stock market crash presentation

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Stock Market Crash of 1929

By: History.com Editors

Updated: November 16, 2023 | Original: May 10, 2010

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29, 1929, when Wall Street investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. In the aftermath of that event, sometimes called “Black Tuesday,” America and the rest of the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression, the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world up to that time.

What Caused the 1929 Stock Market Crash?

During the 1920s, the U.S. stock market underwent rapid expansion, reaching its peak in August 1929 after a period of wild speculation in the Roaring Twenties . By then, production had already declined and unemployment had risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value.

Among the other causes of the stock market crash of 1929 were low wages, the proliferation of debt, a struggling agricultural sector and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated.

Did you know? The New York Stock Exchange was founded in 1817, although its origins date back to 1792 when a group of stockbrokers and merchants signed an agreement under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street.

Black Tuesday

Stock prices began to decline in September and early October 1929, and on October 18 a big drop in stock prices began. Panic soon set in, and on October 24, Black Thursday, a record 12,894,650 shares were traded. Investment companies and leading bankers attempted to stabilize the market by buying up great blocks of stock, producing a moderate rally on Friday.

On Monday, however, the storm broke anew, and the market went into free fall. Black Monday was followed by Black Tuesday —October 29, 1929—during which stock prices collapsed completely and 16,410,030 shares were traded on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors, and stock tickers ran hours behind because the machinery could not handle the tremendous volume of trading.

Effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash: The Great Depression

After October 29, 1929, stock prices had nowhere to go but up, so there was considerable recovery during succeeding weeks. Overall, however, prices continued to drop as the United States slumped into the Great Depression , and by 1932 stocks were worth only about 20 percent of their value in the summer of 1929.

The stock market crash of 1929 was not the sole cause of the Great Depression, but it did act to accelerate the global economic collapse which it was also a symptom. Stock prices continued to drop through 1932 when the Dow Jones Industrial Average—a widely-used benchmark for blue-chip stocks in the United States—closed at 41.22, its lowest value of the 20th century, 89 percent below its peak.

By 1933, nearly half of America’s banks had failed, and unemployment was approaching 15 million people or 30 percent of the U.S. workforce. The Dow Jones Industrial Average would not return to its pre-1929 heights until November of 1954, about 25 years later.

African Americans were particularly hard hit, as they were the “ last hired, first fired .” Women during the Great Depression fared slightly better, as traditionally female jobs of the era like teaching and nursing were more insulated than those dependent on fluctuating markets.

Life for the average family during the Great Depression was difficult. Storms and a severe drought in the Southern Plains ruined crops, causing the area to be nicknamed the Dust Bowl . “Okies,” as fleeing residents were called, moved to big cities looking for work. 

Did you know? The Great Depression helped bring an end to Prohibition . Politicians believed legalizing the consumption of alcohol could help create jobs and stimulate the economy .

The relief and reform measures in the New Deal programs enacted by the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped lessen the worst effects of the Great Depression; however, the U.S. economy would not fully turn around until after 1939, when World War II revitalized American industry.

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Stock Market Crash of 1929 Facts, Causes, and Impact

The Crash That Launched the Great Depression

Erika Rasure is globally-recognized as a leading consumer economics subject matter expert, researcher, and educator. She is a financial therapist and transformational coach, with a special interest in helping women learn how to invest.

A Timeline of What Happened

Financial climate leading up to the crash, effects of the crash, frequently asked questions (faqs).

The stock market crash of 1929 was a collapse of stock prices that began on October 24, 1929. By October 29, 1929, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had dropped by 30.57%, marking one of the worst declines in U.S. history. It destroyed confidence in Wall Street markets and led to the Great Depression . 

Key Takeaways

• The stock market crash of 1929 was one of the worst in U.S. history. 
• The three key trading dates of the crash were Black Thursday, Black Monday, and Black Tuesday. The latter two days were among the four worst days the Dow has ever seen, by percentage decline.
• Overconfidence during the Roaring Twenties created an unsustainable stock Ybubble.
• Overnight, many people lost their businesses and life savings, setting the stage for the Great Depression.

