human rights essay in tamil

Introduction

Human rights and humanitarian law have acquired a special significance for the Tamil people. The Tamils are a Fourth World nation - a nation without an internationally recognised state . Existing states do not readily surrender control of territory which they claim as their own - and not surprisingly, they  find common cause in securing each other's territorial boundaries.

The Tamil people, like many other peoples of the Fourth World , have often turned to the growing body of international human rights law and humanitarian law , and to non governmental organisations for support for their struggle against alien rule and for recognition as a people with the right to freely determine their political status. Again, hundreds of thousands of Tamils have fled the land of their birth, sought political asylum and turned to the international refugee conventions for protection.

At the sametime the Tamil people are mindful that -

"... International law is politica l. There is no escape from contestation. Hard lessons indeed for lawyers who wish to escape the indeterminate nature of the political. For those willing to endorse this the opportunities are great. The focus then shifts to interdisciplinarity and the horizontal networks which function in practice in ways rendered invisible by many standard accounts of law... We must abandon the myth that with law we enter the secure, stable and determinate . In reality we are simply engaged in another discursive political practice about how we should live.." - Dr Colin J Harvey

Reason is not without force ...

None the less reason is not without force - not least, perhaps, because liberal democracy has need to nurture its liberal foundation. If revolution is to be avoided, conscious evolution may be necessary.

The end of the Second World War saw the birth of the United Nations Organisation. The United Nations Charter (signed on 26 June 1945) proclaimed the determination of the Peoples of the United Nations 'to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime' had brought untold sorrow to mankind.

It is a matter for irony, that this 'untold sorrow to mankind' was the result of two wars between the so called 'developed' states of the 'First' World - wars which witnessed the barbarism of the Jewish holocaust and the nuclear terrorism of Hiroshima and Nagasaki .

On 9 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on the following day - 10 December 1948. The order is not without significance.

Twelve years later the UN General Assembly Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 1960 declared:

"The subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and co-operation." and added "All peoples have the right to self-determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development."

Eighty nine states voted for the resolution and none against. But significantly, there were 9 abstentions viz: Australia, Belgium, Dominican Republic, France, Portugal, Spain, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom, and United States. It seems that erstwhile colonial rulers were reluctant to recognise the right to freedom of those whom they had ruled for more than a century.

In 1962,   the General Assembly Resolution  on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources underlined the economic aspect of the principle of self determination.

Today, some legal scholars  contend that the right of self determination is a part of the jus cogens . There are others who would limit the right to self determination to 'colonial situations' and they find support from those countries who abstained from voting on the UN General Assembly Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 1960, and who are now engaged in attempts  to limit the legal right of self determination to those earlier colonial struggles.

Compelled to reconcile themselves with the success of the colonial struggles for freedom, these countries now propound the theory of 'internal' self determination and seek (in the name of stability) to preserve  the territorial boundaries of  the  patch work states of the fourth world.   Former colonial rulers and those to whom they had transferred state power, now find common cause in protecting existing state boundaries.

However, the right of self determination and democracy are closely interwoven. If democracy means rule of the people, by the people, for the people, then democracy also means that no one people may rule another. Every people have the right to freely determine their political status. The right of self determination provides the framework within which democracy may flower.

It this right of self determination that finds pride of place as Article 1 in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights drafted in 1966 . The Covenant was ratified by the required number of states, ten years later in 1976; and those States who signed the Optional Protocol to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights agreed additionally to allow the Human Rights Commission to investigate and judge complaints of human rights violations from individuals from such States.

The paper presented by Scott Crawford & Kekula Bray-Crawford (of the Nation of Hawai`i ), at the Internet Society Conference in 1995, provides a thought provoking analysis on Self Determination in the Information Age .

The Commonwealth Heads of Governments made their own declaration of principles, first in Singapore and later in 1991 in Zimbabwe and emphasised the developmental aspects of fundamental rights.

During the years since the end of Word War II, the denial of the right to self determination, and the  rule of one people by another, has often led to armed conflict and genocidal massacres.

The genocidal onslaught on the Tamil people by the Sinhala dominated Sri Lanka state served to illustrate the truth of Jean Paul Sartre's assessment in 1967 at the Bertrand Russell International War Crimes Tribunal :-

"Against partisans backed by the entire population, colonial armies are helpless. They have only one way of escaping from the harassment which demoralises them .... This is to eliminate the civilian population. As it is the unity of a whole people that is containing the conventional army, the only anti-guerrilla strategy which will be effective is the destruction of that people, in other words, the civilians, women and children..."

And there may an increasing need to attend to the words of of Yelena Bonner (widow of Andrei Sakharov) that "the inviolability of a country's borders against invasion from the outside must be clearly separated from the right to statehood of any people within a state's borders."

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights did not outlaw rebellion against tyranny and oppression. It proclaimed that human rights should be protected by the rule of law so that man is not compelled to rebel against tyranny and oppression.

"Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law..." (Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)

And where man, as a last resort, does rebel against tyranny and oppression, the Geneva Conventions 1949 and the Additional Protocols 1977, sought to regulate armed conflicts according to the rules of humanitarian law. Many have regarded the attempt to 'humanise' armed conflict, with some scepticism.

