Space, Theses and Dissertations
• Harvard University: Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) Also available when using Regis Library discovery tool, PowerSearch.
• Johns Hopkins University: DSpace Repository
• Northeastern University: Digital Reposity Service: Theses and Dissertations
• University of Washington: ResearchWorks
• Walden University Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
• Last Updated: Jul 12, 2023 8:18 AM
• URL: https://libguides.regiscollege.edu/open_access_dissertations

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Theses & Dissertations

How Do I Find a Thesis or Dissertation?

Northeastern master’s theses and doctoral dissertations:.

Most Northeastern theses and dissertations published in 2008 or later are available online through the library’s Digital Repository Service. In addition to finding them in in Scholar OneSearch, y ou can also search the DRS directly which allows you to easily filter your search to a college, department, advisor, and more.

Prior to 2008, print copies are located in the Archives and Special Collections .

Theses and dissertations published at other universities

• Proquest Theses and Dissertations Global includes theses and dissertations from all major United States institutions of higher education and some international ones as well.
• Theses and dissertations may also be found in these research databases .

What Is an ETD program?

ETD stands for Electronic Theses and Dissertations. ETD programs replace the traditional practice of depositing print copies of theses and dissertations in the library. Northeastern University requires that you deposit your doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis electronically via ProQuest’s Dissertation Publishing service.

As part of this service, ProQuest will deliver an electronic copy of your dissertation or thesis to the library. The library will deposit this copy into its Digital Repository Service (DRS) . The DRS provides free online access to users worldwide, so your research will be widely accessible. You will hold the copyright to your work just as you would if it were made available in print. The electronic format allows you to include supplemental materials such as video, data sets, and presentation slides.

This program collects all of Northeastern’s dissertations and theses in an online archive and provides an excellent overview of the important research being conducted at the university. More information about the university’s ETD program is available in the university’s ETD Proquest agreement .

More FAQs about theses and dissertations are available in the University Library FAQ.

How Do I Submit My NU Thesis or Dissertation?

Congratulations, you’ve finally finished!

Each college at Northeastern University maintains its own individual requirements for the preparation and submission of theses and dissertations. Before submitting, students should contact their department or graduate school for those requirements.

Each college also has a unique link to submit theses and dissertations via ProQuest. Once you are ready to submit your thesis or dissertation, please choose the correct “ProQuest submission” link for your school or college:

• ProQuest submission
• Thesis guidelines

What Is an Embargo?

An embargo prevents readers from accessing the full text of a work for a designated period of time. Authors may choose to use an embargo to protect sensitive information, or because they have applied for a patent based on their work.

At Northeastern University, the maximum embargo permitted for a thesis or dissertation is two years. You may find that other institutions have embargoes of different lengths, or other restrictions. Embargos may be renewed with permission from your program administrator.

Generally, the citation and abstract are still available to readers during the embargo period.

How Does Copyright Apply to Theses & Dissertations?

At Northeastern University, copyright for your thesis or dissertation copyright belongs to you. Although it is not necessary to include a copyright statement, we recommend that you do so.

You may also choose to register your thesis or dissertation with the U.S. Copyright Office. This is not necessary as you already have copyright over your own dissertation, but registering it can protect you in legal situations where you may wish to collect statutory damages.  You can register your copyright during the ProQuest submission process for a fee of $75, or you may file yourself directly with the U.S. Copyright office (starting fee is $45 for single author).

Publishing your thesis or dissertation online through Northeastern’s DRS does not void or cancel your copyright. It allows your work to reach a wider audience and others must still ask your permission before reproducing or otherwise using your work beyond fair use .

Read more about copyright and theses/dissertations:

• “ Copyright and Publishing Your Dissertation ” by Rachael Samberg, University of California Berkeley Library
• “ Copyright Law & Graduate Research: New Media, New Rights, and Your New Dissertation ” by Kenneth D. Crews for ProQuest (PDF)
• “ So You Want People to Read Your Thesis? ” by Danny Kingsley, Australian Open Access Support Group

For help with specific questions related to copyright, please contact the Library’s Digital Production Services department .

How Do I Update My Thesis or Dissertation?

Updates to your thesis or dissertation must be made in two places: the Digital Repository Service (DRS) and ProQuest’s Dissertation Publishing . Most changes to a thesis or dissertation in the DRS require approval from your program administrator, for example:

• requests for replacing your paper with an updated or corrected copy
• applying a new embargo
• requesting an embargo extension.

To make the change, first get permission from your program, then contact DRS staff to implement the approved change. Changes to the information about your paper, like an update to your name or correcting a typo in the abstract, do not require program approval.

For help with theses and dissertations stored in ProQuest, contact ProQuest support: [email protected]

How Do I Get a Print Copy of My Thesis or Dissertation?

Although not required by the university, you may want one or more bound copies of your thesis or dissertation. You can order bound copies from ProQuest during the submission process. Locally, we recommend HF Group (formerly Acme Binding) in Charlestown. Many local photocopying businesses also provide this service with various types of binding.

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How can I find a Harvard thesis or dissertation?

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Start with  HOLLIS  (HarvardKey login required for some full text, including theses & dissertations)

• Those presented for graduate degrees 
• Bowdoin prize essays 
• Undergraduate honors theses

How do you know if it's available online? 