The first day of the crash was Black Thursday . The Dow opened at 305.85. It immediately fell by 11%, signaling a stock market correction. Trading was triple the normal volume. Wall Street bankers feverishly bought shares to prop it up. The strategy worked.

On Friday, October 25, the positive momentum continued. The Dow rose by 0.6% to 301.22.

On Black Monday, October 28, the Dow fell by 13.47% to 260.64.

On Black Tuesday, October 29, the Dow fell by 11.7% to 230.07. According to a New York Times article published a day later on October 30, 1929, panicked investors sold an unprecedented number of shares, 16,410,030 to be exact.

Black Monday and Tuesday were among the four worst days in Dow history. They were followed by two subsequent crashes:

• During the 2020 stock market crash, with a nearly 10% drop on March 12 and a 12.93% drop on March 16.
• A 22.6% decline on Black Monday 1987.

Earlier in the week of the stock market crash, the New York Times and other media outlets may have fanned the panic with articles about violent trading periods, short-selling, and the exit of foreign investors; however many reports downplayed the severity of these changes, comparing the market instead to a similar "spring crash" earlier that year, after which the market bounced back again.

The Dow was already down by 28% from its September 3 high, according to S&P Dow Jones Indices. That signaled a bear market. In late September, investors had been worried about massive declines in the British stock market. Investors in Clarence Hatry's company lost billions when they discovered that he had used fraudulent collateral to buy United Steel. A few days later, Great Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Snowden, described America's stock market as "a perfect orgy of speculation."

The next day, U.S. newspapers agreed. They quoted U.S. Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon, who said investors "acted as if the price of securities would infinitely advance."

In response, the Dow dropped significantly on both of those days and again on October 16. By the 19th and 20th, The Washington Post reported a drop in ultra-safe utility stocks.

The day before Black Thursday, Washington Post headlines blared, "Huge Selling Wave Creates Near-Panic as Stocks Collapse," while the Times screamed, "Prices of Stocks Crash in Heavy Liquidation." By Black Thursday, panic had set in for the worst stock market crash in history. 

The crash followed an asset bubble . Since 1922, the stock market had gone up by more than 20% per year.

In the 1920s, prior to the crash, a financial practice called buying "on margin" was invented. It allowed people to borrow money from their broker to buy stocks. In many cases, people could leverage a large amount of borrowed money from a small initial investment. Investing this way may have contributed to the irrational exuberance of the Roaring Twenties.

The crash wiped many people out. They were forced to sell businesses and cash in their life savings. Brokers called in their loans when the stock market started falling. People scrambled to find enough money to pay for their margins. They lost faith in Wall Street.

You can’t have a healthy economy without confidence in the market. 

By July 8, 1932, the Dow was down to 41.22. That was an 89.2% loss from its record-high close of 381.17 on September 3, 1929. It was the worst bear market in terms of percentage loss in modern U.S. history. The largest one-day percentage gain also occurred during that time. On March 15, 1933, the Dow rose by 15.34%, a gain of 8.26 points, to close at 62.1.

The timeline of the Great Depression tracks critical events leading up to the greatest economic crisis the United States ever had.

The Depression devastated the U.S. economy . Wages fell by 42% as unemployment rose to 25%. U.S. economic growth decreased by 54.7%, and world trade plummeted 65%. As a result of deflation, prices fell by more than 10% per year between 1929 and 1933.

Below you can see a chart tracking key events leading up to the 1929 stock market crash.

