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PhD in Research Methodology

Use numbers and data to drive systematic change in education.

A number is not simply a number in our research methodology program. Here, unlike in math or statistics, numbers are not the final answer. With a PhD in Research Methodology, you can work in educational and institutional research, using numbers to tell the story of the human experience and create meaningful change.

Our commitment to you

Upon graduation with a PhD in research methodology from Loyola, you will possess the following knowledge, skills, and professional values necessary to commence a career as an institutional researcher, evaluator, college professor, or researcher at large professional organizations, testing companies, or consulting agencies that provide educational evaluation services.

You will develop expertise in evaluation, statistics, and measurement, and recognize when research findings are being misrepresented or data misused. Our expert faculty will train you in both qualitative and quantitative methodology, including applied statistics and psychometrics. You'll also learn how numbers relate to action, policy, and advocacy.

You will be able to critically evaluate bodies of knowledge from a variety of methodological traditions, use a variety of software programs to implement analyses, and conduct all stages of a research study in applied settings. Plus, you'll participate in a required consulting experience, where you'll conduct a research study and then provide consulting advice to a researcher or organization.

Professional Values

We strive to ensure that our graduates never lose sight of the humanity that number reflect, and become responsible researchers whose conclusions align with their findings. You will engage in ethical, just, and culturally competent research practices.

Program Faculty

Our dedicated Research Methodology Faculty are experts in their fields who will support students throughout each stage of the program.

Program Length

Students typically take up to two or three courses each term and up to two courses during the summer, and completion times for this degree vary with the topic of each student's dissertation. The typical length for this program is five years.

Continuous Enrollment Doctoral students in research methodology are required to maintain continuous enrollment during their program of studies. This means that during each semester of each academic year (excluding Summer Sessions), each student must enroll in at least one course. A formal  leave of absence  may be granted upon request and the approval of the School of Education’s Associate Dean of Student Academic Services.

Admission Requirements

Interested in applying? Check out the  PhD Research Methodology application requirements .

• For  application  related questions,  contact Graduate Enrollment Management . 
• For  program structure and academics  related questions, contact:  Ken Fujimoto , Program Chair

Tuition, Financial Aid and Scholarships

The School of Education and Loyola's Financial Aid Office are committed to helping students secure the necessary financial resources to make their education at Loyola affordable. You can learn more on the  Financial Assistance  page.

How long will it take to finish the program?

Five years is about the average length of time, especially if the student is not full-time. However a full-time student who transfers the maximum 30 credit hours from another university could complete the PhD in as few as three years. Please note that a maximum of six years is allowed to complete your coursework and dissertation.

Much will depend upon how many courses a student is able to take during any given term. Since the minimum is 20 courses, one should count on two or three years of coursework, another year for taking and passing comprehensive exams and developing a proposal, and at least one more year for the dissertation research. 

What can I do with a degree in research methodology?

This degree offers many professional opportunities. Recent graduates work at research firms, testing companies, professional associations or accrediting agencies, nonprofits, and in higher education, including institutional research.

How is the consulting experience structured?

The consulting experience is fulfilled by providing research or statistical consulting. Students, in consultation with their advisor, will determine the form of the consulting. For example, some students have provided statistical analysis assistance to faculty members or other doctoral students at the university, working on a research team with a faculty member in the School of Education. Others have completed a project associated with the student's full-time employment.

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Keep up-to-date on postgraduate related issues with our quick reads written by students, postdocs, professors and industry leaders.

Types of Research – Explained with Examples

• By DiscoverPhDs
• October 2, 2020

Types of Research

Research is about using established methods to investigate a problem or question in detail with the aim of generating new knowledge about it.

It is a vital tool for scientific advancement because it allows researchers to prove or refute hypotheses based on clearly defined parameters, environments and assumptions. Due to this, it enables us to confidently contribute to knowledge as it allows research to be verified and replicated.

Knowing the types of research and what each of them focuses on will allow you to better plan your project, utilises the most appropriate methodologies and techniques and better communicate your findings to other researchers and supervisors.

Classification of Types of Research

There are various types of research that are classified according to their objective, depth of study, analysed data, time required to study the phenomenon and other factors. It’s important to note that a research project will not be limited to one type of research, but will likely use several.

According to its Purpose

Theoretical research.

Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge , regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question.

Results of this kind are usually oriented towards the formulation of theories and are usually based on documentary analysis, the development of mathematical formulas and the reflection of high-level researchers.

Applied Research

Here, the goal is to find strategies that can be used to address a specific research problem. Applied research draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge, and its use is very common in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science and medicine.

This type of research is subdivided into two types:

• Technological applied research : looks towards improving efficiency in a particular productive sector through the improvement of processes or machinery related to said productive processes.
• Scientific applied research : has predictive purposes. Through this type of research design, we can measure certain variables to predict behaviours useful to the goods and services sector, such as consumption patterns and viability of commercial projects.

According to your Depth of Scope

Exploratory research.

Exploratory research is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated.

Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.

Descriptive Research

The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it.

In this type of research, the researcher must take particular care not to intervene in the observed object or phenomenon, as its behaviour may change if an external factor is involved.

Explanatory Research

Explanatory research is the most common type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities. It is closely related to descriptive research, although it provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment.

Correlational Research

The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.

According to the Type of Data Used

Qualitative research.

Qualitative methods are often used in the social sciences to collect, compare and interpret information, has a linguistic-semiotic basis and is used in techniques such as discourse analysis, interviews, surveys, records and participant observations.

In order to use statistical methods to validate their results, the observations collected must be evaluated numerically. Qualitative research, however, tends to be subjective, since not all data can be fully controlled. Therefore, this type of research design is better suited to extracting meaning from an event or phenomenon (the ‘why’) than its cause (the ‘how’).

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research study delves into a phenomena through quantitative data collection and using mathematical, statistical and computer-aided tools to measure them . This allows generalised conclusions to be projected over time.

According to the Degree of Manipulation of Variables

Experimental research.

It is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object. The phenomenon to be studied is measured through study and control groups, and according to the guidelines of the scientific method.

Non-Experimental Research

Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context. As such, the researcher does not intervene directly, but limits their involvement to measuring the variables required for the study. Due to its observational nature, it is often used in descriptive research.

Quasi-Experimental Research

It controls only some variables of the phenomenon under investigation and is therefore not entirely experimental. In this case, the study and the focus group cannot be randomly selected, but are chosen from existing groups or populations . This is to ensure the collected data is relevant and that the knowledge, perspectives and opinions of the population can be incorporated into the study.

According to the Type of Inference

Deductive investigation.

In this type of research, reality is explained by general laws that point to certain conclusions; conclusions are expected to be part of the premise of the research problem and considered correct if the premise is valid and the inductive method is applied correctly.

Inductive Research

In this type of research, knowledge is generated from an observation to achieve a generalisation. It is based on the collection of specific data to develop new theories.

Hypothetical-Deductive Investigation

It is based on observing reality to make a hypothesis, then use deduction to obtain a conclusion and finally verify or reject it through experience.

According to the Time in Which it is Carried Out

Longitudinal study (also referred to as diachronic research).

It is the monitoring of the same event, individual or group over a defined period of time. It aims to track changes in a number of variables and see how they evolve over time. It is often used in medical, psychological and social areas .

Cross-Sectional Study (also referred to as Synchronous Research)

Cross-sectional research design is used to observe phenomena, an individual or a group of research subjects at a given time.

According to The Sources of Information

Primary research.

This fundamental research type is defined by the fact that the data is collected directly from the source, that is, it consists of primary, first-hand information.

Secondary research

Unlike primary research, secondary research is developed with information from secondary sources, which are generally based on scientific literature and other documents compiled by another researcher.