• “View Online” button links out to full text.
• If there's no "View Online" button, the work probably has not been digitized.

What Harvard theses and dissertations can you expect to find online in full text? How do you get to them?

• Follow the links in HOLLIS.
• Not a Harvard affiliate? log in through the library of your academic institution OR
• you can usually purchase directly from  ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Express.  
• undergraduates are not required to submit theses or prizewinning papers to DASH
• Harvard Extension School ALM theses 2012-2016 were not entered into DASH. 
• Under certain circumstances dissertations may be embargoed by the author; DASH may be the only place this information is given.

If the work hasn't been digitized:

You can order PDFs or photocopies of most Harvard theses and dissertations (unless they're available through the Proquest database linked above) from 1873 through November 2011 (and ALM theses to 2016) 

• See our Reproduction Requests page to register
• When you submit the online order form, Imaging Services staff will reply with cost and delivery information.
• Questions about the online ordering process or pricing? Contact Imaging Services staff directly for additional information at 617/495-3995  or [email protected] (M-F, 9-5 Eastern) ​

For Extension School ALM theses  check out our  Library Guide for Harvard Extension School theses page

Want to view a dissertation or thesis at the library? Check with the archival collection location listed in HOLLIS.

Wondering what dissertations and theses have been submitted in the recent past?  Use DASH .

For more on undergraduate theses and dissertations, see our " How can I locate a Harvard undergraduate thesis?" FAQ.

Looking for non-Harvard theses & dissertations? See our "How can I find theses and dissertations?"  FAQ.

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Theses & dissertations

Theses & dissertations online.

ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global Find doctoral dissertations and master's theses from universities and institutions all around the world. Check out our  tutorial  for ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Open Access Theses and Dissertations Find graduate-level theses from around the world that are freely available online.

Find UA theses & dissertations

Use the  UA Theses & Dissertations Repository , to locate UA dissertations and masters theses submitted to the library from 1895-present. You can search or browse by author, title, discipline (program) or date.

Honors College theses from 2008-present are available in the UA Campus Repository. Paper copies from 1960s-2005 are located in  Special Collections .

Several UA departments maintain their own archives of masters theses and masters reports that were not submitted to the library. Check with individual departments.

The Arizona State Museum (ASM) Library collection includes master's theses from the American Indian Studies and Anthropology programs that are not available at the UA Libraries. Search the  ASM online catalog  to find theses in their non-circulating research collection and visit the  ASM Library and Archives  for more information on location and hours.

Not finding what you are looking for?

UA faculty, staff, and students can  request dissertations and theses  from other institutions through interlibrary loan. If you're a non-UA affiliate, you may be able to borrow UA theses and dissertations through your local library's interlibrary loan system.

Dissertations from the UA and many other U.S. and Canadian universities can be purchased online through  ProQuest UMI Dissertation Express .

Frequently asked questions

• How do I search for theses and dissertations?

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Q. How can I find a copy of a thesis or dissertation?

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Answered By: Kathryn Ray Last Updated: Sep 01, 2023     Views: 10482

The database Dissertations and Theses Global (ProQuest) is the best place to begin searching for theses and dissertations. Approximately half the listings include full text. Dissertations can also be found in a search of the AU Library Catalog .

For dissertations and theses written by AU students and not found in Dissertations and Theses Global, consult the database  Dissertations and Theses (American University-authored) .

The AU Digital Research Archive  (AUDRA)  also has electronic versions of some AU dissertations and theses.

EBSCO Open Dissertations is a free database with records for more than 800,000 electronic theses and dissertations in institutional repositories around the world. Open Dissertations includes the content from American Doctoral Dissertations, plus additional metadata from a number of colleges and universities.

Another free source is Open Access Theses and Dissertations .

Some dissertations and theses can be purchased directly from ProQuest.com at ProQuest Dissertation Copy Options .

If you encounter any issues while trying to use the ProQuest site, please refer to their ProQuest Dissertations FAQ .

If you would like further assistance, please Ask-A-Librarian .

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• Theses & dissertations
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OU theses and dissertations

Online theses.

Are available via Open Research Online .

Print theses

Search for OU theses in the Library Search . To see only print theses click 'In the Walton Hall library' and refine your results to resource type 'Thesis'.

OU staff and research students can  borrow a consultation copy of a thesis (if available). Please contact the Library helpdesk giving the author and title of the thesis.

UK theses and dissertations from EThOS

The Electronic Theses Online System (EThOS) offers free access to the full text of UK theses.

• EThOS offers a one stop online shop providing free access to UK theses
• EThOS digitizes theses on request into PDF format, this may require payment
• EThOS is managed by the British Library in partnership with a number of UK universities
• EThOS is open to all categories of library user

What does this mean to you as a library user?

When you need to access a PhD thesis from another UK based HE institution you should check EThOS to either download a thesis which has already been digitised or to request that a UK thesis be supplied to you.

• For all UK theses EThOS will be the first point of delivery. You can use the online ordering and tracking system direct from EThOS to manage your requests for UK PhD theses, including checking the status of your requests
• As readers you will deal directly with EThOS so will not need to fill in a document delivery request
• OU staff and research students will still be entitled to access non-UK based PhD theses by filling in a document delivery request
• In some cases where EThOS is unable to supply a UK thesis OU staff and research students will be able to access it by filling in a conventional document delivery request. The thesis will be supplied through direct loan
• The EThOS system is both faster and cheaper than the previous British Theses service which was based on microfilm
• The British Library no longer arranges interlibrary loans for UK PhD theses
• Interlibrary Loan procedures for other types of request from the British Library (articles and books for example) will remain the same

If you have any queries about using EThOS contact the Document Delivery Team ( [email protected] or the Library Helpdesk ).