• March 1929: The Dow dropped, but bankers reassured investors.
• August 8: The Federal Reserve Bank of New York raised the discount rate to 6%.
• September 3: The Dow peaked at 381.17. That was a 27% increase over the prior year's peak.
• September 26: The Bank of England also raised its rate to protect the gold standard.
• September 29, 1929: The Hatry Case threw British markets into panic.
• October 3: Great Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer Phillip Snowden called the U.S. stock market a "speculative orgy."
• October 4: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times agreed with Snowden.
• October 24: Black Thursday.
• October 28: Black Monday.
• October 29: Black Tuesday.
• 1933: President Roosevelt launched the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits. After the crash, banks only had enough to honor 10 cents for every dollar. That's because they had used their depositors' savings, without their knowledge, to buy stocks.
• November 23, 1954: The Dow finally regained its September 3, 1929, high and closed at 382.74.

Other past stock market crashes led to the 2001 recession and the Great Recession of 2008. The March 2020 crash occurred during the 2020 recession, which began in the first quarter.

When did the stock market crash?

The 1929 stock market crash was the first in modern history, but it wasn't the last. The U.S. stock market also crashed in 1987, 2000 , 2008, and 2020 . There have also been several flash crashes since the 2008 crash.

How do I protect my 401(k) from a stock market crash?

If you're young and don't plan on retiring for decades, you don't necessarily need to worry about stock market crashes. Historically, stocks have eventually recovered from crashes, so long-term investors may lose by trying to time the market . If you're closer to retirement, then you can help protect your 401(k) from crashes by reducing equity exposure (especially growth stocks ) and increasing income investments .

S&P Dow Jones Indices. “ DJIA Daily Performance History , “ Download DJIA Daily Performance History.

FDIC. " Historical Timeline ."

The New York Times Archive. " Stocks Collapse in 16,410,030-Share Day, but Rally at Close Cheers Brokers; Bankers Optimistic, to Continue Aid ."

Mieszko Mazur, Man Dang, and Miguel Vega. " COVID-19 and the March 2020 Stock Market Crash. Evidence From S&P1500 ." Finance Research Letters.

Yahoo! Finance. " Dow Jones Industrial Average (^DJI) ."

Library of Congress. " The Black Monday Stock Market Crash ."

Jari Ojala and Turo Uskali. " Any Weak Signals?: The New York Times and the Stock Market Crashes of 1929, 1987 and 2000 ," Pages 10-14.  Information Flows: New Approaches in the Historical Study of Business Information.

Christopher Swinson. " Share Trading and the London Stock Exchange 1914-1945: The Dawn of Regulation ," Pages 171-176. Diss. Durham University .

Dimitri Papadimitriou. " Stability in the Financial System ," Page 66. Springer, 1996.

Economic History Association. “ The 1929 Stock Market Crash .”

University of Southern Denmark Department of Economics. " The Great Margin Call: The Role of Leverage in the 1929 Stock Market Crash ," Download external link. Page 17.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. " Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1929-39: Estimating Methods ,” Page 51.

Stanford University. " The Great Depression and the New Deal ."

World Trade Organization. “ World Trade Report 2013 ,” Page 52. 

The Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. " The Risk of Deflation ."

Federal Reserve of St. Louis. " The Discount Rate Controversy Between the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Bank of New York ," Page 1.

Jean-Laurent Cadorel. " An International Monetary Explanation of the 1929 Crash of the New York Stock Exchange ," Page 15. Economic History Society .

John Rogers. " Voting in Context: A Brief Economic History of American Politics, " Page 60. C ambridge Scholars Publishing , 2019.

Chapter 15: Crash and Depression

Section 1: The Stock Market Crash

Reading Focus

What events led to the stock market’s Great Crash in 1929?

Why did the Great Crash produce a ripple effect throughout the nation’s economy?

What were the main causes of the Great Depression?

In October 1929, panic selling caused the United States stock market to crash. The crash led to a worldwide economic crisis called the Great Depression.

You want to make a withdraw from your savings account at your bank. The teller tells you that there is no money. What might be the cause of this situation? What options do you have?

What do you know about the Great Depression?

Dow Jones Industrial Average : Measure of the average of stock prices of major industries

Black Tuesday : October 29, 1929, the day on which the Great Crash of the stock market began

Great Crash : The collapse of the American stock market in 1929

Business cycle : periods in which the economy grows, then contracts

The Great Depression : the most severe economic depression in the nation’s history, which lasted from 1929 to 1941

How did the Stock Market Crash?