According to How the Data is Obtained

Documentary (cabinet).

Documentary research, or secondary sources, is based on a systematic review of existing sources of information on a particular subject. This type of scientific research is commonly used when undertaking literature reviews or producing a case study.

Field research study involves the direct collection of information at the location where the observed phenomenon occurs.

From Laboratory

Laboratory research is carried out in a controlled environment in order to isolate a dependent variable and establish its relationship with other variables through scientific methods.

Mixed-Method: Documentary, Field and/or Laboratory

Mixed research methodologies combine results from both secondary (documentary) sources and primary sources through field or laboratory research.

This post explains where and how to write the list of figures in your thesis or dissertation.

The purpose of research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge through developing scientific theories, concepts and ideas – find out more on what this involves.

The term research instrument refers to any tool that you may use to collect, measure and analyse research data.

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Students in our PhD programs are encouraged from day one to think of this experience as their first job in business academia—a training ground for a challenging and rewarding career generating rigorous, relevant research that influences practice.

Our doctoral students work with faculty and access resources throughout HBS and Harvard University. The PhD program curriculum requires coursework at HBS and other Harvard discipline departments, and with HBS and Harvard faculty on advisory committees. Faculty throughout Harvard guide the programs through their participation on advisory committees.

How do I know which program is right for me?

There are many paths, but we are one HBS. Our PhD students draw on diverse personal and professional backgrounds to pursue an ever-expanding range of research topics. Explore more here about each program’s requirements & curriculum, read student profiles for each discipline as well as student research , and placement information.

The PhD in Business Administration grounds students in the disciplinary theories and research methods that form the foundation of an academic career. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program has five areas of study: Accounting and Management , Management , Marketing , Strategy , and Technology and Operations Management . All areas of study involve roughly two years of coursework culminating in a field exam. The remaining years of the program are spent conducting independent research, working on co-authored publications, and writing the dissertation. Students join these programs from a wide range of backgrounds, from consulting to engineering. Many applicants possess liberal arts degrees, as there is not a requirement to possess a business degree before joining the program

The PhD in Business Economics provides students the opportunity to study in both Harvard’s world-class Economics Department and Harvard Business School. Throughout the program, coursework includes exploration of microeconomic theory, macroeconomic theory, probability and statistics, and econometrics. While some students join the Business Economics program directly from undergraduate or masters programs, others have worked in economic consulting firms or as research assistants at universities or intergovernmental organizations.

The PhD program in Health Policy (Management) is rooted in data-driven research on the managerial, operational, and strategic issues facing a wide range of organizations. Coursework includes the study of microeconomic theory, management, research methods, and statistics. The backgrounds of students in this program are quite varied, with some coming from public health or the healthcare industry, while others arrive at the program with a background in disciplinary research

The PhD program in Organizational Behavior offers two tracks: either a micro or macro approach. In the micro track, students focus on the study of interpersonal relationships within organizations and the effects that groups have on individuals. Students in the macro track use sociological methods to examine organizations, groups, and markets as a whole, including topics such as the influence of individuals on organizational change, or the relationship between social missions and financial objectives. Jointly administered by HBS and GSAS, the program includes core disciplinary training in sociology or psychology, as well as additional coursework in organizational behavior.

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Quantitative Methods, PhD

The Ph.D. program in Quantitative Methods is designed to prepare students for faculty positions at universities and important responsibilities at research and assessment organizations. Graduates will be prepared to design first rate empirical research and data analyses and to contribute to development of new research methodologies.

Doctoral degree studies include advanced graduate coursework, a research apprenticeship, a Ph.D. Candidacy Examination, and the completion of a doctoral dissertation that represents an independent and significant contribution to knowledge. The research apprenticeship provides students with an opportunity to collaborate with a faculty sponsor on an ongoing basis and to participate in field research leading to a dissertation.

Students who apply directly to the doctoral-level study program following a baccalaureate degree will enroll in the core courses described for M.S.Ed. degree in SMART and the more advanced courses for the Ph.D. degree. This will include the development of independent empirical research projects.

For more information: http://www.gse.upenn.edu/qm/phd

View the University’s Academic Rules for PhD Programs .

The Ph.D. degree program in Quantitative Methods requires a minimum of 20 course units or relevant courses and advanced degree accomplishments. A maximum of eight (8) credits from other institutions may be taken into account in reducing this basic requirement where appropriate.

Required Milestones

Qualifications evaluation (also known as program candidacy).

A Qualifications Evaluation of each student is conducted after the completion of 6 but not more than 8 course units. The evaluation is designed by the specialization faculty and may be based on an examination or on a review of a student’s overall academic progress.

Preliminary Examination (Also known as Doctoral Candidacy)

A Candidacy Examination on the major subject area is required.  The candidacy examination is a test of knowledge in the student's area of specialization, requiring students to demonstrate knowledge and reasoning in the key content areas in their specialization as defined by their academic division. This examination is normally held after the candidate has completed all required courses.

Oral Proposal

All doctoral candidates must present their dissertation proposals orally and in person to the dissertation committee.

Final Defense of the Dissertation

The final dissertation defense is approximately two hours in length and is based upon the candidate’s dissertation. 

The degree and major requirements displayed are intended as a guide for students entering in the Fall of 2023 and later. Students should consult with their academic program regarding final certifications and requirements for graduation.

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15 kinds of research methodologies for phd. pupils, basic research.

Pure research or fundamental research or basic research zooms on enhancing scientific knowledge for the exhaustive understanding of a topic or certain natural phenomena, essentially in natural sciences; knowledge that is obtained for the purpose of knowledge it is called fundamental research.

1.Applied research

Research that covers real life applications of the natural sciences; aimed at offering an answer to particular practical issues and develops novel technologies

2.Fixed research versus flexible research

In fixed research, the design of the study is fixed prior to the main phase of data gathering; moreover, fixed designs are essentially theoretical. Variables that need to be controlled and measured need to be known in advance and they are measured quantitatively.

3.Quantitative research and qualitative research

Quantitative research denotes gauging phenomena in various grades; on the other hand, qualitative research sometimes deems Boolean measurements alone; solution can be studied qualitatively for its appropriateness. However, comparison between candidate solutions requires quantitative observation.

4.Experimental research and non-experimental research

In an experimental design , operationalize the variables to be measured; moreover, operationalize in the best manner. Consider the study expectations, outcome measurement, variable measurement, and the methods to answer research questions.

Think of the practical limitations such as the availability of data-sets and experimental set-ups that represent actual scenarios.

5.Exploratory research and confirmatory research

Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses—outcome predictions done prior to the measurement stage. Such a priori hypotheses are usually derived from a theory or the results of previous studies.

Exploratory research generates a posteriori hypotheses by investigating a data-set and ascertaining potential connection between variables.

6.Explanatory research or casual research

Causal research is also called explanatory research ; conducted to ascertain the extent and type of cause-effect relationships. Causal research are conducted to evaluate effects of specific changes on existing norms, various processes etc.

7.Descriptive research

Descriptive research is the available statement of affairs; researcher has no control over variable. Descriptive studies are characterised as simply an effort to ascertain, define or recognize.  Not “why it is that way” nor “how it came to be,” which is the objective of analytical research.

8.Historical research

Historical research explores and explains the meanings, phases and traits of a phenomena or process at a certain phase of time in the past; historical research is a research strategy from the research of history.

9.Casual comparative research

Also called as “ex-post facto” research (In Latin, implies “after the fact”); researchers determine the causes or consequences of differences that already exist between or among groups of individuals.

