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M.D.-Ph.D. and M.D. Degrees, Salaries and What They Really Cost

Whether you're obtaining a Ph.D. or an M.D. degree in medicine, it is no easy undertaking . Years of intensive study, research and internships yield a degree that not only allows you to put those two little letters in front of your name, but usually comes with an impressive starting salary as well. However, what is the difference between an M.D.-Ph.D. and an M.D.?

The difference between the degrees

Before you compare salaries, you should understand the difference between the degrees themselves. Someone who receives an M.D. is licensed to practice medicine and participate in patient care. Someone who receives an M.D.-Ph.D. works in research and development, such as biomedical research, immunology or biochemistry, etc., but can also practice clinical medicine. A nonmedical Ph.D. can be in just about any subject, including the sciences, and varies as widely in cost and salary as it does in subject matter. For the purposes of this cost and salary comparison, we'll stick to M.D.-Ph.D.'s and M.D.'s.

You also must make sure you compare apples to apples. Before taking salary into consideration, measure other factors, such as the cost of each degree and subsequent school debt , living expenses, and potential stipends and funding offered.

According to the AAMC, the average cost of four years of medical school is $228,006 (that's averaging together public vs. private schools and resident vs. nonresident). Of course, that's not taking into consideration the cost of living and other expenses, which will vary depending on where you go to school, for example, New York City, N.Y. vs. Bloomington, Ind.

While physicians shoulder some of the highest school debt of any profession, they also enjoy some of the highest salaries, which is helpful when they are making mortgage-sized payments for their school loans. The national average for annual physicians' salaries in the U.S. is $209,044. However, not all costs to train a medical doctor fall on the medical student. The costs that a university and society expend on each medical student are fairly exorbitant as training excellent medical professionals is highly valued in this country.

While students pay for medical school, the university hospital foots the bill for the student's residency, which includes expenses such as hospital call rooms, administrative costs and salaries for the student and supervising faculty. For specialties that take longer to train for, the costs are in excess of $1,000,000. Where tax paying citizens come in is that most university hospitals receive federal funding, some of which is used to pay for students' residencies.

M.D.-Ph.D. costs

Falling into the category of medical scientists, M.D.-Ph.D. recipients are trained in both clinical medicine and research. This type of dual degree is ideal for conducting clinical trials, as both intensive research skills and patient care involvement are required. Because this is a dual degree, the time it takes to complete it is considerably longer than the four years for just medical school. An M.D.-Ph.D. typically takes seven to eight years to complete due to the student having to attend both medical and graduate schools.

The major difference between an M.D. and an M.D.-Ph.D. is the cost of tuition. While medical school tuition and costs will run well into six figures over four years, M.D.-Ph.D. students will find that their costs are largely reduced or even eliminated through waivers and stipends.₁ The National Institute of General Medical Sciences currently funds forty-nine M.D.-Ph.D. programs through the Medical Scientist Training Program. 2

Many universities also offer full funding to M.D.-Ph.D. candidates as they leverage the exorbitant cost of educating these students against the expected scientific breakthroughs and accomplishments they'll make in the medical field. The state of health care and the increasing need to study and treat numerous diseases affecting the population have contributed to a faster than average job growth rate for medical scientists. 3

Salary is a different story, as it's very dependent on what type of work the M.D.-Ph.D. pursues. Working in just the scientific research field will yield a median annual salary of $91,510, considerably less than the mid-six-figure salaries of practicing physicians; however, those who practice medicine as well as medical research will see their salaries increase accordingly.

The application process

Both degrees carry a high level of competitiveness, and the application process can be an intensive one. There are no test-optional choices here. MCATHs are a given requirement , so start preparing as soon as you've made the decision to apply to these programs.

Submitting a strong and effective statement of purpose , personal statement and letters of recommendation are critical to getting that coveted acceptance letter from your choice schools. It’s important to keep track of what you've submitted and when, as well as deadlines and communications with program recruiters or advisors.