As wars have become more and more 'total', it has become increasingly difficult to separate the contributions of 'civilians', the 'para military', and the 'military' to the war effort and the distinction between combatants and non combatants has been observed, more often than not, in the breach. In armed conflicts since 1945, 90 percent of casualties have been civilians compared to 50 percent   in the Second World War and 10 percent in the First.

As Hiroshima and Nagasaki showed, military necessity often prevails over humanitarian considerations. On 8 August 1945, the victors of World War II signed, in London, an Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of major German war criminals. On the same day, the United States dropped its second atomic bomb on Japan, (indiscriminately) killing more than 70,000 of the largely civilian population of Nagasaki.

"How could I ever forget that flash of light! In a moment thirty thousand people ceased to be The cries of fifty thousand killed Through yellow smoke whirling into light Buildings split, bridges collapsed Crowded trams burnt as they rolled about Hiroshima, all full of boundless heaps of embers" - Toge Sankichi: Hibakusha (A-bomb survivor) in Hiroshima & Nagasaki - the Worst Terror Attack in History  

Today, those states which have stockpiled nuclear bombs, recognise only too well that their use will contravene the humanitarian norms proclaimed in the Geneva Conventions and have been slow to ratify the Additional Protocols . But this has not prevented them from declaiming loudly against the production of 'weapons of mass destruction' by those that do not belong to the nuclear club.

At the same time, it has to be said that the humanitarian law of armed conflict is not something imposed on the world international system from outer space but has grown out of the general interests of states and the special interests of their armed forces. These interests include the need (atleast, to be seen) to act in accord with widely held ethical beliefs and in this way gain popular support (both within their own countries and outside), and also the fear of opening the floodgates to uncontrolled retaliation by the enemy - with possible adverse military consequences.

Cynics will point out that more often than not, the concern of states is to be 'seen' to be acting according to law, and that states, with their enormous resources, are able to manage the media , 'sanitise' news, put a 'spin' on that which is published, suppress information of their misdemeanours, and in this way justify their actions and manufacture popular support for their military adventures. The war in Iraq in 1990 and again in 2003 and the International War Crimes Tribunal's Judgment on US war crimes in Iraq, are perhaps cases in point. Sri Lanka's control on the media's access to the war front is another.

Having said all that, the international law of humanitarian conflict does provide a standard of conduct which combatants have need to address when they act - and, in this limited way , humanitarian law acts as a restraint on that which combatants may otherwise do with impunity.

Again, in a more fundamental sense, a commitment to human rights and humanitarian law will strengthen the hands of all those who believe that means and ends are inseparable and who are concerned with securing political change in such a way  that the essential goodness in each one of us may find settled expression.

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which was signed on 17 July 1998 represented a step towards bringing the force of international law to bear against those who commit genocide and crimes against humanity. The Staute entered into force on 1 July 2002. The United Nations Secretary General declared at the signing ceremony in Rome:

" This is indeed a historic moment. Two millennia ago one of this city's most famous sons Marcus Tullius Cicero, declared that 'in the midst of arms, law stands mute'. As a result of what we are doing here today, there is real hope that that bleak statement will be less true in the future than it has been in the past. Until now, when powerful men committed crimes against humanity, they knew that as long as they remained powerful no earthly court could judge them..."

However, the roll call of the vote in Rome revealed the continuing interplay between  real politick and human rights. Amnesty International stated that it

'was disappointed that a few powerful countries appeared willing to hold justice hostage by threatening and bullying other States and were all along more concerned to shield possible criminals from trials rather than producing a charter for victims'. 

120 countries voted  in favour of the statute, 7 against, and there were 21 abstentions . The United States voted against the statute and refused to  recognise the  jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in respect of individuals who may be charged with crimes against humanity. It also questioned the right of the Court to act independently of the United Nations Security Council. That India and China  joined the United States in opposing the Rome Statute reflects, perhaps, the shared interests of aspiring world powers. These shared interests are apparent in the explanations given by each of these countries for their vote. Thomas M. Franck & Stephen H.Yuan commented in International Law & Politics in 2003:

"... Though the United States initially supported the movement to establish the ICC, it has since become its most prominent critic, arguing that it might subject Americans to baseless, politicized prosecutions... As the most powerful nation in the world, the United States has an opportunity, through participation in the Court, to advance respect for individual human rights and the rule of law. Such institution building has its risks, but without it, every crisis must be faced de novo and, too often, alone. Finally, the unipolar system in which the United States currently operates is extraordinarily unlikely to persist. As such, U.S. policymakers should be guided not only by the immediate costs and benefits of U.S. policies on the interests of also by how these strategies will affect the United States in what is likely to become, in time, an increasingly multipolar world . It is a shrewd investment for those with a surplus of ready power to invest some of it in institutions of manifest fairness, for they will need to rely on law and fairness when their power no longer suffices to achieve their ends. "

Here, it is not without significance that Sri Lanka abstained at the votee on the ICC in 1998. The stated reason for the abstention was that the 'crime of terrorism' was not included in the Statute. But, Sri Lanka may have been concerned that  the statute included  genocide , crimes against humanity , war crimes, as well as the crime of aggression (once an acceptable definition for the Court's jurisdiction over it is adopted). The Rome Statute also provides for an independent prosecutor who may initiate investigations and proceedings .