An effort to ascertain a causative relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable; relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable are usually a suggested relationship (not proved yet) because you do not have complete control over the independent variable

10.Correlational research

Correlational research is a form of non-experimental research technique wherein a researcher measures 2 variables and assesses the statistical connection between them with no influence from any external variable.

The correlation between two variables is given through correlation coefficient, which is a statistical measure that calculates the strength of the relationship between two variables that is a value measured between -1 and +1.

11.Evaluation research method

Evaluation research technique is known as program evaluation and refers to a research purpose instead of a particular technique; objective is to assess the effect of social involvements such as new treatment techniques, innovations in services, etc.

A form of applied research to have some real-world effect. Methods such as surveys and experiments are used in evaluation research.

12.Formative and summative evaluation

While learning is in progress, formative assessment offers feedback and information; measures participant’s progress and also assess researcher’s own progress as well.

For example, when implementing a new program, you can determine whether or not the activity should be used again (or modified) with the help of observation and/or surveying.

Summative assessment happens after the learning has ended and offers info and feedback to sum up the process; essentially, no formal learning is happening at this phase other than incidental learning which might take place through the completion of program.

13.Diagnostic research

Descriptive research studies define the characteristics of a particular individual, or of a group.

Studies showing whether certain variables are linked are examples of diagnostic research.

Researcher defines what he or she wants to measure and finds adequate methods for measuring it along with a clear description of ‘population’.

Aim is to obtain complete and accurate information. And the researcher plans the procedure carefully.

14.Prognostic research

Prognostic research (specifically in clinical research) examines chosen predictive variables and risk factors; prognostic research assesses influence on the outcome of a disease. Clinicians have a better understanding of the history of the ailment.

This understanding facilitates clinical decision-making via providing apt treatment alternatives and helps to predict accurate disease outcomes.

Assessing prognostic studies involves ascertaining the internal validity of the study design and assessing the effects of bias or systemic errors.

15.Action research

A systematic inquiry for improving and/or honing researchers’ actions. Researchers find it an empowering experience.

Action research has positive result for various reasons; most important is that action research is pertinent to the research participants.

Relevance is assured because the aim of each research project is ascertained by the researchers, who are also the main beneficiaries of the research observations.

Related Topics

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Ph.D. in Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodology

Qualitative and quantitative research methodology, (formerly ph.d. in inquiry methodology).

This unique program enables students to focus on quantitative research, qualitative research, or an integrated program of study.

The flexible curriculum enables you to delve deeply into your chosen area of interest, from statistical modeling to ethnography, from discourse and narrative analysis to psychometrics and assessment.

Yet our program is rigorous enough to ensure that all graduates are able to meaningfully contribute to the study of social and behavioral research.

Application Deadlines

Admission requirements.

The Graduate Studies Office will accept unofficial transcripts and self-reported test scores for admission reviews. Any admission made with these documents would be conditioned on receipt of official documents, which should be provided as soon as possible.

If you are currently enrolled or have applied in the past year, you are eligible for a reduced application fee of $35. Learn more »

• Bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution
• Minimum undergraduate GPA of 2.75 out of 4.00
• Personal statement
• Resume (required from international students only)
• Three letters of recommendation
• Minimum 79 TOEFL score or minimum 6.5 IELTS score or minimum 115 Duolingo score (international students only)

Learn more about how to apply

Program Requirements

• Ph.D. in Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodology – (formerly Ph.D. in Inquiry Methodology) Requirements

Costs listed are per credit hour.

2023-2024 Academic Year

2024-2025 academic year.

*Does not include all fees, which will vary depending on the number of credits enrolled. Find more information and calculate your expected costs at Student Central .

• Learn about the variety of fellowships and assistantships available to graduate students.
• Visit Student Central for information about financial assistance.
• Consult your employer about the availability of tuition reimbursement or tuition assistance programs.
• Active duty military, veterans, and military families should visit the Center for Veteran and Military Students to take full advantage of available financial assistance and educational benefits.

Qualifying Examination

At the completion of course work and before the dissertation, doctoral students specializing in Inquiry Methodology will need to pass a qualifying exam in the form of portfolio of work and an oral examination. This examination is tailored to the student's program of study. All students with a minor in education must also take a minor qualifying examination. Some departments outside of the School of Education waive the minor qualifying examination, under certain conditions.

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As a student you will have the opportunity to focus on methodology through theory and practice that cuts across a divide in qualitative and quantitative methods.

We are dedicated to advancing the understanding of social inquiry, especially with respect to the field of education, and we imagine these possibilities to be necessarily inclusive of methods typically disenfranchised from one another.

This 90-credit hour degree program requires students to spend at least two consecutive semesters on campus. Up to 30 credit hours may be transferred from another institution.

A 12-credit hour minor is also available to doctoral students majoring in other disciplines.

David Rutkowski ED 4234 drutkows@iu.edu (812) 856-8384

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PhD in Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies

If you have a deep interest in the methodological, theoretical, and ethical procedures and challenges inherent to social science research and evaluation, this is a program for you. Our students contribute to the methodological and theoretical development of qualitative research and program evaluation.

Our program prepares research methodologists to study and develop theories and methods for conducting empirical and conceptual social science research and evaluation in education and other social science fields. Specifically, this program develops scholars and methodologists who are prepared to contribute to the advancement of innovative theories and methods used in qualitative research and program evaluation.

• Focus on qualitative methodologies with interdisciplinary topics
• Open to students with a variety of educational backgrounds and experiences
• Small cohorts support individual faculty attention and mentorship

Video: Overview of Programs Offered by the Qualitative Research Program

Video: Meet the Qualitative Research Faculty

The organization of the research and evaluation methods degree program recognizes the wide variety of specialties in which you might develop research agendas.

Our mission is to build your capacity to contribute methodological expertise to collaborative research efforts through real-world opportunities in which you develop and practice the skills needed in your area of emphasis. As a result of this experience, you will have a broad knowledge of research methods along with specific expertise in a focused methodology. You can use this knowledge to pursue careers as research methodologists and evaluation specialists in higher education, corporations, and non-profit agencies.

The Ph.D. degree is a 54-credit hour degree program in which students engage in advanced study of qualitative theories and methods, mixed methods, and approaches to evaluation.

• Core Coursework - 21 hours
• Research Seminar - 3 hours
• Elective Coursework - 18 hours
• Internship - 6 hours
• Doctoral hours Minimum of - 3 hours
• Dissertation Minimum of - 3 hours
• TOTAL - 54 hours

Part 1: Apply to the University of Georgia

The Graduate School handles admission for all graduate programs at the University of Georgia, including those in the College of Education. The Graduate School website contains important details about the application process, orientation, and many other useful links to guide you through the process of attending UGA at the graduate level.

Start A Graduate School Application

Part 2: Apply to the Ph.D. in Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies

Please upload the following materials in your online application:

• Personal statement
• Curriculum vitae
• Writing sample (20-25 pages maximum)

Summary of Application Materials

Both the Graduate School and the academic department review application materials simultaneously. The Graduate School then reviews the department’s recommendation and makes the final determination on admission. As an applicant you will receive a formal letter regarding your admission from the Office of Graduate Admissions. You must be admitted to a program to be eligible to register for courses. Admission is granted for a specific semester and is validated by registration for that semester. Applicants must be admitted to the Graduate School before they are eligible to register. International applicants whose primary language is not English must submit scores from the TOEFL or IELTS tests in addition to a Certificate of Finances form. No application will be considered until all materials are received. To apply to the Ph.D. in Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies, applicants must have completed a master’s degree. GRE scores are required for all applications.

