Dissertation au bac de français : la méthode pas-à-pas !

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méthode de la dissertation au bac de français

♦ Le commentaire d’un texte littéraire

♦ Un sujet de dissertation sur l’une des œuvres au programme.

Je te montre ici la méthode pas-à-pas pour réussir la dissertation au bac de français .

Tu es déjà au point quant à la méthodologie ? Alors entraîne-toi avec mes exemples de dissertation ici ! 😉

I – Ce qu’on attend de toi dans une dissertation

1 – une argumentation de qualité.

La dissertation est un exercice argumentatif : tu vas convaincre le correcteur de la pertinence de ta réponse en avançant des arguments illustrés par des exemples.

Là où les choses se corsent, c’est que tu ne vas pas argumenter uniquement pour défendre ton point de vue sur la question.

Tu vas aussi envisager le point de vue adverse , et lui trouver, à lui aussi, des arguments et des exemples.

La dissertation est donc un exercice qui t’oblige à sortir de toi-même pour te faire l’avocat de points de vue que tu ne partages pas forcément tout en amenant le correcteur à adhérer à ta réponse finale.

Nous allons voir un peu plus bas comment réaliser cela dans un plan en trois parties !

2 – Une culture littéraire simple mais solide

Tu vas également être noté sur ta capacité à mobiliser ta culture littéraire pour répondre au sujet.

Je t’entends déjà pousser des cris d’orfraie : « Ma culture littéraire ? Mais je n’en ai paaaaas ! ».

Du calme. Si tu as passé tes dernières années au collège et au lycée, je t’assure que tu as davantage de culture littéraire que tu ne l’imagines.

Déjà, la question de dissertation porte sur l’une des 4 œuvres intégrales que tu as étudiées dans l’année.

Pour mettre toutes les chances de ton côté, réfléchis à ces parcours et travaille les œuvres en profondeur .

Tu dois ensuite essayer de mobiliser une culture plus large fondée sur les textes étudiés en classe et tes lectures personnelles.

Le but est de montrer que tu es capable d’utiliser dans ta dissertation des éléments empruntés à l’histoire littéraire.

Cela n’a rien d’impossible. Pour y parvenir, dresse l’inventaire de ta culture littéraire en faisant la liste des textes que tu connais et entraîne-toi toute l’année à mobiliser cet inventaire.

Je te montre comment faire à la fin de cet article 🙂

Passons maintenant à la méthodologie de la dissertation.

II – Comment analyser un sujet de dissertation ?

Un sujet de dissertation en français ne se traite pas comme une simple question de cours.

C’est toujours une question plus complexe qu’il n’y paraît, dont il faut analyser chaque terme et interroger les présupposés.

Lors de la découverte de ton sujet de dissertation, prends 10 minutes pour analyser le libellé du sujet :

1 – Délimite les frontières du sujet

Le sujet porte-t-il sur un genre particulier ? Une époque ? Contient-il des limites ?

Le respect des limites du sujet est essentiel car tout argument ou exemple qui sortirait de ces limites serait hors-sujet.

2 – Définis les mots clés du sujet

Utilise des synonymes et des antonymes pour définir chaque mot clé : opérer des rapprochements et des oppositions avec d’autres termes est une piste fructueuse pour mieux cerner ton sujet.

Interroge-toi aussi sur l’ étymologie des termes employés, le contexte de la phrase. S’il s’agit d’une citation , qui en est l’auteur ? Quel était le contexte de l’époque ?

3 – Fais le lien entre le sujet et l’œuvre intégrale

Au bac de français, les sujets de dissertation sont toujours liés à l’une des quatre œuvres intégrales que tu as étudiées dans l’année.

Prends le temps de t’interroger sur la façon dont tu vas pouvoir mobiliser cette œuvre intégrale pour répondre à la question.

4 – Identifie les éventuels présupposés de la question

Identifier les présupposés, c’est identifier les suggestions implicites, les sous-entendus de la question.

C’est une piste de réflexion à explorer.

5 – Étonne-toi face au sujet

Pose-toi des questions sur le sujet, sans te censurer.

Ces questions vont t’aider à mettre le doigt sur les problèmes posés par le sujet et donc sur la problématique qui deviendra le fil conducteur de ton devoir.

Pour aller plus loin, va voir mon article détaillé : comment analyser un sujet de dissertation ?

III – Comment faire un plan de dissertation ?

Pour le bac de français, tu dois te concentrer sur deux types de plan possibles : le plan dialectique et le plan thématique (également appelé plan notionnel).

Comment savoir quel plan choisir ?

L’astuce est de te demander si la question du sujet de dissertation est une question ouverte ou fermée :

1 – Si la question est fermée (on peut y répondre par oui ou par non) : opte pour un plan dialectique.

2 – Si la question est ouverte (on ne peut pas y répondre par oui ou par non) : opte pour un plan thématique . Tu formuleras alors des réponses possibles qui correspondront aux trois grandes parties de ton plan.

Pour en savoir plus, va voir ma méthode pour trouver ton plan de dissertation .

Le secret d’un plan réussi en dissertation :

@commentairecompose.fr Le secret pour réussir tes dissertations 🔑 C’est simple et pourtant peu appliqué par les élèves ! 🙃 #bacdefrancais #bacfrancais #dissertation #dissertations #methode #francais #prof #lycee ♬ son original – Amélie Vioux | Bac de français

Comment réussir l’introduction de ta dissertation ?

L’introduction est une étape clé de ta dissertation de français que je te conseille de rédiger au brouillon .

Pour la réussir, suis les 4 étapes suivantes :

1 – Une phrase d’accroche (également appelée amorce)

Il s’agit de l’entrée en matière de ta dissertation. Son but est d ‘accrocher l’attention de ton correcteur.

2 – La présentation du sujet

Le libellé de ton sujet de dissertation doit toujours être présenté dans ton introduction.

En d’autres termes, il faut procéder comme si ton correcteur ne connaissait pas le sujet traité : tu le lui présentes donc intégralement.

3 – La problématique

La problématique correspond à une ou plusieurs questions qui découlent de l’analyse du sujet et auquel ton devoir répond.

4 – L’annonce du plan

Pour l’annonce de plan, évite les formules lourdes (dans une première partie, dans une deuxième partie, dans une troisième partie…).

Ces formules sont dites trop « scolaires ». Comme tu es désormais au lycée, apprends à les alléger.

Je te donne des exemples dans ma méthode pour réussir ton introduction de dissertation .

Conseil : Si tu ne trouves pas d’amorce, saute la première étape, et prends soin de bien faire apparaître les étapes 2, 3 et 4 sur ta copie car elles sont indispensables.

IV – Comment réussir ta conclusion de dissertation ?

Pour réussir ta conclusion de dissertation, suis les trois étapes suivantes :

1 – Rappelle les jalons de ton développement 2 – Propose une réponse finale, ferme et définitive (cette réponse finale correspond normalement à ta troisième partie). 3 – Fais une ouverture sur un sujet proche

Prends soin de ne pas élargir sur une phrase trop générale ou une banalité.

Pour t’aider à trouver les bons mots pour ta conclusion, va voir ma méthode détaillée de la conclusion de dissertation .

@commentairecompose.fr Pour te démarquer au bac de français, teste ces 3 formules pour tes ouvertures 🚀 Que ce soit pour le commentaire ou la dissertation, l’ouverture est attendue dans ta conclusion: elle souligne ta culture littéraire et laisse ton correcteur sur une bonne impression. 📚✨ #bacdefrancais #conclusion #dissertation #commentaire #Apprendresurtiktok #profdefrançais #bonnenote ♬ son original – Amélie Vioux | Bac de français

V – La rédaction de ta dissertation

La dissertation est aussi un exercice de style qui doit respecter quelques règles académiques et typographiques.

Voici comment présenter ta dissertation avec succès :

1 – Soigne l’aspect « visuel » de ta dissertation

Aère ta copie de façon à ce que ton correcteur identifie en un coup d’œil le nombre exact de parties et sous-parties dans ton devoir :

– Saute deux lignes après ton introduction – Saute une ligne entre chaque grande partie de ton devoir – Saute deux lignes avant de commencer ta conclusion – Fais un alinéa au début de chaque paragraphe

Grâce à ces sauts de lignes et alinéas, ta copie sera plus claire et les étapes de ton argumentation plus évidentes.

2 – Rédige ton plan

Au baccalauréat, le plan de ta dissertation ne doit pas être apparent : il doit être rédigé .

Qu’est-ce que cela veut dire?

C’est simple.

N’écris pas (comme au brouillon) un plan apparent avec des numéros et des lettres tels que : I – On attend d’un roman qu’il nous plonge dans les pensées d’un personnage A – Les pensées d’un personnages sont un puissant moteur romanesque

Rédige tes thèses et arguments sous forme de phrases claires et simples , sans les faire précéder d’une lettre ou d’un numéro. Par exemple :

                       Le lecteur attend généralement d’un roman qu’il nous plonge dans les pensées d’un personnage.                      La pensée des personnages est en effet un puissant moteur romanesque. Ainsi, …

Vois-tu la différence ?

Le plan n’est pas visuellement apparent (avec les numéros des parties) mais il n’a pas disparu : mes thèses (les grandes parties) et mes arguments (les sous-parties) sont formulés sous forme de phrases brèves et claires.

3 – Fais des transitions

Les transitions sont des phrases qui soulignent l’ articulation logique entre les trois parties de ton plan.

Le rôle de la transition, c’est d’expliciter pourquoi tu passes d’une partie à une autre.

Pour plus de clarté, ta transition peut être isolée des grandes parties par un saut de ligne.

4 – Respecte les règles typographiques

Le non respect des règles typographiques est fréquent dans les copies et agace beaucoup les correcteurs.

Elles sont pourtant très simples à suivre :

a – Souligne les titres d’œuvres à la règle

Quand tu écris un devoir à la main , souligne les titres d’œuvres à la règle .

Par exemple :

Dès le premier chapitre du Rouge et le Noir , Stendhal dresse la satire de la bourgeoisie de Province à travers la description de la ville de Verrières.

Seuls les titres de poèmes, fables, chansons ou chapitres sont entre guillemets :

Le poème « L’albatros » issu du recueil Les Fleurs du Mal de Baudelaire fait un parallèle entre l’oiseau et le poète : tous deux souffrent de solitude et d’exclusion dans un monde insensible à la beauté.

Dans « Pauca meae », le quatrième livre des Contemplation s de Victor Hugo, le poète explore la douleur du deuil suite au décès de sa fille Léopoldine.

b – Les citations sont entre guillemets

Faire des citations dans une dissertation est toujours valorisé.

N’hésite pas à citer et commenter des phrases ou expressions clés d’une œuvre, mais sans oublier les guillemets .

Dans Le Rouge et le Noir, Stendhal définit le roman comme «  un miroir qui se promène sur une grande route «  .

5 – Varie ton vocabulaire et tes phrases

Au lycée, on te demande un effort d’expression écrite et il n’y a qu’une façon d’y parvenir : en variant ton vocabulaire et tes phrases.

On a tous quelques habitudes d’écriture dont il faut se défaire.

