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Research on drugs

test UNODC research on drugs generates the sound knowledge needed to support evidence-based policies and programmes. Analysis of persistent and emerging challenges across the drug supply chain, from drug cultivation to trafficking and use, aims at strengthening responses to the drug problem at global, regional and national levels.

UNODC research activities on drugs dates back to the 1990s, when the 1997 World Drug Report, first of a long series, was published. The Report has become the flagship publication of the UNODC and its preparation, including the research activities it entails, embodies the large spectrum of issues that UNODC research on drugs covers.

World drug report

For the first time since its conception, this year the World Drug Report consists of two products, a web-based element and a set of booklets. The latest global, regional and subregional estimates of and trends in drug demand and supply are presented in a user-friendly, interactive online segment . While Special points of interest include key takeaways and policy implications, booklet 1 takes the form of an executive summary based on analysis of the key findings of the online segment and the thematic booklet 2 and the conclusions that can be drawn from them. In addition to providing an in-depth analysis of key developments and emerging trends in selected drug markets, including in countries currently experiencing conflict, booklet 2 focuses on a number of other contemporary issues related to drugs.

RESEARCH ON DRUG CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION

UNODC provides evidence on the general situation and trends in the production of opiates, cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants and cannabis at the global, regional and national levels.

To enhance knowledge and support countries in the collection of and reporting on data, UNODC works with Member States to monitor drug cultivation, production and manufacture, while collaboration with regional partners, intergovernmental organizations and academic institutions enhances monitoring capacities at national, regional and international levels.

RESEARCH ON DRUG TRAFFICKING

UNODC monitors global and regional developments in drug trafficking based on regular reporting from Member States, the monitoring of open sources and first-hand information from structured interviews or similar exercises.

Research on drug trafficking provides an overall picture of the illicit markets, covering aspects such as trafficking routes and flows, latest trends and emerging patterns in trafficking and distribution, criminal actors involved and modi operandi employed.

RESEARCH ON DRUG USE

UNODC monitors global and regional developments in the demand for drugs, including the non-medical use of pharmaceutical drugs, through various channels and activities, including regular reporting from Member States, household surveys and targeted studies of vulnerable population groups.

Information from these sources is used to produce datasets but also analysed holistically to provide an overall picture of the many challenges the world faces in terms of drug use and health consequences, covering aspects such as trends in extent and patterns of drug use, risk behaviours, drug related morbidity and mortality and coverage of drug treatment for those suffering from drug use disorders.

UNODC regularly updates global statistical series on drugs, including on drug trafficking (drug seizures, drug prices, drug purity, drug-related arrests). These data are available at dataUNODC

Following an extensive review of the current data collection instrument on drugs, the Annual Report Questionnaire, the UNODC, in consultation with experts from the Member States and international organisations, is preparing a revised Annual Report Questionnaire, which will be implemented from 2021.

28-30 August 2019 , Second Expert Working Group on improving drug statistics and strengthening the Annual Report Questionnaire (ARQ)

29-31 January 2018 , Expert Working Group on Improving Drug Statistics and Strengthening the Annual Report Questionnaire (ARQ)

Fraud Alert
Legal Notice

Recent publications on organized crime: the year 2020

Publication Monitor
Published: 19 March 2021
Volume 24 , pages 388–417, ( 2021 )

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Klaus von Lampe 1

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This is a list of over 300 English-language publications on organized crime and related topics from the year 2020. Books are included by copyright date. Journal articles are not included by the date they are posted online first, but by the year of the issue or volume once they are formally published. Pertinent publications were identified through searches in various databases, including Google Scholar and Google Books , using search terms including “organized crime,” “criminal network,” “mafia,” “trafficking,” and “smuggling.” Authors and publishers also provided information. The aim was to list publications that reflect the multi-facetted nature of the study of organized crime, understood broadly to encompass the study of the organization crimes, the study of the organization of criminals, and the study of the organization of social spheres by criminals for criminal purposes. All articles from volume 23 of Trends in Organized Crime were included without a separate examination of their thematic scope.

Aguirre, A. Alonso, Catherina, Richard, Frye, Hailey, Shelley, Louise (2020). Illicit Wildlife Trade, Wet Markets, and COVID‐19: Preventing Future Pandemics. World Medical and Health Policy 12(3):256–265.

Agu, Helen U., Gore, Meredith L. (2020). Women in wildlife trafficking in Africa: A synthesis of literature. Global Ecology and Conservation 23(1):e01166.

Albanese, Jay S. (2020). Why Organized Crime Seeks New Criminal Markets. In: Y. Zabyelina, D. van Uhm (Eds.), Illegal Mining: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Ecocide in a Resource-Scarce World (pp. 31–42). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ambagtsheer, Frederike (2020). Combating Human Trafficking for the Purpose of Organ Removal: Lessons Learned from Prosecuting Criminal Cases. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1733–1749). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ambagtsheer, Frederike, Van Balen, Linde (2020). ‘I’m not Sherlock Holmes’: Suspicions, secrecy and silence of transplant professionals in the human organ trade. European Journal of Criminology 17(6):764–783.

Anderson Baxter, Alexandra Louise (2020). When the Line between Victimization and Criminalization Blurs: The Victim-Offender Overlap Observed in Female Offenders in Cases of Trafficking in Persons for Sexual Exploitation in Australia. Journal of Human Trafficking 6(3):327–338.

Andreatta, Daniela, Favarin, Serena (2020). Features of transnational illicit waste trafficking and crime prevention strategies to tackle it. Global Crime 21(2):130–153.

Antonopoulos, Georgios A., Baratto, Gabriele, Di Nicola, Andrea, Diba, Parisa, Martini, Elisa, Papanicolaou, Georgios, Terenghi, Fiamma (2020). Technology in Human Smuggling and Trafficking: Case Studies from Italy and the United Kingdom . Cham: Springer.

Antonopoulos, Georgios A., Hall, Alexandra, Large, Joanna, Shen, Anqi (2020). Counterfeit goods fraud: an account of its financial management. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 26(3):357–378.

Artinopoulou, Vasiliki, Koufouli, Alexandra (2020). Legislation, Policies, and Practices Against Trafficking in Human Beings: The Case of Kosovo. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1113–1132). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Askola, Heli (2020). Regional Responses to Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia and Australasia. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 901–915). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Avery, Simon (2020). For fraud, look under ‘serious and organized crime’. Public Money and Management 40(5):407–414.

Aziani, Alberto (2020). Violent disequilibrium: the influence of instability in the economic value of cocaine markets on homicides. Crime, Law and Social Change 74(3):245–272.

Aziani, Alberto, Dugato, Marco, Meneghini, Cecilia (2020). A methodology for estimating the illicit consumption of cigarettes at the country level. Global Crime 21(2):154–184.

Aziani, Alberto, Favarin, Serena, Campedelli, Gian Maria (2020). Security Governance: Mafia Control over Ordinary Crimes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57(4):444–492.

Aziani, Alberto, Favarin, Serena, Campedelli, Gian Maria (2020). A Security Paradox: The Influence Of Governance-Type Organized Crime Over the Surrounding Criminal Environment. British Journal of Criminology 60(4):970–993.

Azis, Avyanthi, Wahyudi, Ridwan (2020). Imperfect Victims and an Imperfect Protocol: Reflecting on the Trafficking Experiences of Indonesian Migrant Fishermen. Journal of Human Trafficking 6(2):156–167.

Baika, Laura, Campana, Paolo (2020). Centrality, Mobility, and Specialization: A Study of Drug Markets in a Non-metropolitan Area in the United Kingdom. Journal of Drug Issues 50(2):107–126.