Note 13/03/2024: The British Library is continuing to experience a major technology outage affecting its websites and other online systems, due to a Cyber attack. as a result access to ETHOS might not be possible until the issue is fixed. 

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How may I find my dissertation or thesis online?

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How do I find dissertations and theses?

• Finding University of Chicago Master's Theses
• Finding University of Chicago Dissertations and Theses
• Finding Dissertations and Theses from Other Institutions

Quick Links

Knowledge@uchicago.

• University of Chicago Library Catalog This link opens in a new window & more less... Find items in all campus libraries, including books, periodicals, sound recordings, videos, DVDs and more.
• ProQuest Dissertations & Theses This link opens in a new window & more less... Includes citations for materials from the first U.S. dissertation (1861) to those accepted as recently as last semester. Starting in 1997 full-text is often available. If full-text is not available information about ordering the document is provided.
• WorldCat (OCLC) This link opens in a new window & more less... WorldCat is a database that allows researchers to search the combined catalogs of hundreds of libraries around the world. It contains more than 52 million records for books, journals, audiovisual materials and more. This source can help researchers find items, verify citations, and identify which libraries hold a particular title.
• WorldCat.org

University of Chicago Convocation Programs

University of Chicago authors are welcome to add their theses to Knowledge@UChicago . They may embargo their work or limit it to the UChicago community.

Researchers can find master's and bachelor's theses in the repository by selecting Thesis . In Spring 2021, some programs in the Social Sciences Division began requiring that students add their MA theses. These appear in the MA Thesis Archive .

Browse collections to find records by division or school.

Library Catalog

Researchers can find records for many master's theses in the University of Chicago Library Catalog . The Library's print copies of theses circulate and may be borrowed like a book (usually from Mansueto ). Researchers may visit the Library to see a thesis, and they may place an interlibrary loan request through their local library if they do not have borrowing privileges at the University of Chicago Library.

Most master's theses filed before 1990 were deposited in the Library. Requirements were similar to the requirements for doctoral dissertations, but a distinction was made between master's theses and master's papers. Master's papers had different requirements and were not made available through the Library. By 1980 or so, most programs were accepting more master's papers than theses. By 1990 or so, the Library no longer received either master's papers or master's theses. Currently, most master's programs call these works theses, but print copies are not deposited in the Library.

Subject specialists can help with exceptions for their disciplines, and there are always some exceptions. For example, see the database for Masters' Papers in Art History & Visual Arts .

The University of Chicago Library filmed many master's theses filed before 1994. When the University of Chicago Library's Photoduplication Department closed, this microfilm was sent to UMI, now ProQuest.

Researchers my find the record for a thesis in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses . Full text may be available online, or a researcher may need to purchase a copy from ProQuest . The Publication Number for a master's thesis usually begins with TM.

Researchers who do not have access to ProQuest Dissertations & Theses may be able to use this subscription database at a nearby university.

If the University of Chicago Library does not hold a master's thesis, there may be a copy at another library. Check WorldCat or WorldCat.org .

Check University of Chicago Convocation Programs  to see when a student received a degree and to confirm the department or academic program. The thesis title may appear, and sometimes a program includes handwritten annotations.

If the Library does not have the thesis, perhaps it is held by the author's department.

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• Updated: Nov 10, 2023 11:23 AM
• URL: https://guides.lib.uchicago.edu/dissertations
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LibAnswers: Library Online

How do I find dissertations?

The library provides access to some previous students’ dissertations on Library Search. Looking at dissertations can be a useful tool to help you understand how you could structure and present your own work. 

If you are looking for Hallam students' work they are divided into the following categories:

Hallam undergraduate and taught post graduate courses

• Available in print only
• Located in Adsetts Library Stack (level 1)
• Collegiate Library Stack (Level 0)
• Not all courses provide dissertations for the library. If you can't find what you need on Library Search you should speak to your supervisor or module leader. 

Doctoral theses – Hallam students

• Available online only
• Use Library Search to locate

How to find dissertations and theses

1. On  Library Search , search for the name of the course, or a topic of interest

2. Use 'content type' to filter your search results to one of the following (you might have to select 'show more' to see these options:

• ‘Hallam Dissertations’ – print dissertations for undergraduate and taught postgraduate courses written by Hallam students
• ‘Hallam Theses’ – online theses from Doctoral courses (PhD, MPhil) written by Hallam students
• ‘ Dissertations/ Theses’ – this option includes both Hallam Dissertations and Hallam Theses. It also includes theses from students at other institutions.

If these content type options do not appear, it means there are no results that match the course or topic you have searched for.  

3. Click on the title of the dissertation or theses and either follow the link to 'available online' or ‘find in the library.

• For online theses you will need to login using your Hallam username and password. 
• For print dissertations you will need the thesis number to locate it on the shelf in the stack.  Print dissertations are for use in the library only. You will be unable to borrow or take them out of the library.