Par exemple, certains élèves utilisent trop souvent l’expression « Cette œuvre » ( Cette œuvre montre, cette œuvre indique, cette œuvre révèle ).

Or, l’expression « cette œuvre » peut être remplacée par : « ce passage », « cet extrait », « cette ligne », « ce vers », « cette strophe », « ce quatrain », « cet incipit », cet « excipit », « ce chapitre », « cette phrase », « cette formule », « cette proposition », « cette tirade », « cette réplique », « cette scène », « ce dialogue », etc.

Varie également les verbes. Un auteur ou un texte peut « révéler quelque chose », « dépeindre », « représenter », « communiquer », « dévoiler », « mettre en relief », « souligner », « esquisser », « exprimer », « indiquer », marquer », « donner l’impression que », « présenter », « témoigner de », « accentuer », « amplifier », « dénoncer », « critiquer », etc.

Prends l’habitude d’utiliser chez toi un dictionnaire des synonymes pour enrichir ton vocabulaire. Petit à petit, tu n’auras plus besoin de dictionnaire car les mots te viendront plus facilement à l’esprit.

Varie aussi tes débuts de phrase pour éviter la monotonie dans ton devoir . Par exemple, une phrase toute simple comme :

Le poème « Elle avait pris ce pli » semble adoucir la peine du poète par l’évocation de souvenirs heureux.

pourrait être réécrite de plusieurs façons :

Pour adoucir sa peine, le poète évoque des souvenirs heureux dans « Elle avait pris ce pli ».

Par l’évocation des souvenirs heureux dans « Elle avait pris ce pli », le poète parvient toutefois à adoucir sa peine.

Tu peux ainsi varier tes phrases pour éviter que se suivent plusieurs phrases ayant la même construction syntaxique. Ces variations rendront ta copie plus plaisante à lire.

VI – Comment travailler la dissertation efficacement dans l’année ?

La réussite en dissertation repose sur deux fondations : la qualité de ton argumentation et ta capacité à mobiliser l’œuvre intégrale au programme et ta culture littéraire.

Ce sont donc ces deux points que tu dois travailler tout au long de l’année pour être prêt le jour J.

1 – Entraîne-toi à l’argumentation

Lis attentivement mes articles de méthode sur les plans de dissertation et entraîne-toi régulièrement à réaliser des plans en trouvant au moins tes trois grandes parties.

Le plan dialectique, qui est le plus fréquent, nécessite de l’entraînement car tu dois apprendre à le formuler de façon nuancée et à proposer un dépassement en troisième partie.

Prends régulièrement 15-20 minutes pour réaliser des micro-entraînements sur des questions variées et t’entraîner ainsi à la dynamique argumentative.

Lis attentivement mes exemples de dissertations .

2 – Travaille les œuvres intégrales et leur parcours

La question de dissertation au bac de français porte sur l’une des œuvres intégrales au programme et à son parcours associé.

Pour mettre toutes les chances de ton côté, réfléchis à ces parcours et travaille l’œuvre intégrale en profondeur .

Dans ta dissertation, tu ne peux en effet pas te contenter d’une référence vague à l’œuvre intégrale : tes références devront être précises et développées .

Par exemple, si tu souhaites avancer que La Princesse de Clèves fait preuve de sincérité, prouve-le par une référence précise tirée de l’oeuvre. Indique par exemple que dans la troisième partie du roman, La Princesse de Clèves avoue à son mari son amour pour un autre, faisant ainsi preuve d’une sincérité qui la grandit.

Tu veux montrer que le poème « Automne malade » d’Apollinaire fait la jonction entre la tradition et la modernité ?

Prouve-le précisément .

Explique par exemple qu’Apollinaire reprend dans ce poème un motif lyrique traditionnel, celui de l’automne, saison de la mélancolie pour les romantiques, mais qu’Apollinaire le revisite à travers une forme poétique nouvelle dont la brièveté fait penser à un haïku.

Injecte ce niveau de précision dans tous tes exemples .

3 – Fais l’inventaire de ta culture littéraire

La consigne du sujet de dissertation t’invite à mobiliser ta connaissance d’une œuvre intégrale, mais aussi les textes et documents étudiés en classe ainsi que tu culture personnelle.

Si tu souhaites choisir  la dissertation au bac, fais l’inventaire de ta culture littéraire pour être en capacité de la mobiliser le jour J.

Pour chaque parcours, recense les œuvres et textes qui pourraient t’être utiles parmi :

– Les œuvres et textes lus et étudiés au collège et en seconde – Les textes étudiés en classe pour la préparation de l’oral – Les œuvres cursives lues pour la préparation de l’oral – Tes lectures personnelles – Les textes que tu as étudiés seul durant ton temps libre, dans un ouvrage scolaire ou sur mon site.

Bon à savoir : tu n’es pas obligé d’avoir lu une œuvre intégralement pour l’évoquer dans une dissertation. Tu peux lire des extraits d’œuvres clés, accompagnés de leur commentaire, comme ceux que je propose sur commentairecompose.fr, et intégrer ces textes à ton inventaire personnel.

Identifie au moins 10-15 œuvres ou textes par parcours : c’est une excellente base pour pouvoir répondre aux questions de dissertation.

4 – Entraîne-toi à mobiliser ta culture littéraire

Une fois ton inventaire réalisé, utilise-le régulièrement !

Prends des questions de dissertation, et pour chacune d’entre elles, demande-toi quels textes et œuvres de ton inventaire pourraient servir et comment .

Fais cet exercice régulièrement jusqu’à être parfaitement à l’aise avec ton inventaire.

Comme pour les œuvres intégrales, utilise tes références précisément . On ne te demande pas de saupoudrer ton devoir de quelques titres d’œuvres et d’auteurs, comme autant de cases à cocher. Chacune de tes références doit être développée pour être convaincante.

Tu passes le bac de français ? Regarde aussi :

♦ La méthode du commentaire composé ♦ La contraction de texte (pour les séries technologiques) ♦ L’essai (pour les séries technologiques) ♦ L’écrit de l’ancien bac de français

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Les 3 vidéos préférées des élèves :

  • La technique INCONTOURNABLE pour faire décoller tes notes en commentaire [vidéo]
  • Quel sujet choisir au bac de français ? [vidéo]
  • Comment trouver un plan de dissertation ? [vidéo]

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Qui suis-je ?

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Amélie Vioux

Je suis professeur particulier spécialisée dans la préparation du bac de français (2nde et 1re).

Sur mon site, tu trouveras des analyses, cours et conseils simples, directs, et facilement applicables pour augmenter tes notes en 2-3 semaines.

Je crée des formations en ligne sur commentairecompose.fr depuis 12 ans.

Tu peux également retrouver mes conseils dans mon livre Réussis ton bac de français 2024 aux éditions Hachette.

J'ai également publié une version de ce livre pour les séries technologiques ici.

42 commentaires

Bonjour, Je n’arrive pas à imprimer les études linéaires présentes sur le site. Faut-il payer pour pouvoir le faire? Je vous remercie

À la fin de chacun de chacune de mes analyses linéaires, tu as un bouton « print / pdf » qui te permet d’imprimer mes analyses 🙂

Bonjour, j’ai passé mon bac de français cette année et je suis heureuse de vous annoncer que j’ai eux 16 à ma dissertation et 18 à mon oral. Je tenais à vous remercier car ma grand-mère m’avait offert votre programme et cela m’a beaucoup aidé en plus des méthodes et analyses disponibles sur votre site. Donc voilà, je tenais à vous remercier et je voulais dire que vous faites un superbe travail !

Merci énormément pour ton retour qui me touche et bravo pour ces excellentes notes !

Peut on espérer une bonne note en dissertation si la troisième partie dans un plan dialectique n’est pas super? Merci.

Votre copie est appréciée dans sa globalité et même s’il est dommage de finir sur une troisième partie faible ou peu pertinente, les examinateurs sauront aussi valoriser les aspects positifs de ta copie, surtout si les deux premières parties sont pertinentes et illustrées.

Bonjour , avez-vous mis en vente des livres sur la dissertation??

Bonjour, Tu trouveras dans mon livre « Réussis ton bac de français » aux Editions Hachette toute une section sur la dissertation. Je n’ai pas d’autres ouvrages dédiées à la dissertation. Bonne journée !

Ho mon dieux merci merci merciiiiii ! Je te suis ultra reconnaissante pour tes conceils, pour tout ces fabuleux examples, et pour ton article génial. Il est 18h15 à l’heure où j’écris. Je viens juste de sortir de 4 HEURES de bac de français, et je peut dire que c’est grâce à toi que j’ai été aussi inspiré. Car oui, ton article a montré énormément de points que je n’avais même pas vus en classe. J’ai appris une méthode complètement nouvelle, que ma prof n’avait pas pris la peine d’expliquer en classe.

Lorsque j’ai allumé mon téléphone, je suis directement tombé sur cette page ( j’ai réviser pendant les 30 minutes de trajet haha) et la première chose à laquelle j’ai pensé, c’est de te remercier. Tout simplement.

De la part de Pamela ❤️❤️❤️

Merci Pamela ! Et bon courage maintenant pour l’oral !

Bonjour, J’ai une dissertation à faire et je suis un peu perdu. Le théâtre a-t-il pour fonction de tout dire, de tout expliquer au spectateur de la crise que vivent les personnages? Dans quelle mesure la pièce de jean-Luc Lagarce et le parcours associé vous permettent-ils d’éclairer cette interrogation? Je voudrais savoir si mon plan n’est pas hors-sujet : Thèse : (oui) – grâce aux mot comme les monologues le théâtre nous dévoile le secret des personnages – grâce aux choix du registres du langage (vulgaire la colère..) Antithèse (non mais) – certaines expressions phoniques nuancent la pièces, sous entendu – certaines informations ne sont pas révélées Synthèse : – importance des didascalies Importance des accessoires conclusion : Le théâtre n’est donc pas une succession de mot mais plutôt une association de plusieurs techniques, intonation, gestuel, musicalité….

Bonjour madame, j’ai une question: est ce que la liste des livres dont nous pourrions faire référence doit forcément être un roman sur le personnage, les valeurs et l’esthétique ?

Bonjour ! Je tenais juste à vous dire un grand merci pour le contenu que vous partagez sur ce site ! Je passe mon bac en tant que candidate libre, et ne souhaitant pas faire le CNED, j’ai décidé d’apprendre seule. Vos méthodes m’ont été d’une aide précieuse tout au long de ma première l’an dernier et j’ai pu obtenir un 19 à l’oral et un 20 à l’écrit !

Merci Gwendoline pour ce retour d’expérience !

Bonjour Amelie, je voulais vous remercier pour vos méthodes claires et précises qui m’ont permis de décrocher 18/20 à l’écrit (j’ai pris la dissertation sur Les Fleurs du Mal) et à l’oral du bac de français 2021. Je recommanderai bien sûr ce site à mon petit frère qui passera le bac de français en 2025 !

Bonsoir Amélie, J’ai vraiment besoin d’aide mes épreuves approche et j’ai une semaine pour savoir faire une dissertation. Que dois-je réviser en particulier ? S’il vous plait je suis vraiment perdu.