Balcells, Marc (2020). Old dogs, new tricks: The use of technology by Italian archaeological looters. In: P.C. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G.A. Antonopoulos, J.H. Harvey, K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal Defiance in Europe and Beyond: From organised crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 449–475). The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Bales, Kevin, Murphy, Laura T., Silverman, Bernard W. (2020). How many trafficked people are there in Greater New Orleans? Lessons in measurement. Journal of Human Trafficking 6(4):375–387.

Barkoukis, Vassilis, Lazuras, Lambros, Kourelis, Panagiotis (2020). A preliminary investigation of the decision making process towards match fixing. Crime, Law and Social Change 74(1):45–54.

Battisti, Michele, Bernardo, Giovanni, Konstantinidi, Antri, Kourtellos, Andros, Lavezzi, Andrea Mario (2020). Socio-Economic Inequalities and Organized Crime: An Empirical Analysis. In: D. Weisburd, E.U. Savona, B. Hasisi, F. Calderoni (Eds.), Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism (pp. 205–239). Cham: Springer.

Batura, Olga, op 't Hoog, Gabrielle, van Wanrooij, Niels (2020). Why do we know so little about illicit trade in cultural goods? An analysis of obstacles to collecting reliable data. In: P.C. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G.A. Antonopoulos, J.H. Harvey, K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal Defiance in Europe and Beyond: From organised crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 427–448). The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Bauman, Rebecca (2020). Soldiers for the Mob: The Military as Metaphor for Italian Organized Crime. In: M. Roveri (Ed.), Italy and the Military: Cultural Perspectives from Unification to Contemporary Italy (pp. 331–346). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Becucci, Stefano (2020). Human Smuggling to Italy through the Libyan Coasts. In: P.C. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G.A. Antonopoulos, J.H. Harvey, K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal Defiance in Europe and Beyond: From organised crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 245–273). The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Beka, Agnesa A. (2020). Some features of organized crime in Kosovo. Technium Social Sciences Journal 10(1):201–206.

Belhabib, Dyhia, Le Billon, Philippe, Wrathall, David J. (2020). Narco‐Fish: Global fisheries and drug trafficking. Fish and Fisheries 21(5):992–1007.

Bellotti, Elisa, Spencer, Jon, Lord, Nick, Benson, Katie (2020). Counterfeit alcohol distribution: A criminological script network analysis. European Journal of Criminology 17(4):373–398.

Bernet Kempers, Eva (2020). Between Informality and Organized Crime: Criminalization of Small-Scale Mining in the Peruvian Rainforest. In: Y. Zabyelina, D. van Uhm (Eds.), Illegal Mining: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Ecocide in a Resource-Scarce World (pp. 273–298). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Berruti, Gilda, Palestino, Maria Federica (2020). Contested land and blurred rights in the Land of Fires (Italy). International Planning Studies 25(3):277–288.

Bertola, Federico (2020). Drug Trafficking on Darkmarkets: How Cryptomarkets are Changing Drug Global Trade and the Role of Organized Crime. American Journal of Qualitative Research 4(2):27–34.

Blokland, Arjan, Van Der Leest, Wouter, Soudijn, Melvin (2020). Officially Registered Criminal Careers of Members of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and Their Support Clubs. Deviant Behavior 41(11):1393–1412.

Blom, Nadine (2020). Human Trafficking: An International Response. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1275–1298). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bouchard, Martin (2020). Collaboration and Boundaries in Organized Crime: A Network Perspective. Crime and Justice 49(1):425–469.

Bouche, Vanessa, Bailey, Madeleine (2020). The UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons: An Aspirational Tool with Great Potential. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 163–176). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Broad, Rosemary, Muraszkiewicz, Julia (2020). The Investigation and Prosecution of Traffickers: Challenges and Opportunities. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 707–723). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Broadhurst, Roderic (2020). Transnational crime in Asia: Illicit markets and innovation. In: T. Wing Lo, D. Siegel and S.I. Kwok (Eds.), Organized Crime and Corruption Across Borders: Exploring the Belt and Road Initiative (pp. 73–98). London: Routledge.

Brown, Stuart S., Hermann, Margaret G. (2020). Transnational Crime and Black Spots: Rethinking Sovereignty and the Global Economy . Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Bruckmüller, Karin (2020). Trafficking of Human Beings for Organ (Cells and Tissue) Removal. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 319–337). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Bruwer, Carina (2020). Smuggling and Trafficking of Illicit Goods by Sea. In: L. Otto (Ed.), Global Challenges in Maritime Security: An Introduction (pp. 49–73). Cham: Springer.

Bryant, Katharine, Landman, Todd (2020). Combatting Human Trafficking since Palermo: What Do We Know about What Works? Journal of Human Trafficking 6(2):119–140.

Brzenchek, Robert M. (2020). Transnational Organized Crime: Intervention, Prevention, and Suppression of Cybersecurity . Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Burcher, Morgan (2020). Social Network Analysis and Law Enforcement: Applications for Intelligence Analysis . Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Buszko, Andrzej (2020). Transformation Towards a Market Oriented Economy – an Impetus or Hindrance for Organized Crime in Poland? Olsztyn Economic Journal 15(1):5–22.

Calamunci, Francesca, Drago, Francesco (2020). The Economic Impact of Organized Crime Infiltration in the Legal Economy: Evidence from the Judicial Administration of Organized Crime Firms. Italian Economic Journal 6(2):275–297.

Calderoni, Francesco, Campedelli, Gian Maria, Comunale, Tommaso, Marchesi, Martina E. Savona, Ernesto U. (2020). Recruitment into organised criminal groups: A systematic review. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 583(1):1–28.

Calderoni, Francesco, Catanese, Salvatore, De Meo, Pasquale, Ficara, Annamaria, Fiumara, Giacomo (2020). Robust link prediction in criminal networks: A case study of the Sicilian Mafia. Expert Systems with Applications 161(1):113,666.

Campana, Paolo (2020). Human Smuggling: Structure and Mechanisms. Crime and Justice 49(1):471–519.

Caneppele, Stefano, Langlois, Fiona, Verschuuren, Pim (2020). Those who counter match-fixing fraudsters: voices from a multistakeholder ecosystem. Crime, Law and Social Change 74(1):13–26.

Carbajal Glass, Fausto (2020). Where the Metal Meets the Flesh: Organized Crime, Violence, and the Illicit Iron Ore Economy in Mexico’s Michoacán State. In: Y. Zabyelina, D. van Uhm (Eds.), Illegal Mining: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Ecocide in a Resource-Scarce World (pp. 147–183). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Catino, Maurizio (2020). Italian Organized Crime since 1950. Crime and Justice 49(1):69–140.

Cavallaro, Lucia, Ficara, Annamaria, De Meo, Pasquale, Fiumara, Giacomo, Catanese, Salvatore, Bagdasar, Ovidiu, Song, Wei, Liotta, Antonio (2020). Disrupting resilient criminal networks through data analysis: The case of Sicilian Mafia. PLoS ONE 15(8):e0236476.

Chavez Villegas, Cirenia (2020). Poverty, Aspirations, and Organized Crime in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Victims and Offenders 15(3):330–349.

Checchi, Valeria Virginia, Polo, Michele (2020). Blowing in the Wind: The Infiltration of Sicilian Mafia in the Wind Power Business. Italian Economic Journal 6(2):325–352.

Childs, Andrew, Coomber, Ross, Bull, Melissa, Barratt, Monica J. (2020). Evolving and Diversifying Selling Practices on Drug Cryptomarkets: An Exploration of Off-Platform “Direct Dealing”. Journal of Drug Issues 50(2):173–190.

Churakova, Irina, van der Westhuizen, Amanda (2020). Human Trafficking in the Russian Federation: Scope of the Problem. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1071–1092). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cimino, Francesca, Mannu, Daniela (2020). Smuggling, Trafficking, and Exploitation among Unaccompanied Minors Arriving in Friuli Venezia Giulia from the Middle East. Peace Human Rights Governance 4(3):287–309.