During the past ten years and more, reports by Amnesty International , the Peace Brigades International, the British Refugee Council's   Sri Lanka Monitor, the International Red Cross , the U.S. Committee for Refugees , Human Rights Watch , Asian Human Rights Commission and other non governmental organisations have helped to bring the human rights issues and the humanitarian law aspects of the struggle for Tamil Eelam to the attention of the world community. The web site maintained by the Union of International Associations provides a helpful list of international NGOs.

At the same time, these non governmental organisations function within the framework of the existing world order and their actions often appear directed to secure that order. John Harrington's essay titled ' The Media, Framing, and the Internet: Dominant Ideologies Persist ' is not without relevance to the role of non governmental organisations engaged in the 'human rights' industry.

The weakness of the approach adopted by many non governmental organisations is that they choose to address symptoms rather than causes - they seek to change behaviour without  addressing the underlying reasons for that behaviour. Non Governmental Organisations may be consciously or unconsciously contributing to a hegemony which is secured not by imposing a uniform conception of the world on the rest of society, but by articulating different visions of the world in such a way that their potential antagonism is neutralised - and the status quo protected.

For instance, Amnesty is quick to point out , that its remit does not extend to addressing the rights and wrongs of an armed conflict. Amnesty says that it does not take sides. But if you do not take sides where a government has so oppressed a people that that people have, as a last resort, justifiably taken arms to resist that oppression , then you end up by making pious pleas to the very same government which is intent on subjugating that people. Amnesty's recommended action to send courteous letters to the Sri Lanka authorities may well  appear to the Tamil people somewhat like sending courteous letters to the fox to look after the 'rights' of chickens in the chicken pen.  The exchange of letters between the LTTE and Amnesty in respect of the Kallawara incident in 1995 is illuminating.

Given this context, it remains a matter for regret that the application of the Tamil Centre for Human Rights to be accorded consultative status at the UN Human Rights Commission was rejected in May 2000.  

The reports of the University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna Branch) have attracted controversy, but nevertheless the matters that they have raised will need to be addressed by any struggle committed to securing freedom for the Tamil people.

Susan Wolfson has made a study of children's rights in the context of the conflict in the island of Sri Lanka. Child Soldiers and the Law surveys the current international law relating to the recruitment of children into the armed forces and concludes that a double standard is no legal standard and cannot be passed of as such. Child Soldiers? What Child Soldiers?  serves to expose the actual state practise of state signatories to the Geneva Conventions Additional Protocols of 1977 , the International Convention on the Rights of the Child , 1989 and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child , 2002.

Useful databases of information relating to the conflict in the island of Sri Lanka  may be found at INCORE and at Derechos: Human Rights - Sri Lanka . In addition, comprehensive databases on human rights issues are available at the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ), Diana Project , the Center for the Study of Human Rights at Columbia University and at the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library .

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The Human Rights Issue in Tamilnadu

Human rights  are standards that recognize and protect the dignity of all human beings. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR) was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 ( General Assembly resolution 217 A ) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It setout, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected.

The National Human Rights Commission is the Apex body for the protection of human rights in India. The National Human Rights Commission of India is a statutory public body constituted on the 12 th of October of 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 th September 1993. It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993(PHRA).

The State Human Rights Commissionsareconstituted in theindividual States in India. The State Human Rights Commission protects the human rights of the people in the state. It also looks into the acts of violation of human rights in the particular state.Thus, the State Human Rights Commission is charged with the protection of Human Rights or investigating any violations that occur within their respective state.Sometimes, these State Human Rights Commissions seem to dispense justice with respect to the cases of human rights violations in a selective manner.

 Let us take the example of the Tamilnadu Human Rights Commission, which took up the Lois Sophia case after the infamous incident in mid-air in 2018.

 Lois Sophia is the daughter of Dr. Antony Arokiya Samy, a Tamil Nadu State government doctor belonging to the Christian minority community. Lois Sophia was a research scholar hailing from Tamil Nadu state in India, who was pursuing some research work in Canada in 2018. In 2018, Lois Sophia, the daughter of the Tamil Nadu government doctor, Dr. Antony Arokiya Samy was booked and arrested by the Tuticorin district police for raising demeaning slogans against the Bharatiya Janata Party and Prime Minister Modi ji inside a domestic flight flying from Chennai to Thoothukudi.The then BJP State President of Tamilnadu and the current Governor of Telangana and the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry, Smt.Tamilisai Soundararajan was travelling on the same flight with Lois Sophia. In fact, Lois Sophia began shouting the slogan after she sighted Smt.Tamilisai Soundararajan. Lois Sophia was remanded after she was booked by the concernedPolice Inspector.

Now in 2022, based on a petition moved by Lois Sophia’s father, Dr. Antony Arokiya Samy, the Tamilnadu State Human Rights Commission has recommended a compensation amount of Rupees Two Lakhs to be paid to her by the Tamilnadu government.The Tamilnadu State Human Rights Commission noted that Police Personnel had fabricated the First Information report by inserting Section 505(1)(B) of IPC in ink by hand after preparing the FIR and had removed the original FIR from The Records. The Commission noted that the Police did not follow the procedures laid down by the Supreme Court while questioning and remanding ‘the victim’(the one who raised slogans and disturbed the societal tranquillity in mid-air) to judicial custody. The TNHRC has accepted the contention that the woman activist was subjected to torture and harassment by seven police personnel ranging from Sub Inspector to Assistant Superintendent of Police in Tuticorin. Thus, nowon the 2 nd of March 2022,TNHRC has recommended Rs. 2 lakhs as compensation to Lois Sophia besides disciplinary proceedings against the cops involved. 