• Library resources
• Last Updated May 19, 2023
• Answered By Carl Lomax

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Best Online Brokerages of June 2024

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A brokerage account is like a checking account for your investments. The difference, however, is that brokerage accounts act as a safe place to hold investable assets like stocks, bonds, ETFs, mutual funds, and crypto. 

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• Public: Best online brokerage for mobile
• Stockpile: Best online brokerage for kids and teens

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The best brokerage company for you depends on the kinds of assets you're looking for, your investment style, and how much you're willing to pay for top-notch trading tools like auto rebalancing, market trades, and real-time market data. 

Here are the best online brokerages as picked by Business Insider's editors in 2024. 

Charles Schwab

Open and fund your account and get $101 from Schwab to split equally across the top five stocks in the S&P 500

$0 ($5,000 for Schwab Intelligent Portfolios; $25,000 Schwab Intelligent Portfolios Premium)

0% ($0 Schwab Intelligent Portfolios; $30/month Schwab Intelligent Portfolios Premium)

• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No minimums; commission-free trading on stocks, ETFs, and options
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Thousands of no-load mutual funds and 50+ Schwab-managed funds; fractional shares (Stock slices) available
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Automated and advisor-managed accounts available
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Multiple trading platforms; stock screeners and other trading tools
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. $5,000 minimum for automated Schwab Intelligent Portfolios is on the higher end
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Schwab's no-load funds have a $100 minimum; some competitors offer lower minimums

Insider considers Charles Schwab to be the best online brokerage overall, as well as one of the best online brokerages for beginners. It's great for all types of investors — including active traders, passive investors, and retirement-focused individuals — in search of low costs and access to a variety of trading tools and platforms.

• App store rating: 4.8 iOS/3.8 Android
• Consider it if: You want a wide range of account types, with easy-to-use apps and web interfaces
• Awards: Investor's Business Daily recognized Charles Schwab as one of its Most Trusted Financial Companies for 2021.

Charles Schwab is a major discount broker and one of the largest investment management firms in the United States. Charles Schwab is one of the best brokers for trading commodity futures , offering a range of brokerage accounts and products that meet the needs of virtually any investor.

In addition to offering competitive accounts with no minimum balance requirements and no recurring fees, Schwab is a leader in low-cost pricing for retail investors. 

Hands-on investors are best served by the basic Schwab self-directed brokerage account, which gives you access to various investment choices. If you want more help, you can sign up for managed Schwab Intelligent Portfolios, one of the best robo-advisors . This account also doesn't charge any fees.

The investment platform has an annual percentage yield (APY) of 0.45% for at least $0.01 balances. 

What to look out for:  There are also high phone and broker-assisted trade costs. While online trades are commission-free for stocks and ETFs, you'll pay $5 extra for automated phone trades and $25 extra for broker-assisted trades. Online option traders cost about $0.65 per contract. 

Charles Schwab review

SoFi Invest

Get up to $1,000 in stock when you fund a new account.

$0 ($1 to start investing); $5 fractional shares; $2,000 for margin trading

0% for active trading and automated investing

• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No account minimum
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No account or trading fees, and low fees to own funds
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Access to Certified Financial Planners at no additional charge
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. IPOs available
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. SoFi 1% IRA match
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. No tax-loss harvesting, an advanced investing technique where you sell a stock or mutual fund at a loss for a tax benefit
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. No option for stop-loss orders when actively investing. SoFi's active investing account only uses market orders
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Currently only available to US residents

SoFi Invest is a great platform for US investors who are looking for an intuitive online trading experience, an open active or automated investing account.

• Promotion: Get up to $1,000 in stock when you fund a new account.
• Consider it if: You want an easy-to-use platform paired with rock-bottom pricing.

SoFi is an online brokerage featured in our guides for the best investment apps.  It charges almost no fees for its investment accounts, which include self-directed investing and automated investing (managed portfolios) with no recurring fees and a very low $1 minimum to get started.

SoFi 's self-directed "Active Investing" account has no fees for trading stocks and ETFs . You can buy fractional shares of stocks, which SoFi calls "Stock Bits." SoFi also has a few of its exchange-traded funds that could be a fit for your portfolio. Plus, it now offers options for trading and IPOs.

One SoFi login also gets you access to banking and lending services. Customers get free access to SoFi Relay, a personal finance data aggregator comparable to a lightweight version of Empower Personal Dashboard . Customers also get free access to career coaching and financial planning sessions.

What to look out for:  SoFi's account selection is also fairly limited compared to larger brokers that offer any type of retirement or business investment account under the sun.

SoFi Invest review

Fidelity Investments offers a wide range of investing products, including fractional shares.

$0 ($25,000 Fidelity Personalized Planning & Advice)

0% ($0 or 0.35% for robo-advisor)

• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No account minimum or account fees
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No commissions for stock, ETF, and options trades; fractional shares available
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Thousands of no-transaction-fee mutual funds and fee-free mutual funds
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Several research tools and trading platforms available
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Fidelity Go accounts cost more for investors with higher account balances
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Representative-assisted trades are slightly more expensive than other brokerages

Fidelity is one of the best online brokerages for beginners and retirement savings. It has great features for all types of investors and traders.