Cingano, Federico, Tonello, Marco (2020). Law Enforcement, Social Control and Organized Crime: Evidence from Local Government Dismissals in Italy. Italian Economic Journal 6(2):221–254.

Cockbain, Ella, Bowers, Kate, Vernon, Liam (2020). Using Law Enforcement Data in Trafficking Research. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1709–1732). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Columb, Sean (2020). Trading Life: Organ trafficking, illicit networks, and exploitation . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Comunale, Tommaso, Calderoni, Francesco, Marchesi, Martina, Superchi, Elisa, Campedelli, Gian Maria (2020). Systematic Review of the Social, Psychological and Economic Factors Relating to Involvement and Recruitment into Organized Crime. In: D. Weisburd, E.U. Savona, B. Hasisi, F. Calderoni (Eds.), Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism (pp. 175–204). Cham: Springer.

Constantinou, Angelo G. (2020). The roles and actions of sex traffickers in Cyprus: an overview. Trends in Organized Crime 23(4):324–349.

Cortes-McPherson, Dolores (2020). Digging into the Mining Subculture: The Dynamics of Trafficking in Persons in the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining of Peru’s Madre de Dios. In: Y. Zabyelina, D. van Uhm (Eds.), Illegal Mining: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Ecocide in a Resource-Scarce World (pp. 359–386). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cortes-McPherson, Dolores (2020). Labor Trafficking of Men in the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Camps of Madre de Dios: A Reflection from the “Diaspora Networks” Perspective. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1785–1802). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Dadpay, Ali (2020). An Analysis of Fuel Smuggling in the Middle East as a Single Multinational Market. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 20(4):643–656.

Dagnes, Joselle, Donatiello, Davide, Moiso, Valentina, Pellegrino, Davide, Sciarrone, Rocco, Storti, Luca (2020). Mafia infiltration, public administration and local institutions: A comparative study in Northern Italy. European Journal of Criminology 17(5):540–562.

Dandurand, Yvon, Jahn, Jessica (2020). The Failing International Legal Framework on Migrant Smuggling and Human Trafficking. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 783–800). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Davies, Jon (2020). Criminological reflections on the regulation and governance of labour exploitation. Trends in Organized Crime 23(1):57–76.

Dean, Laura A. (2020). Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy in Eurasia . Bristol: Policy Press.

De Moor, Sabine, Vandeviver, Christophe, Vander Beken, Tom (2020). Assessing the missing data problem in criminal network analysis using forensic DNA data. Social Networks 61(1):99–106.

Derencinovic, Davor (2020). Human Trafficking in Southeastern Europe: Council of Europe Perspective. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1001–1014). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Deuchar, Ross, Harding, Simon, McLean, Robert, Densley, James A. (2020). Deficit or Credit? A Comparative, Qualitative Study of Gender Agency and Female Gang Membership in Los Angeles and Glasgow. Crime and Delinquency 66(8):1087–1114.

Devine, Jennifer A., Currit, Nathan, Reygadas, Yunuen, Liller, Louise I., Allen, Gabrielle (2020). Drug trafficking, cattle ranching and Land use and Land cover change in Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve. Land Use Policy 95(1):104,578.

Dhungel, Rita (2020). “No More Interviews Please”: Experiences of Trafficking Survivors in Nepal. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 227–245). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Diaz-Cervero, Elba, Barredo, Daniel (2020). Journalistic Coverage of Organized Crime in Mexico: Reporting on the Facts, Security Protocols, and Recurrent Subthemes. International Journal of Communication 14(1):2500–2518.

Diviak, Tomas, Coutinho, James A., Stivala, Alex D. (2020). A Man’s world? Comparing the structural positions of men and women in an organized criminal network. Crime, Law and Social Change 74(5):547–569.

Diviak, Tomas, Dijkstra, Jan Kornelis, Snijders, Tom A.B. (2020). Poisonous connections: a case study on a Czech counterfeit alcohol distribution network. Global Crime 21(1):51–73.

Djordjevic, Sasa, Dobovsek, Bojan (2020). Organised crime in Western Balkans Six at the onset of coronavirus. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40(9–10):807–820.

DoCarmo, Tania E. (2020). Ethical Considerations for Studying Human Trafficking. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 177–194). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

DoCarmo, Tania E. (2020). Major International Counter-Trafficking Organizations: Addressing Human Trafficking from Multiple Directions. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1429–1444). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Doig, Alan, Sproat, Peter (2020). A Policy in Search of an Evidence Base: A credible means of implementation? A UK case study on a central government initiative to address the threat of organised crime involvement in local government procurement. In: P.C. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G.A. Antonopoulos, J.H. Harvey, K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal Defiance in Europe and Beyond: From organised crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 187–216). The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Doig, Alan, Sproat, Peter A. (2020). Local responses to a national initiative on organised crime and local government procurement fraud. Journal of Financial Crime 27(1):78–91.

Drury, Lisbeth, Travaglino, Giovanni A. (2020). Demobilising by legitimising: Masculine honour, positive and negative contact, and social activism against criminal organisations. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 23(3):402–417.

Dugato, Marco, Calderoni, Francesco, Berlusconi, Giulia (2020). Forecasting Organized Crime Homicides: Risk Terrain Modeling of Camorra Violence in Naples, Italy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35(19–20):4013–4039.

Dugato, Marco, Calderoni, Francesco, Campedelli, Gian Maria (2020). Measuring Organised Crime Presence at the Municipal Level. Social Indicators Research 147(1):237–261.

Dulin, Adam L., Patino, Jairo (2020). Mexican cartel expansion: a quantitative examination of factors associated with territorial claims. Crime, Law and Social Change 73(3):315–336.

Duong, Kim Ann (2020). Human Trafficking and Migration: Examining the Issues from Gender and Policy Perspectives. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1819–1833). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Duxbury, Scott, Haynie, Dana L. (2020). The responsiveness of criminal networks to intentional attacks: Disrupting darknet drug trade. PLoS ONE 15(9):e0238019.

Dziewanski, Dariusz (2020). Leaving Gangs in Cape Town: Disengagement as Role Exist. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 49(4):507–535.

El Khoury, Janane (2020). Combatting Human Trafficking in Lebanon: Prosecution, Protection, and Prevention. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1205–1217). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Farrell, Amy, Bright, Katherine, de Vries, Ieke, Pfeffer, Rebecca, Dank, Meredith (2020). Policing labor trafficking in the United States. Trends in Organized Crime 23(1):36–56.

Farrell, Amy, de Vries, Ieke (2020). Measuring the Nature and Prevalence of Human Trafficking. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 147–162). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Farrell, Amy, Kane, Brianne (2020). Criminal Justice System Responses to Human Trafficking. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 641–657). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Farrell, Amy, Wills, Candence, Nicolas, Carlande (2020). Police Engagement in Multidisciplinary Team Approaches to Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. In: B. Fox, J.A. Reid, A.J. Masys (Eds.), Science Informed Policing (pp. 195–214). Cham: Springer.

Favarin, Serena, Aziani, Alberto (2020). The Global Waste Trafficking and Its Correlates. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 36(3):351–383.

Fazio, Ida (2020). Illicit trades and smuggling activities on the island of Stromboli, 1808–1816: gender roles during a commercial crisis. Continuity and Change 35(Special Issue 1):11–31.

Fazzi, Luca, Elsen, Susanne (2020). Actors in Social Agriculture Cooperatives Combating Organized Crime in Southern Italy: Cultivating the Ground. Sustainability 12(21):9257.

Finnegan, Jennifer C., Masys, Anthony J. (2020). An Epidemiological Framework for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorist Networks. In: B. Fox, J.A. Reid, A.J. Masys (Eds.), Science Informed Policing (pp. 19–37). Cham: Springer.