Bonjour Amelie, Je suis une élève allophone. Je suis en 1ere G. Pouvez-vous s’il vous plaît me donner des conseils. Je suis vraiment très triste car j’en ai 5 sur 20 au bac blanc. Comment puis-je m’améliorer en peu de temps parce que je suis très inquiet. Cordialements.

Merci beaucoup votre aide j’ai eu 18 au bac blanc !!!

bonjour 🙂 je dois faire une dissertation mais je ne comprends pas ce qu’est la phrase d’accroche dans l’introduction….est ce qu’il faut donner une définition , donner le contexte historique?

La phrase d’accroche c’est quand tu évoques le sujet sans parler de l’œuvre, par exemple, la découverte du nouveau monde et ses conséquences sur un sujet sur Montaigne.

Bonsoir, Comme phrase d’accroche on peut mettre une citation ?

c’est même recommandé, une citation en accroche, cela montre que tu as de la culture et que tu sais la mettre en pratique !

Merci beaucoup Amélie ! Grâce à vos cours, vos fiches, vos vidéos et votre livre que j’ai suivi tout au long de l’année, j’ai pu avoir 16 en dissertation à l’écrit et 20 à l’oral de mon bac de français. Je continuerai avec plaisir à vous suivre pour mon année de terminale. Encore merci !

Merci d’avoir pris le temps de me faire ce retour ! Et bravo pour ces excellentes notes 🙂

Bonjour Amelie je dois faire une dissertation sur les fables est ma question est : La qualité d’ambassadeur peut-elle s’abaisser à des contes vulgaires? Je ne sais pas trop quoi énoncer dans mes deux axes.

Y-a-t-il vraiment pas de Dieu en matière d’école dans les nations laïques ? Sinon je dirai seulement que Dieu vous bénisse chère Amélie pour votre gigantesque travail effectué ici pour les élèves.

Bonjour, Je dois faire une dissertation sur Ruy Blas, et montrer en quoi il est un héros romantique. Mon professeur nous a envoyé une méthode sur la dissertation, et a évoqué la possibilité d’introduire au début de l’introduction une citation. J’en ai trouvé une qui correspond assez bien, je trouve, à l’intrigue de l’oeuvre de Victor Hugo (« La vie est un sommeil, l’amour en est le rêve, et vous aurez vécu, si vous avez aimé », Alfred de Musset). Est-il possible que je l’écrive dans ma dissertation ou la citation doit obligatoirement provenir de l’oeuvre étudiée? Merci d’avance!

Bonjour Amélie, J’ai acheté ton livre et je ne trouve nulle part comment pour organiser mon temps. Pourrais- tu m’indiquer le temps à consacrer à chacune des étapes de la dissertation ? stp Merci beaucoup par avance.

Bonjour Madame, Malgré la méthode de ma prof de français et la vôtre, je n’arrive à comprendre quelles sont les limites d’un sujet de dissertation. Si vous pouviez me renseignez à ce sujet j’en serais ravie Merci d’avance

Bonjour Amélie,je vais avoir une dissertation à faire sur table en classe au sujet des fables de la Fontaine( et dont je ne sais la question problematisée ou la citation donné) et je me sens vraiment perdu car ce sera ma première dissertation écrite et notée.

Bonjour Amélie, J’aurais aimé savoir ce que les profs préféraient dans une dissertation, les choses qui rendent la copie différente des autres (figure de style, citations, propreté de la copie,etc…) ?

Bonjour Augustin, Ce qui fait la différence dans une dissertation, c’est la qualité du raisonnement (et donc du plan) et la présence d’exemples pertinents et développés qui soutiennent le raisonnement. Les copies doivent être propres et bien rédigées, mais pour un correcteur, cela va de soit.

Veuillez m’excuser du retard avec lequel je vous envoie ce message, j’ai passé mon bac de français cette année 2021. Je tenais à vous remercier pour vos contributions aux contenus internet à propos du bac de français. Il s’agit à mon avis du meilleur site de bac de français, le plus complet en tout cas. Grâce à votre site, j’ai pu obtenir une note de 19/20 à l’écrit (dissertation sur Baudelaire) et de 20/20 à l’oral (analyse linéaire sur Baudelaire et entretien sur Baudelaire également). Avec ces notes, je suis celui qui ai eu les meilleurs résultats au bac de français de mon établissement! Merci!

Bonjour, Est-ce que pour l’introduction d’une dissertation on reformule le sujet ou on le laisse tel quel ? Car mon sujet est une citation de Baudelaire qui fait 4 lignes … Merci d’avance.

Bonjour Lily, Une citation ne doit pas être reformulée, mais tu peux l’expliquer et l’expliciter. C’est la question qui suit qui peut être reformulée.

Bonjour Amélie, J’ai un sujet de dissertation portant sur la comédie du valet : Le Mariage de Figaro. Des idées me viennent mais je ne sais pas quel plan de dissertation je dois choisir parmi le plan dialectique et antithétique. Pourriez-vous m’aider ? Merci à vous. Cindy

Bonjour Cindy, Tu peux lire ici ma méthode pour savoir si ton sujet appelle un plan dialectique ou thématique .

Merci Amélie pour vos conseils. Cindy

Bonjour, j’ai une dissertation sur l’apport du regard éloigné en littérature. Je n’ai aucune idées, je suis perdu… Pourriez-vous me donner quelques pistes de recherches ?

Bonjour Pierre-Louis, Déjà, ta dissertation t’invite à faire un plan thématique, en réfléchissant à ce qu’apporte le regard éloigné en littérature. Si tu ne trouves pas d’idées, il faut partir des oeuvres étudiées en classe et réfléchir, très concrètement, à l’apport du regard éloigné dans ces œuvres précises . En quoi ce regard éloigné est-il plaisant, efficace ? En quoi permet-il souvent une critique détournée des mœurs occidentales ? En quoi amène-t-il le lecteur à une plus grande ouverture d’esprit ? Essaie de réfléchir à ces questions à partir de ta lecture des Lettres persanes , mais peut-être aussi de contes philosophiques de Voltaire que tu connais ( Candide , l’Ingénu , Micromégas …)

bonsoir Amélie j’apprécie bcp ton livre que j’ai acheté. Du coup ais je besoin de regarder tes vidéos? Mélodie

Bonjour Mélodie, Je te conseille de regarder les 10 vidéos gratuites car le fait d’avoir deux supports (livre + vidéos) vous aide à encore mieux retenir et comprendre l’essentiel. En revanche, tu n’as pas besoin de prendre des notes de mes 10 vidéos car tu as le livre comme support.

Laisse un commentaire ! X

Merci de laisser un commentaire ! Pour des raisons pédagogiques et pour m'aider à mieux comprendre ton message, il est important de soigner la rédaction de ton commentaire. Vérifie notamment l'orthographe, la syntaxe, les accents, la ponctuation, les majuscules ! Les commentaires qui ne sont pas soignés ne sont pas publiés.

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  • Dissertation

What Is a Dissertation? | 5 Essential Questions to Get Started

Published on 26 March 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 5 May 2022.

A dissertation is a large research project undertaken at the end of a degree. It involves in-depth consideration of a problem or question chosen by the student. It is usually the largest (and final) piece of written work produced during a degree.

The length and structure of a dissertation vary widely depending on the level and field of study. However, there are some key questions that can help you understand the requirements and get started on your dissertation project.

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Table of contents

When and why do you have to write a dissertation, who will supervise your dissertation, what type of research will you do, how should your dissertation be structured, what formatting and referencing rules do you have to follow, frequently asked questions about dissertations.

A dissertation, sometimes called a thesis, comes at the end of an undergraduate or postgraduate degree. It is a larger project than the other essays you’ve written, requiring a higher word count and a greater depth of research.

You’ll generally work on your dissertation during the final year of your degree, over a longer period than you would take for a standard essay . For example, the dissertation might be your main focus for the last six months of your degree.

Why is the dissertation important?

The dissertation is a test of your capacity for independent research. You are given a lot of autonomy in writing your dissertation: you come up with your own ideas, conduct your own research, and write and structure the text by yourself.

This means that it is an important preparation for your future, whether you continue in academia or not: it teaches you to manage your own time, generate original ideas, and work independently.

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

During the planning and writing of your dissertation, you’ll work with a supervisor from your department. The supervisor’s job is to give you feedback and advice throughout the process.

The dissertation supervisor is often assigned by the department, but you might be allowed to indicate preferences or approach potential supervisors. If so, try to pick someone who is familiar with your chosen topic, whom you get along with on a personal level, and whose feedback you’ve found useful in the past.

How will your supervisor help you?

Your supervisor is there to guide you through the dissertation project, but you’re still working independently. They can give feedback on your ideas, but not come up with ideas for you.

You may need to take the initiative to request an initial meeting with your supervisor. Then you can plan out your future meetings and set reasonable deadlines for things like completion of data collection, a structure outline, a first chapter, a first draft, and so on.

Make sure to prepare in advance for your meetings. Formulate your ideas as fully as you can, and determine where exactly you’re having difficulties so you can ask your supervisor for specific advice.

Your approach to your dissertation will vary depending on your field of study. The first thing to consider is whether you will do empirical research , which involves collecting original data, or non-empirical research , which involves analysing sources.

Empirical dissertations (sciences)

An empirical dissertation focuses on collecting and analysing original data. You’ll usually write this type of dissertation if you are studying a subject in the sciences or social sciences.

  • What are airline workers’ attitudes towards the challenges posed for their industry by climate change?
  • How effective is cognitive behavioural therapy in treating depression in young adults?
  • What are the short-term health effects of switching from smoking cigarettes to e-cigarettes?

There are many different empirical research methods you can use to answer these questions – for example, experiments , observations, surveys , and interviews.

When doing empirical research, you need to consider things like the variables you will investigate, the reliability and validity of your measurements, and your sampling method . The aim is to produce robust, reproducible scientific knowledge.

Non-empirical dissertations (arts and humanities)

A non-empirical dissertation works with existing research or other texts, presenting original analysis, critique and argumentation, but no original data. This approach is typical of arts and humanities subjects.

  • What attitudes did commentators in the British press take towards the French Revolution in 1789–1792?
  • How do the themes of gender and inheritance intersect in Shakespeare’s Macbeth ?
  • How did Plato’s Republic and Thomas More’s Utopia influence nineteenth century utopian socialist thought?

The first steps in this type of dissertation are to decide on your topic and begin collecting your primary and secondary sources .

Primary sources are the direct objects of your research. They give you first-hand evidence about your subject. Examples of primary sources include novels, artworks and historical documents.

Secondary sources provide information that informs your analysis. They describe, interpret, or evaluate information from primary sources. For example, you might consider previous analyses of the novel or author you are working on, or theoretical texts that you plan to apply to your primary sources.

Dissertations are divided into chapters and sections. Empirical dissertations usually follow a standard structure, while non-empirical dissertations are more flexible.

Structure of an empirical dissertation

Empirical dissertations generally include these chapters:

  • Introduction : An explanation of your topic and the research question(s) you want to answer.
  • Literature review : A survey and evaluation of previous research on your topic.
  • Methodology : An explanation of how you collected and analysed your data.
  • Results : A brief description of what you found.
  • Discussion : Interpretation of what these results reveal.
  • Conclusion : Answers to your research question(s) and summary of what your findings contribute to knowledge in your field.