 One fails to understand why the state Human Rights Commission of Tamilnadu, which has so judiciously followed up on the Lois Sophia case has failed to take suo moto cognisance of the case involving the remand of the 32 ABVP(Akhil BharatiyaVidyarthi Parishad) students, who had been arrested for protesting near the Chief Minister of Tamilnadu, Stalin’s residence in February 2022 seeking justice for a fellow student, Lavanya, who committed suicide in January 2022allegedly because of the pressure mounted on her by her residential school, Sacred Hearts Higher Secondary School’s warden, Sagaya Mary to convert to Christianity. The incident happened in Thirukattupalli in Thanjavur district in Tamilnadu in January 2022.Actually, even the licence for running the school had expired at the time of Lavanya’s suicide in January 2022. Many say that licence was in fact, for running an orphanage and not even a school! There are glaring irregularities in the very basis of the school’s functioning.

There are many such instances of forceful conversions and love jihad cases happening in Tamilnadu and in fact, all overIndia.These are all instances of gross human rights violations. The Lavanya case of forcible conversion is now before the CBI. That is also a case of gross human rights violation. Were the Human Rights of the 32 students of ABVP who were in custody for more than a week(can you believe that students remained in custody for more than a week in democratic India’s state of Tamilnadu)not so important for SHRC? Why were young students seeking justice for a fellow student treated like condemned criminals by some of the Jail authorities? Should the TNHRC not register a suo-moto case of human rights violations of the 32 ABVP students by the present Tamilnadu state Government and cops?

  One wonders as to why the TNHRC has not deemed it fit to pursue the case of NOT ONEperson’s but THIRTY-TWOStudents’ human rights violations. One is talking about the 32 ABVP students who were arrested for protesting before Stalin’s house. Was it necessary to remand young students for more than a week?!

 The Tamil Nadu State Human Rights Commission should register Suo moto case with respect to cases of Love Jihad and ForcibleReligious Conversions where human rights are grossly violated. Recently, a plus two (12 th standard) woman student from Uppathukadu near Thammampatti village,Salem, Tamilnadu consumed pesticide on the 18 th of January 2022 as a result of alleged Love Jihad by one, Amir Khan, son of Rahamuthulla, local Jamaat leader in Salem.

 Why did the Tamilnadu State Human Rights Commission not register Suo Moto cases of human rights’ violations with respect to Vlogger Maridhas arrest, Social Media ActivistKishor Swamy arrest, BJP functionary Kalyana Rama arrest, arrest of Arun Kumar of Coimbatore for spraying saffron paint on E.V. Ramaswamy statue, who was booked under NSA. What about the human rights of the 32 ABVP students, who protested peacefully near TamilNadu CM STALIN’s residence seeking justice for M. Lavanya, the student victim of alleged forceful conversion racket in Tamilnadu.? M. Lavanya was a student of Sacred Hearts Higher Secondary School in ‘Michaelpatti’ in Thanjavur. In the particular case of the 32 ABVP students, it is unheard of anywhere in the world that students protesting peacefully are kept in custody for more than a week!

Butare only the human rights of the minorities ensured in Tamilnadu? What about the human rights of the majority Hindus in Tamilnadu? There is a need to change the perception of the public in the magnificent institution of human justice. Not only justice must be done but it must also be seen to be done.

 The State Human Rights Commission in Tamilnadu should take Suo moto action with respect to the treatment meted out to Maridhas, Kishor Swamy, Kalyana Raman, Arun Kumar, the 32 students of ABVP, cases of Love Jihad and Forcible Religious Conversions. Justice in the form of monetary compensation and disciplinary proceedings against the erring officials in the aforementioned cases may kindly be provided by the Honourable Tamilnadu State Human Rights Commission to restore the confidence of the public in the exalted institution for the dispensation of human rights justice in our state of Tamilnadu.

  by Dr.S. PADMAPRIYA

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HUMAN RIGHTS in Tamil | தமிழில் மனித உரிமைகள்

Human rights are considered to be certain fundamental, inalienable and inalienable rights that human beings have by virtue of being born human. Read the article to get information about HUMAN RIGHTS.

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HUMAN RIGHTS : Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that every human being should have and deserve. These rights are considered to be “certain fundamental, inalienable and inalienable rights that human beings have by virtue of being born human”. Read the article to get information about HUMAN RIGHTS .

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HUMAN RIGHTS

மனித உரிமைகள்  பற்றி  ஐ.நா. சபை  பின்வருமாறு வரையறுக்கிறது. மனித உரிமைகள்  என்பது “இன,பாலின, தேசிய, இனக்குழு, மொழி, மதம் அல்லது வேறு தகுதி அடிப்படையைப் பொருத்து மாறுபடாமல் மனிதர்களாகப் பிறக்கும் அனைவருக்கும் மரபாக இருக்கும் உரிமையே ஆகும்.  மனித உரிமைகள் ஒவ்வொருவருக்குமான சமத்துவம் மற்றும் நேர்மை பற்றியதாகும். எவர் ஒருவருக்கும் இந்த உரிமையை வழங்குவதில் பாரபட்சம் காட்டக் கூடாது. Human rights தலைப்பு குறித்து அனைத்து தகவல்களும் இங்கே கிடைக்கும்.