Fischer Bjelland, Heidi (2020). Conceptions of Success: Understandings of Successful Policing of Human Trafficking. Policing 14(3):712–725.

Fontana, Iole (2020). Migration Crisis, Organised Crime and Domestic Politics in Italy: Unfolding the Interplay. South European Society and Politics 25(1):49–74.

Gallien, Max (2020). Informal Institutions and the Regulation of Smuggling in North Africa. Perspectives on Politics 18(2):492–508.

Gara, Mario, Pauselli, Claudio (2020). Looking at ‘Crying Wolf’ from a Different Perspective: An Attempt at Detecting Banks Under- and Over-Reporting of Suspicious Transactions. Italian Economic Journal 6(2):299–324.

Geest, Victor, van Koppen, M. Vere, Kleemans, Edward R. (2020). Delinquent Development, Employment and Income in a Sample of Dutch Organized Crime Offenders: Shape, Content, and Correlates of Delinquent Trajectories from Age 12 to 65. In: D. Weisburd, E.U. Savona, B. Hasisi, F. Calderoni (Eds.), Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism (pp. 309–335). Cham: Springer.

Gibbs, Deborah A., Aboul-Hosn, Sue, Kluckman, Marianne N. (2020). Child Labor Trafficking within The US: A First Look at Allegations Investigated by Florida’s Child Welfare Agency. Journal of Human Trafficking 6(4):435–449.

Gilinskiy, Yakov, Siegel, Dina (2020). Organized crime in contemporary Russia. In: T.W. Lo, D. Siegel, S.I. Kwok (Eds.), Organized Crime and Corruption Across Borders: Exploring the Belt and Road Initiative (pp. 153–165). London: Routledge.

Gooch, Kate, Treadwell, James (2020). Prisoner Society in an Era of Psychoactive Substances, Organized Crime, New Drug Markets and Austerity. British Journal of Criminology 60(5):1260–1281.

Gregori, Matteo, Merlone, Ugo (2020). Comparing operational terrorist networks. Trends in Organized Crime 23(3):263–288.

Grubb, Jonathan A. (2020). The Rise of Sex Trafficking Online. In: T.J. Holt, A.M. Bossler (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance (pp. 1151–1175). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Han, Seungbaek (2020). Match-fixing under the state monopoly sports betting system: a case study of the 2011 K-League scandal. Crime, Law and Social Change 74(1):97–113.

Hartmann, Arthur (2020). Twenty-five years of legislation and law enforcement against money laundering in Germany: Facts and opinions. In: P.C. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G.A. Antonopoulos, J.H. Harvey, K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal Defiance in Europe and Beyond: From organised crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 325–352). The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Hataley, Todd (2020). Trade-based money laundering: organized crime, learning and international trade. Journal of Money Laundering Control 23(3):651–661.

Heber, Anita (2020). Purity or danger? The establishment of sex trafficking as a social problem in Sweden. European Journal of Criminology 17(4):420–440.

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Relevance of Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPs) Act, 1985

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Pharma Springs Publication

FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND HEALTH SCIENCES (FJPHS)

This study explores the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985 (NDPS Act) and its enforcement in South India. It provides a nuanced understanding of the Act's application through an analysis of legal provisions, case studies, and regional practices. The research focuses on regulatory frameworks, law enforcement strategies, and the societal impact of drug control policies in the southern states of India, highlighting the multifaceted nature of these policies. The findings emphasize the importance of contextspecific approaches in drug regulation and enforcement. The NDPS Act, enacted by the Government of India, addresses the illicit trafficking and abuse of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It regulates activities related to these substances, including production, manufacture, possession, sale, purchase, transport, warehousing, use, consumption, and interstate and international trade. This comprehensive legislation plays a crucial role in shaping drug control strategies and has significant implications for both legal enforcement and social dynamics within the region.

IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)

TAPAN K U M A R MAHATO

NDPS Act i.e. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act came into existence on 14 November 1985 and it is applicable all over India. The act was made with the purpose to control the cultivation, manufacture, transport, distribution, export, import and use of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In common sense, Narcotic drugs induces sleep while Psychotropic substances have the ability to alter the mind of an individual, hence these are called drugs of abuse and because of these effects a person becomes habitual of these drugs called drug addiction. Although, as these kinds of drugs have their importance in treatment of various diseases that is why these drugs are available in pharmacies and can be obtained only on the prescription of registered medical practitioner. If someone found in violation of this law, provision of punishment is there which includes rigorous imprisonment or fine or both. The present study is based on understanding drug abuse, NDPS act and drug demand reduction and how a pharmacist can play his role in overcoming the serious problem of drug abuse in our country because drug abuse is not only a individual's problem but it is a psycho-socioeconomic problem.

olley benjamin

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A drug is any biological substance, synthetic or non-synthetic, that is taken primarily for non-dietary needs. It is usually synthesized outside an organism, but introduced into an organism to produce its action. Drug addiction is a growing problem in India. This paper highlights the statistics and trends of abuse of most common illicit drugs in children in India and laws both in India and Internationally for prohibition of drugs of abuse.

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Article 54 of Law Number 35 of 2009 stipulates that Narcotics addicts and victims of Narcotics abuse are required to undergo medical rehabilitation and social rehabilitation. This regulation is categorized as a "special" regulation that deviates from the general criminal system prevailing in Indonesia. It is called "special" because it applies a double track criminal system, namely a criminal system that produces two types of sanctions: Criminal and action. In this case, all court institutions in Indonesia are required to provide action sanctions, namely the rehabilitation of all Narcotics abusers and dealers sentenced to imprisonment or the death penalty. Rehabilitation is regulated in CHAPTER IX of Law Number 35 of 2009. Rehabilitation is divided into two, namely Medical Rehabilitation and Social Rehabilitation. Article 53 concerning Treatment is stated in paragraphs (1) to (3) regarding the ability of patients who are being rehabilitated to store, carry, and use Narcotics Category II or Category III at the request of a doctor and medical indications. Moving on from the regulation, the author will elaborate with the juridical-normative study method and descriptive-analysis from primary and secondary legal sources. The problem of the study that will be resolved is to what extent these regulations can be applied by doctors and what conditions must be met? Does the regulation not conflict with other laws and regulations? How effective is the method based on medical research? Through these questions, the author analyzes the main issues that arise in the material of Article 54 Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics.

Marijuana’s Health Effects Are About to Get a Whole Lot Clearer

Rescheduling weed will clear the way for scientists to study it more directly.

Illustration of a microscope made into a bong

Earlier this week, news leaked of the biggest change in federal drug policy in more than half a century. The Associated Press reported —and the Department of Justice later confirmed —that the Drug Enforcement Administration plans to recategorize marijuana under the Controlled Substances Act. Since the 1970s, it’s been placed in Schedule I, a highly controlled group that includes drugs like heroin, with a high potential for abuse and no medical use. But cannabis will soon be moved to the much less restrictive Schedule III, which includes prescription drugs such as ketamine and Tylenol with codeine that have a moderate-to-low risk of addiction.

Currently, recreational cannabis is legal for adults over the age of 21 in 24 states, which are home to more than half of the U.S. population. According to a recent Harris poll , about 40 percent of Americans use cannabis, and a quarter do so on at least a weekly basis. And yet, researchers and physicians told me, scientific consensus on the drug’s precise effects—especially on the heart and lungs, mental health, and developing adolescent brains—is still lacking. Rescheduling marijuana will broaden access further still, which makes finding better answers to those questions even more crucial.

Conveniently, rescheduling marijuana is also likely to spur in-depth study, in part by expanding research opportunities that were previously limited or nonexistent. Easing restrictions will ultimately mean learning a lot more about the potential harms and benefits of a drug that for decades has been both popular and demonized.