Sometimes the order or naming of chapters might be slightly different, but all of the above information must be included in order to produce thorough, valid scientific research.

Other dissertation structures

If your dissertation doesn’t involve data collection, your structure is more flexible. You can think of it like an extended essay – the text should be logically organised in a way that serves your argument:

  • Introduction: An explanation of your topic and the question(s) you want to answer.
  • Main body: The development of your analysis, usually divided into 2–4 chapters.
  • Conclusion: Answers to your research question(s) and summary of what your analysis contributes to knowledge in your field.

The chapters of the main body can be organised around different themes, time periods, or texts. Below you can see some example structures for dissertations in different subjects.

  • Political philosophy

This example, on the topic of the British press’s coverage of the French Revolution, shows how you might structure each chapter around a specific theme.

Example of a dissertation structure in history

This example, on the topic of Plato’s and More’s influences on utopian socialist thought, shows a different approach to dividing the chapters by theme.

Example of a dissertation structure in political philosophy

This example, a master’s dissertation on the topic of how writers respond to persecution, shows how you can also use section headings within each chapter. Each of the three chapters deals with a specific text, while the sections are organised thematically.

Example of a dissertation structure in literature

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Like other academic texts, it’s important that your dissertation follows the formatting guidelines set out by your university. You can lose marks unnecessarily over mistakes, so it’s worth taking the time to get all these elements right.

Formatting guidelines concern things like:

  • line spacing
  • page numbers
  • punctuation
  • title pages
  • presentation of tables and figures

If you’re unsure about the formatting requirements, check with your supervisor or department. You can lose marks unnecessarily over mistakes, so it’s worth taking the time to get all these elements right.

How will you reference your sources?

Referencing means properly listing the sources you cite and refer to in your dissertation, so that the reader can find them. This avoids plagiarism by acknowledging where you’ve used the work of others.

Keep track of everything you read as you prepare your dissertation. The key information to note down for a reference is:

  • The publication date
  • Page numbers for the parts you refer to (especially when using direct quotes)

Different referencing styles each have their own specific rules for how to reference. The most commonly used styles in UK universities are listed below.

You can use the free APA Reference Generator to automatically create and store your references.

APA Reference Generator

The words ‘ dissertation ’ and ‘thesis’ both refer to a large written research project undertaken to complete a degree, but they are used differently depending on the country:

  • In the UK, you write a dissertation at the end of a bachelor’s or master’s degree, and you write a thesis to complete a PhD.
  • In the US, it’s the other way around: you may write a thesis at the end of a bachelor’s or master’s degree, and you write a dissertation to complete a PhD.

The main difference is in terms of scale – a dissertation is usually much longer than the other essays you complete during your degree.

Another key difference is that you are given much more independence when working on a dissertation. You choose your own dissertation topic , and you have to conduct the research and write the dissertation yourself (with some assistance from your supervisor).

Dissertation word counts vary widely across different fields, institutions, and levels of education:

  • An undergraduate dissertation is typically 8,000–15,000 words
  • A master’s dissertation is typically 12,000–50,000 words
  • A PhD thesis is typically book-length: 70,000–100,000 words

However, none of these are strict guidelines – your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided by your university to determine how long your own dissertation should be.

At the bachelor’s and master’s levels, the dissertation is usually the main focus of your final year. You might work on it (alongside other classes) for the entirety of the final year, or for the last six months. This includes formulating an idea, doing the research, and writing up.

A PhD thesis takes a longer time, as the thesis is the main focus of the degree. A PhD thesis might be being formulated and worked on for the whole four years of the degree program. The writing process alone can take around 18 months.

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What’s Included: The Dissertation Template

If you’re preparing to write your dissertation, thesis or research project, our free dissertation template is the perfect starting point. In the template, we cover every section step by step, with clear, straightforward explanations and examples .

The template’s structure is based on the tried and trusted best-practice format for formal academic research projects such as dissertations and theses. The template structure reflects the overall research process, ensuring your dissertation or thesis will have a smooth, logical flow from chapter to chapter.

The dissertation template covers the following core sections:

  • The title page/cover page
  • Abstract (sometimes also called the executive summary)
  • Table of contents
  • List of figures /list of tables
  • Chapter 1: Introduction  (also available: in-depth introduction template )
  • Chapter 2: Literature review  (also available: in-depth LR template )
  • Chapter 3: Methodology (also available: in-depth methodology template )
  • Chapter 4: Research findings /results (also available: results template )
  • Chapter 5: Discussion /analysis of findings (also available: discussion template )
  • Chapter 6: Conclusion (also available: in-depth conclusion template )
  • Reference list

Each section is explained in plain, straightforward language , followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover within each section. We’ve also included practical examples to help you understand exactly what’s required in each section.

The cleanly-formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.

FAQs: Dissertation Template

What format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The dissertation template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

What types of dissertations/theses can this template be used for?

The template follows the standard best-practice structure for formal academic research projects such as dissertations or theses, so it is suitable for the vast majority of degrees, particularly those within the sciences.

Some universities may have some additional requirements, but these are typically minor, with the core structure remaining the same. Therefore, it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.

Will this work for a research paper?

A research paper follows a similar format, but there are a few differences. You can find our research paper template here .

Is this template for an undergrad, Masters or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a dissertation, thesis or research project at any level of study. It may be slight overkill for an undergraduate-level study, but it certainly won’t be missing anything.

How long should my dissertation/thesis be?

This depends entirely on your university’s specific requirements, so it’s best to check with them. As a general ballpark, Masters-level projects are usually 15,000 – 20,000 words in length, while Doctoral-level projects are often in excess of 60,000 words.

What about the research proposal?

If you’re still working on your research proposal, we’ve got a template for that here .

We’ve also got loads of proposal-related guides and videos over on the Grad Coach blog .

How do I write a literature review?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack how to write a literature review from scratch. You can check out the literature review section of the blog here.

How do I create a research methodology?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack research methodology, both qualitative and quantitative. You can check out the methodology section of the blog here.

Can I share this dissertation template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template. If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, all we ask is that you reference this page as your source.

Can Grad Coach help me with my dissertation/thesis?

Within the template, you’ll find plain-language explanations of each section, which should give you a fair amount of guidance. However, you’re also welcome to consider our dissertation and thesis coaching services .

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Méthode dissertation

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Réservez dès maintenant

  • C'est quoi une dissertation ?
  • Comment faire une dissertation ?
  • Comment faire un plan de dissertation ?
  • Comment faire une introduction de dissertation ?
  • Comment faire une conclusion de dissertation ? 
  • Quelles sont les dissertations les plus demandées par les profs ?

Au lycée, la dissertation est toujours un exercice qui fait peur. Les consignes et les attentes des profs paraissent souvent abstraites. C’est pourquoi, lors de l’ épreuve du bac , les élèves choisissent majoritairement le commentaire de texte. Pourtant, la dissertation permet plus facilement de décrocher une mention. D’abord parce qu’on se démarque des autres et ensuite parce que les correcteurs sont souvent plus indulgents. Mais alors comment s’y prendre ?  Est-ce qu’il faut donner son avis ou simplement réciter son cours ? Comment construire un plan et rédiger l’intro ? GoStudent te guide dans toutes les étapes de ta dissertation !

Méthode dissertation français

1 - C'est quoi une dissertation ?

Dissertation définition .

La dissertation est un exercice d’argumentation qui consiste à répondre à la question posée en suivant un plan (généralement organisé en trois parties) et après avoir dégagé une problématique.

Petite histoire de la dissertation

La dissertation existait déjà au Moyen Âge ! Appelé « disputatio », l’exercice consistait en un débat durant lequel les étudiants devaient répondre à une question en trois grandes parties. C’est de là que vient le fameux plan « thèse / antithèse / synthèse ». 💡

Reprise par Descartes, la dissertation devient le symbole de la raison, valeur centrale de la pensée humaniste à la Renaissance.

Aujourd’hui, cet exercice n’est proposé qu’à partir du lycée. D’abord en français et en histoire-géographie, puis en philosophie. Le but n’est pas de réciter son cours. Il faut organiser sa pensée, suivre un fil conducteur, choisir des arguments pertinents et apporter des exemples. 

La dissertation au bac 

La dissertation de français est l’un des sujets proposés aux élèves de la série générale et technologique. L’autre étant le commentaire de texte . Concrètement, au bac de français, tu as quatre heures pour traiter un sujet, noté sur 20 et de coefficient 10.

Pour réussir, il est indispensable de bien maîtriser son cours et toutes les notions au programme. Par exemple, en Français, tu dois bien maîtriser les différents procédés littéraires et les figures de style. En philosophie, il faut connaître les concepts fondamentaux relatifs à des thèmes tels que l’État, la justice, le langage, la liberté, la vérité, etc.

À lire aussi : Comment rédiger un essai parfait ?

2 - Comment faire une dissertation ?

Pour un contrôle d’histoire-géo ou pour l’ épreuve du bac de Français , la méthode de la dissertation est assez comparable. 

Dans un premier temps, tu dois analyser le sujet. Est-ce une question à laquelle on peut répondre par oui ou par non, ou est-ce une question ouverte ?   Cela va influencer la façon de construire le plan. 🛠

Ensuite, tu peux commencer à traiter le sujet et à dégager un plan. Pour cela, il est conseillé de noter des arguments et des exemples au brouillon pour bien structurer tes idées et te permettre de rédiger une introduction.

1 - L’introduction

Si l’on suit la méthodologie de la dissertation , l’introduction a deux grands objectifs : attirer l’attention du lecteur, formuler et dégager une problématique.

2 - Le développement 

Les différentes parties du développement (deux ou trois) sont subdivisées en plusieurs paragraphes qui visent à répondre à la problématique grâce à des arguments.

3 - La conclusion 

La conclusion fait le bilan des grandes idées soutenues dans ton développement. 

Avant de rendre ta copie, l’étape de la relecture est nécessaire pour corriger toutes tes fautes de grammaire ! 🧐

Exemples de dissertation

Pour bien comprendre ce qu’on attend de toi et pour t’entraîner sur des sujets de dissertation , plusieurs sites validés par notre rédaction te propose des exemples de dissertation et leurs corrigés : 

  • La référence dans le domaine est Annabac. En version Web ou papier, tu as accès à des fiches de révision sur tous les thèmes du programme ainsi qu’aux annales des dernières années.
  • Studyrama te propose des exemples de dissertations corrigés en histoire-géo.
  • la-philosophie.com publie également des sujets de dissertation et te guide étape par étape.

3 - Comment faire un plan de dissertation ?

Trois grands types de plan de dissertation s’offrent à toi pour organiser tes idées :

1 # Le plan dialectique est le plus connu : thèse / antithèse / synthèse. C’est celui qu’il faut choisir si le sujet est une question fermée. C’est un plan qui invite à la confrontation des idées. 🥊

Par exemple, pour le sujet « l’intérêt du roman est-il de décrire le réel ?», on pourrait suivre ce plan  :

I - Le roman permet de décrire le réel (on commence par soutenir cette thèse).