Before the panic in October, most people saw no reason to worry.

In early 1928, the Dow Jones Industrial Average , the average of stock prices of major industries, had climbed to 191.

By Hoover’s Inauguration Day, March 4, 1929, it had risen another 122 points.

By September 3, 1929, the Dow Jones average had reached an all time high of 381.

What was Black Thursday?

Prices for many stocks soared far above their real value in terms of the company’s earnings and assets.

After the peak in September, stock prices fell slowly.

When the stock market closed on Wednesday, October 23, the Dow Jones average had dropped 21 points in an hour.

The next day, Thursday, October 24, worried investors began to sell, and stock prices fell.

Investors who had bought General Electric (GE) stock for $400 a share sold it for $283 a share.

Business and political leaders told the country not to worry.

What is Black Tuesday?

To stop the panic, a group of bankers pooled their money to buy stock.

This action stabilized prices, but only for a few days.

Investors all around the country raced to get their money out of the stock market.

On October 29, Black Tuesday , a record 16.4 million shares were sold, compared to an average of 4 to 8 million shares a day earlier in the year.

This collapse of the stock market is known as the Great Crash .

By November 13, the Dow Jones average had fallen from its September high of 381 to 198.7. Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle , a span in which the economy grows, then contracts.

What were the Ripple Effects of the Crash?

Initially the effects of the Crash were felt only by those who were heavily invested in the stock market.

By 1929, that number was about 4 million people out of a population of 120 million.

Within a short time the effects of the Great Crash began to ripple throughout the nation’s economy.

Soon millions of people who had never owned a stock were affected.

Risky loans hurt banks: Banks earn profits on the income they earn from lending out their deposits.

Throughout the 1920s, banks loaned huge sums of money to many high risk businesses.

When stock prices fell, those businesses were unable to repay their loans.

Consumer borrowing:

Banks also make money on loans they lend to consumers.

Consumers had borrowed heavily from banks throughout the 1920s to purchase consumer goods.

When banks called in their loans, customers did not have cash to pay them.

Bank runs: The Great Crash resulted in widespread bank runs.

Fearful that banks would run out of money, people rushed to make withdrawals from their accounts.

To pay back the deposits, banks had to recall loans from borrowers.

Many businesses and consumers hurt by falling stock prices could not repay their loans.

Even if the loans were repaid, banks could not get the money fast enough to pay all the depositors demanding their money.

Bank failures :

The combination of unpaid loans and bank runs meant that many banks across the country failed.

Thousands of banks closed their doors when they could not return their depositors money.

In just a few years, more than 5,500 banks failed.

Murray Rothbard was an American economist

Savings wiped out:

Bank failures wiped out what little savings people had.

By 1933, the money from 9 million savings accounts had vanished.

Cuts in production:

Businesses now could not borrow money to use to produce more goods.

In addition, businesses lacked any incentive to spend money producing goods.

Few people had money to buy them.

Rise in unemployment:

As businesses cut back on production, they laid off workers.

Unemployment grew.

Further cuts in production:

As unemployment grew and incomes shrank, consumers spent less and less money and businesses produced still fewer goods.

The overall output of goods in the economy dropped.

What is Economic Contraction?

A contraction is an economic decline marked by falling output of goods and services.

A particularly long and severe contraction is called a depression.

The economy had begun to show danger signs in the late 1920s, the Great Crash triggered even more serious consequences.

The result was the most severe economic depression in the nation’s history, the Great Depression , which lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

What was the Great Depression’s impact on Workers and Farmers?

With no money and little incentive to produce more goods, factories throughout the country began to close.

Thousands of workers lost their jobs or endured pay cuts.

In August 1931, Henry Ford shut down his Detroit automobile factories, putting at least 75,000 people out of work.

Soon after local factories closed, small local businesses began to suffer as well.

Restaurants and other small businesses closed because customers could no longer afford to go to them.