Choosing your path

Entering the medical field, in any capacity, is a noble and stressfully intensive undertaking. However, the effect you'll have on patients' lives or future treatments and cures for diseases makes the investment of the student, university and government well worth it. Once you've decided which medical career path you want to take, your options will become clearer.

1 MD PhD vs MD: Which is best for you? | BeMo ® (bemoacademicconsulting.com)

2 Medical Scientist Training Program (nih.gov)

3 Medical Scientists: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (bls.gov)

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Home » Careers » How to Become an Epidemiologist » Types of Epidemiologists and Salary

Types of Epidemiologists and Salary Comparison

Epidemiologists examine patterns of disease among people to determine how best to deliver public health services and combat biological threats. They perform descriptive studies to identify characteristics and patterns of a disease or health issue to prevent negative outcomes.

One of the many benefits of  becoming an epidemiologist  is that it offers variety. Different types of epidemiologists work in various research settings and have diverse responsibilities, such as:

• Management of medical, technical and professional staff in a range of settings.
• Development, administration and testing of population health interventions.
• Advocacy for population health at the local, state and federal level.
• Analyzing data through qualitative and quantitative methods to address public health problems.
• Studying challenges at the population level to limit and treat specific disease patterns. 

Epidemiology  is an exciting field within public health. If you’re considering this career, explore the different fields and types of epidemiologists. 

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1. Infection Control Epidemiologist

Sometimes called hospital epidemiologists, these types of epidemiologists create and implement policies that control disease and limit the spread of infection within health care settings. This field has emerged in response to growing and complex hospital infections as a result of modern medicine.

Job duties and responsibilities of infection control epidemiologists include:

• Educating and enforcing hygiene use among health care workers
• Monitoring and reporting infection data
• Improving hospital safety for patients and employees

2. Pharmaceutical Epidemiologist

Some types of epidemiologists specialize in pharmaceutical research and development. They work for pharmaceutical firms and government agencies to study how a drug or group of drugs affects a population over time. They review how conditions spread, who they affect and what treatments have a measurable impact.

These researchers typically work in a lab setting and interact with drug profiles and tissue samples. They create crucial reports about drug safety and efficacy that are used by public health and regulatory agencies, private insurers and health care providers.

Although not required, some may choose to complete a doctorate in pharmacy for this field in addition to a  master’s degree in public health .

3. Medical Epidemiologist

Medical epidemiologists monitor disease outbreaks, study clinical pathology and research potential cures for chronic and acute illness. They may also create public health programs to prevent disease.

This type of role requires a knowledge of clinical medicine. Medical epidemiologists can earn a medical degree to practice medicine, such as a Doctor of Medicine (MD). This is different from other types of epidemiologists as an MD is usually not required. In fact, many choose to become epidemiologists because they have an interest in medicine but choose not to practice. Most medical epidemiologists, however, have practice experience.

Within this specialty, these types of epidemiologists can become a medical generalist or specialize even further within an area of medicine. For example, some medical epidemiologists are viral epidemiologists. They study the conditions that could lead to a viral epidemic and plan intervention strategies for populations at risk.

4. Infectious Disease Epidemiologist

An infectious disease epidemiologist works to understand the effects of diseases on a population. This can include studying new diseases like COVID-19 or researching established diseases like HIV, AIDS or influenza. 

Innovation in this field involves the use of big data and cutting-edge mathematical models  to track disease and solve public health problems at the population level. 

An infectious disease epidemiologist may study in the field in addition to the lab. They may go where an outbreak first occurred to determine its cause and prevent further adverse outcomes. 

5. Field Epidemiologist

Individuals who work in field epidemiology intervene on the ground level in communities with severe, acute public health crises. Typically, these are unexpected and significant issues that require public health specialists to travel to the site and provide a time-sensitive response. For this reason, the nature of their work may differ from other types of epidemiology. They rely on descriptive studies to formulate hypotheses before conducting quantitative research.