II - Mais un roman n’est pas réductible à description du réel (on nuance la thèse).

III - L’intérêt du roman n’est-il pas justement de donner une dimension réelle à l’imagination de l’auteur ? (On dépasse la contradiction).

2 #  Le plan thématique est utilisé en réponse à une question ouverte. Chaque partie présente une réponse possible à la question. Le but est donc de soutenir un point de vue en donnant des arguments. Il ne s’agit pas d’entrer dans une confrontation. En règle générale, il est conseillé d’organiser ses idées de la plus générale à la plus précise.

3 #  Le plan analytique n’est pas utilisé en Français, mais il peut l’être en SES ou en histoire-géo, par exemple. La structure typique se présente sous la forme « problème - causes - conséquences ». 

4 - Comment faire une introduction de dissertation ?

L’introduction de la dissertation est une partie décisive dans laquelle tu présentes le sujet, tu exposes la problématique et tu présentes les différentes parties de ton raisonnement. Il faut à la fois retenir l’attention du lecteur et montrer la pertinence du sujet. 📝

Structure de l'introduction

L’introduction elle-même se divise en plusieurs sous-parties :

  • Une phrase d’accroche qui permet d’entrer dans le sujet. C’est souvent un chiffre, un fait divers ou une citation.
  •  La reformulation du sujet . Il s’agit de reformuler la question avec tes propres mots pour présenter le sujet et montrer que tu as compris de quoi on parle.
  • La problématisation consiste en une phrase qui pose le problème soulevé par la question.
  • L’ annonce du plan . En une ou deux phrases, tu présentes les grandes parties de ton développement, en utilisant des connecteurs logiques : « dans un premier temps », « puis dans une seconde partie », etc.

Les erreurs à ne pas faire 

Parmi les pièges à éviter, il ne faut pas :

  • Répondre à la problématique dès l’introduction.
  • Oublier de suivre le plan annoncé.
  • Faire une phrase d’accroche trop longue.
  • Rédiger une problématique hors sujet.

5 - Comment faire une conclusion de dissertation ? 

Quelle que soit la discipline (français, philo, SES, etc.), rédiger une conclusion parfaite obéit toujours aux mêmes règles :

  • En quelques phrases, tu fais la synthèse des idées que tu as développées dans  ta rédaction.
  • Dans un second temps, il faut répondre à la problématique que tu as soulevé.
  • Enfin, tu dois rédiger une phrase d’ouverture. Celle-ci consiste en un « élargissement » du sujet. Concrètement, il s’agit d’une nouvelle question que tu te poses à la fin de ton travail. Pour cela, tu peux à la fois te baser sur la dissertation que tu viens de faire et sur ta culture générale . 📚

N’oublie pas que la mise en forme de la conclusion d’une dissertation est aussi importante que pour le reste de la copie. Par exemple, il faut sauter deux lignes entre la fin de ta dernière partie et le début de ta conclusion,  faire des transitions et ne pas négliger l’orthographe.

6 - Quelles sont les dissertations les plus demandées par les profs ?

Parmi les nombreux sujets de dissertations, on retrouve quelques grands classiques que les professeurs donnent pendant l’année scolaire ou le jour du bac. 

Dissertation la princesse de Cleve

Au programme du bac de Français 2022, La Princesse de Clève est un roman écrit par Madame de La Fayette et publié anonymement en 1678. Pourquoi anonymement ? Parce qu’au 17ème siècle, il n’était pas admis qu’une femme puisse signer une oeuvre de son nom. 🚫

Pour t’entraîner sur un exemple de sujet, tu peux te rendre sur le site de sujetscorrigésbac.fr . 

Dissertation les fleurs du mal

Charles Baudelaire et Les fleurs du mal , recueil de poèmes publié en 1857, font partie de l’objet d’étude « Le roman et le récit du Moyen Âge au XXIe siècle », au programme de français dans le parcours « Alchimie poétique : la boue et l'or ». 

Et comme l’indique le nom du parcours, tu peux t’attendre à un sujet qui parle de boue et d’or ! 

Exemples de sujet : 

  • « Tu m’as donné ta boue et j’en ai fait de l’or»
  • « Le poète doit-il nécessairement tremper sa plume dans la boue ? » 
  • « S’agit-il de tremper sa plume au plus profond de l’âme humaine pour en faire une œuvre d’art ?  »

Dissertation le malade imaginaire

Au programme de l’objet d’étude « Le théâtre du XVIIe siècle au XXIe siècle », parcours « Spectacle et comédie », Le malade imaginaire de Molière interroge les élèves sur le rapport au spectacle. 

Exemples de sujets de dissertation :

  • « Toute comédie est-elle un divertissement ? »
  • « Le Malade Imaginaire : une comédie fantaisiste ? »

Dissertation les fausses confidences

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Home » Dissertation – Format, Example and Template

Dissertation – Format, Example and Template

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Dissertation

Dissertation

Definition:

Dissertation is a lengthy and detailed academic document that presents the results of original research on a specific topic or question. It is usually required as a final project for a doctoral degree or a master’s degree.

Dissertation Meaning in Research

In Research , a dissertation refers to a substantial research project that students undertake in order to obtain an advanced degree such as a Ph.D. or a Master’s degree.

Dissertation typically involves the exploration of a particular research question or topic in-depth, and it requires students to conduct original research, analyze data, and present their findings in a scholarly manner. It is often the culmination of years of study and represents a significant contribution to the academic field.

Types of Dissertation

Types of Dissertation are as follows:

Empirical Dissertation

An empirical dissertation is a research study that uses primary data collected through surveys, experiments, or observations. It typically follows a quantitative research approach and uses statistical methods to analyze the data.

Non-Empirical Dissertation

A non-empirical dissertation is based on secondary sources, such as books, articles, and online resources. It typically follows a qualitative research approach and uses methods such as content analysis or discourse analysis.

Narrative Dissertation

A narrative dissertation is a personal account of the researcher’s experience or journey. It typically follows a qualitative research approach and uses methods such as interviews, focus groups, or ethnography.

Systematic Literature Review

A systematic literature review is a comprehensive analysis of existing research on a specific topic. It typically follows a qualitative research approach and uses methods such as meta-analysis or thematic analysis.

Case Study Dissertation

A case study dissertation is an in-depth analysis of a specific individual, group, or organization. It typically follows a qualitative research approach and uses methods such as interviews, observations, or document analysis.

Mixed-Methods Dissertation

A mixed-methods dissertation combines both quantitative and qualitative research approaches to gather and analyze data. It typically uses methods such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups, as well as statistical analysis.

How to Write a Dissertation

Here are some general steps to help guide you through the process of writing a dissertation:

  • Choose a topic : Select a topic that you are passionate about and that is relevant to your field of study. It should be specific enough to allow for in-depth research but broad enough to be interesting and engaging.
  • Conduct research : Conduct thorough research on your chosen topic, utilizing a variety of sources, including books, academic journals, and online databases. Take detailed notes and organize your information in a way that makes sense to you.
  • Create an outline : Develop an outline that will serve as a roadmap for your dissertation. The outline should include the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
  • Write the introduction: The introduction should provide a brief overview of your topic, the research questions, and the significance of the study. It should also include a clear thesis statement that states your main argument.
  • Write the literature review: The literature review should provide a comprehensive analysis of existing research on your topic. It should identify gaps in the research and explain how your study will fill those gaps.
  • Write the methodology: The methodology section should explain the research methods you used to collect and analyze data. It should also include a discussion of any limitations or weaknesses in your approach.
  • Write the results: The results section should present the findings of your research in a clear and organized manner. Use charts, graphs, and tables to help illustrate your data.
  • Write the discussion: The discussion section should interpret your results and explain their significance. It should also address any limitations of the study and suggest areas for future research.
  • Write the conclusion: The conclusion should summarize your main findings and restate your thesis statement. It should also provide recommendations for future research.
  • Edit and revise: Once you have completed a draft of your dissertation, review it carefully to ensure that it is well-organized, clear, and free of errors. Make any necessary revisions and edits before submitting it to your advisor for review.

Dissertation Format

The format of a dissertation may vary depending on the institution and field of study, but generally, it follows a similar structure:

  • Title Page: This includes the title of the dissertation, the author’s name, and the date of submission.
  • Abstract : A brief summary of the dissertation’s purpose, methods, and findings.
  • Table of Contents: A list of the main sections and subsections of the dissertation, along with their page numbers.
  • Introduction : A statement of the problem or research question, a brief overview of the literature, and an explanation of the significance of the study.
  • Literature Review : A comprehensive review of the literature relevant to the research question or problem.
  • Methodology : A description of the methods used to conduct the research, including data collection and analysis procedures.
  • Results : A presentation of the findings of the research, including tables, charts, and graphs.
  • Discussion : A discussion of the implications of the findings, their significance in the context of the literature, and limitations of the study.
  • Conclusion : A summary of the main points of the study and their implications for future research.
  • References : A list of all sources cited in the dissertation.
  • Appendices : Additional materials that support the research, such as data tables, charts, or transcripts.

Dissertation Outline

Dissertation Outline is as follows:

Title Page:

  • Title of dissertation
  • Author name
  • Institutional affiliation
  • Date of submission
  • Brief summary of the dissertation’s research problem, objectives, methods, findings, and implications
  • Usually around 250-300 words

Table of Contents:

  • List of chapters and sections in the dissertation, with page numbers for each

I. Introduction

  • Background and context of the research
  • Research problem and objectives
  • Significance of the research

II. Literature Review

  • Overview of existing literature on the research topic
  • Identification of gaps in the literature
  • Theoretical framework and concepts

III. Methodology

  • Research design and methods used
  • Data collection and analysis techniques
  • Ethical considerations

IV. Results

  • Presentation and analysis of data collected
  • Findings and outcomes of the research
  • Interpretation of the results

V. Discussion

  • Discussion of the results in relation to the research problem and objectives
  • Evaluation of the research outcomes and implications
  • Suggestions for future research

VI. Conclusion

  • Summary of the research findings and outcomes
  • Implications for the research topic and field
  • Limitations and recommendations for future research

VII. References

  • List of sources cited in the dissertation

VIII. Appendices

  • Additional materials that support the research, such as tables, figures, or questionnaires.

Example of Dissertation

Here is an example Dissertation for students:

Title : Exploring the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Academic Achievement and Well-being among College Students

This dissertation aims to investigate the impact of mindfulness meditation on the academic achievement and well-being of college students. Mindfulness meditation has gained popularity as a technique for reducing stress and enhancing mental health, but its effects on academic performance have not been extensively studied. Using a randomized controlled trial design, the study will compare the academic performance and well-being of college students who practice mindfulness meditation with those who do not. The study will also examine the moderating role of personality traits and demographic factors on the effects of mindfulness meditation.