• Promotion: None at this time
• App store rating: 4.8 iOS/4.4 Android
• Awards: Morningstar named the Fidelity HSA as the best HSA provider in 2019, 2020, and 2021.
• Consider it if: You're focused on long-term investing and retirement.

Fidelity offers multiple account types, a long list of available investments, and competitive pricing with industry leaders for low-cost investments. It has more than 200 locations nationwide.

The online stock trading app Fidelity has no minimum balances or recurring fees. It offers commission-free stock and ETF trades with fractional shares available. You can invest in stocks, ETFs, options, mutual funds, bonds, CDs, and precious metals. Fidelity offers international investing in foreign markets and foreign currency exchange between 16 different currencies.

It offers zero-expense ratio Fidelity Flex mutual funds and uses them for its robo-advisors, Fidelity Go. Fidelity Go now has unlimited one-on-one coaching calls for account balances of $25,000 or more. 

Fidelity can be a great choice for most investment needs, but it's especially strong for investors with a long-term retirement focus. The combination of low fees and a focus on helping investors reach a successful retirement helped make it the top choice for retirement brokerage accounts.

What to look out for: Fidelity gives you a lot for free, but mutual funds outside of the no-fee list cost up to $49.95 each, not including added fees for phone or broker-assisted trades. In addition, Fidelity charges higher margin rates than many competitors.

Fidelity review

TD Ameritrade

TD Ameritrade offers a large range of investment options, including stocks, bonds, ETFs, mutual funds, futures, bitcoin futures, and more.

$0 ($5,000 or $25,000 for managed accounts through Schwab)

0% ($300 one-time fee and $30/month for advisor-managed account through Schwab); $49.95 or $74.95 for no-load mutual funds, $2.25 per futures contract, and $0.65 per options contract

• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Free commissions on stock, ETF, and option trades
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No minimum requirement to get started with brokerage account
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Large investment selection
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Research and educational resources available
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. No fractional shares
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Robo-advice and managed portfolios are more expensive
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. No cryptocurrencies

TD Ameritrade is great for active traders interested in using multiple trading platforms. As one of the best online brokerages, TD Ameritrade offers secure storage for investments and other assets.

• Promotion: None at this time.
• App store rating: 4.5 iOS/3.6 Android
• Consider it if: You want multiple apps for different trading experiences and goals

TD Ameritrade is a discount brokerage that's great for both new and expert investors. Beginners will enjoy the simple online platform at TD Ameritrade's website. Experienced investors will want to take advantage of the advanced trading platform, called thinkorswim, and other expert resources TD Ameritrade makes available.

Like other large commission-free brokers, TD Ameritrade gives you access to almost any brokerage account you could want. It offers a list of tradeable assets bigger than most peers, another draw for experienced investors.

TD Ameritrade's thinkorswim provides a professional-style trading platform with advanced charting and order types. An embedded CNBC TV widget is a nice perk that keeps your trading strategy in sync with the markets. It's nearly Wall Street quality and comes included with TD Ameritrade accounts.

What to look out for: Charles Schwab acquired the company in 2020. TD Ameritrade has said on its website that it will continue to conduct business as usual while combining many components with Schwab. 

TD Ameritrade review

Interactive Brokers

Interactive Brokers provides trading access to more than 150 markets in 33 countries around the world, allowing you to invest in stocks, options, mutual funds, ETFs, cryptocurrencies, futures, bonds, fractional shares, and more.

$0 ($100 Interactive Advisors automated accounts)

$0 for IBKR Lite; $0 IBKR Pro (per-share commissions apply)

• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Low commissions and fees
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. International trading opportunities
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Competitive trading platforms and tools
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Several account types available
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Thousands of no-transaction-fee mutual funds
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Cryptocurrency investing available for bitcoin, bitcoin cash, ethereum, and litecoin
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Less active traders pay more for IBKR Pro
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Website can be tricky to navigate

Interactive Brokers is one of the best online brokerages for advanced, active investors who trade securities frequently and value access to market analysis and trading platforms.

Interactive Brokers is a top investment platform for all kinds of investors. Trade at higher volumes and get access to tools optimized for your investing needs. Typical investors may not care about the difference of a few seconds when entering and executing a trade. Very active traders, however, care about milliseconds.

Interactive Brokers has multiple pricing options depending on your level of trading activity and your personal trading needs. The basic account, IBKR Lite, gives you commission-free stock, ETF trades, and competitive fees for most other trades. 

IBKR Pro accounts use tiered or fixed pricing models. This means you won't get completely commission-free trades as you do with IBKR Lite. Pro accounts have additional access to market data. They also get access to the IBKR Web Trader platform and IBKR APIs for automated trading. Algorithmic trading, also known as algos, is included with Pro accounts.

With competitive pricing and an experience tailored to active traders, IBKR Lite could be a good place to test the waters before upgrading to IBKR Pro for the most advanced experience. You can also invest in cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, ether, bitcoin cash, and litecoin. It also offers bitcoin ETFs. Commissions for these assets range from 0.12-0.18%.

What to look out for: Not all accounts and trades are free. Choose the right account level for your investment goals and experience. 