Historically, the scope of cannabis research has been fairly limited. The National Institute on Drug Abuse, a major federal research funder, has a directive to study the harms of cannabis use rather than any potential benefits, says Amanda Reiman, the chief knowledge officer of New Frontier Data. (New Frontier is an analytics firm focused on the legal cannabis industry.) In 2018, research on the potential harms of cannabis use received more than double the funding that research on its medicinal or therapeutic use did in the U.S., U.K., and Canada. In 2020, a spokesperson for NIDA told Science that although the agency’s traditional focus was on marijuana addiction, it has started exploring the therapeutic potential of compounds in cannabis to treat addiction to other substances.

U.S. policy has also made marijuana research of any sort very difficult. Until recently, scientists had to obtain their supply from NIDA’s high-security Mississippi facility. (Six more sources were approved last year.) Researchers regularly complained that the marijuana was moldy, and far from the quality that regular consumers could purchase legally at their local dispensary, with less THC and CBD.

Read: The government’s weed is terrible

Most existing research on how cannabis affects our hearts, our brains, and our society at large is based on self-reported survey data, Peter Grinspoon, a physician at Massachusetts General Hospital and a medical-cannabis expert, told me. Such data are “notoriously inaccurate,” he said. But researchers have been forced to rely on these methods because cannabis is a Schedule I drug, so no studies that receive federal funding can simply give marijuana from state-approved dispensaries to people and record what happens.

As a result, the field lacks the number of high-quality studies necessary for researchers to agree on their implications, says Nick Cioe, an associate professor at Assumption University in Massachusetts who has studied the effects of marijuana on traumatic brain injuries. Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard of determining a given drug’s harms and benefits, but for weed, they’ve been nearly impossible. The FDA has approved a handful of cannabis-derived products to treat conditions such as seizures and chemotherapy-induced nausea, but that’s not the same as understanding the effects of recreational weed.

After marijuana is officially rescheduled, researchers will have a far easier time studying the drug’s effects. Researching any federally controlled substance is difficult, but obtaining the proper licenses for using Schedule III drugs in the lab is much less arduous than for Schedule I. Scientists will also have far more opportunities to obtain federal grant funding from all sorts of governmental bodies—the National Institutes of Health, the EPA, even the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration—as policy makers rush to understand the implications of legalization.

Human trials won’t start the second that the DEA makes marijuana’s new status official. Researchers will have to wait for guidance from federal agencies like the FDA and the NIH, says R. Lorraine Collins, the director of the University at Buffalo’s Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. And given the limitations around Schedule III drugs, scientists still won’t be able to simply purchase the same cannabis that millions of Americans are consuming from their local dispensary.

Read: Almost no one is happy with legal weed

Schedule III won’t “magically alleviate the bureaucratic headaches” associated with researching cannabis, Grinspoon said. But “it’s going to be a lot easier to say, ‘Let’s give this person cannabis and see what happens to their blood pressure.’”

Researching the History and Effects of Narcotics Research Paper

History of narcotics, pharmacological effects of narcotics, side effects of narcotics, heroin abuse.

A narcotic is a term that was originally used to describe drugs that are medically used for inducing sleep. However, the term today has negative connotations to it. In a legal context, it is used to describe substances that are prohibited by the law. Possession of substances that are classified as narcotics increases the penalties for violation of drug control statutes. For instance, the penalty for possession of cocaine is greater than that of possession of amphetamines because narcotics are classified as narcotics (Walker & Wood, 2003).

The word narcotic originates from a Greek word that means stupor. It is believed to have been coined by a Greek physician known as Galen. He used the term to mean a substance that causes paralysis. The term was also used by Hippocrates when he was describing the process of numbing or a numbed state. Galen used poppy juice, commonly known as opium and alters seeds as examples of narcotics. The term narcotic was originally used to describe any substances that induce sleep, relieve pain or cause numbness. The word is now used to refer to any illicit substances or substances that bind to opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are those membrane proteins that are activated by substances such as heroin and morphine (Walker & Wood, 2003).

Narcotics have pharmacological effects when delivered to a patient and these effects can be positive or negative. They are known to relieve pain without the patient losing consciousness. This is known as the analgesic effect. Narcotics are commonly used for this purpose. The process through which narcotics work cannot be clearly described although it is believed that analgesia is obtained through the action of chemical substances found in the narcotics on the cerebral cortex. They’re also known to raise a patient’s threshold for pain and therefore are used as pain relievers. They produce a soothing and relaxing effect. In addition, they are also used on patients who are terminally ill.

They are also used as antitussive agents. These agents serve to control or prevent a cough. They usually depress the cough center of the brain and as a result, produce the antitussive effect. The antitussive dose is usually lower than the analgesic dose. However, narcotics cannot be used for all types of coughs. Sometimes it is important for the patient to cough in order to expel substances from the lungs.

Narcotics can alter the mood of a patient. Mood changes can be put into two categories: dysphoria and euphoria. Dysphoria is characterized by feelings of anxiety, fidgetiness or being ill at ease while euphoria is characterized by an exaggerated feeling of being well (Glass, 2001).

They also produce effects on the gastrointestinal system. Patients have reported suffering from constipation after being administered narcotics. This is because they reduce the peristaltic movements of the gastrointestinal tract. It is for this effect that they can be used to treat diarrhea. They can also be used to cause nausea and vomiting. This is because they can be used to stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone which is located at the base of the brain which in turn produces nausea and vomiting (Glass, 2001).

Narcotics have also been used to reduce the sensitivity of the medullary centers to carbon dioxide in the blood. This in turn causes depression in the respiratory tract and this only takes place under higher doses of narcotics.

One of the common side effects of narcotics is dizziness and drowsiness. However, these effects decrease as the body gets used to the medication. In order to reduce this effect, medical practitioners advise that patients take the drugs with food.

Nausea and vomiting are other effects of narcotics. It is advised that a change in diet should be observed and eating small amounts of food. Avoiding spicy foods and fatty foods may relieve vomiting and nausea. Headache and fatigue is other side effect of narcotics. However, this effect should diminish with time as the body gets used to the medications (Glass, 2001).

Tolerance and addiction may come as a result of using narcotics. When one uses them over a long period of time, they are likely to develop tolerance and thus may need to use larger amounts of the medication in order to relieve any symptoms of the disease. Constipation is also another side effect of using narcotics. This is because they slow down the gastrointestinal tract (Glass, 2001).

Heroin is a highly addictive substance that is illegal in most countries in the world. It is considered to be the most abused substance and is processed from morphine. It usually comes in a white or brownish powder or as a black sticky substance known as black tar heroin (Cobb, 2006). Pure heroin is common but it is mostly ‘cut’ with other substances such as powdered milk, sugar, etc. most people who abuse this drug do not know the true strength of the drug and therefore end up overdosing and dying. Using the drug also comes with other complications such as HIV which is easily spread through sharing of needles. The heroine is mostly consumed through smoking, injection or sniffing. A heroin user may inject himself/ herself up to four times a day. Some of the long-term effects of heroin include addiction, infection of the heart lining and valves and collapsed veins (Cobb, 2006).

Cobb, A.B. (2006). Heroin and Your Veins: The Incredibly Disgusting Story. Rosen Publishing Group

Glass, G (2001). Narcotics: Dangerous Painkillers . The Rosen Publishing Group

Walker, P & Wood, E (2003). Narcotics . Lucent Books

Chicago (A-D)
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IvyPanda. (2022, April 26). Researching the History and Effects of Narcotics. https://ivypanda.com/essays/researching-the-history-and-effects-of-narcotics/

"Researching the History and Effects of Narcotics." IvyPanda , 26 Apr. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/researching-the-history-and-effects-of-narcotics/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Researching the History and Effects of Narcotics'. 26 April.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Researching the History and Effects of Narcotics." April 26, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/researching-the-history-and-effects-of-narcotics/.