Chapter Outline:

Chapter 1: Introduction

  • Background and rationale for the study
  • Research questions and objectives
  • Significance of the study
  • Overview of the dissertation structure

Chapter 2: Literature Review

  • Definition and conceptualization of mindfulness meditation
  • Theoretical framework of mindfulness meditation
  • Empirical research on mindfulness meditation and academic achievement
  • Empirical research on mindfulness meditation and well-being
  • The role of personality and demographic factors in the effects of mindfulness meditation

Chapter 3: Methodology

  • Research design and hypothesis
  • Participants and sampling method
  • Intervention and procedure
  • Measures and instruments
  • Data analysis method

Chapter 4: Results

  • Descriptive statistics and data screening
  • Analysis of main effects
  • Analysis of moderating effects
  • Post-hoc analyses and sensitivity tests

Chapter 5: Discussion

  • Summary of findings
  • Implications for theory and practice
  • Limitations and directions for future research
  • Conclusion and contribution to the literature

Chapter 6: Conclusion

  • Recap of the research questions and objectives
  • Summary of the key findings
  • Contribution to the literature and practice
  • Implications for policy and practice
  • Final thoughts and recommendations.

References :

List of all the sources cited in the dissertation

Appendices :

Additional materials such as the survey questionnaire, interview guide, and consent forms.

Note : This is just an example and the structure of a dissertation may vary depending on the specific requirements and guidelines provided by the institution or the supervisor.

How Long is a Dissertation

The length of a dissertation can vary depending on the field of study, the level of degree being pursued, and the specific requirements of the institution. Generally, a dissertation for a doctoral degree can range from 80,000 to 100,000 words, while a dissertation for a master’s degree may be shorter, typically ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 words. However, it is important to note that these are general guidelines and the actual length of a dissertation can vary widely depending on the specific requirements of the program and the research topic being studied. It is always best to consult with your academic advisor or the guidelines provided by your institution for more specific information on dissertation length.

Applications of Dissertation

Here are some applications of a dissertation:

  • Advancing the Field: Dissertations often include new research or a new perspective on existing research, which can help to advance the field. The results of a dissertation can be used by other researchers to build upon or challenge existing knowledge, leading to further advancements in the field.
  • Career Advancement: Completing a dissertation demonstrates a high level of expertise in a particular field, which can lead to career advancement opportunities. For example, having a PhD can open doors to higher-paying jobs in academia, research institutions, or the private sector.
  • Publishing Opportunities: Dissertations can be published as books or journal articles, which can help to increase the visibility and credibility of the author’s research.
  • Personal Growth: The process of writing a dissertation involves a significant amount of research, analysis, and critical thinking. This can help students to develop important skills, such as time management, problem-solving, and communication, which can be valuable in both their personal and professional lives.
  • Policy Implications: The findings of a dissertation can have policy implications, particularly in fields such as public health, education, and social sciences. Policymakers can use the research to inform decision-making and improve outcomes for the population.

When to Write a Dissertation

Here are some situations where writing a dissertation may be necessary:

  • Pursuing a Doctoral Degree: Writing a dissertation is usually a requirement for earning a doctoral degree, so if you are interested in pursuing a doctorate, you will likely need to write a dissertation.
  • Conducting Original Research : Dissertations require students to conduct original research on a specific topic. If you are interested in conducting original research on a topic, writing a dissertation may be the best way to do so.
  • Advancing Your Career: Some professions, such as academia and research, may require individuals to have a doctoral degree. Writing a dissertation can help you advance your career by demonstrating your expertise in a particular area.
  • Contributing to Knowledge: Dissertations are often based on original research that can contribute to the knowledge base of a field. If you are passionate about advancing knowledge in a particular area, writing a dissertation can help you achieve that goal.
  • Meeting Academic Requirements : If you are a graduate student, writing a dissertation may be a requirement for completing your program. Be sure to check with your academic advisor to determine if this is the case for you.

Purpose of Dissertation

some common purposes of a dissertation include:

  • To contribute to the knowledge in a particular field : A dissertation is often the culmination of years of research and study, and it should make a significant contribution to the existing body of knowledge in a particular field.
  • To demonstrate mastery of a subject: A dissertation requires extensive research, analysis, and writing, and completing one demonstrates a student’s mastery of their subject area.
  • To develop critical thinking and research skills : A dissertation requires students to think critically about their research question, analyze data, and draw conclusions based on evidence. These skills are valuable not only in academia but also in many professional fields.
  • To demonstrate academic integrity: A dissertation must be conducted and written in accordance with rigorous academic standards, including ethical considerations such as obtaining informed consent, protecting the privacy of participants, and avoiding plagiarism.
  • To prepare for an academic career: Completing a dissertation is often a requirement for obtaining a PhD and pursuing a career in academia. It can demonstrate to potential employers that the student has the necessary skills and experience to conduct original research and make meaningful contributions to their field.
  • To develop writing and communication skills: A dissertation requires a significant amount of writing and communication skills to convey complex ideas and research findings in a clear and concise manner. This skill set can be valuable in various professional fields.
  • To demonstrate independence and initiative: A dissertation requires students to work independently and take initiative in developing their research question, designing their study, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. This demonstrates to potential employers or academic institutions that the student is capable of independent research and taking initiative in their work.
  • To contribute to policy or practice: Some dissertations may have a practical application, such as informing policy decisions or improving practices in a particular field. These dissertations can have a significant impact on society, and their findings may be used to improve the lives of individuals or communities.
  • To pursue personal interests: Some students may choose to pursue a dissertation topic that aligns with their personal interests or passions, providing them with the opportunity to delve deeper into a topic that they find personally meaningful.

Advantage of Dissertation

Some advantages of writing a dissertation include:

  • Developing research and analytical skills: The process of writing a dissertation involves conducting extensive research, analyzing data, and presenting findings in a clear and coherent manner. This process can help students develop important research and analytical skills that can be useful in their future careers.
  • Demonstrating expertise in a subject: Writing a dissertation allows students to demonstrate their expertise in a particular subject area. It can help establish their credibility as a knowledgeable and competent professional in their field.
  • Contributing to the academic community: A well-written dissertation can contribute new knowledge to the academic community and potentially inform future research in the field.
  • Improving writing and communication skills : Writing a dissertation requires students to write and present their research in a clear and concise manner. This can help improve their writing and communication skills, which are essential for success in many professions.
  • Increasing job opportunities: Completing a dissertation can increase job opportunities in certain fields, particularly in academia and research-based positions.

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  • GETTING STARTED
  • Introduction
  • FUNDAMENTALS

model de dissertation

Getting to the main article

Choosing your route

Setting research questions/ hypotheses

Assessment point

Building the theoretical case

Setting your research strategy

Data collection

Data analysis

Set the theoretical model for your dissertation

By this point in STAGE FIVE , you should understand the broader literature within which your main journal article and chosen route fit (i.e., STEP ONE ), have critically evaluated the main journal article and its components parts (i.e., STEP TWO ), and have justified the route you have chosen, and the approach within that route (i.e., STEP THREE ). It is now time to use this knowledge to set the theoretical model for your dissertation (i.e., STEP FOUR ). However, if you are not answering a relationship-based hypothesis/research question in your dissertation, you can jump to STEP FIVE , since the theoretical models that we show you in this step are not suitable for descriptive research questions or comparative hypotheses/research questions [see STAGE THREE: Setting research questions and/or hypotheses if you can't remember if the difference between these types of research questions/hypotheses].

Supervisors and/or dissertation guidelines often suggest (or state) that you need to include a conceptual framework or theoretical model in your dissertation. These are similar in the sense that both conceptual frameworks and theoretical models help readers to quickly understand the main theory (or theories) that are you are interested in, the principal concepts/constructs you examining/measuring, how you think that these different theories and concepts/constructs might interact, amongst other goals that we discuss later in this article. The terms conceptual framework and theoretical model are often used interchangeably, but we prefer to view conceptual frameworks as a tool more often used in qualitative research , with theoretical models being something that we try to build in quantitative research .

Theoretical models are useful in order to: (a) set the boundaries/scope of the research project in terms of the theories and constructs that will be studied and measured; (b) illustrate the research hypotheses to be tested, and the predictions that are being made (if any) about the relationship between the constructs under study; and (c) provide a roadmap at the end of your Literature Review chapter (usually Chapter Two: Literature Review ), which brings together your research hypotheses, theories, and constructs that have been critically discussed in a way that can be clearly tested. Ultimately, theoretical models are useful frameworks for you and the people reading your dissertation, helping to describe what you are studying in a clear, succinct, and visual way. They provide an overall picture of what you research is trying to achieve.

Unfortunately, theoretical models are often poorly constructed because they fail to illustrate the links between theory, the constructs you should have identified, and the hypotheses (and their predictions, if any) that you will have constructed. However, by the end of STEP FOUR , you should be able to adopt or modify the theoretical model put forward in the main journal article, or create a new theoretical model from scratch.

If you are following Route A: Duplication or Route B: Generalisation , you should be able to adopt , or at most modify the theoretical model put forward in the main journal article. However, if (a) a theoretical model is not included in the main journal article, (b) the theoretical model proposed is unclear, or (c) you are following Route C: Extension , you may need to create your own theoretical model. If you plan to simply adopt the theoretical model put forward in the main journal article, you can skip STEP FOUR and move onto STAGE SIX: Setting your research strategy . However, to learn more about modifying such a theoretical model, and moreover, creating a theoretical model, follow the four steps below:

  • STEP ONE: Identify the constructs you intend to study (and the theories that underpin them)
  • STEP TWO: Understand what your hypotheses tell you about how these constructs are related
  • STEP THREE: Decide how you want to organise your constructs
  • STEP FOUR: Putting your diagram (i.e., your theoretical model) together
  • How it works

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Full Dissertation Samples and Examples

Students often face difficulty in starting their dissertations. One way to cater to this problem is to look at samples of full dissertations available online. We understand this problem. Therefore, our professionals have curated expert full dissertation examples for students to get inspired by and start working on their own dissertations.

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What is a Dissertation?

A dissertation is a complex and comprehensive academic project students must complete towards the end of their degree programme. It requires deep independent research on a topic approved by your tutor. A dissertation contains five chapters – introduction, literature review, methodology, discussion, and conclusion. This is the standard structure for a dissertation unless stated otherwise by your tutor or institution.

Writing a Dissertation Proposal

After selecting a topic, the next step is preparing a proposal. A dissertation proposal is a plan or outline of the research you intend to conduct. It gives a background to the topic, lays out your research aims and objectives, and gives details of the research methodology you intend to use.

If your university accepts your proposal, you can start work on the dissertation paper. If it’s not accepted at first, make amendments to the proposal based on your supervisor’s feedback.

Referencing

Referencing is not some little detail at the end of the paper. Without correct referencing, even a brilliant paper can fail miserably. Citing every source accurately is an absolute must.

Don't Neglect Small Details.

Completing a dissertation proves you can carry out something thoroughly. Therefore, you should attend to each part of the dissertation and omit nothing.

Things like creating a table of contents with the page numbers listed, the reference list, and appendices are all parts of a dissertation. They all contribute to your grade. Look at our dissertation samples and writing guides to get a good understanding.

Choosing Your Dissertation Topic

Choosing a dissertation topic is the first step towards writing a dissertation. However, you should make sure the topic is relevant to your degree programme. It should investigate a specific problem and contribute towards the existing literature.