Interactive Brokers review

Public offers a $0 minimum requirement and allows you to filter its investment selection to see the securities that best align with your preferences

0% stocks and ETFs; Crypto: 1% or 2% markup; Alternative assets: 2.5% per transaction; Public Premium: $10/month

• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No minimums and commission-free trading on stocks and ETFs
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Cryptocurrency trading available for over 20 coins and tokens; alternative assets available
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Offers fractional share investing for as little as $1; Premium plan includes advanced market data and insights
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Several community features that allow you to share insights and receive insights from other users; educational resources like live audio events also available
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. No mutual funds
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Not the best platform for day traders; it doesn't allow day trading of stocks

Public is best for active traders who want to invest in stocks, ETFs, and cryptocurrencies while utilizing the expertise and insights of other Public.com members.

• App store rating: 4.7 iOS/4.3 Android
• Consider it if: You value portfolio diversification and want a social component to your investing experience.

Public is an investment app that uses a mobile-first experience. The result is a mobile investment experience that's somewhat unique but still easy to navigate for both beginner and experienced investors. You can now earn a $0.18 rebate per traded options contract with no commission fees.

As the name suggests, trades at Public allow you to connect with other investors on the platform. You can follow others and chat about investment ideas. You can even join a group chat for live interaction with other investors. In some ways, it's like a built-in social network for investors.

Another useful feature for newer investors is the ability to view various themes. These group stocks by industry or other major categories to help you zero in on companies that make sense for your investment strategy. Public uses a commission-free pricing model so most users won't pay any fees when they trade.

What to look out for: Public doesn't offer a robo-advisor for hands-off automated trades. It's account selection is also limited as you can't invest in retirement, education, or custodial accounts with Public. 

Public review

Stockpile offers brokerage and custodial accounts with no recurring fees, no minimums, and no gift card fees.

$4.95 monthly subscription fee

• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No minimums and no gift card/funding fees
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. 1,000+ stocks and ETFs
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Can fund account with bank transfer or stock gift cards
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Fractional shares available
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Investment selection limited to stocks, ETFs, and crypto

Stockpile is a newer and smaller brokerage than some others on this list, but it's perfect for kids

• Consider it if: You want to invest with kids or teens

Stockpile is a top investment platform for kids to learn how to save and invest toward their future. Stockpile offers brokerage and custodial accounts with no recurring fees, minimums, or gift card fees. Invest in fractional shares for $1 and even trade popular cryptocurrencies. The online brokers have a $4.95 monthly subscription fee. 

Other investable securities include over 4000 stocks and ETFs in five different kid account options and one adult account. Cryptocurrencies are also available. Parents and kids will enjoy the built-in education resources, such as the "mini-lessons," which teach stock market basics that prepare anyone for a more successful future in the stock market.

Stockpile is great for kids and teens for a few reasons. The simple and easy-to-navigate platform shows kids the logos and companies they are familiar with in their investment portfolios . You can fund the account through a bank account or with stock gift cards. 

What to look out for: Other types of investments (such as mutual funds) are not supported.

Best Online Brokerage FAQs

Yes. You can have multiple brokerage accounts to access different investment options, account options, and trading features. Having multiple brokerage accounts can also be a great strategy for diversifying investments in your portfolio. However, managing multiple accounts requires you to keep track of all your information and may potentially lead to you paying higher fees. 

Yes. Trading within a brokerage account has tax implications, including capital gains taxes on profits from selling investments. Depending on the type of brokerage account and how it is funded, you may also unlock tax benefits such as tax credits or tax deductions. 

Retirement accounts are a kind of brokerage account specifically designed for people to invest money toward future retirement expenses. Retirement savings accounts have more limited investment options and strategies than other brokerage account options but offer more prominent tax advantages. 

The minimum investment to open a brokerage account varies by brokerage and the type of account. Some accounts may have no minimum investment requirement, while others require a substantial initial deposit. Make sure to look into the specific requirements of a brokerage before signing up. You should also be comparing fees in top brokerage accounts to find the best deals.

Brokerage accounts are generally secure, with most investment platforms providing users with SIPC insurance and other forms of coverage. Security measures like data encryption software and identity theft protection are also common. Always verify a brokerage's security measures and SIPC insurance status. 

How to Choose the Best Online Brokerage

The best online brokerages offer portfolio diversification, great customer support, low fees, and account flexibility. Here's how to choose the right online brokerage based on your risk tolerance, goals, and time horizon. 

Everyone's investment goals and preferences are unique, and not all brokerage accounts are a perfect fit. To choose the best online brokerage, start by looking at your investment style and what you want from a brokerage. Whether that's cutting-edge active trading tools or a long list of no-transaction-fee mutual funds, there's a good online brokerage for everyone.

For most investors, a long-term, passive investment strategy is ideal. Many experts suggest building a diverse portfolio of low-cost index funds over picking individual stocks and riskier active trading tools.

Newer investors may be overwhelmed by advanced trading strategies and market charting features. The best online brokerages for beginners have strong customer support, easy trading tools, educational resources, staking rewards, and low fees and minimums. 

Once you understand what you need, consider costs, platforms, investment account types, and available investments to decide what's best for you.

How to Buy Stocks with an Online Broker

You can buy and sell individual stocks through an online broker with most stock trading platforms and investment apps. Once you set up an online brokerage account with a stock trading platform, you can deposit funds into your account via bank or wire transfer. You also have the option to link your brokerage account and bank account directly. 