1. IvyPanda . "Researching the History and Effects of Narcotics." April 26, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/researching-the-history-and-effects-of-narcotics/.

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IvyPanda . "Researching the History and Effects of Narcotics." April 26, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/researching-the-history-and-effects-of-narcotics/.

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Risk of Alopecia Areata After COVID-19

1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
2 Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
3 Department of Medical Informatics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
4 Department of Dermatology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea

COVID-19 is associated with exacerbation or triggering of various autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. 1 Alopecia areata (AA) is autoimmune hair loss that occurs in susceptible individuals by environmental triggers, such as viruses, vaccinations, and psychological stress. There is a growing number of reports on new onset, exacerbation, and recurrence of AA after COVID-19. 2 - 4 However, evidence supporting an association between COVID-19 and AA is limited.

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Highlander Folk School

November 1, 1932 to November 30, 1932

On 2 September 1957, Martin Luther King joined with the staff and the participants of a leadership training conference at Highlander Folk School to celebrate its 25th anniversary. In his closing address to the conference, King praised Highlander for its “noble purpose and creative work,” and contribution to the South of “some of its most responsible leaders in this great period of transition” ( Papers 4:270 ).

In 1932, Myles Horton, a former student of Reinhold Niebuhr , established the Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tennessee. The school, situated in the Tennessee hills, initially focused on labor and adult education. By the early 1950s, however, it shifted its attention to race relations. Highlander was one of the few places in the South where integrated meetings could take place, and served as a site of leadership training for southern civil rights activists. Rosa Parks attended a 1955 workshop at Highlander four months before refusing to give up her bus seat, an act that ignited the Montgomery bus boycott .

Lead by Septima Clark , Esau Jenkins, and Bernice Robinson, Highlander developed a citizenship program in the mid-1950s that taught African Americans their rights as citizens while promoting basic literacy skills. Reflecting on his experiences with the Citizenship Schools and the emergence of new leaders from “noncharismatic people” who attended the training, Horton concluded that “educational work during social movement periods provides the best opportunity for multiplying democratic leadership” (Horton, Long Haul , 127).

Horton, who claimed he had first met King during the civil right leader’s junior year at Morehouse College , invited King to participate in Highlander’s anniversary celebration in 1957. While attending the celebration, an undercover agent sent by the Georgia Commission on Education took a photograph of King. The photo was sent throughout the South and used as a propaganda tool against King, with claims that it showed him attending a Communist training school.

Highlander continued to be a center for developing future leaders of the movement such as Marion Barry , Diane Nash , and James Bevel . It was closed in 1961 when the Tennessee government revoked its charter on falsified charges that the school was being run for profit and that it did not fulfill its nonprofit requirements. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) took over the citizenship program that year, feeling that it offered, according to King, a plus for SCLC and the movement “in filling the need for developing new leadership as teachers and supervisors and providing the broad educational base for the population at large through the establishment of Citizenship Schools conducted by these new leaders throughout the South” (King, January 1961). Under the leadership of SCLC and the supervision of Clark, Dorothy Cotton , and Andrew Young , the schools eventually trained approximately 100,000 adults. In August 1961, Horton opened another school in Knoxville, Tennessee, called the Highlander Research and Education Center. He and the Center participated in the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign and, after King’s assassination , erected a tent complex at Resurrection City in Washington, D.C., holding workshops until police closed the encampment in June 1968.

Adams with Horton, Unearthing Seeds of Fire , 1975.

Anne Braden to King, 23 September 1959, in Papers 5:290–293 .

Glen, Highlander , 1988.

Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, Long Haul , 1990.

King, Memo, “Leadership Training Program and Citizenship Schools,” December 1960–January 1961, SCLCR-GAMK .

King, “A Look to the Future,” Address Delivered at Highlander Folk School’s Twenty-fifth Anniversary Meeting, 2 September 1957, in Papers 4:269–276 .

King to Braden, 7 October 1959, in Papers 5:306–307 .

More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023 - a new record

PMID: 38087103
DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03974-8

Keywords: Publishing; Scientific community.

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History, 21st Century
Retraction of Publication as Topic*
Scientific Misconduct / history
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UW Professor’s Research Selected as ‘Editor’s Choice Paper’ for Journal’s 50th Anniversary

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Institutional Communications Bureau of Mines Building, Room 137 Laramie, WY 82071 Phone: (307) 766-2929 Email: [email protected]

Published May 13, 2024

Geophysical Research Letters is a gold open access journal that publishes high-impact, innovative and timely communications-length articles on major advances spanning all of the major geoscience disciplines.

The paper, “ Causes of Higher Climate Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models ,” was co-written with Mark Zelinka, a research scientist for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of Washington. The paper discusses the ability to predict how much the earth warms in response to changes in greenhouse gas using Earth system models (ESMs).

“I was really pleased to see this paper selected by the Geophysical Research Letters editorial board,” says McCoy, who works in UW’s Department of Atmospheric Science. “At the time when Mark Zelinka reached out to me to collaborate, it was clear that he had identified a big shift in how our models were representing future climate and that it was important to disseminate it to the community.”

Other contributors to the paper were Timothy Myers, who works in the Physical Sciences Laboratory at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Paulo Ceppi, a senior lecturer of climate science at Imperial College London; and Stephen Po-Chedley, a research scientist; Peter Caldwell, Climate Modeling Group leader and staff scientist; Stephen Klein, an atmospheric research scientist; and Karl Taylor, director of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, all of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

“When I saw the initial results that cloud feedback had gotten more amplifying in the latest models, I immediately reached out to Daniel for his help in interpreting them since his previous work had greatly influenced my thinking,” Zelinka says. “He provided useful calculations to strengthen our case that changes in the cloud liquid content were a key part of the story in leading to a new class of highly sensitive models.”

The group found that the temperature response to an abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric CO 2 has increased substantially in the latest generation of global climate models relative to previous generations. This is primarily because cloud water content and coverage decrease more strongly with global warming, causing enhanced planetary absorption of sunlight -- amplifying feedback that ultimately results in more warming. Differences in the physical representation of clouds in ESMs drive this enhanced sensitivity relative to the previous generation of models.

“It was really exciting to be part of this study. What Mark and my co-authors showed in this paper is that an important source of ESM uncertainty on a time scale that matters to the near future are these difficult-to-treat, small-scale processes, such as clouds, convection, aerosol and precipitation,” McCoy says. “It allows us to identify and target specific processes that have a lot of leverage on our predictions of future climate for observations and for continued model development and evaluation.”

Since its publication in 2020, the paper has exceeded 1,000 citations, placing it in the top 1 percent of geoscience articles.

UW will host a US Climate Variability and Predictability workshop, titled “ Micro2Macro: Origins of Climate Change Uncertainty ,” Oct. 28-30. The workshop will address issues related to McCoy’s representation of microscale processes in global ESMs.

McCoy is director of the Perturbed Physics Ensemble Regression Optimization Center for ESM Evaluation and Development ( PROCEED ), a collaboration among the UW Department of Atmospheric Science; the UW School of Computing; the University of Hawaii-Manoa; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. PROCEED seeks to leverage UW’s unique access to the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Wyoming Supercomputing Center to reduce uncertainty related to subgrid phenomena in ESMs.

For more information about McCoy, go to www.uwyo.edu/atsc/directory/faculty/mccoy .

Better Siri is coming: what Apple’s research says about its AI plans

Apple hasn’t talked too much about ai so far — but it’s been working on stuff. a lot of stuff..

By David Pierce , editor-at-large and Vergecast co-host with over a decade of experience covering consumer tech. Previously, at Protocol, The Wall Street Journal, and Wired.