TNPSC Group 1 Notification 2022 | TNPSC குரூப் 1 அறிவிப்பு 2022  

Human Rights : Overview (மனித உரிமைகள் பற்றிய ஒரு பார்வை):

மனித உரிமையின் வரலாற்று வேர்கள், உலகின் பல முக்கிய நிகழ்வுகளில் ஊடுருவி சுதந்திரம் மற்றும் சமத்துவம் ஆகியவற்றினை நிலை நிறுத்தியுள்ளன. இரண்டாம் உலகப்போரின் விளைவுகளை சமாளிக்கவும், எதிர்காலத்தில் உலகப்போர் போன்ற நிகழ்வுகள் நடைபெறாமல் தடுப்பதை நோக்கமாகக் கொண்டும்,  1945-ல் ஐ.நா. சபை தொடங்கப்பட்டது. மனித உரிமைகளை  நடைமுறைப்படுத்துவதில் உலகளாவிய மனித உரிமைகள் பேரறிக்கை  (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights)  பெரும்பங்கு வகிக்கின்றது.

Human Rights : Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (உலகளாவிய மனித உரிமைகள் பேரறிக்கை (UDHR)):

உலகளாவிய மனித உரிமைகள் பேரறிக்கை  என்பது  வெவ்வேறு சட்ட மற்றும் பண்பாட்டுப் பின்னணியுடன் உலகின் பல்வேறு பகுதிகளிலிருந்து, கலந்துகொண்டபிரதிநிதிகளால் தயாரிக்கப்பட்டது. இது மனித உரிமைகள் வரலாற்றில் ஒரு மைல்கல் ஆகும்.  1948ஆம் ஆண்டு டிசம்பர் 10 அன்று பாரிசில் நடைபெற்ற ஐ.நா. பொது சபையில் நிறைவேற்றப்பட்ட (பொது சபை தீர்மானம் 217A) இந்தப் பேரறிக்கை, அனைத்துலக நாடுகள் மற்றும் அனைத்துலக மக்களின் பொதுத்தர சாதனை ஆகும். அடிப்படை மனித உரிமைகள் உலகளவில்பாதுகாக்கப்படவேண்டும் எனும் நோக்கம் கொண்ட முதல் பேரறிக்கையான இது பல்வேறு மொழிகளில் மொழிபெயர்க்கப்பட்டு உள்ளது.

மனித உரிமைகள் பற்றிய உலகளாவிய பேரறிக்கையில் 30 உறுப்புகள் (articles) உள்ளன. அது சுதந்திரத்திற்கான உரிமையை உறுதி செய்வதோடு குடிமை, அரசியல், சமூக, பொருளாதார மற்றும் பண்பாட்டு உரிமைகளையும் தருகிறது. இவ்வுரிமைகள் இனம், பால், தேசியம் ஆகியவற்றைக் கடந்து அனைத்து மக்களுக்கும் பொருந்தும். ஏனெனில் மனிதர்கள் அனைவரும் சுதந்திரமாகவும், சம உரிமையோடும் பிறக்கின்றனர்.

இந்த பேரறிக்கையின் பொது விளக்கமானது சட்டபூர்வமாக பிணைக்கப்பட்ட ஆவணம் அல்ல என்ற போதிலும் அது அரசியல் மற்றும் அறநெறிசார் முக்கியத்துவம் உடையது. மேலும் அதில் இடம்பெற்றுள்ள பெரும்பான்மையான உத்திரவாதங்கள் இக்காலத்தில் தரம்மிக்க விதிமுறைகளாக நிலைபெற்று விளங்குகின்றன.

TNPSC Field Surveyor & Draftsman Notification 2022

Human Rights: National Human Rights Commission (இந்திய மனித உரிமைகள் ஆணையம் )

மனித உரிமைகள் பாதுகாப்புச் சட்டத்தின் கீழ் 1993 ஆம் ஆண்டு அக்டோபர் 12 ஆம் நாள் அமைக்கப்பட்டது தேசிய மனித உரிமைகள் ஆணையம். இது ஒரு தன்னாட்சி அமைப்பாகும். இவ்வமைப்பு ஒரு தலைவரையும், சில உறுப்பினர்களையும் கொண்டுள்ளது இந்திய அரசமைப்புச் சட்டம் மற்றும் சர்வதேச உடன்படிக்கையில் உத்திரவாதம் தரப்பட்டுள்ள ஒரு தனி மனிதனின் வாழ்வு, சுதந்திரம், சமத்துவம் மற்றும் கண்ணியம் ஆகியவற்றைப் பாதுகாக்கவும், மேம்படுத்தவும் தேசிய மனித உரிமைகள் ஆணையம் பொறுப்பேற்கிறது.