Before opening an account with an online broker, you familiarize yourself with what the platform offers. Not all online brokers allow you to pick and choose individual stocks. Robo-advisors, for example, often only invest in ETFs that are automatically selected based on your preferences and the platform's investing algorithm.

You'll also want to research the stock you're interested in by considering the company's history and market trends. Consult with a financial advisor for professional insight and guidance on investments. Once you've decided where to invest your money, you can place an online order and select several shares. 

How to Open a Brokerage Account

Online brokerage accounts are taxable investment accounts similar to a bank account but for your investable assets. Rather than stepping into a brick-and-mortar building to open a brokerage account and start trading, you can open an online brokerage account to access the market from your phone or computer easily. 

Here's you're opening a brokerage account checklist:

• Evaluate your risk tolerance, financial goals, and time horizon
• Explore different investment options in brokerage accounts to find the right one for you
• Compare fees, minimums, and investment features
• Determine what you need to open an account with that brokerage
• Gather the appropriate information and funds (if applicable) and start investing 

Some brokerages require a minimum deposit to open an account. Depending on the brokerage and the type of account, this minimum can range from $0 to $10,000 or more. Make sure you're comparing fees in top brokerage accounts as well. 

Security and insurance of brokerage accounts should also be considered before opening an account. Most platforms offer substantial coverage and security measures, but you'll want to check for any recent scandals or lawsuits in which the platform may be involved. 

You may also need to provide personal information like your name, age, address, social security number, and banking information.

Types of Brokerage Accounts

Online brokerage accounts are still licensed firms in which a broker is responsible for executing a client's orders. Types of brokerage accounts include: 

• Self-directed brokerage accounts
• Robo-advisors (aka automated accounts)
• Retirement savings accounts
• Education savings plans (like the best 529 plans )
• Custodial accounts
• Cryptocurrency trading accounts
• Health savings accounts

Why You Should Trust Us: Our Expert Panel For The Best Online Brokerage

We consulted financial advisors, investing experts, and our own wealth-building reporter to inform our choices for the best online brokerages. 

We interviewed the following investing experts to see what they had to say about online brokerages:

• Brian Fry, CFP, founder at Safe Landing Financial
• Charlotte Geletka, CFP, CRPC, managing partner at Silver Penny Financial Planning
• Kaysian Gordon, MBA, CFP, CDFA, CPA, wealth manager at Clarus Group

What are the advantages or disadvantages of opening a brokerage account?

Brian Fry, CFP:

A taxable brokerage account offers the flexibility to have funds available when needed and without a tax penalty. They offer transparency and freedom when considering costs and investment options.

Other account types may add more value and/or tax-efficiency depending on a household's financial situation. For example, if qualified, HSAs provide tax deductions, tax-free growth, and tax-free distributions if used for qualified medical expenses; retirement accounts may provide tax deductions, tax-deferred or tax-free investment growth, and potentially tax-free distributions.

Education accounts may provide tax deductions and/or tax-free distributions if used for qualified educational expenses.

Charlotte Geletka, CFP, CRPC:

The advantages include access to stock exchanges to buy almost endless options of investments. This is where you can purchase stocks, bonds, ETFs, mutual funds, options, and almost the entire inventory of the open markets.

The multitude of options can also be a disadvantage. Most retirement plans offer a curated list of choices that have been well-vetted by consultants and investment experts. When you go into a brokerage account, it is daunting to know where to start. The recent rise of social media blogs surrounding investing may increase interest, but be cautious about investing, as any investment comes with risk.

Kaysian Gordon, MBA, CFP, CDFA, CPA:

The advantage of opening a brokerage account is — if you're interested in investing in stocks or bonds, mutual funds, or ETFs, as example, a brokerage is a great way to do it. 

Savings accounts or checking accounts just do not have those features. So the disadvantage is [that] you have to be aware of what you're looking for. Lots of different brokerage accounts will provide you with different things, so it's a matter of specifically what it is that's important to you.

Who should consider opening a brokerage account? 

A taxable brokerage account can be a good fit for anyone and everyone. Before saving in a taxable brokerage account, it's important to consider where saving adds the most value to your unique financial situation. Make sure to have an adequate emergency fund.  

Charlotte Geletka:

Once you have set up an emergency fund and started funding a retirement account, then you might consider opening a brokerage account as a place to invest after-tax dollars.

Most often, the account you have set up in a brokerage will be a flexible investment. This is great because you have use of the money for various purposes, and you are not tied to specific withdrawal requirements the same way you would be in a retirement or college 529 account. 

Kaysian Gordon:

When you're looking to start the process of investing after you have saved the amount that you need for your emergency funds — and typically that's three to six months— you should start looking to invest other personal cash. Make it a point to contribute as frequently as you can, because that's how wealth is built over time.

Is there any other advice you'd offer someone who's considering opening a brokerage account?

Before saving with a taxable account, consider the order of where you should save first to accomplish your financial goals best. Are you comfortable taking responsibility in making investment decisions? How are you going to rebalance? How are you going to take emotion out of investing? Taxable accounts can be a good vehicle if you can check all the boxes.

There is a difference between trading and investing. Trading is exchanging [which is] usually short-term in nature. Investing involves time and is long-term in nature.

Do your research because that's very important. Think about the things that are important to you. Do a comparison of the different names that you hear and see what the benefits are of one company over another before making a decision. 