Personal Statement

The program requires a personal statement, usually in the form of a letter of 2 to 3 pages, describing your background, work and research experience, interests in research and/or evaluation methodologies, and career aspirations. Specifically, you should be sure to address the following questions:

• What experience or background do you have in research methodologies?
• Why are you interested in the study of qualitative or evaluation methodologies?
• What research or evaluation questions do you hope to pursue, and why?
• In what way will the study of research or evaluation methodologies shape your career?

Writing Sample

You are required to submit a sample of formal writing (20-25 pages maximum). Scholarly or academic writing is preferred whether or not it has been published. If you have not published, recent course papers or work-related reports are appropriate.

Admissions Interviews

After a review of applications, selected applicants will be interviewed by the Ph.D. in Research and Evaluation Methodologies (REM) Admissions Committee early in the Spring semester for a subsequent Fall semester admission.

Deadline To Apply

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Additional Resources

Please use our online form if you have any questions for the department. Please be as specific as possible so that we may quickly assist you.

The College’s programs are taught by dedicated faculty who are experts in a range of areas and are passionate about helping students succeed both in their programs and professionally.

Meet the Faculty View Affiliated Faculty

Most graduate students at UGA are not assigned to a faculty advisor until after admittance. A close working relationship with your advisor is paramount to progressing through your program of study.

Almost all in-state students begin their studies at UGA paying limited tuition or fees. Please note that these amounts are subject to change and are meant to give prospective students an idea of the costs associated with a degree at the University of Georgia College of Education.

Students may qualify for a variety of assistantships, scholarships, and other financial awards to help offset the cost of tuition, housing, and other expenses.

Tuition Rates   Browse Financial Aid

In this program, you will take focused coursework with individual attention from faculty mentors .

Each semester, you will also take part in a seminar that brings together faculty in the qualitative research program to discuss topics of relevance to scholarship and teaching in qualitative research methodologies in higher education.

See for yourself how much UGA College of Education has to offer! Schedule a tour of campus to learn more about the UGA student experience.

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Useful Links

• Affiliate Faculty
• Course List
• Graduate Handbook
• Summary of Materials Required by Area of Emphasis
• Projected QUAL Course Schedule
• Qualitative Research Program Community Practices

Testimonials

What first attracted me to the Qualitative Research and Evaluation Ph.D. program was the balance it offers between the philosophy of science and the practical application of research and evaluation. The program’s faculty members are amazing at supporting students’ learning, and at pushing us to be creative, deep thinking, and daring as we explore methodologies. Nuria Jaumot-Pascual, Doctoral Student

My path through the Qualitative Research and Evaluation Ph.D. program had me exploring the depths of qualitative research rarely visited by researchers in the health sciences but that have been essential in my current position as Senior Research Associate at Evidera. Now I find myself often referencing qualitative research theory and history when selecting strategies for new studies or when arranging trainings across my organization. Moreover, the breadth of interests across students in the program provided unique perspectives that enriched my journey. Most of all though, I am impressed with how well the faculty helped guide me through the program, making theory, history, and applied work relevant for my own career goals. Sean Halpin, Former Doctoral Student

I really discovered the world of qualitative research with the Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies Ph.D. program, and the instructors made me adore it. Their support for the students’ learning was so impeccable. They had genial ways to encourage students to think outside the box and to be creative from every point of view, especially when it comes to methodologies. Bidossessi Mariano Ghislain Dossou Kpanou, Former Doctoral Student

Doctor of Philosophy in Education

Additional Information

• Download the Doctoral Viewbook
• Admissions & Aid

The Harvard Ph.D. in Education trains cutting-edge researchers who work across disciplines to generate knowledge and translate discoveries into transformative policy and practice.

Offered jointly by the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Ph.D. in Education provides you with full access to the extraordinary resources of Harvard University and prepares you to assume meaningful roles as university faculty, researchers, senior-level education leaders, and policymakers.

As a Ph.D. candidate, you will collaborate with scholars across all Harvard graduate schools on original interdisciplinary research. In the process, you will help forge new fields of inquiry that will impact the way we teach and learn. The program’s required coursework will develop your knowledge of education and your expertise in a range of quantitative and qualitative methods needed to conduct high-quality research. Guided by the goal of making a transformative impact on education research, policy, and practice, you will focus on independent research in various domains, including human development, learning and teaching, policy analysis and evaluation, institutions and society, and instructional practice.   

Curriculum Information

The Ph.D. in Education requires five years of full-time study to complete. You will choose your individual coursework and design your original research in close consultation with your HGSE faculty adviser and dissertation committee. The requirements listed below include the three Ph.D. concentrations: Culture, Institutions, and Society; Education Policy and Program Evaluation; and Human Development, Learning and Teaching . 

We invite you to review an example course list, which is provided in two formats — one as the full list by course number and one by broad course category . These lists are subject to modification. 

Ph.D. Concentrations and Examples

Summary of Ph.D. Program

Doctoral Colloquia  In year one and two you are required to attend. The colloquia convenes weekly and features presentations of work-in-progress and completed work by Harvard faculty, faculty and researchers from outside Harvard, and Harvard doctoral students. Ph.D. students present once in the colloquia over the course of their career.

Research Apprenticeship The Research Apprenticeship is designed to provide ongoing training and mentoring to develop your research skills throughout the entire program.

Teaching Fellowships The Teaching Fellowship is an opportunity to enhance students' teaching skills, promote learning consolidation, and provide opportunities to collaborate with faculty on pedagogical development.

Comprehensive Exams  The Written Exam (year 2, spring) tests you on both general and concentration-specific knowledge. The Oral Exam (year 3, fall/winter) tests your command of your chosen field of study and your ability to design, develop, and implement an original research project.

Dissertation  Based on your original research, the dissertation process consists of three parts: the Dissertation Proposal, the writing, and an oral defense before the members of your dissertation committee.

Culture, Institutions, and Society (CIS) Concentration

In CIS, you will examine the broader cultural, institutional, organizational, and social contexts relevant to education across the lifespan. What is the value and purpose of education? How do cultural, institutional, and social factors shape educational processes and outcomes? How effective are social movements and community action in education reform? How do we measure stratification and institutional inequality? In CIS, your work will be informed by theories and methods from sociology, history, political science, organizational behavior and management, philosophy, and anthropology. You can examine contexts as diverse as classrooms, families, neighborhoods, schools, colleges and universities, religious institutions, nonprofits, government agencies, and more.

Education Policy and Program Evaluation (EPPE) Concentration

In EPPE, you will research the design, implementation, and evaluation of education policy affecting early childhood, K–12, and postsecondary education in the U.S. and internationally. You will evaluate and assess individual programs and policies related to critical issues like access to education, teacher effectiveness, school finance, testing and accountability systems, school choice, financial aid, college enrollment and persistence, and more. Your work will be informed by theories and methods from economics, political science, public policy, and sociology, history, philosophy, and statistics. This concentration shares some themes with CIS, but your work with EPPE will focus on public policy and large-scale reforms.

Human Development, Learning and Teaching (HDLT) Concentration

In HDLT, you will work to advance the role of scientific research in education policy, reform, and practice. New discoveries in the science of learning and development — the integration of biological, cognitive, and social processes; the relationships between technology and learning; or the factors that influence individual variations in learning — are transforming the practice of teaching and learning in both formal and informal settings. Whether studying behavioral, cognitive, or social-emotional development in children or the design of learning technologies to maximize understanding, you will gain a strong background in human development, the science of learning, and sociocultural factors that explain variation in learning and developmental pathways. Your research will be informed by theories and methods from psychology, cognitive science, sociology and linguistics, philosophy, the biological sciences and mathematics, and organizational behavior.