ராணுவ அக்னிவீர் பெண் ஆட்சேர்ப்பு 2022

National Human Rights Commission: Functions (தேசிய மனித உரிமைகள் ஆணையத்தின் பணிகள்):

• மனித உரிமை மீறல் அல்லது அத்தகைய மீறல் குறித்து அரசு ஊழியர் அலட்சியம் காட்டுதல் ஆகியவை மீது விசாரணை நடத்திடுதல்.
• மனித உரிமை மீறல் வழக்குகளில் தன்னை இணைத்துக் கொள்ளுதல்.
• மனித உரிமைகள் குறித்த ஆராய்ச்சிகளை மேற்கொள்ளுதல் மற்றும் ஊக்குவித்தல்.
• சமூகத்தின் பல்வேறு பிரிவினரிடையே மனித உரிமைக் கல்வியைப் பரப்புதல்.
• மனித உரிமைத் துறையில் பணியாற்றும் அரசுசாரா அமைப்புகள் மற்றும் நிறுவனங்கள் ஆகியவற்றின் முயற்சிகளை ஊக்குவித்தல்,

IBPS RRB PO தேர்வு தேதி 2022

Human Rights: State Human Rights Commission (மாநில மனித உரிமைகள் ஆணையம்):

இந்தியாவில் ஒவ்வொரு மாநிலத்திலும் ஒரு மாநில மனித உரிமைகள் ஆணையம் அமைக்க வழி செய்யும் வகையுரை ஒன்று பிரிவு 21, மனித உரிமைகள் பாதுகாப்புச் சட்டம், 1993ல் உள்ளது. மனித உரிமைகள் பாதுகாப்பு மற்றும் மேம்பாடு ஆகியவை இவ்வாணையத்தின் முதன்மை நோக்கமாகும். மேலதிகமாக, எழுத்து மூலமான புகார் பெறாவிட்டாலும்கூட ஆணையம் தாமாக முன்வந்து விசாரணை நடத்தும் வகையிலும், மாநில மனித உரிமை ஆணையங்களின் செயல்பாடுகளை வெளிப்படைத் தன்மையாக்கியது போன்ற ஒழுங்காற்றுவிதிகளை ஆணையம் வகுத்ததன் மூலமாக மாநிலங்களில் ஆணையத்தின் செயல்முறைகள் வலுவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

TNPSC Recruitment 2022, Notification for VOC and CO Posts

State Human Rights Commission: Functions (மாநில மனித உரிமைகள் ஆணையத்தின் பணிகள்)

• மாநில பட்டியல், பொதுப் பட்டியல் ஆகியனவற்றில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள அம்சங்கள் குறித்தான மனித உரிமை மீறல்களை விசாரித்தல்.
• இதன் நோக்கங்களும் பணிகளும் தேசிய மனித உரிமைகள் ஆணையத்தைப் போன்றே உள்ளன. ஆனால் மாநில எல்லைக்குட்பட்டதாகும். இவ்வாணையத்தில் ஒரு தலைவரும் இரு உறுப்பினர்களும் உள்ளனர்.
• இவ்வாணையத்திற்கு உரிமையியல் நீதிமன்றத்திற்கு இணையான அதிகாரம் உண்டு. எனவே, தொடுக்கப்படும் வழக்குகள் அல்லது தானாக முன்வந்து தொடுக்கும் வழக்குகளை விசாரித்து தீர்ப்பளிக்கலாம்.
• பாதிக்கப்பட்டவர்களுக்கு இழப்பீடுகள் வழங்க பரிந்துரைகளும் செய்யலாம்.

Human Rights Organisations (மனித உரிமை நிறுவனங்கள்)

உலகெங்கிலும் பல நிறுவனங்கள் மனித உரிமைகளைப் பாதுகாப்பதற்கும், மனித உரிமை மீறல்களை முடிவுக்குக் கொண்டு வருவதற்கும் முயற்சிகளை எடுத்துள்ளன. இந்த அரசுசாரா நிறுவனங்கள் அரசாங்கங்களின் நடவடிக்கைகளை கண்காணிப்பதுடன் மனித உரிமைக் கொள்கைகளின்படி செயல்படுமாறு வலியுறுத்துகின்றன. அவைகளுள் ஆம்னஸ்டி இண்டர்நேஷனல் (Amnesty International), குழந்தைகள் பாதுகாப்பு நிதியம் (Chidren’s Defence fund), மனித உரிமைகள் கண்காணிப்பகம் (Human Rights Watch) ஆகியனவாகும்.

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Human Rights : values (மனித உரிமைகள் கொண்டுள்ள அடிப்படை மதிப்புகள்)

• Dignity (கண்ணியம்): வாழ்வதற்கான உரிமை, ஒருமைப்பாட்டிற்கான உரிமை, கட்டாய தொழிலாளர் முறை,அடிமை முறை, இழிவான தண்டனை ஆகியவற்றிற்கான தடை.
• Justice (நீதி): நேர்மையான விசாரணைக்கான உரிமை, குற்றத்திற்கு ஏற்றாற்போல் தண்டனை, ஒரே குற்றத்திற்காக ஒன்றுக்கு மேற்பட்ட முறை விசாரணைக்குட்படுத்தாத உரிமை.
• Equality (சமத்துவம்): சட்டத்தின் முன் அனைவரும் சமம், இனம், மதம், பாலினம், வயது, திறமை மற்றும் இயலாமை ஆகியவற்றில் பாகுபாடின்மை