Farm prices, already low, fell even more, bringing disaster to many families.

In 1929, a bushel of wheat sold for $1.18, in 1932 it brought a mere $.49.

Cotton dropped from $.19 to $.065 cents a pound.

By 1932, more than 12 million people were unemployed, which accounted for about a quarter of the labor force.

Other worked only part time or had their wages cut.

The Gross National Product (GNP), the total value of goods and services a country produces annually, dove from $103 billion in 1929 to just $56 billion in 1933.

What was the Great Depression’s impact on the World?

By the 1930s, international banking, manufacturing, and trade had made nations around the world interdependent.

For example, Latin American depended on US markets for its goods.

Europeans depended on the United States for investments and loans.

When the world’s leading economy fell, the global economic system began to crumble to contract in much the same way the US economy had.

After World War I, the United States had insisted that France and Britain, its wartime allies, repay their war debts.

At the same time, Congress kept import taxes high, making it hard for European nations to sell goods in the United States.

With economies weakened by the war and little chance of selling goods in the United States, the Allies had to rely on Germany’s reparations payments for income.

As long as American companies invested in Germany, reparations payment continued.

With the Depression, investments fell off. German banks failed, Germany suspended reparations, and the Allies, in turn stopped paying their debts.

Industrial production fell by 40% in Germany, 14% in Britain, and 29% in France.

Europeans could no longer afford to buy American made goods.

Thus the American stock market crash started a downward cycle in the global economy.

What were the underlying causes of the Depression?

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

Rather, both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

How was an Unstable Economy a cause of the Depression?

The seemingly prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

National wealth was unevenly distributed, with most money in the hands of a few families.

Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

Farmers and many workers did not share in the economic boom.

The uneven prosperity of the 1920s made rapid recovery from an economic downturn impossible.

How was Overspeculation a cause of the Depression?

During the 1920s, speculators bought with borrowed money and then pledged the stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

Collateral is an item of value that a borrower agrees to forfeit to the lender if the borrower cannot repay the loan.

Brokers’ loans went from under $5 billion in mid-1928 to $850 billion in September 1929.

The stock market boom was based on borrowed money and optimism instead of real value.

How did government policies cause of the Depression?

Mistakes in monetary policy were also to blame.

During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve system, which regulates the amount of money in circulation, cut interest rates to spur economic growth.

Then in 1929, worried about overspeculation, the Federal Reserve limited the money supply to discourage lending.

As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy recover after the Great Crash.

Partner Activity

How would your life be affected if the banks in Williamsburg, Iowa closed. There are no credit cards. How are you going to survive on a day to day basis?

Write a paragraph explaining why this would be a good time to invest in the stock market.

Write a paragraph explaining why this would not be a good time to invest in the stock market.

Many people today use credit cards and charge accounts to buy on credit. Is this practice as dangerous now as it was in 1929? Why or why not?

Literature Activity: The Stock Market Crash

Exit Ticket

What is the cause and effect relationship between the Stock Market Crash and the onset of the Great Depression, both nationally and internationally?

Crash Course US History #32: The Roaring 20’s

Crash Course US HIstory #33: The Great Depression

It’s a Wonderful Life: Bank Run

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Causes of the Stock Market Crash

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Plunge Protection Team (PPT): Definition and How It Works

What Is the Plunge Protection Team?

The "Plunge Protection Team" (PPT) is a colloquial name given to the Working Group on Financial Markets. Created in 1988 to provide financial and economic recommendations to the U.S. President during turbulent market times, this group is headed by the Secretary of the Treasury; other members include the Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve , the Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (or the aides or officials they designate to represent them).

The name "Plunge Protection Team" was coined by The Washington Post and first applied to the group in 1997.

Key Takeaways

• The "Plunge Protection Team" (PPT) is a colloquial name given to the Working Group on Financial Markets by The Wall Street Journal.
• The Plunge Protection Team's official mission is to advise the U.S. president during times of economic and stock market turbulence.
• Critics fear the Plunge Protection Team doesn't just advise, but actively intervenes to prop up stock prices—colluding with banks to rig the market, in effect.