Disaster response is another important area of work for field epidemiologists. They visit the source of global outbreaks and help local public health officials administer effective disease prevention strategies.

Field epidemiologists often work for government organizations like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or global organizations like the World Health Organization. 

6. Molecular Epidemiologist

This relatively new field of study combines molecular biology with epidemiology. Molecular epidemiologists study the complex interplay between cells, proteins and genes to find the root causes of diseases and seek strategies to prevent their transmission.

This type of research uses molecules and genes to identify risk factors that cause and spread disease. For example, do genes impact people’s susceptibility to obesity and comorbid conditions like Type 2 diabetes or heart disease? What does exposure to air pollution combined with biomarkers tell us about the origin and causation of cancer?

Molecular biologists typically work in pharmaceuticals, biotech, academia or government.

7. Veterinary Epidemiologist

These specialized types of epidemiologists, also called epizootiologists or epizoologists, study patterns of disease spread in animal species. Veterinary epidemiologists use field principles and best practices to analyze and implement disease control measures among animal populations. 

Similar to medical epidemiologists, veterinary epidemiologists are specialized veterinarians. They have a doctor of veterinary medicine degree in addition to a master’s in public health or a related field. Many individuals also pursue postgraduate fellowships and education in this field.

Veterinary epidemiologists may work for private industry, scientific research and/or for state or federal government agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration. Often, they work to ensure a safe food supply for humans by limiting illness among farm livestock.

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Epidemiologist salary by industry and work setting.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)  salary data for epidemiologists indicates the median annual salary was $74,560 in May 2020 ; however, factors such as location, education, industry and work setting will impact salary. 

The most jobs for epidemiologists as of 2020, according to the BLS, were in:

• State government, excluding education and hospitals
• Local government, excluding education and hospitals
• Hospitals: state, local and private
• Colleges and universities: state, local and private
• Scientific research and development

The following sections outline the median pay for different work settings based on the BLS  salary data for epidemiologists .

Scientific Research

Any type of epidemiologist can work in scientific research, but veterinary, molecular and pharmaceutical epidemiologists will often work in this field. This is because scientific research is common in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical and chemistry fields.

The  median salary for an epidemiologist in scientific research was $99,020 in 2020 , according to the BLS. This is the highest median salary by work setting for epidemiologists. 

Medical and infection control epidemiologists are most likely to work in a health care setting. The BLS reports that  epidemiologists who work in a state, local or private hospital earned a median salary of $84,420 per year in 2020 .

Colleges, Universities and Professional Schools

Many epidemiologists work in academia. They may do academic research in a university or professional school. Some may have their PhD and teach epidemiology at a university. 

Those who  work in colleges or universities earned a median annual salary of $80,560 in 2020 . Epidemiologists who want to teach postsecondary education will typically need to have a doctoral degree. Therefore, due to educational requirements, they may earn more than epidemiologists who do academic research. BLS data indicates that the  median salary for health specialties postsecondary teachers  was $99,090 in May 2020. The  median annual salary for epidemiologists working in state, local, and private colleges, universities, and professional schools  was $67,700 in May 2020.

State and Local Government

State or local government is a common work setting in this field. Many types of epidemiologists, such as infectious disease, molecular and field epidemiologists, can work for government employers. According to the BLS, the  median annual salary in 2020 for epidemiologists in local government was $70,470 compared to $68,500 for state government .

The BLS does not have salary data for epidemiologists in the federal government. However, medical scientists, a job with similar functions, had a  median hourly wage of $66.10 in 2020 . This is nearly double the hourly wage for epidemiologists working in state and local government. However, keep in mind that medical scientists typically need to have a doctoral degree for most entry level jobs, while epidemiologists do not.

To learn more, see our  resources on epidemiology degrees  and  steps to become an epidemiologist .

Information last updated in October 2021

How Much Do Nurse Researchers Make?