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Human Rights: Basic Characteristics (மனித உரிமையின் அடிப்படைப் பண்புகள்)

• Inherent (இயல்பானவை): அவை எந்தவொரு நபராலும் அதிகாரத்தாலும் வழங்கப்படுவதில்லை.
• Fundamental (அடிப்படையானவை): இந்த அடிப்படை உரிமைகள் இல்லையென்றால் மனிதனின் வாழ்க்கையும், கண்ணியமும் அர்த்தமற்றதாகிவிடும்.
• Inalienable (மாற்ற முடியாதவை): இவைகள் தனிநபரிடம் இருந்து பறிக்க முடியாதவைகள் ஆகும்.
• Indivisible (பிரிக்க முடியாதவை): மற்ற உரிமைகளை ஏற்கனவே அனுபவித்துக் கொண்டிருந்தாலும் கூட இந்த அடிப்படை உரிமைகளை மறுக்க முடியாது.
• Universal (உலகளாவியவை): இந்த உலகளாவிய உரிமைகள் ஒருவரின் தோற்றம் அல்லது நிலையைப் பொருட்படுத்தாமல் அனைவருக்கும் இந்த உரிமைகள் பொருந்தும். இந்த உரிமைகள் தேசிய எல்லையைத் தாண்டி அனைத்து நாடுகளிலும் அமல்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
• Interdependent (சார்புடையவை): இவைகள் ஒன்றுக்கொன்று சார்புடையவைகள் ஆகும். ஏனென்றால் ஒரு உரிமையைப் பயன்படுத்தும் போது மற்றொன்றை உணராமல் இருக்க முடியாது.

Human Rights: Conclusion  (மனித உரிமைகளின் முடிவுரை)

ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் டிசம்பர் 10ஆம் நாள் உலக மனித உரிமைகள் தினமாகக் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது. மனித உரிமைகளை உலக அளவில் அறிவித்த பெருமை ஐக்கிய நாடுகளின் பொதுச் சபையையே சாரும். மனித உரிமைகள் ஒவ்வொருவருக்குமான சமத்துவம் மற்றும் நேர்மை பற்றியதாகும். மேலும் இது அனைவரையும் கண்ணியத்துடனும் மரியாதையுடனும் நடத்தப்படுவதை உறுதி செய்கிறது. மனித உரிமையைப் பாதுகாப்பது அனைவரின் பொறுப்பாகும். மனித உரிமைகளுக்கான புரிதலும் மரியாதையையும் நமது சமூகத்தில் அமைதி, நல்லிணக்கம், பாதுகாப்பு மற்றும் சுதந்திரத்திற்கான அடித்தளத்தை வழங்குகிறது. இக்கட்டுரை TNPSC GROUP 2 & 2A, GROUP 4  க்கு தயாராகும் மாணவர்களுக்கு பயன்படும் வகையில் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இதிலிருந்து 3 அல்லது 4 வினாக்கள் கேட்கப்படும். போட்டித் தேர்வுகளுக்கு தயாராகும் மாணவர்களுக்கு பயன்படும் வகையில் இக்கட்டுரை  உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

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Human Rights Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on human rights.

Human rights are a set of rights which every human is entitled to. Every human being is inherited with these rights no matter what caste, creed, gender, the economic status they belong to. Human rights are very important for making sure that all humans get treated equally. They are in fact essential for a good standard of living in the world.

Moreover, human rights safeguard the interests of the citizens of a country. You are liable to have human rights if you’re a human being. They will help in giving you a good life full of happiness and prosperity.

Human Rights Categories

Human rights are essentially divided into two categories of civil and political rights, and social rights. This classification is important because it clears the concept of human rights further. Plus, they also make humans realize their role in different spheres.

When we talk about civil and political rights , we refer to the classic rights of humans. These rights are responsible for limiting the government’s authority that may affect any individual’s independence. Furthermore, these rights allow humans to contribute to the involvement of the government. In addition to the determination of laws as well.

Next up, the social rights of people guide the government to encourage ways to plan various ways which will help in improving the life quality of citizens. All the governments of countries are responsible for ensuring the well-being of their citizens. Human rights help countries in doing so efficiently.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Importance of Human Rights

Human rights are extremely important for the overall development of a country and individuals on a personal level. If we take a look at the basic human rights, we see how there are right to life, the right to practice any religion, freedom of movement , freedom from movement and more. Each right plays a major role in the well-being of any human.

Right to life protects the lives of human beings. It ensures no one can kill you and thus safeguards your peace of mind. Subsequently, the freedom of thought and religion allows citizens to follow any religion they wish to. Moreover, it also means anyone can think freely.

Further, freedom of movement is helpful in people’s mobilization. It ensures no one is restricted from traveling and residing in any state of their choice. It allows you to grab opportunities wherever you wish to.

Next up, human rights also give you the right to a fair trial. Every human being has the right to move to the court where there will be impartial decision making . They can trust the court to give them justice when everything else fails.

Most importantly, humans are now free from any form of slavery. No other human being can indulge in slavery and make them their slaves. Further, humans are also free to speak and express their opinion.

In short, human rights are very essential for a happy living of human beings. However, these days they are violated endlessly and we need to come together to tackle this issue. The governments and citizens must take efforts to protect each other and progress for the better. In other words, this will ensure happiness and prosperity all over the world.