The Plunge Protection Team, composed of high-ranking government financial officials, reports directly and privately to the president of the United States.

How the Plunge Protection Team (PPT) Works

In March 1988, in the wake of the  stock market crash of 1987, then-President Ronald Reagan created by executive order the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets. The concept was to create an informed, but informal, advisory group on the markets for the president and regulators. Charged with "enhancing the integrity, efficiency, orderliness, and competitiveness of our Nation's financial markets and maintaining investor confidence."

Its original purpose was to report specifically on the Black Monday events of October 19, 1987—during that event, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 22.6%—and, what actions, if any, should be taken. However, the group has continued to meet and report to various presidents over the years, usually (but not always) during turbulent times in the financial markets.

In 1999, it issued a recommendation to Congress, requesting changes in the derivatives markets regulations. It convened during the global credit crisis of 2008. The Plunge Protection Team's latest gathering (as of March 2019) was on Christmas Eve, 2018. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin chaired a conference call with other members of the group, in addition to representatives from the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Concerns About the Plunge Protection Team (PPT) 

Though not exactly a secret, the Plunge Protection Team isn't widely covered and doesn't release the minutes of its meetings or its recommendations, reporting only to the president. This behavior leads some observers to wonder if the government's most important financial officials are doing more than analyzing and advising—in fact, that are actively intervening in the markets.

Conspiracy theorists have speculated that the group executes trades on several exchanges when prices are heading downward, collaborating with big banks such as Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley in unrecorded transactions. They often point to a 1989 speech published in The Wall Street Journal by former Federal Reserve Board of Governors member Robert Heller, which suggested the Fed could directly support the stock market by purchasing index futures contracts.

How the Plunge Protection Team (PPT) Might Work

On Monday, February 5, 2018, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) experienced a drop that was twice as large as its biggest point decline in history. However, arbitrary and aggressive buying cut the decline in half in one day. On Tuesday and Wednesday of that week, stocks opened lower, and each time aggressive buying buoyed the markets. That aggressive buying, some say, was being orchestrated by the Plunge Protection Team.

Or, to take a more recent example: The Plunge Protection Team's aforementioned teleconference on Dec. 24, 2018. That whole month, the S&P 500 had been heading towards a record decline—the motive for the team's meeting—and the DJIA dropped 650 on the 24th alone. But when trading resumed after Christmas, the DJIA rallied over 1,000 points. On the 27th, it lost half those gains, until a late-day reversal stopped the slide, and caused the market to close 600 points up. That's no coincidence, conspiracy theorists argue.

If true, this sort of manipulation is not unlike the actions of consortia of private bankers and financiers in the late 19th and early 20th century who, during financial panics, would step in to shore up the stock market with massive purchases. The difference, of course, is that the Working Group on Financial Markets is composed of U.S. government officials, and the U.S. is supposed to operate on a free-market system. And also an open one, not one influenced by mysterious forces.

• Guide to Stock Market Crashes 1 of 26
• October: The Month of Market Crashes? 2 of 26
• How Do Investors Lose Money When the Stock Market Crashes? 3 of 26
• Timeline of U.S. Stock Market Crashes 4 of 26
• October Effect: Definition, Examples, and Statistical Evidence 5 of 26
• Financial Crisis: Definition, Causes, and Examples 6 of 26
• What Is a Circuit Breaker in Trading? How Is It Triggered? 7 of 26
• Plunge Protection Team (PPT): Definition and How It Works 8 of 26
• Tulipmania: About the Dutch Tulip Bulb Market Bubble 9 of 26
• Black Friday Stock Market Crash Overview 10 of 26
• Bank Panic of 1907: Causes, Effects, and Importance 11 of 26
• Stock Market Crash of 1929: Definition, Causes, Effects 12 of 26
• The Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression 13 of 26
• What Is Black Tuesday? Definition, History, and Impact 14 of 26
• What Is Black Thursday? History, Significance, and Aftermath 15 of 26
• What Was the Stock Market Crash of 1987? What Happened and Causes 16 of 26
• Black Monday: Definition in Stocks, What Caused It, and Losses 17 of 26
• What Caused Black Monday, the 1987 Stock Market Crash? 18 of 26
• The 2007–2008 Financial Crisis in Review 19 of 26
• The Fall of the Market in the Fall of 2008 20 of 26
• Components of the 2008 Bubble 21 of 26
• Financial Regulations: Glass-Steagall to Dodd-Frank 22 of 26
• Consequences of the Glass-Steagall Act Repeal 23 of 26
• Lessons From the 2008 Financial Crisis 24 of 26
• Major Players in the 2008 Financial Crisis: Where Are They Now? 25 of 26
• Too Big to Fail Banks: Where Are They Now? 26 of 26