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It would be easy to think that Apple is late to the game on AI. Since late 2022, when ChatGPT took the world by storm, most of Apple’s competitors have fallen over themselves to catch up. While Apple has certainly talked about AI and even released some products with AI in mind, it seemed to be dipping a toe in rather than diving in headfirst.

But over the last few months, rumors and reports have suggested that Apple has, in fact, just been biding its time, waiting to make its move. There have been reports in recent weeks that Apple is talking to both OpenAI and Google about powering some of its AI features, and the company has also been working on its own model, called Ajax .

If you look through Apple’s published AI research, a picture starts to develop of how Apple’s approach to AI might come to life. Now, obviously, making product assumptions based on research papers is a deeply inexact science — the line from research to store shelves is windy and full of potholes. But you can at least get a sense of what the company is thinking about — and how its AI features might work when Apple starts to talk about them at its annual developer conference, WWDC, in June.

Smaller, more efficient models

I suspect you and I are hoping for the same thing here: Better Siri. And it looks very much like Better Siri is coming! There’s an assumption in a lot of Apple’s research (and in a lot of the tech industry, the world, and everywhere) that large language models will immediately make virtual assistants better and smarter. For Apple, getting to Better Siri means making those models as fast as possible — and making sure they’re everywhere.

In iOS 18, Apple plans to have all its AI features running on an on-device, fully offline model, Bloomberg recently reported . It’s tough to build a good multipurpose model even when you have a network of data centers and thousands of state-of-the-art GPUs — it’s drastically harder to do it with only the guts inside your smartphone. So Apple’s having to get creative.

In a paper called “ LLM in a flash: Efficient Large Language Model Inference with Limited Memory ” (all these papers have really boring titles but are really interesting, I promise!), researchers devised a system for storing a model’s data, which is usually stored on your device’s RAM, on the SSD instead. “We have demonstrated the ability to run LLMs up to twice the size of available DRAM [on the SSD],” the researchers wrote, “achieving an acceleration in inference speed by 4-5x compared to traditional loading methods in CPU, and 20-25x in GPU.” By taking advantage of the most inexpensive and available storage on your device, they found, the models can run faster and more efficiently.

Apple’s researchers also created a system called EELBERT that can essentially compress an LLM into a much smaller size without making it meaningfully worse. Their compressed take on Google’s Bert model was 15 times smaller — only 1.2 megabytes — and saw only a 4 percent reduction in quality. It did come with some latency tradeoffs, though.

In general, Apple is pushing to solve a core tension in the model world: the bigger a model gets, the better and more useful it can be, but also the more unwieldy, power-hungry, and slow it can become. Like so many others, the company is trying to find the right balance between all those things while also looking for a way to have it all.

Siri, but good

A lot of what we talk about when we talk about AI products is virtual assistants — assistants that know things, that can remind us of things, that can answer questions, and get stuff done on our behalf. So it’s not exactly shocking that a lot of Apple’s AI research boils down to a single question: what if Siri was really, really, really good?

A group of Apple researchers has been working on a way to use Siri without needing to use a wake word at all; instead of listening for “Hey Siri” or “Siri,” the device might be able to simply intuit whether you’re talking to it. “This problem is significantly more challenging than voice trigger detection,” the researchers did acknowledge, “since there might not be a leading trigger phrase that marks the beginning of a voice command.” That might be why another group of researchers developed a system to more accurately detect wake words . Another paper trained a model to better understand rare words, which are often not well understood by assistants.

In both cases, the appeal of an LLM is that it can, in theory, process much more information much more quickly. In the wake-word paper, for instance, the researchers found that by not trying to discard all unnecessary sound but, instead, feeding it all to the model and letting it process what does and doesn’t matter, the wake word worked far more reliably.

Once Siri hears you, Apple’s doing a bunch of work to make sure it understands and communicates better. In one paper, it developed a system called STEER (which stands for Semantic Turn Extension-Expansion Recognition, so we’ll go with STEER) that aims to improve your back-and-forth communication with an assistant by trying to figure out when you’re asking a follow-up question and when you’re asking a new one. In another, it uses LLMs to better understand “ambiguous queries” to figure out what you mean no matter how you say it. “In uncertain circumstances,” they wrote, “intelligent conversational agents may need to take the initiative to reduce their uncertainty by asking good questions proactively, thereby solving problems more effectively.” Another paper aims to help with that, too: researchers used LLMs to make assistants less verbose and more understandable when they’re generating answers.

A series of images depicting collaborative AI editing of a photo.

AI in health, image editors, in your Memojis

Whenever Apple does talk publicly about AI, it tends to focus less on raw technological might and more on the day-to-day stuff AI can actually do for you. So, while there’s a lot of focus on Siri — especially as Apple looks to compete with devices like the Humane AI Pin, the Rabbit R1, and Google’s ongoing smashing of Gemini into all of Android — there are plenty of other ways Apple seems to see AI being useful.

One obvious place for Apple to focus is on health: LLMs could, in theory, help wade through the oceans of biometric data collected by your various devices and help you make sense of it all. So, Apple has been researching how to collect and collate all of your motion data, how to use gait recognition and your headphones to identify you, and how to track and understand your heart rate data. Apple also created and released “the largest multi-device multi-location sensor-based human activity dataset” available after collecting data from 50 participants with multiple on-body sensors.

Apple also seems to imagine AI as a creative tool. For one paper, researchers interviewed a bunch of animators, designers, and engineers and built a system called Keyframer that “enable[s] users to iteratively construct and refine generated designs.” Instead of typing in a prompt and getting an image, then typing another prompt to get another image, you start with a prompt but then get a toolkit to tweak and refine parts of the image to your liking. You could imagine this kind of back-and-forth artistic process showing up anywhere from the Memoji creator to some of Apple’s more professional artistic tools.

In another paper , Apple describes a tool called MGIE that lets you edit an image just by describing the edits you want to make. (“Make the sky more blue,” “make my face less weird,” “add some rocks,” that sort of thing.) “Instead of brief but ambiguous guidance, MGIE derives explicit visual-aware intention and leads to reasonable image editing,” the researchers wrote. Its initial experiments weren’t perfect, but they were impressive.

We might even get some AI in Apple Music: for a paper called “ Resource-constrained Stereo Singing Voice Cancellation ,” researchers explored ways to separate voices from instruments in songs — which could come in handy if Apple wants to give people tools to, say, remix songs the way you can on TikTok or Instagram.

An image showing the Ferret-UI AI system from Apple.

Over time, I’d bet this is the kind of stuff you’ll see Apple lean into, especially on iOS. Some of it Apple will build into its own apps; some it will offer to third-party developers as APIs. (The recent Journaling Suggestions feature is probably a good guide to how that might work.) Apple has always trumpeted its hardware capabilities, particularly compared to your average Android device; pairing all that horsepower with on-device, privacy-focused AI could be a big differentiator.

But if you want to see the biggest, most ambitious AI thing going at Apple, you need to know about Ferret . Ferret is a multi-modal large language model that can take instructions, focus on something specific you’ve circled or otherwise selected, and understand the world around it. It’s designed for the now-normal AI use case of asking a device about the world around you, but it might also be able to understand what’s on your screen. In the Ferret paper, researchers show that it could help you navigate apps, answer questions about App Store ratings, describe what you’re looking at, and more. This has really exciting implications for accessibility but could also completely change the way you use your phone — and your Vision Pro and / or smart glasses someday.

We’re getting way ahead of ourselves here, but you can imagine how this would work with some of the other stuff Apple is working on. A Siri that can understand what you want, paired with a device that can see and understand everything that’s happening on your display, is a phone that can literally use itself. Apple wouldn’t need deep integrations with everything; it could simply run the apps and tap the right buttons automatically.