• Average Salary
• Highest-Paying States
• Ways to Increase Pay

Are you ready to earn your online nursing degree?

Nurse researchers conduct scientific studies to advance the nursing field and healthcare overall. Becoming a nurse researcher requires graduate-level training in research methodologies and data analysis combined with clinical experience.

Keep reading for more on nurse researcher salaries, the highest-paying states, and ways to increase earnings as a nurse researcher.

Average Salary for Nurse Researchers

Payscale data from June 2022 shows the average annual salary for nurse researchers at $72,900. In comparison, registered nurses(RNs) earn a yearly average salary of $68,620 . Since nurse researchers need a graduate degree, while RNs can practice with an associate or bachelor’s degree, they can anticipate earning more.

The average salary for nurse researchers varies based on educational background, certifications, and specialty. The type of degree also impacts a nurse researcher’s salary, as professionals can work with a master of science in nursing (MSN), a Ph.D., or a doctor of nursing practice (DNP).

$72,900 Average Annual Salary Source: Payscale , June 2022

$35.44 Average Hourly Wage Source: Payscale , June 2022

The Highest-Paying States for Nurse Researachers

The Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) does not specifically track nurse researcher employment and salary data. However, the average salary figures for nurse researchers from Payscale ($72,900) fall just below BLS reports for median RN salaries at $77,600.

According to the BLS , the highest-paying states for RNs include California ($124,000), Hawaii ($106,530), Oregon ($98,630), the District of Columbia ($98,540), and Alaska ($97,230), and Washington ($97,230). Despite the higher salaries, many of these states also have a high cost of living, which tends to balance earnings compared to other states.

3 Ways to Increase Pay As a Nurse Researcher

There are several ways for nurse researchers to increase their annual salary, including obtaining certification, earning a DNP or a Ph.D., or focusing on an in-demand specialty.

Become a Certified Clinical Research Nurse

Research nurses can choose from two main certification options, both offered by the Association of Clinical Research Professionals (ACRP). These include clinical research coordinator (CRC) certification and clinical research associate (CRA) certification.

Nurse researchers with a CRC certification typically work at clinical research sites under the guidance of a principal investigator. Those with CRA certification facilitate the clinical testing of medical products for safety and effectiveness. Both certifications provide nurse researchers with the opportunity to fulfill roles with higher earning potential.

To be eligible to take either certification exam, applicants must have 3,000 hours of experience in six content areas: scientific concepts and research design, ethical and participant safety considerations, product development and regulation, clinical trial operations, study and site management, and data management and informatics.

Advance Your Education with a DNP or a Ph.D.

Although nurse researchers must have an MSN to work in the field, pursuing a DNP or a PH.D. can provide advanced training employers seek.

While both DNP- and Ph.D.-holders earn more than their MSN counterparts, DNPs earn significantly more in nursing research than any other degree. According to Payscale, DNPs earn an average yearly salary of $90,000 , whilePh.D. graduates earn $93,000 per year .

Become a Specialized Nurse Researcher

Nurse researchers can increase their pay if they choose to focus on a specific specialization, such as oncology, pediatrics, or cardiology. By focusing on areas of medicine that necessitate additional research to identify ways to prevent, cure, or manage specific diseases, nurse researchers can earn a higher salary due to the increased demand for these professionals.

Frequently Asked Questions About Nurse Researcher Salaries

What is the entry-level salary for nurse researchers.

According to Payscale , the entry-level salary for nurse researchers is approximately $64,000. As nurses gain more experience, their salary steadily increases: $70,000 (1-4 years), $72,000 (5-9 years), $77,000 (10-19 years), and $78,000 (20+ years).

What skills are important for nurse researchers?

Nurse researchers need to examine and analyze data; comprehend the relevance of the results of a study; and communicate with medical professionals, academic researchers, study participants, and patients.

How long does it take to become a nurse researcher?