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The Stock Market Crash - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Stock Market Crash

Dow jones industrial average- an average of stock prices of major industries ... in 1928, the dow jones industrial average was successfully climbing to 191. ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Chapter 22 Lesson 1
• Dow Jones Industrial Average- an average of stock prices of major industries
• Black Tuesday-October 29, 1929, the day on which the Great Crash of the stock market began
• Great Crash- The collapse of the stock market in 1929
• Business cycle- is a span in which the economy grows the contracts
• Great Depression- the most severe economic downturn in the nations history, which lasted from 1929- 1941
• On October 29, 1929, fear gripped the floors of the New York Stock Exchange as investors watched millions of dollars slip away.
• In 1928, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was successfully climbing to 191.
• Until September 3, the Dow Jones was still successfully climbing. (381)
• At the peak of September, stock prices fell slowly.
• The stock market closed on Wednesday, October 23 with a 21 point drop in one hour.
• On Thursday, nervous investors of General Electric Stock sold shares at a 117 dollar loss.
• To stop the panic, a group of bankers pooled their money to buy stock. This only stabilized the market for a few days.
• On October 29, Black Tuesday, a record average 16.4 million shares were sold.
• This collapse of the stock market is know as the Great Crash.
• Initially the effects of the Crash were felt only by those who were heavily invested in the stock market. Within a short time however everyone was effected.
• The following list explains ho the effects of the crash spread to all Americans1) Risky loans hurt banks, 2) consumer borrowing, 3) bank runs, 4) bank failures, 5) saving wiped out, 6) cuts in production, 7) rise in unemployment and 8) further cuts in production
• A contraction is an economic decline marked by a falling output in goods and services.
• A particularly long and severe contraction is known as a depression.
• The contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nations historyThe Great Depression.
• 1) An Unstable Economy- The seemingly prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm bases. National wealth was unevenly distributed with most money in the hands of a few families who tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.
• 2) Over speculation- Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks
• 3) Government policies Mistakes in monetary policy were also to blame. The Federal Reserve system, which regulates the amount of money in circulation , cut interest rates to spur economic growth. Then in 1929, the Federal Reserve limited the money supply to discourage lending.

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Stock Market Crash PowerPoint Template

PowerPoint slides for presenting, analyzing and discussing price drops on the stock exchange.

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Stock Market Presentation Templates

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What is stock market.

The stock market is a public market where stocks and other securities are bought and sold. It is a collection of exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq, where stocks and other securities are traded.

What are Stock Market Presentation Templates?

Stock Market Presentation Templates are pre-designed slides and presentation templates used in Microsoft PowerPoint to help presenters create presentations about the stock market. These template designs include stock charts, stock market trends, stock trading strategies, stock exchange information, and other related topics.

Where can we use these Stock Market Slides?

Anyone can use these Stock Market Slides in presentations to illustrate the performance of stocks or compare the performance of different stores or markets. You could also use them in classrooms to educate students on the basics of the stock market.

How can I make Stock Market PPT Slides in a presentation?