In order to stay motivated throughout the process, the research topic should be in line with your interests. At ResearchProspect, our expert academics can provide you with unique, manageable topics so you can choose one that suits your needs. Whether you’re an undergraduate or postgraduate student, topics from ResearchProspect can go a long way towards helping you achieve your desired grade.

How to Write a Dissertation

Acceptance of your dissertation proposal is the starting signal. Check out our dissertation writing service and look through our thesis samples to grasp the typical writing style.

Structure of a Dissertation

You have a topic and it’s been accepted. Now comes the structure and format. The first chapter will introduce the topic, the second should then explore it deeply and discuss relevant models, frameworks, and concepts.

The third chapter is where you explain your methodology in detail. The fourth and fifth chapters are for discussing the results and concluding the research, respectively.

Our full dissertation samples and writing guides will help you better understand dissertation structure and formatting.

How ResearchProspect Can Help!

Looking for dissertation help? At ResearchProspect, we know how difficult producing a first-class dissertation is. When you have other projects on, it’s particularly demanding.

Head to our order form. You can place your order today. If you’re not ready to commit yet, just message us about your project and what you’re considering. We have experts to write your full dissertation to your requirements.

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  • Dissertation

Exemple de dissertation de philosophie

Publié le 26 novembre 2018 par Justine Debret . Mis à jour le 7 décembre 2020.

Voici des exemples complets pour une bonne dissertation de philosophie (niveau Bac).

Vous pouvez les utiliser pour étudier la structure du plan d’une dissertation de philosophie , ainsi que la méthode utilisée.

Conseil Avant de rendre votre dissertation de philosophie,  relisez et corrigez  les fautes. Elles comptent dans votre note finale.

Table des matières

Exemple de dissertation de philosophie sur le travail (1), exemple de dissertation de philosophie sur le concept de liberté (2), exemple de dissertation de philosophie sur l’art (3).

Sujet de la dissertation   de philosophie  : « Le travail n’est-il qu’une contrainte ? ».

Il s’agit d’une dissertation de philosophie qui porte sur le concept de « travail » et qui le questionne avec la problématique « est-ce que l’Homme est contraint ou obligé de travailler ? ».

Télécharger l’exemple de dissertation de philosophie

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Sujet de la dissertation   de philosophie  : « Etre libre, est-ce faire ce que l’on veut ? ».

Cette dissertation de philosophie sur la liberté interroge la nature de l’Homme. La problématique de la dissertation est « l’’Homme est-il un être libre capable de faire des choix rationnels ou est-il esclave de lui-même et de ses désirs ? ».

Sujet de la dissertation   de philosophie  : « En quoi peut-on dire que l’objet ordinaire diffère de l’oeuvre d’art ? ».

Cette dissertation sur l’art et la technique se demande si  l’on peut désigner la création artistique comme l’autre de la production technique ou si ces deux mécanismes se distinguent ?

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Debret, J. (2020, 07 décembre). Exemple de dissertation de philosophie. Scribbr. Consulté le 9 mai 2024, de https://www.scribbr.fr/dissertation-fr/exemple-dissertation-philosophie/

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Meet MAI-1: Microsoft Readies New AI Model to Compete With Google, OpenAI

For the first time since it invested more than $10 billion into OpenAI in exchange for the rights to reuse the startup’s AI models, Microsoft is training a new, in-house AI model large enough to compete with state-of-the-art models from Google , Anthropic and OpenAI itself.

The new model, internally referred to as MAI-1 , is being overseen by Mustafa Suleyman , the ex-Google AI leader who most recently served as CEO of the AI startup Inflection before Microsoft hired the majority of the startup’s staff and paid $650 million for the rights to its intellectual property in March. But this is a Microsoft model, not one carried over from Inflection, although it may build on training data and other tech from the startup. It is separate from the models that Inflection previously released, according to two Microsoft employees with knowledge of the effort.

MAI-1 will be far larger than any of the smaller, open source models that Microsoft has previously trained , meaning it will require more computing power and training data and will therefore be more expensive, according to the people. MAI-1 will have roughly 500 billion parameters, or settings that can be adjusted to determine what models learn during training. By comparison, OpenAI’s GPT-4 has more than 1 trillion parameters, while smaller open source models released by firms like Meta Platforms and Mistral have 70 billion parameters.

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Exclusive: AI startup Tenyx’s fine-tuned open-source Llama 3 model outperforms GPT-4

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In an exclusive interview with VentureBeat, Itamar Arel , founder and CEO of AI startup Tenyx , revealed a groundbreaking achievement in the field of natural language processing. Tenyx has successfully fine-tuned Meta’s open-source Llama-3 language model (now known as Tenyx-70B ) to outperform OpenAI’s GPT-4 in certain domains, marking the first time an open-source model has surpassed the proprietary gold standard.

“We developed this fine-tuning technology that allows us to take a foundational model and sort of polish it or train it beyond what it was trained on,” Arel explained. “What we’ve been getting more and more excited about is that we could take that technology, which allows us essentially to exploit some redundancy in these large models, to allow for what’s probably better called continual learning or incremental learning.”

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Overcoming ‘catastrophic forgetting’

Tenyx’s novel approach to fine-tuning tackles the issue of “ catastrophic forgetting ,” where a model loses previously learned knowledge when exposed to new data. By selectively updating only a small portion of the model’s parameters, Tenyx can efficiently train the model on new information without compromising its existing capabilities.

“If you end up changing, say, just 5% of the model parameters, and everything else stays the same, you’re able to do so more aggressively without running the risk that you’re going to distort other things,” Arel said. This selective parameter updating method has also enabled Tenyx to achieve remarkably fast training times, fine-tuning the 70-billion-parameter Llama-3 model in just 15 hours using 100 GPUs.

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Commitment to open-source AI

Tenyx’s commitment to open-source AI shines through in their decision to release their fine-tuned model, named Tenyx-70B , under the same license as the original Llama-3. “We’re big believers in open-source models,” Arel told VentureBeat. “The more advances are shared with the community, the more cool applications and just better for everybody.”

The potential applications of Tenyx’s post-training optimization technology are vast, ranging from creating highly specialized chatbots for specific industries to enabling more frequent incremental updates to deployed models, keeping them current with the latest information between major releases.

Reshaping the AI landscape

The implications of Tenyx’s breakthrough are profound, potentially leveling the playing field by providing businesses and researchers with access to state-of-the-art language models without the high costs and restrictions associated with proprietary offerings. This development may also spur further innovation in the open-source community, as others seek to build upon Tenyx’s success.

“It kind of raises questions about what does that mean for the industry? What does it mean for the OpenAIs of the world?” Arel pondered. As the AI arms race continues to heat up, Tenyx’s achievement in fine-tuning open-source models could reshape the AI industry and transform the way businesses approach natural language processing tasks.

While the Tenyx-optimized Llama-3 model inherits the same limitations as the base model, such as occasional illogical or ungrounded responses, the improvements in performance are significant. Arel highlighted the model’s impressive gains in math and reasoning tasks, where it achieved nearly 96% accuracy compared to the base model’s 85%.

As Tenyx opens the door to a new era of open-source AI innovation, the impact of their breakthrough on the AI ecosystem remains to be seen. However, one thing is certain: Tenyx has demonstrated that open-source models can compete with and even surpass their proprietary counterparts, paving the way for a more accessible and collaborative future in artificial intelligence.

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Court is the final frontier for this lost ‘Star Trek’ model

The original model of the U.S.S. Enterprise from the 1960s TV series "Star Trek."

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In April, Heritage Auctions heralded the discovery of the original model of the U.S.S. Enterprise, the iconic starship that whooshed through the stars in the opening credits of the 1960s TV series “Star Trek” but had mysteriously disappeared around 45 years ago.

The auction house, known for its dazzling sales of movie and television props and memorabilia, announced that it was returning the 33-inch model to Eugene “Rod” Roddenberry Jr., son of series creator Gene Roddenberry. The model was kept at Heritage’s Beverly Hills office for “safekeeping,” the house proclaimed in a statement, shortly after an individual discovered it and brought it to Heritage for authentication.

“After a long journey, she’s home,” Roddenberry’s son posted on X , (formerly Twitter).

Two men shake hands next to a model of the U.S.S. Enterprise

But the journey has been far from smooth. The starship model and its celebrated return is now the subject of a lawsuit alleging fraud, negligence and deceptive trade practice, highlighting the enduring value of memorabilia from the iconic sci-fi TV series.

The case was brought by Dustin Riach and Jason Rivas, longtime friends and self-described storage unit entrepreneurs who discovered the model among a stash of items they bought “sight unseen” from a lien sale at a storage locker in Van Nuys last October.

“It’s an unfortunate misunderstanding. We have a seller on one side and a buyer on the other side and Heritage is in the middle, and we are aligning the parties on both sides to get the transaction complete,” said Armen Vartian, an attorney representing the Dallas-based auction house, adding that the allegations against his client were “unfounded.”

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The pair claimed that once the model was authenticated and given a value of $800,000, they agreed to consign it to an auction sale with Heritage planned for July 2024, according to the lawsuit. However, following their agreement, they allege the auction house falsely questioned their title to the model and then convinced them, instead of taking it to auction, to sell it for a low-ball $500,000 to Roddenberry Entertainment Inc. According to the suit, Eugene Roddenberry, the company’s CEO, had shown great interest in the model and could potentially provide a pipeline of memorabilia to the auction house in the future.

Top view of the original model of the U.S.S. Enterprise from the 1960s TV series "Star Trek."

“They think we have a disagreement with Roddenberry,” said Dale Washington, Riach and Rivas’ attorney. “We don’t. We think they violated property law in the discharge of their fiduciary duties.”

The two men allege they have yet to receive the $500,000 payment.

A surprise discovery in a Van Nuys storage unit

For years, Riach and Rivas have made a living buying repossessed storage lockers and selling the contents online, at auction and at flea markets. In fact, Riach has appeared on the reality TV series “Storage Wars.”

“It’s a roll of dice in the dark,” Riach said of his profession bidding on storage lockers. “Sometimes you are buying a picture of a unit. When a unit goes to lien, what you see is what you get and the rest is a surprise. At a live auction you can shine a flashlight, smell and look inside to get a gauge. But online is a gamble, it’s only as good as the photo.”

Last fall, Riach said he saw a picture of a large locker in an online sale. It was 10 feet by 30 feet, and “I saw boxes hiding in the back, it was dirty, dusty, there were cobwebs and what looked like a bunch of broken furniture,” he said.

Something about it, he said, “looked interesting,” and he called Rivas and told him they should bid on it. Riach declined to say how much they paid.

There were tins of old photographs and negatives of nitrate film reels from the 1800s and 1900s. When Rivas unwrapped a trash bag that was sitting on top of furniture, he pulled out a model of a spaceship. The business card of its maker, Richard C. Datin, was affixed to the bottom of the base.

A Google search turned up that Datin had made “Star Trek” models, although the two men didn’t make the connection to the TV series.

“We buy lots of units and see models all of the time,” Riach said. He thought they would find a buyer and decided to list it on eBay with a starting price of $1,000.

At once, they were deluged with inquiries. Among Trekkies, the long-lost first starship model had attained a mythical status.