It can take a minimum of seven years for full-time students to become nurse researchers. This includes four years for earning their bachelor of science in nursing, one year of clinical experience, and two years for completing an MSN. Nurse researchers can also consider earning a DNP or a Ph.D. after their MSN, which takes an additional four years of study.

Do nurse researchers need to have an RN license?

Yes, nurse researchers must have an RN license to gain employment or enter a graduate program, which is required for this role.

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Careers in Biomedical Research

New section.

Learn more about careers in medical research.   

If you have an interest in scientific exploration and a desire to break new ground in medical knowledge, a career in medical research might be for you.

MD-PhD programs provide training in both medicine and research. They are specifically designed for those who want to become research physicians.

The AAMC MD-PhD section is committed to recruiting and training a diverse Physician-Scientist workforce and an inclusive learning and working environment.

Biomedical scientists bridge the gap between the basic sciences and medicine. The PhD degree is the gateway to a career in biomedical research.

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Salaries for Medical Research Scientist with a JD, MD, PhD or Equivalent

According to our 100% employer reported salary sources the median salary for a Medical Research Scientist with a JD, MD, PhD or Equivalent is $94,300 - $103,944 . Please try our salary wizard to explore how other factors like location, Years of experience and number of direct reports can impact your base pay and bonus.

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Gagarin Cup Preview: Atlant vs. Salavat Yulaev

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Gagarin cup (khl) finals:  atlant moscow oblast vs. salavat yulaev ufa.

Much like the Elitserien Finals, we have a bit of an offense vs. defense match-up in this league Final.  While Ufa let their star top line of Alexander Radulov, Patrick Thoresen and Igor Grigorenko loose on the KHL's Western Conference, Mytischi played a more conservative style, relying on veterans such as former NHLers Jan Bulis, Oleg Petrov, and Jaroslav Obsut.  Just reaching the Finals is a testament to Atlant's disciplined style of play, as they had to knock off much more high profile teams from Yaroslavl and St. Petersburg to do so.  But while they did finish 8th in the league in points, they haven't seen the likes of Ufa, who finished 2nd. 

This series will be a challenge for the underdog, because unlike some of the other KHL teams, Ufa's top players are generally younger and in their prime.  Only Proshkin amongst regular blueliners is over 30, with the work being shared by Kirill Koltsov (28), Andrei Kuteikin (26), Miroslav Blatak (28), Maxim Kondratiev (28) and Dmitri Kalinin (30).  Oleg Tverdovsky hasn't played a lot in the playoffs to date.  Up front, while led by a fairly young top line (24-27), Ufa does have a lot of veterans in support roles:  Vyacheslav Kozlov , Viktor Kozlov , Vladimir Antipov, Sergei Zinovyev and Petr Schastlivy are all over 30.  In fact, the names of all their forwards are familiar to international and NHL fans:  Robert Nilsson , Alexander Svitov, Oleg Saprykin and Jakub Klepis round out the group, all former NHL players.

For Atlant, their veteran roster, with only one of their top six D under the age of 30 (and no top forwards under 30, either), this might be their one shot at a championship.  The team has never won either a Russian Superleague title or the Gagarin Cup, and for players like former NHLer Oleg Petrov, this is probably the last shot at the KHL's top prize.  The team got three extra days rest by winning their Conference Final in six games, and they probably needed to use it.  Atlant does have younger regulars on their roster, but they generally only play a few shifts per game, if that. 

The low event style of game for Atlant probably suits them well, but I don't know how they can manage to keep up against Ufa's speed, skill, and depth.  There is no advantage to be seen in goal, with Erik Ersberg and Konstantin Barulin posting almost identical numbers, and even in terms of recent playoff experience Ufa has them beat.  Luckily for Atlant, Ufa isn't that far away from the Moscow region, so travel shouldn't play a major role. 

I'm predicting that Ufa, winners of the last Superleague title back in 2008, will become the second team to win the Gagarin Cup, and will prevail in five games.  They have a seriously well built team that would honestly compete in the NHL.  They represent the potential of the league, while Atlant represents closer to the reality, as a team full of players who played themselves out of the NHL. 