Again, all this is just research, and for all of it to work well starting this spring would be a legitimately unheard-of technical achievement. (I mean, you’ve tried chatbots — you know they’re not great.) But I’d bet you anything we’re going to get some big AI announcements at WWDC. Apple CEO Tim Cook even teased as much in February, and basically promised it on this week’s earnings call. And two things are very clear: Apple is very much in the AI race, and it might amount to a total overhaul of the iPhone. Heck, you might even start willingly using Siri! And that would be quite the accomplishment.

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COMMENTS

Threats to Narcotic Safety—A Narrative Review of Narcotic Incidents
Prudent opioid prescribing is highly complex and can be defined as an iterative process involving steps of information gathering, clinical decision-making, communication and evaluation, which results in the initiation, continuation, adjustment or cessation of opioids (Nissen et al., 2010).Inappropriate prescribing of opioids, the inadequate or continued prescribing despite evidence of their ...
The prescription opioid epidemic: a review of qualitative studies on
Most research designed to answer the "why" of the prescription opioid epidemic has relied on structured interviews, which rigidly attempt to capture the complex reasons people use opioids. ... For many centuries, people have used opium or its components—morphine and other similar narcotics—to get "high" or feel mellow. 34-35 For ...
The Changing Opioid Crisis: development, challenges and opportunities
Abstract. The current opioid epidemic is one of the most severe public health crisis in US history. Responding to it has been difficult due to its rapidly changing nature and the severity of its associated outcomes. This review examines the origin and evolution of the crisis, the pharmacological properties of opioids, the neurobiology of opioid ...
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
The type and level of regulatory control on narcotic and psychotropic substances remain a topic of global debate. The existing regulatory framework for narcotic and psychotropic substances, guided mainly by the three United Nations conventions (the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol; the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971, and the Convention ...
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Narcotics Anonymous (NA) rose in the mid-twentieth century amidst rising ... substantial body of scientific research exists on the potential role of AA participation as a predictor of long-term recovery outcomes, including a recently published systematic ... The present paper reviews conclusions drawn from scientific studies
Opioid Research: Past and Future
Abstract. The International Narcotics Research Conference (INRC) has a rich history of uniting the most creative minds across the fields of chemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and behavior in the study of opioids. The Conference has been a forum for sharing knowledge, discussing controversies, introducing innovative research, and announcing ...
Naloxone Effectiveness: A Systematic Review
Abstract. Purpose: Opioid abuse and overdose is a public health concern as it relates to increased morbidity and mortality. This systematic review focuses on the application of take-home naloxone programs and its association with decreased mortality among those who abuse opioids. Take-home naloxone programs consist of distributed naloxone kits ...
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Abstract. Fifty years ago, the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice saw drugs as a modest but growing problem for the criminal justice system. The reemergence of heroin occupied the Commission's attention. Many recommendations are admirable, such as a focus on public health interventions and a concern ...
(PDF) Forms of Drug Abuse and Their Effects
smoking of cigarettes and gradually drowns the person into the trap of drug abuse. Stress, anxiety, peer pressure, poverty are some of the main causes of drug abuse.As is well said -"it is ...
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Research on drugs. UNODC research on drugs generates the sound knowledge needed to support evidence-based policies and programmes. Analysis of persistent and emerging challenges across the drug supply chain, from drug cultivation to trafficking and use, aims at strengthening responses to the drug problem at global, regional and national levels.
PDF Scientific Studies of Narcotics Anonymous: Study Abstracts
A recently posted paper summarized scientific research to date published on Narcotics Anonymous (White, Galanter, Kelly and Humphreys, 2020). Presented below is a compendium of the studies reviewed in that paper. As a reminder, published literature on NA was identified through the authors' research files, electronic
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The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of India (NDPS Act of 1985, with amendments over the years) offers the regulatory framework for narcotic and psychotropic substances in the country. ... (only) for research, including trials of various varieties of cannabis, as it had limited proven use for medical purposes. The 2014 amendment ...
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The organisational structure of transnational narcotics trafficking groups in Southeast Asia: A case study of Vietnam's border with Laos. Trends in Organized Crime 23(4):385-411. ... Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11(4):1405-1415. Sergi, Anna (2020). Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: A research agenda to ...
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mental illness with suspicions, intemperate fears, mood disorders and. depressi on. Narcotics and liquor damage the liver, stomach, brain and. nerves which results memory loss, restlessness and so ...
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Research Paper: Efficacy of Group Therapy Based on 12-step Approach of Narcotics Anonymous on Self-control and Quality of Life in People With Substance Use Disorder Diagnosis During Recovery Citation: Abdollahi, S. M., & Haghayegh, S. A. (2020). Efficacy of Group Therapy Based on 12-step Approach of Narcotics
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In a 1994 report, the National Research Council noted that "[i]n a period of about 20 years, urine testing has moved from identifying a few individuals with major criminal or health problems to generalized programs that touch the lives of millions of citizens." Between 2017 and 2020, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that ...
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Abstract. and psychotropic N prohibit rcotic its Drugs substances use, and dissipation, Psychotropic distribution, Substances manufacture, also commonly and termed of substance as the of NDPS abuse. Act, Narcotic made with drugs the are purpose those which to control induce drugs of abuse of of act India. cannabis, is to have Although, as these ...
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Side effects of narcotics. One of the common side effects of narcotics is dizziness and drowsiness. However, these effects decrease as the body gets used to the medication. In order to reduce this effect, medical practitioners advise that patients take the drugs with food. Nausea and vomiting are other effects of narcotics.
Risk of Alopecia Areata After COVID-19
Antiretroviral Drugs for HIV Treatment and Prevention in Adults - 2022 IAS-USA Recommendations CONSERVE 2021 Guidelines for Reporting Trials Modified for the COVID-19 Pandemic Creation and Adoption of Large Language Models in Medicine Global Burden of Cancer, 2010-2019 Global Burden of Long COVID Global Burden of Melanoma Global Burden of Skin ...
(PDF) Drug Trafficking
ISSN - 2319 - 3468. DRUG TRAFFICKING - A ANALYTICAL STUDY. Dr. Janaki M C 1. ABSTRACT. Drug and drug related problems are the one of the core area of research throughout, drug. trafficking is ...
Why Look at Tasks when Designing Skills Policy for the Green Transition
The coexistence of several definitions of green jobs and measurement instruments gives room for mismatches between those concepts and their application to research questions. This paper first presents an organizing framework for the existing definitions, measurement instruments, and policy frameworks.
Highlander Folk School
In August 1961, Horton opened another school in Knoxville, Tennessee, called the Highlander Research and Education Center. He and the Center participated in the 1968 Poor People's Campaign and, after King's assassination , erected a tent complex at Resurrection City in Washington, D.C., holding workshops until police closed the encampment ...
Generative AI, Human Creativity, and Art
Utilizing a dataset of over 4 million artworks from more than 50,000 unique users, our research shows that text-to-image AI substantially enhances human creative productivity by 25% and increases the value as measured by the likelihood of receiving a favorite per view by 50% over time.
More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023
More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023 - a new record. More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023 - a new record Nature. 2023 Dec;624(7992):479-481. doi: 10.1038/d41586-023-03974-8. Author Richard Van Noorden. PMID: 38087103 DOI: 10.1038 ...
An Overview on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
Narcotic drugs are those w hich induce sleep while. psychotropic substances have the ability to alt er the mind of an individual. NDPS Act came into existence on 14 November 1985 by P arliament ...
UW Professor's Research Selected as 'Editor's Choice Paper' for Journal
The paper, "Causes of Higher Climate Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models," was co-written with Mark Zelinka, a research scientist for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of Washington. The paper discusses the ability to predict how much the earth warms in response to changes in greenhouse gas using Earth system models (ESMs).
Apple's AI research suggests features are coming for Siri, artists, and
For the last few years, Apple has been looking into ways to use AI to improve Siri, give tools to artists, improve health data, and more. Much of that could come at WWDC 2024.