The original “Star Trek’’ debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons. Although its original run was brief, the show has generated numerous films and television spinoffs and is one of the most lucrative entertainment franchises, with an enormous fan base.

Gene Roddenberry, creator of "Star Trek," with an image of the starship Enterprise in 1984.

In 2022, at a Heritage auction of 75 props and items, a Starfleet Communicator from the 1990s series “Star Trek: Deep Space Nine” sold for $27,500 while a pair of Spock’s prosthetic Vulcan ear tips from the original series went for $11,875, more than twice the amount they brought when they were sold in 2017 for $5,100.

The starship’s design was crucial to the series’ success. “If you didn’t believe you were in a vehicle traveling through space, a vehicle that made sense, whose layout and design made sense, then you wouldn’t believe in the series,” Gene Roddenberry said in the 1968 book “The Making of Star Trek,” according to the auction house.

For years, the show’s creator had kept the 33-inch model on his desk. It became the prototype for the 11-foot model used in subsequent episodes. That version was later donated to the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. But that first model disappeared around 1978 when the makers of “Star Trek: The Motion Picture” borrowed it.

A missing starship model

In 1979, Roddenberry wrote to then Paramount executive Jeffrey Katzenberg stating that he had “loaned” the model to the studio more than a year earlier.

“My problem is simply that of getting my model back,” Roddenberry wrote, according to a copy provided by Washington. “It is a fairly expensive piece of model making but its real value to me is what it represents.” He added that no one he had spoken with “had the slightest hint as to who got it or what happened to it.”

Roddenberry died in 1991 .

After the massive interest sparked by the eBay listing, Riach and Rivas pulled the sale and began researching the model more intently. They discovered the connection between Datin and the TV series but also learned that the original model was the same size as the one they had found and it had gone missing. “I said wow, do we have something here?” said Riach, and then reached out to Heritage.

Riach admitted that “Star Trek” wasn’t really on his radar. He was a die-hard “Star Wars” fan, having collected vintage memorabilia from the space films since he was 8 years old.

But given the treasure he unearthed, he now says, “I love ‘Star Trek.’

“There are people buying storage units for 20 years and you will never find anything this great,” he said. “It’s like buying a lottery ticket. It was a very great find.”

Things took an unexpected twist, Riach said. In March, he and Rivas signed an agreement to sell the model for $500,000 after it was pulled from the planned auction and they were told Roddenberry Entertainment had a “strong claim” to the model’s title and “would tie them up with its ‘powerful legal team.’” But then they were given a new transfer agreement to sign with a new set of terms. Riach declined and, instead, he and Rivas called Washington.

Heritage “moved the goalposts,” said their attorney. Under the new agreement, Riach and Rivas would be paid a “finder’s fee,” which Washington called a “reward,” converting it from a transactional payment to a potentially voluntary payment.

They claimed that by April, when Heritage announced the model had resurfaced, the pair came to believe the house failed to disclose the item’s value was much greater than they had been told.

Joe Maddalena, Heritage’s executive vice president, made public statements calling it “priceless.” “It could sell for any amount and I wouldn’t be surprised because of what it is,” he told the AP . “It is truly a cultural icon.”

They also had not been paid.

On April 28, 10 days after Heritage announced it had returned the model to Roddenberry, Riach and Rivas’ lawyer sent a letter to the auction house’s attorney outlining their claims and asking for the payment promised; they also proposed mediation.

Vartian, the lawyer representing Heritage, said that Riach and Rivas became “impatient” about getting the transaction done, and disputes the house had a fiduciary duty to them.

“This is an arm’s-length business relationship,” Vartian said. “They bring something to the auction house and are trying to get the most possible amount as quickly as possible, that is [Heritage’s] position and what they did.”

Still, Vartian is confident that they will soon conclude the transaction, saying, “Various things including scheduling have taken longer than it would.”

For his part, Riach says this experience is much like that of the crew of the U.S.S. Enterprise — “a strange new world.”

“I’ve never experienced anything like this. I’ve sold fine art at auction and other places, I got my check and went on. I’ve never had this roller coaster.

“Storage is a hard game. Sometimes you win and sometimes you lose,” he added. “We’ve bought a $10,000 unit and everything was complete garbage. But if you play long enough, you can get lucky.”

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Stacy Perman is a Company Town reporter working on investigations and enterprise stories covering the entertainment industry. Before joining The Times in 2018, she was a writer and correspondent for Time and Businessweek; her work has appeared in a number of publications including the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Fortune and the Hollywood Reporter. She is the author of three books including the New York Times bestseller “In-N-Out Burger: A Behind-The-Counter Look at the Fast-Food Chain That Breaks All the Rules.”

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The northern lights danced across the US last night. It could happen again Saturday.

Amazing auroras sparked by a massive solar storm — the strongest in decades — set the world abuzz Friday night as colorful glowing light radiated into the skies as far south as Florida and the Bahamas, to the surprising delight of many who waited up and kept watch.

And good news for anyone who missed it: You may get another chance Saturday night or Sunday.

"Overnight, aurora were visible across much of the United States. Weather permitting, they may be visible again tonight," the Space Weather Prediction Center said in a Saturday morning update . A later update suggests the possibility of widespread viewing in the U.S. on Sunday too.

(A word of caution, experts have previously told USA TODAY that forecasting space weather is difficult . Researchers must rely on observations of the 93-million-miles-away sun to make their predictions.)

Northern lights are only visible at night time, and experts say it's best to view them away from the hustle and bustle of city life to get the best show. Still, Americans in cities said they could see the lights overnight, including in metro Detroit .

Wisconsinites got to see the lights dance across the sky in green and purple hues. Even residents of downtown Milwaukee caught a glimpse despite the bright city lights obstructing the view.

See photos: Northern lights on full display across US, Europe on Friday

Will the aurora be visible this weekend?

It could be.

The Space Weather Prediction Center offers an experimental forecast map that showed on Saturday the aurora may be visible Saturday in a wide swath of the U.S., possibly in states including Oregon, Nebraska, Indiana, Pennsylvania and New York. But visibility will depend on shifting factors that include weather.

For Sunday, space weather forecasters said the aurora could become visible again over the northern half of the country, with sights extending as far south as Alabama and northern California. The effects of that storm are expected to arrive Sunday morning ET.

What is the cloud forecast Saturday night? Will clouds block the northern lights?

If you missed the aurora borealis Friday night, you might still catch a glimpse on Saturday or Sunday, depending on where you live. But not if clouds get in the way.

The cloud forecast for Saturday night is generally good for most of America, but some of the people who missed their chance last night due to clouds may have a similar problem Saturday, said AccuWeather senior meteorologist Tom Kines. Areas that are likely to be cloudy include New England and Mid-Atlantic regions, as well as parts of the Southern Plains, including Oklahoma, Kansas and Colorado.

“Even just a few breaks in the clouds will allow the aurora to be visible,” Kines said. “There’s always hope.”

Peak visibility time Saturday night will be between 9 p.m. and midnight, with some chance until 2 a.m., Kines said. The best views will be in dark areas away from the light pollution of cities, he said, though some reported seeing the auroras Friday night from metro areas like Milwaukee and Detroit.

Sunday night, if there is any aurora to see, those in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic can rejoice, because Kines said the skies should be clearer.

What is causing the northern lights this weekend?

The spectacle is being caused by geomagnetic storm that erupted from a sunspot cluster on the sun.

The storm was unusually strong — classified as "extreme" (or a G5) storm, the highest level, the  Space Weather Prediction Center  said Friday evening. It's the first G5 storm to hit our planet since 2003.

The geomagnetic storm's effects (which aren't all as pretty as the northern lights) are likely to linger through the weekend. The  Space Weather Prediction Center  said the storm is likely to continue through Sunday.

"There have been reports of power grid irregularities and degradation to high-frequency communications and GPS," the Space Weather Prediction Center said in a Saturday morning update.

Where were the northern lights seen on Friday night?

Across much of the United States and Europe where skies were clear — as far south as Florida, Oklahoma, Texas and Arizona.

To the great disappointment of many in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, cloud cover dimmed or obstructed the stunning display altogether.

Although it's unusual, auroras have been seen in the far southern United States in the past. This happens when a particularly large coronal mass ejection arrives in the Earth's outer atmosphere, triggering a geomagnetic storm, NOAA reports.

On the night of Nov. 5-6, 2001 , aurora displays were seen in Texas and Arizona.

What causes the aurora?

NASA describes an aurora as an "intricate dance of particles and magnetism between the Sun and the Earth."

The Sun's activity creates strong electrical currents known as geomagnetic storms.

These eruptions are mostly happening at a large, complex sunspot cluster, NOAA'S Space Weather Prediction Center said. Sunspots, which increase and decrease on a 11-year cycle, are areas where the magnetic field is about 2,500 times stronger than Earth's.

The reason the auroras move is because of how the Sun's ionized gases interact with the Earth's magnetic field.

If you took a great photo, NASA wants to know

In a collaboration with the National Science Foundation and the New Mexico Consortium aurora sightings and photos are being collected at the Aurorasaurus web page.

Why was the aurora borealis so red on Friday?

Mike Theiss, an extreme nature photographer and hurricane storm chaser, who lives in Florida was shocked to see posts Friday night about how far south people were seeing the auroras. To his amazement, he was able to step out of his front door in Key Largo in the Florida Keys and see and photograph the aurora. Hours later he was still incredulous, and surprised at the colors in the aurora.

"I’ve documented the Northern Lights in Iceland, North Dakota, Arctic Circle in Canada but never this red color," Theiss said. "This is the first time I’ve seen red."

The multiple colors seen in auroras are related to the types of gas being bombarded at various levels above the Earth. Auroras occur within one of Earth's upper atmosphere layers, the thermosphere, according to the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.

Solar particles trapped there interact with various gas molecules, such as nitrogen and oxygen, according to the research corporation's website. Oxygen gives off green and red lights, while nitrogen glows blue and reddish purple. For example, nitrogen gas glows blue at 75 to 110 miles altitude.

The less common red auroras form from interacting with higher altitude oxygen molecules, the website explains.

'Two incredible spectacles of the universe': Northern lights come about a month after eclipse

Seeing the aurora amazed Antonella Fruscione, an astrophysicist at Harvard University. She sent photos of the sight as well as the April total solar eclipse to her friends in Italy.

"And I sent them the picture that I took at the solar eclipse and I said, 'Can you imagine how fortunate I was this year, one month apart, I see these two incredible spectacles of the universe,'" she recalled telling them.

The phenomena seen Friday and possibly Saturday night is unusual, she said.

"It's a very rare occurrence, especially because last night it was really visible," Fruscione said.

What was the Halloween storm in October 2003?

Over two decades ago in late October 2003, three massive sunspot groups appeared on the sun's surface with little warning, accompanied by 17 major solar flares, according to the National Centers for Environmental Information.

Satellites, radio and GPS systems went on the fritz around the world, causing some major disruptions. But it also offered a stunning view of the auroras as far south as California and Florida. People in Australia and Mediterranean countries even caught a glimpse.

Contributing: Doyle Rice and Krystal Nurse , USA TODAY

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