Program Faculty

The most remarkable thing about the Ph.D. in Education is open access to faculty from all Harvard graduate and professional schools, including the Harvard Graduate School of Education, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Harvard Kennedy School, the Harvard Law School, Harvard Medical School, and the Harvard School of Public Health. Learn about the full Ph.D. Faculty.

Jarvis R. Givens

Jarvis Givens studies the history of American education, African American history, and the relationship between race and power in schools.

Paul L. Harris

Paul Harris is interested in the early development of cognition, emotion, and imagination in children.

Meira Levinson

Meira Levinson is a normative political philosopher who works at the intersection of civic education, youth empowerment, racial justice, and educational ethics. 

Luke W. Miratrix

Luke Miratrix is a statistician who explores how to best use modern statistical methods in applied social science contexts.

Eric Taylor

Eric Taylor studies the economics of education, with a particular interest in employer-employee interactions between schools and teachers — hiring and firing decisions, job design, training, and performance evaluation.

Paola Uccelli

Paola Ucelli studies socio-cultural and individual differences in the language development of multilingual and monolingual students.

View Ph.D. Faculty

Dissertations.

The following is a complete listing of successful Ph.D. in Education dissertations to-date. Dissertations from November 2014 onward are publicly available in the Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) , the online repository for Harvard scholarship.

• 2022 Graduate Dissertations (265 KB pdf)
• 2021 Graduate Dissertations (177 KB pdf)
• 2020 Graduate Dissertations (121 KB pdf)
• 2019 Graduate Dissertations (68.3 KB pdf)

Student Directory

An opt-in listing of current Ph.D. students with information about their interests, research, personal web pages, and contact information:

Doctor of Philosophy in Education Student Directory

Introduce Yourself

Tell us about yourself so that we can tailor our communication to best fit your interests and provide you with relevant information about our programs, events, and other opportunities to connect with us.

Program Highlights

Explore examples of the Doctor of Philosophy in Education experience and the impact its community is making on the field:

Reshaping Teacher Licensure: Lessons from the Pandemic

Olivia Chi, Ed.M.'17, Ph.D.'20, discusses the ongoing efforts to ensure the quality and stability of the teaching workforce

Lost in Translation

New comparative study from Ph.D. candidate Maya Alkateb-Chami finds strong correlation between low literacy outcomes for children and schools teaching in different language from home

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• University of Denver

Ph.D. in Research Methods and Statistics

Academic Programs

Explore this Section

The education and social and sciences fields have a growing need for professionals with strong skills in research design, statistics, qualitative and mixed methods, and data analysis. The Research Methods and Statistics Program (RMS) provides the courses and experiences necessary to conduct and supervise effective social science research. The program is individually planned around students' backgrounds and career goals. Most students prepare for positions that require consulting, research, developing measurement instruments, policy- making, and teaching. Small seminars, independent projects, and a practicum offer opportunities for an individualized and well-rounded program.

Our goal is to equip you with cutting-edge research skills, a creative educational vision, social responsibility, and sufficient experience in application of your skills and knowledge to achieve mastery. Graduates with RMS degrees hold professional positions in testing and program evaluation companies, non-profit organizations, universities, school districts, and state and service agencies, among others.

Applications are currently under review, look for decision emails coming soon!

Applications open for 2024, core program content.

The RMS Program embraces a holistic and comprehensive view of quantitative and qualitative research methods and the importance of mixed methods designs. Foundations include quantitative and qualitative research, measurement, statistics, mixed methods, and program evaluation. Research methods include classical quantitative methods as well as qualitative approaches. Students can elect to emphasize evaluation or a content area within or outside of education as a minor. All students conduct original research during their studies and are encouraged to present and/or publish their work. Practicum experiences also are encouraged in diverse sites, including school systems, educational research agencies, mental health agencies, and businesses.

Unique Program Features

The RMS program is one of nine programs offered within the Morgridge College of Education. Students may opt to take cognate courses from programs within or outside of the Morgridge College of Education. RMS students take classes with students in programs from across the College. Three features of the RMS Program at DU distinguish it as a strong graduate program:

• We have an outstanding faculty. Professors are not only noted in their fields but also demonstrate a deep commitment to students' academic and personal growth. While our professors set high standards for students, they also individualize requirements to meet each student's needs and goals.
• We have outstanding students from a variety of backgrounds. A wide range of experiences, creative ideas, sincere dedication to research, and a sense of humor are some of the characteristics of people in our program. We enjoy each other's genuine cooperation, encouragement, and inspiration.
• The student-teacher ratio in most of our classes is between 10:1 and 25:1. These small class sizes make it possible to develop meaningful connections, engage in ongoing dialogue about topics of interest, form study groups, and give advice. Personal and professional friendships form and continue long past graduation.

These features contribute to an outstanding educational experience. Professors make themselves readily available for consultation, students support and assist one another, and small class sizes result in rich interaction among students and faculty.

Program Learning Outcomes

The broad learning outcomes of RMS are as follows. Students will:

• Acquire a general knowledge of research methods and program evaluation, and advanced knowledge of psychometrics and statistics
• Think critically about research
• Engage in research serving professional and local communities
• Understand ethics as they apply to research RMS outcomes relate to the MCE mission to advance scholarship via practice and encouraging critical thought.

Evaluation of learning outcomes is based on multiple sources: (1) Course grades, (2) Student annual review, (3) Comprehensive exams, (4) Practicum and other research products, (5) Dissertations, (6) MCE surveys of continuing and graduating students, (7) RMS alumni survey, (8) Course evaluations, and/or (9) Faculty/student discussions. Learning outcomes along with assessment criteria and a synopsis of the process for reviewing data are listed below.

Program Requirements

You’ll need to complete 90-quarter credit hours. Other requirements include a:

• Research practicum
• Comprehensive exam
• Dissertation

Admission to the doctoral program requires a master’s degree.

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• Capella University Blog
• PhD/Doctorate

What are acceptable dissertation research methods?

August 16, 2023

Reading time:  3–4 minutes

Doctoral research is the cornerstone of a PhD program .

In order to write a dissertation, you must complete extensive, detailed research. Depending on your area of study, different types of research methods will be appropriate to complete your work.

“The choice of research method depends on the questions you hope to answer with your research,” says Curtis Brant, PhD, Capella University dean of research and scholarship.

Once you’ve identified your research problem, you’ll employ the methodology best suited for solving the problem.

There are two primary dissertation research methods: qualitative and quantitative.

Qualitative

Qualitative research focuses on examining the topic via cultural phenomena, human behavior or belief systems. This type of research uses interviews, open-ended questions or focus groups to gain insight into people’s thoughts and beliefs around certain behaviors and systems.

Dr. Brant says there are several approaches to qualitative inquiry. The three most routinely used include:

Generic qualitative inquiry. The researcher focuses on people’s experiences or perceptions in the real world. This often includes, but is not limited to, subjective opinions, attitudes and beliefs .

Case study. The researcher performs an in-depth exploration of a program, event, activity or process with an emphasis on the experience of one or more individuals. The focus of this kind of inquiry must be defined and often includes more than one set of data, such as interviews and field notes, observations or other qualitative data.

Phenomenological. The researcher identifies lived experiences associated with how an individual encounters and engages with the real world .

Qualitative research questions seek to discover:

• A participant’s verbal descriptions of a phenomenon being investigated
•  A researcher’s observations of the phenomenon being investigated
• An integrated interpretation of participant’s descriptions and researchers observations

Quantitative

Quantitative research involves the empirical investigation of observable and measurable variables. It is used for theory testing, predicting outcomes or determining relationships between and among variables using statistical analysis.

According to Dr. Brant, there are two primary data sources for quantitative research.

Surveys: Surveys involve asking people a set of questions, usually testing for linear relationships, statistical differences or statistical independence. This approach is common in correlation research designs.