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Manithaneyam Essay in Tamil – மனிதநேயம் கட்டுரை – Humanity Tamil Essay

Manithaneyam Essay in Tamil – மனிதநேயம் கட்டுரை – Humanity Tamil Essay :- மனிதனாக இருப்பதற்கு அடிப்படை தகுதியே மனிதநேயம் கொண்டிருப்பதே. மனிதனின் அடிப்படை நற்குணங்களில் முதன்மையானது மனிதநேயமாகும். சகா மனிதனிடம் மட்டுமல்லாது நம்மோடு வாழும் மற்ற உயிரினங்கள்,தாவரங்கள் ,பூச்சிகள் மற்றும் இயற்கை என அனைத்தின் மீதும் பரிவோடு வாழ்வதே ஒரு மனிதனின் குறைந்த பட்ச தகுதியாகும்.

மனித சரித்திரத்தில் எத்தனையோ போர்கள்,சகிக்க முடியாத வரலாற்று உண்மைகளையும் கடந்து நாம் பார்க்கும்போதும் எரிமலை மீது விழும் சிரு பனித்துளியாய் மனித நேயம் இருந்துகொண்டே இருக்கிறது.மனிதநேயத்தை வரலாற்று சுவடுகளில் பறைசாற்றிய எத்தனையோ தலைவர்களை பற்றியும் தனிமனிதர்களையும் நாம் அறிவோம். அத்தகைய மாமனிதர்களை பற்றி நாம் நினைவு கொள்ளும்போது கடல் கடந்து ,தேசாதி தேசம் கடந்து அவர்கள் கொண்ட மனிதநேய கருத்துகள் நம்மை வந்தடைகின்றன.

வரலாற்றில் அன்னை தெரசா, மகாத்மா காந்தி ,நெல்சன் மண்டேலாபோன்ற பலர் மனிதநேயத்தை அடுத்த தலைமுறைக்கு தங்கள் செயல்கள் எடுத்துரைத்துள்ளனர் .உலக வரலாற்றில் அன்னை தெரசா ஆற்றிய மனித நேய செயல்பாடுகள் அணைத்து மக்களையும் உன்னத வழிக்கு திருப்புகிறது.தன்னுடைய முழு வாழ்க்கையையும் எளியோர்க்கு அர்ப்பணித்த மாபெரும் தியாக திருமகளாக தெரசாவை இந்த உலகம் பார்க்கிறது.

ரவீந்திரநாத் தாகூர் தனது மனித நேய கருத்துக்களை கீதாஞ்சலி படைப்பில் அதிகம் பகிர்ந்துள்ளார் அதுவே அவருக்கு நோபல் பரிசை பெற்றுத்தந்தது,அவரது கோட்பாட்டின்படி இறைவனை வேண்டுவதை எளியோர்க்கு பணிவிடை அல்லது அவர்களை மதித்தல் மூலமாக செய்தலே போதுமானது என்ற கருத்து இன்றளவும் பேசப்படுகிறது.

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BLOOMINGTON/MONROE COUNTY HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION ANNOUNCES 2024 YOUTH ART/ESSAY CONTEST WINNERS

Page last updated on May 10, 2024 at 4:39 pm

For more information, please contact

Michael Shermis, Human Rights Commission Director, Community and Family Resources Department, [email protected] or 812-349-3478. 

Justin Crossley, Digital Brand Manager, Office of the Mayor

[email protected] or 812-349-3406

The Bloomington/Monroe County Human Rights Commission today announced the six winners of the 2024 Human Rights Art/Essay Contest. Local students in grades K-6 were asked to write an essay or create a piece of art to answer the question, “What is the most important human right to you, and why?”

The contest was judged by Commissioners Amy Jackson and Stephen Coover (art) and Emma Williams and Autumn Crisovan (essays).

In the art category, first place was awarded to Henry Fehrman, a second grader at Templeton Elementary. Second place went to Harper Burroughs, a sixth grader at Marlin Elementary, while third place was given to William Alhasainat, a first grader at Rogers Elementary. Commissioners Jackson and Coover praised the students’ artistic visions, use of vibrant colors, and expressions of equality and diversity.

In the essay category, first place went to Piper Burroughs, a sixth grader at Marlin Elementary. Second place was awarded to Telly Lotven, a sixth grader at University Elementary who submitted a poem. Third place was given to Phoenix Gordon, a sixth grader at Templeton Elementary. Commissioners Williams and Crisovan congratulated the winners on their creativity and use of research skills.

The students, along with their friends and family members, will be invited to an award ceremony on Monday, May 13 with Mayor Kerry Thomson and the Commission. As their prize, they will receive certificates and WonderLab passes. The ceremony will take place in the City Council Chambers at 401 N. Morton St. from 4:30-5:30 p.m.

The Commission offered congratulations to the winners and thanks to everyone who participated in the contest for sharing their creativity, passion, and commitment to human rights in Bloomington and around the world. 

The mission of the Bloomington/Monroe County Human Rights Commission is to enforce the Bloomington/Monroe County Human Rights Ordinance in a fair and timely manner, to educate community members about their rights and responsibilities under various civil rights laws and to advocate for changes in policies and law.