• Atlant @ Ufa, Friday Apr 8 (3:00 PM CET/10:00 PM EST)
• Atlant @ Ufa, Sunday Apr 10 (1:00 PM CET/8:00 AM EST)
• Ufa @ Atlant, Tuesday Apr 12 (5:30 PM CET/12:30 PM EST)
• Ufa @ Atlant, Thursday Apr 14 (5:30 PM CET/12:30 PM EST)

Games 5-7 are as yet unscheduled, but every second day is the KHL standard, so expect Game 5 to be on Saturday, like an early start. 

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Rusmania • Deep into Russia

Out of the Centre

Savvino-storozhevsky monastery and museum.

Zvenigorod's most famous sight is the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1398 by the monk Savva from the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, at the invitation and with the support of Prince Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod. Savva was later canonised as St Sabbas (Savva) of Storozhev. The monastery late flourished under the reign of Tsar Alexis, who chose the monastery as his family church and often went on pilgrimage there and made lots of donations to it. Most of the monastery’s buildings date from this time. The monastery is heavily fortified with thick walls and six towers, the most impressive of which is the Krasny Tower which also serves as the eastern entrance. The monastery was closed in 1918 and only reopened in 1995. In 1998 Patriarch Alexius II took part in a service to return the relics of St Sabbas to the monastery. Today the monastery has the status of a stauropegic monastery, which is second in status to a lavra. In addition to being a working monastery, it also holds the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum.

Belfry and Neighbouring Churches

Located near the main entrance is the monastery's belfry which is perhaps the calling card of the monastery due to its uniqueness. It was built in the 1650s and the St Sergius of Radonezh’s Church was opened on the middle tier in the mid-17th century, although it was originally dedicated to the Trinity. The belfry's 35-tonne Great Bladgovestny Bell fell in 1941 and was only restored and returned in 2003. Attached to the belfry is a large refectory and the Transfiguration Church, both of which were built on the orders of Tsar Alexis in the 1650s.  

To the left of the belfry is another, smaller, refectory which is attached to the Trinity Gate-Church, which was also constructed in the 1650s on the orders of Tsar Alexis who made it his own family church. The church is elaborately decorated with colourful trims and underneath the archway is a beautiful 19th century fresco.

Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is the oldest building in the monastery and among the oldest buildings in the Moscow Region. It was built between 1404 and 1405 during the lifetime of St Sabbas and using the funds of Prince Yury of Zvenigorod. The white-stone cathedral is a standard four-pillar design with a single golden dome. After the death of St Sabbas he was interred in the cathedral and a new altar dedicated to him was added.

Under the reign of Tsar Alexis the cathedral was decorated with frescoes by Stepan Ryazanets, some of which remain today. Tsar Alexis also presented the cathedral with a five-tier iconostasis, the top row of icons have been preserved.

Tsaritsa's Chambers

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is located between the Tsaritsa's Chambers of the left and the Palace of Tsar Alexis on the right. The Tsaritsa's Chambers were built in the mid-17th century for the wife of Tsar Alexey - Tsaritsa Maria Ilinichna Miloskavskaya. The design of the building is influenced by the ancient Russian architectural style. Is prettier than the Tsar's chambers opposite, being red in colour with elaborately decorated window frames and entrance.

At present the Tsaritsa's Chambers houses the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum. Among its displays is an accurate recreation of the interior of a noble lady's chambers including furniture, decorations and a decorated tiled oven, and an exhibition on the history of Zvenigorod and the monastery.

Palace of Tsar Alexis

The Palace of Tsar Alexis was built in the 1650s and is now one of the best surviving examples of non-religious architecture of that era. It was built especially for Tsar Alexis who often visited the monastery on religious pilgrimages. Its most striking feature is its pretty row of nine chimney spouts which resemble towers.

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