Archival research (secondary data analysis). Archival research involves using preexisting data to answer research questions instead of collecting data from active human participants.

Quantitative research questions seek to address:

• Descriptions of variables being investigated
• Measurements of relationships between (at least two) variables
• Differences between two or more groups’ scores on a variable or variables

Which method should you choose?

Choosing a qualitative or quantitative methodology for your research will be based on the nature of the questions you ask, the preferred method in your field, the feasibility of the approach and other factors. Many programs offer doctoral mentors and support teams that can help guide you throughout the process.

Capella University offers PhD and professional doctorate degree programs ranging from business to education and health to technology. Learn more about Capella doctoral programs and doctoral support.

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Research Methods

• Description

Required for doctoral students.

This course prepares the student to do and to evaluate social science research using a variety of research methods. Basic issues regarding the formulation of research questions, research design, and data collection and analysis are addressed. The course material encompasses both quantitative and qualitative methods in the discussion of the basic components of the research process: conceptualization and measurement, sample selection, and causal modeling. In addition to teaching techniques and conventions of doing research, the course also acquaints the student with critical issues in the philosophy of science, ethical questions, and how to write a research proposal.

CORE-GP.1011 and PADM-GP.2902. (PADM-GP.2902 may be taken concurrently.)

Fall 2023 PHD.5902.001

Download Syllabus

Fall 2022 PHD-GP 5902

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Ph.d. in educational statistics and research methods.

The Ph.D. in Educational Statistics and Research Methods (ESRM) prepares students interested in education data science, research methods, statistics, causal inference, psychometrics, and evaluation to develop, critically evaluate, and properly use sophisticated quantitative and mixed methodologies to solve important problems in education.

The Ph.D. in ESRM is a STEM-designated degree program .

Many of our ESRM students and faculty are affiliates of the Data Science Institute , where they participate in seminars, courses, and research projects. ESRM students may elect to earn their Master of Data Science or  Masters in Applied Statistics along the way to their PhD in ESRM.

Students will:

• Design research projects, focusing either on advancing research methodologies or on applying advanced methods to education issues
• Develop assessment instruments
• Implement program evaluation
• Understand psychometric theory, as well as technical issues underlying construction and use of tests for selection, placement, and instruction
• Develop skills in advanced statistical modeling using a variety of software
• Examine how these statistical models are applied to areas such as school effectiveness, economic and social stratification, the structure of human abilities, and achievement growth

Doctoral students also present research at conferences, collaborate with faculty on peer-reviewed publications, engage in the work of interdisciplinary research centers through graduate assistantships, and learn in an environment with small class sizes and supportive faculty.

Our graduates accept tenure-track or research faculty positions in research universities as well as research positions in state departments of education, school districts, and organizations such as the Educational Testing Service, Pearson, and Mathematica.

Program Coordinator: Dr. Kenneth Shores

Program Faculty

Program Requirements

• Core Content Courses: Core coursework includes two Proseminars ( EDUC 805 ,  EDUC 806 ) that students take in the first two semesters of their program. These courses introduce the key domains of education research, examined through qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and analyses. Topics include learning and development, curriculum and instruction, school reform, and social contexts of education. These courses also allow students to interact with PhD in Education students across all 6 specializations and PhD in Economic Education students.
• Research Methods Core Courses: Students take 15 credits of research methods core courses, including EDUC 856 : Introduction to Statistical Inference, EDUC 812 : Regression and Structural Equation Modeling, EDUC 865 : Educational Measurement Theory, EDUC 874 : Applied Multivariate Data Analysis, and EDUC 850 : Qualitative Research in Educational Settings. These courses combine sophisticated theory with practical application, beginning with an introduction to statistical inference and extending to structural equation modeling, multiple regression, and the use of applied multivariate data analysis.
• Additional Required Methods Courses: Students take 9 credits of additional required methods courses, including EDUC 826 : Mixed Methods in Social Science Research, EDUC 863 : Program Evaluation in Education, and EDUC 873 : Multilevel Models in Education.
• Elective Methods Courses: Students take 3 or more credits of additional elective methods courses. Topics include Advanced Structural Equation Modeling, Bayesian Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation, Causal Inference, Data Mining in Education, Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Design, Item Response Theory, Longitudinal Data Analysis, Randomized Field Trials, Secondary Analysis of Large-Scale Survey Data, and Social Network Analysis.
• Education Specialization Courses: Students take 6 additional credits of content courses from a specialization area within the PhD in Education. View specialization courses online .
• Colloquium Series Course: A one-credit course ( EDUC 840 ) is offered each semester in conjunction with the colloquium series , and students complete a minimum of 4 credits of colloquium. The research colloquia introduce students to the foremost thinkers and researchers in the field of education. Guest scholars are invited to share their research findings with doctoral students and faculty in a setting that encourages collegiality and familiarizes students with a number of scholarly presentation styles and content areas.
• Dissertation credits: Nine hours of dissertation credit ( EDUC 969) is required of all PhD students, and additional coursework may be specified by a student’s advisory committee as part of the student’s Individual Program Plan.
• Total credits: A minimum of 55 credit hours is required to complete the program.

Download a sample student schedule for this program or view the schedule of course offerings .

Apprenticeship Activities

All of our PhD students are offered full funding for four years. Funded students participate in a 20-hour a week assistantship where they work closely with one or more UD professors, and have opportunities to learn and practice multiple methodologies, analyze data, and co-author academic papers. All students participate in the Steele Symposium, an annual college research forum; submit a publication to a peer-reviewed journal on which they are a coauthor; present their work at a national conference; and develop skills in university teaching.

Most of our students are in residence for all four years of the program (assistantships typically require residency, though there are exceptions). Students are required to complete at least one year in residence (one continuous academic year with 9 credit hours per semester). Students are strongly encouraged to complete this requirement in the first year.

Examinations

All students must pass an assessment based on the work completed in the Proseminars at the end of the first year. After students successfully pass the First Year Assessment, they may enroll in second-year courses. This First Year Assessment fulfills the University requirement for a qualifying examination.

Students must also pass the Fourth Year Exam in order to proceed to the dissertation. The exam assesses student proficiency in integrating various aspects of research methodology to address substantive issues in education.

Dissertation Proposal

Students complete a written proposal for their capstone dissertation project and defend it orally before their advisory committee.

Dissertation and Defense

Students complete a dissertation, an original work of scholarship, meeting SOE, College, University, and professional requirements. They also complete an oral defense of the work before their advisory committee.

Program Policy Document

Students may download the program policy document for complete information about this degree.

Program Requirements for the Master of Arts in Education

The MA in Education provides a master’s degree option for PhD students in good standing who want to obtain a master’s degree in conjunction with their doctoral degree, or for students in good standing who must leave the doctoral program prematurely because of family, health, or personal reasons. Students will not be admitted directly to the MA program, since the program requirements are embedded within the PhD requirements.

Admission Information

To apply to the PhD in ESRM program, complete the steps of the UD online graduate application process .