Nothing will have everything you need, but go with the brokerage account with the best of what you need.

Methodology: Criteria for Evaluating Brokerage Accounts

In evaluating the best online brokerage accounts available today, we rate investing products on various criteria. The most important factors for Personal Finance Insider rates and reviews products are pricing, account types, investment availability, platforms, and overall customer experience. Investing platforms are given a rating between 0 and 5.

Most brokerage accounts on this list have no minimum balance or recurring monthly fees. After a major shift in pricing in 2019, most brokerage firms on this list also offer commission-free trades for stocks and ETFs. They also removed base fees for options trades but charged per-contract fees in most cases.

Top brokerage firms offer different platforms for different investment needs. Some are best for beginners, and others are ideal for more advanced investors. Platforms were evaluated with a focus on how they serve in each category.

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Puzzle solutions for Tuesday, May 28, 2024

Note: Most subscribers have some, but not all, of the puzzles that correspond to the following set of solutions for their local newspaper.

USA TODAY crossword

Play the USA TODAY Crossword Puzzle .

Los Angeles Times crossword

Today’s crossword (mcmeel), daily commuter crossword.

Play the USA TODAY Sudoku Game .

Jumbles: GROUP      WHISK      CHOSEN      INNING     

Answer: They reached the summit of the mountain at exactly 12 p.m., which was — HIGH NOON

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CRYPTOGRAPHY PUZZLES 

Celebrity cipher.

"If all I do in my life is soothe someone's spirit with a song, then let me do that and I'm happy." − Gladys Knight

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Cryptoquote

I'D RATHER REGRET THE RISKS THAT DIDN'T WORK OUT THAN THE CHANCES I DIDN'T TAKE AT ALL. − SIMONE BILES

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WHEN THE WITCH ATTACHED A BIG ENGINE TO HER RIDE, I ASSUME IT MADE THE SOUND "BROOM BROOM!"

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FORD      MONROE      MADISON      HARRISON  

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7 little words.

• EQUIDISTANT

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Beautiful Arthur's Vale

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Jurors must be unanimous to convict Trump, can disagree on underlying crimes

While jurors deliberated in the first trial of a former U.S. president, Donald Trump railed online against one feature of the charges he faces.

NEW YORK — The jurors weighing whether to convict former president Donald Trump of charges that he falsified business records will have to determine whether he did so in furtherance of another crime — a somewhat complex process that the defendant railed against Wednesday afternoon.

On social media, Trump called it ridiculous, unconstitutional and un-American “that the highly Conflicted, Radical Left Judge is not requiring a unanimous decision on the fake charges against me.”

Trump guilty verdict

At first glance, it might appear that the former president doesn’t understand one of the basic tenets of the legal system: that guilty verdicts in criminal cases have to be unanimous.

But he was probably referring to one of the quirks of the precise way in which Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg (D) charged Trump, who faces 34 counts of falsifying business records related to a hush money payment to adult-film actress Stormy Daniels ahead of the 2016 election.

The prosecution theory is essentially a Russian nesting doll of criminal violations — under New York law, falsifying business records is a felony only if the records were falsified in furtherance of another crime.

Prosecutors have said that other crime was violating a state law against unlawfully promoting or preventing an election. But the “unlawful” reference in the state code has to refer to a distinct, different crime.

In Trump’s case, prosecutors have offered three types of crimes that would make the state election-meddling charge come into play: federal election law crimes, tax crimes or false business records.

The jury must be unanimous when it comes to determining whether Trump is guilty or not guilty of each specific falsifying business records count, and whether he did so in an effort to unlawfully impact an election, New York Supreme Court Justice Juan Merchan said. He added, however, that the panel did not have to be unanimous about which of those three types of crimes could serve as the underlying violation that brings the state election charge into play.

That’s what Trump was probably getting at in his online post while he sits in the courthouse waiting for the jury to come to a decision.

“Although you must conclude unanimously that the defendant conspired to promote or prevent the election of any person to a public office by unlawful means, you need not be unanimous as to what those unlawful means were,” Merchan told the jury Wednesday morning.

The judge continued: “In determining whether the defendant conspired to promote or prevent the election of any person to a public office by unlawful means, you may consider the following: one, violations of the Federal Election Campaign Act, otherwise known as FECA; two, the falsification of other business records; or three, violation of tax laws.”

Jurors must deliberate until they reach a verdict on all of the charges or are hopelessly deadlocked. They will be excused late this afternoon if they have not come to a decision and reconvene at the Manhattan courthouse Thursday morning.

Trump New York hush money case

Donald Trump is the first former president convicted of a crime . Follow live updates .

Can Trump still run for president? Yes. He is eligible to campaign and serve as president if elected. Here’s everything to know about next steps , what this means for his candidacy and the other outstanding trials he faces.

What happens next? Trump’s sentencing is scheduled for July 11. He faces up to four years in prison, but legal experts say incarceration appears unlikely. Trump has 30 days to file notice of an appeal of the verdict and six months to file the full appeal.

Reaction to the verdict: Trump continued to maintain his innocence , railing against what he called a “rigged, disgraceful trial” and emphasizing voters would deliver the real verdict on Election Day.

The charges: Trump was found guilty on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records . Falsifying business records is a felony in New York when there is an “intent to defraud” that includes an intent to “commit another crime or to aid or conceal” another crime.