Application Requirements

Some application items specific to the PhD in ESRM program include:

• Transcripts of all previous academic work at the undergraduate and graduate (if applicable) level. Applicants may upload unofficial copies of their transcripts and if admitted, all transcripts will be verified by the Graduate College. Applicants who previously attended the University of Delaware still need to upload an unofficial transcript, but do not need to provide official transcripts for verification. Please do not send any transcripts to the School of Education.
• GRE scores are required. Students typically are expected to have minimum scores of 150 on the verbal and quantitative sections and a 4.0 on the analytic writing section. Most admitted students have far higher than the minimum scores. The GRE is optional for Fall 2025 applicants. Please see the note at the top of this section.
• Three letters of recommendation are required. Applicants should select recommenders who can comment on their potential to succeed in doctoral work.
• Applicants should introduce themselves and discuss educational and career goals related to the PhD in ESRM program and how this program is a good match for their interests. Applicants should identify their focus area and potential research interest.
• While there are no requirements set by the School of Education, personal statements are generally 2-5 pages in length.
• A resume is required.
• No writing samples or supplemental documents are required.
• International applicants must submit scores from either the TOEFL, IELTS, or iTEP Academic Plus. Scores more than two years old cannot be validated or considered official. Required minimum scores for the TOEFL are 100 (internet-based test-iBT), 600 (paper-based test), or 250 (computer-based test). For the IELTS, the minimum score is 7.0. For the iTEP Academic Plus, the minimum score is 4.5.

Application Deadline

The deadline for all applications is December 1  for study beginning the following Fall term.

In general, it is not possible to take required core courses before becoming admitted. The required core courses are generally restricted to students already admitted into the program.

Cost and Financial Support

Our full-time PhD in ESRM students receive guaranteed financial support for four years through a variety of sources, including assistantships and tuition scholarships. Students with assistantships receive 100% tuition scholarship and a 9-month stipend, plus health insurance. Merit-based supplemental funding is available. For more information about this financial support, visit CEHD’s graduate tuition page .

Graduate student assistants work 20 hours a week, engaged closely with their faculty mentors in research and teaching activities. Prospective students can learn more about PhD assistantship experiences through our PhD student spotlights and our PhD student directory .

We also have conference travel funding available through the the SOE and the UD Graduate College.

Graduate Placements and Jobs

Graduates of this STEM-designated degree program will be well prepared for careers in applied education research in several arenas in both the for-profit and non-profit sectors, such as:

• Tenure-track or research faculty at Research-I universities
• Research/evaluation staff at national research organizations (e.g., Abt, AIR, Mathematica, MDRC, RAND, Westat)
• Research/evaluation staff at local research organizations (e.g., Research for Action, Branch Associates, Research for Better Schools)
• Research/psychometric staff at national measurement organizations (e.g., College Board, CTB, ETS, Harcourt/Riverside, Pearson)
• Research/evaluation Staff in federal agencies (e.g., Institute of Education Sciences) and regional agencies (e.g., REL Mid-Atlantic)
• Research/evaluation Staff at local school districts and state education agencies

How to Apply

Applications for all graduate programs at the University of Delaware are done online through the UD Graduate College. To apply to the PhD in ESRM program, complete the steps of the UD online graduate application process . For information about graduate tuition, visit UD’s graduate tuition page for CEHD programs.

Student Spotlight

Kati Tilley

“Through my assistantship, I have gained critical experience in communicating research findings. One of the most valuable experiences I have had was learning to write and present results to a non-academic audience. I led the development of an individualized report of survey results and presented them in person to the schools who participated in our study.”

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Know How to Structure Your PhD Thesis

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In your academic career, few projects are more important than your PhD thesis. Unfortunately, many university professors and advisors assume that their students know how to structure a PhD. Books have literally been written on the subject, but there’s no need to read a book in order to know about PhD thesis paper format and structure. With that said, however, it’s important to understand that your PhD thesis format requirement may not be the same as another student’s. The bottom line is that how to structure a PhD thesis often depends on your university and department guidelines.

But, let’s take a look at a general PhD thesis format. We’ll look at the main sections, and how to connect them to each other. We’ll also examine different hints and tips for each of the sections. As you read through this toolkit, compare it to published PhD theses in your area of study to see how a real-life example looks.

Main Sections of a PhD Thesis

In almost every PhD thesis or dissertation, there are standard sections. Of course, some of these may differ, depending on your university or department requirements, as well as your topic of study, but this will give you a good idea of the basic components of a PhD thesis format.

• Abstract : The abstract is a brief summary that quickly outlines your research, touches on each of the main sections of your thesis, and clearly outlines your contribution to the field by way of your PhD thesis. Even though the abstract is very short, similar to what you’ve seen in published research articles, its impact shouldn’t be underestimated. The abstract is there to answer the most important question to the reviewer. “Why is this important?”
• Introduction : In this section, you help the reviewer understand your entire dissertation, including what your paper is about, why it’s important to the field, a brief description of your methodology, and how your research and the thesis are laid out. Think of your introduction as an expansion of your abstract.
• Literature Review : Within the literature review, you are making a case for your new research by telling the story of the work that’s already been done. You’ll cover a bit about the history of the topic at hand, and how your study fits into the present and future.
• Theory Framework : Here, you explain assumptions related to your study. Here you’re explaining to the review what theoretical concepts you might have used in your research, how it relates to existing knowledge and ideas.
• Methods : This section of a PhD thesis is typically the most detailed and descriptive, depending of course on your research design. Here you’ll discuss the specific techniques you used to get the information you were looking for, in addition to how those methods are relevant and appropriate, as well as how you specifically used each method described.
• Results : Here you present your empirical findings. This section is sometimes also called the “empiracles” chapter. This section is usually pretty straightforward and technical, and full of details. Don’t shortcut this chapter.
• Discussion : This can be a tricky chapter, because it’s where you want to show the reviewer that you know what you’re talking about. You need to speak as a PhD versus a student. The discussion chapter is similar to the empirical/results chapter, but you’re building on those results to push the new information that you learned, prior to making your conclusion.
• Conclusion : Here, you take a step back and reflect on what your original goals and intentions for the research were. You’ll outline them in context of your new findings and expertise.

Tips for your PhD Thesis Format

As you put together your PhD thesis, it’s easy to get a little overwhelmed. Here are some tips that might keep you on track.

• Don’t try to write your PhD as a first-draft. Every great masterwork has typically been edited, and edited, and…edited.
• Work with your thesis supervisor to plan the structure and format of your PhD thesis. Be prepared to rewrite each section, as you work out rough drafts. Don’t get discouraged by this process. It’s typical.
• Make your writing interesting. Academic writing has a reputation of being very dry.
• You don’t have to necessarily work on the chapters and sections outlined above in chronological order. Work on each section as things come up, and while your work on that section is relevant to what you’re doing.
• Don’t rush things. Write a first draft, and leave it for a few days, so you can come back to it with a more critical take. Look at it objectively and carefully grammatical errors, clarity, logic and flow.
• Know what style your references need to be in, and utilize tools out there to organize them in the required format.
• It’s easier to accidentally plagiarize than you think. Make sure you’re referencing appropriately, and check your document for inadvertent plagiarism throughout your writing process.

PhD Thesis Editing Plus

Want some support during your PhD writing process? Our PhD Thesis Editing Plus service includes extensive and detailed editing of your thesis to improve the flow and quality of your writing. Unlimited editing support for guaranteed results. Learn more here , and get started today!

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A Step-by-Step Guide on the Research Process for PhD Students

Are you about to commence a PhD? It’s quite an exciting time, with so much anticipation and nerves. You can’t be more of an expert on a topic than having a Doctorate on a particular subject, so you need to be passionate about your subject area to undertake this strenuous, demanding qualification. Some might be unsure about choosing an edD or PhD , but both are valuable qualifications. However, in this informative article, we’re going to focus on the PhD, and particularly the research process for students studying this intense qualification.

Researching for a doctoral thesis is hard work, and without the proper methods, you could find yourself floundering. Lucky for you, this helpful article will cover a step-by-step guide to the research process, so if you need to step up your research game for your postgraduate qualification, you can. Continue reading to learn more.

Consider Your Goal

The first thing to think about is your goal for undertaking a PhD or what you hope to achieve. Are you doing it to become an expert in a niche field, thereby increasing your employability? Or are you just deadly passionate about the topic and want to explore in-depth learning about your field? Before figuring out your research approach, it helps to define the reasons you’re embarking on this full-on journey of learning.

Pick a Research Methodology, and be Careful Here

The first step in conducting effective and efficient research for a PhD is to select the correct research methodology. There are various research methodologies, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research . Each approach has its strengths and drawbacks, and you should choose the one that best matches your research question and objectives. For instance, research about people’s experiences in a specific job is bound to be qualitative, but the long-term effects of a biological phenomenon should essentially be quantitative.

Develop and Write Up a Research Plan

Once you have picked your research methodology as described above, the next step is to develop and write up your research plan. A research plan will detail each step of your research in order to help you make sense of it and plot it out. It should include the main research question you’re asking, the research objectives, research design ideas, data collection methods, data analysis methods, interview schedules for qualitative research, and ethical considerations.

Perform a Literature Review

Before you start conducting interviews or collecting data for your PhD research, consider conducting a literature review . You’ll have full access to your tertiary institution’s libraries, including online journal articles, where existing research on your topic should exist.

A literature review will assist you in learning about the current existing knowledge and research dearth in your field of study. It will also help you create a theoretical framework for your research topic and will provide you with rich ideas for your thesis and data collection methods.

Data Collection Methods and Approaches

One essential part of PhD research is data collection for either qualitative or quantitative research. Qualitative data is people’s experiences, stories, and anecdotes – their thoughts, feelings, and impressions. At the same time, quantitative data is pure numbers and percentages. You should collect the data that is pertinent to your research question and objectives, as developed in your research plan that you’ve already prepared.

There are various data collection methods, all with benefits and drawbacks. These include interviews, surveys, experiments, and observations. You can select the data collection method that best matches your research question and objectives as outlined in your plan.

Choose a Supervisor

All PhD students need a supervisor, usually an academic Professor with expertise in their chosen research area. Some students even have a key supervisor with a few additional supervisors. Some may have up to four. You need to approach each one who will review your research plan and methodology and provide guidance throughout the process. It’s important to note that as professional academics, their time and attention are limited, so be sure to work closely with them to fit their busy schedules.

Manage Budgets

Some research projects for a PhD will require a budget, for instance, to book lab time or to reimburse research interview participants with gift cards or cash. You may need to design and manage the research budget for your project and request financial assistance through a grant application, which must be written to precise guidelines to ensure a chance of securing some funding.

Write Often and Early

A mistake some PhD students make is waiting until they’ve collected and analyzed all their data before they start writing their thesis . You should instead begin jotting down ideas and thoughts from the beginning of the process. By getting into the habit of writing early and often, you’ll make the mammoth task of writing your thesis easier as you’ll be in the practice and flow of writing. For instance, writing the literature review and research plan is a good starting point, but you should take extensive notes and jot down hypotheses and questions that arise throughout the whole research process.

A PhD Research Summary

This helpful and informative article has covered a step-by-step guide on the research process for PhD students. If you’re preparing to undergo this rigorous and intense period of study, knowing how to research effectively is critical to your success. So follow this guide and use it to your advantage.

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Former UCD Ph.D. elected into the National Academy of Science

• by Joanna I Kaminski
• May 10, 2024

PhD on Circular and climate neutral pavement strategies– an assessment framework

Job information, offer description.

Are you fascinated by the question of how society can be carbon-neutral and fully circular in 2050? And are you interested in quantifying a range of environmental effects? Do you want to do so with improved methods such as prospective LCA and material flow analysis? Would you like to know how circular pavement strategies contribute to climate targets? Job Description You will do research on assessing innovations in relation to circularity and climate change with focus in road infrastructure. Major aim of the PhD position is to develop a framework to assess the environmental footprints of circular roads building on prospective life cycle assessment and material flow analysis, and to apply this framework to assess contributions to circularity and climate targets (2030; 2050). You will develop an approach to compare eco-efficiencies of technological innovations and current and future road pavement scenarios. By applying this approach you will be able to answer questions like: To what extent does lifetime extension and improved circularity of roads help to reach climate neutrality? How much can be gained in terms of GHG reduction compared to the current situation? This PhD position will involve close collaboration with the Circularity and Sustainability Impact group at TNO, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research. The PhD research will contribute to and profit from an Internal TNO research program on technological innovations for extended asphalt lifetime. You will work in both institutes (TU/e in Eindhoven, TNO in Utrecht) and will be part of the multidisciplinary project team of the TNO research program. The Technology, Innovation, and Society (TIS) group at Eindhoven University of Technology straddles natural science, social science and humanities disciplines and provides a stimulating and collaborative environment. The TIS group is part of the Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences (IE&IS). Research at TIS concerns how humans and societies bring about technological change, and how technological innovations change society. With ~25 tenured staff and a large group of postdocs and PhD candidates, researchers in the TIS group try to bridge the engineering and social sciences in a systems perspective on sustainability transitions. The TIS staff teaches in the BSc program 'Sustainable Innovation', the MSc programs 'Sustainable Energy Technologies' and 'Innovation Management', and in university-wide programs for engineers.

Requirements

• A master's degree (or an equivalent university degree) in natural or technical sciences with a clear affinity towards environmental topics.
• A research-oriented attitude.
• Ability to work in an interdisciplinary team.
• Fluent in spoken and written English (C1 level).
• Prepared to work in two locations.
• Experience with Life Cycle Assessment and/or Material Flow Analysis is an advantage.

Additional Information

A meaningful job in a dynamic and ambitious university, in an interdisciplinary setting and within an international network. You will work on a beautiful, green campus within walking distance of the central train station. In addition, we offer you:

• Full-time employment for four years, with an intermediate evaluation (go/no-go) after nine months. You will spend 10% of your employment on teaching tasks.
• Salary and benefits (such as a pension scheme, paid pregnancy and maternity leave, partially paid parental leave) in accordance with the Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities, scale P (min. €2,770 max. €3,539).
• A year-end bonus of 8.3% and annual vacation pay of 8%.
• High-quality training programs and other support to grow into a self-aware, autonomous scientific researcher. At TU/e we challenge you to take charge of your own learning process .
• An excellent technical infrastructure, on-campus children's day care and sports facilities.
• An allowance for commuting, working from home and internet costs.
• A Staff Immigration Team and a tax compensation scheme (the 30% facility) for international candidates.

About us Eindhoven University of Technology is an internationally top-ranking university in the Netherlands that combines scientific curiosity with a hands-on attitude. Our spirit of collaboration translates into an open culture and a top-five position in collaborating with advanced industries. Fundamental knowledge enables us to design solutions for the highly complex problems of today and tomorrow. Curious to hear more about what it's like as a PhD candidate at TU/e? Please view the video. Information Do you recognize yourself in this profile and would you like to know more? You can contact the daily supervisor for this position dr. Mara Hauck ( [email protected] ). Prof.dr. Heleen de Coninck and prof.dr. Mark Huijbregts (TNO/Radboud University) are intended supervisors that award the doctoral degree. Visit our website for more information about the application process or the conditions of employment. You can also contact the hiring manager Hanneke Huijs-Palmen ( [email protected] ). Are you inspired and would like to know more about working at TU/e? Please visit our career page . Application We invite you to submit a complete application by using the apply button. The application should include a:

• Cover letter in which you describe your motivation to apply and qualifications for the position. Why you want us, and why we would want you.
• Curriculum vitae, including a list of any publications, grades for your MSc and BSc thesis, and the contact information of three references.

We look forward to receiving your application. The vacancy will remain open until June 2nd. First round of interviews will be held in week 25 (online).

Work Location(s)

Where to apply.