Begin by researching the stock market and gathering relevant information for your presentation. Including graphs, charts and tables can help explain the data in your report and make it easier for the audience to understand. Suppose you want to create slides by yourself. Visit Tips and tricks for detailed instructions.

Who can use Stock Market PPT Templates?

Anyone who needs to create a presentation about stock market topics or related topics can benefit from using stock market PPT templates. These slides are used by investors, financial advisors, educators, and business professionals.

Why do we need Stock Market Presentation Slides?

Stock market presentation slides help to create a visual representation of market performance, offering a clearer picture of the market for investors and traders. They can help illustrate important stock market concepts and events and provide an opportunity to show current market trends.

Where can I find free Stock Market PPT Templates?

Many websites offer free Stock Market PPT templates. Slide egg is one of the best PowerPoint providers. Our websites have uniquely designed templates that allow you to explain the company’s financial performance.

The Stock Market Crash of 1929

Mar 20, 2019

140 likes | 330 Views

The Stock Market Crash of 1929. Mr. Teller’s Students. The Roaring Twenties. Inventions Automobile Radio Airplane Literature Langston Hughes Robert Frost Ernest Hemmingway Entertainment Charlie Chaplin Radio Jazz Music Movies Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Jazz Singer King Kong

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• factory production
• unemployment grew
• stock prices
• unemployment rates rose
• unemployment rates increased dramatically

Presentation Transcript

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 Mr. Teller’s Students

The Roaring Twenties • Inventions • Automobile • Radio • Airplane • Literature • Langston Hughes • Robert Frost • Ernest Hemmingway • Entertainment • Charlie Chaplin • Radio • Jazz Music • Movies • Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde • The Jazz Singer • King Kong • Fashion • Men • Suits • Baggy pants • Women • War apparel (goggles, helmets, scarfs) • More skin

Black Thursday • Thursday, October 24 of 1929 marked the beginning of the stock market crash • Everyone was selling, nobody was buying • The following week, stock prices kept falling • Billions of dollars disappeared

Reactions • People were afraid to buy stocks • For months, the economy went spiraling downwards • Businesses, brokers, and people went bankrupt • Many committed suicide • Legend has it that some chose to leap from windows to escape the tragedy that had occured

Immediate Effects • Unemployment rates rose • Industrial production dropped • Prices fell • Wages Declined • The Great Depression had started

The Great Depression • Fast Facts: • Factory production was cut in half by 1932 • 86,000 businesses failed • 9,000 banks closed • 9 million people lost their savings accounts • Unemployment grew to 25% by 1933 • All of these things happened because of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 • Western Europe was impacted as well • The loans that Americans were sending to Germany and Austria were called back • World manufacturing production dropped • International trade fell • Unemployment rates increased dramatically

Unemployment In Europe x1000

The New Deal • President Franklin Delano Roosevelt implemented the New Deal which stressed… • Relief • Recovery • Reform • Public works projects helped to provide jobs • The government gave help to businesses and farms • Elderly and disabled citizens were given insurance • The New Deal helped the United States get out of the Great Depression, with the help of World War II

Looking Back • Three important factors led to the stock market crash and ultimately the Great Depression • Overproduction and underconsumption • Businesses could not sell all of their goods, which led to the growth of unemployment • The dilemma of farmers • Prices of agricultural products dropped, resulting in an abundance of farmers who could not pay their loans • Speculation in stocks • Stockholders lost an estimated $74 billion • Americans were overly cautious with their money and consumer spending dropped

Sources • www.newprophecy.net • www.jeffrey-feldman.typepad.com • www.straightdope.com • www.time.com • www.mutualfunds.com • www.oldhistoricnewspapers.com • www.phys.ntnu.no • www.bergen.org • www.jmcolberg.com • www.time.com • www.keithboykin.com • www.online-cash-advance.com • www.societies.ncl.ac.uk • www.webtech.kennesaw.edu • Heath World History: Perspectives on the Past

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'This is where you start bear markets from': A notorious bear who called the 2000 and 2008 crashes warns stock-market conditions resemble a major peak more than any time in the last 100 years

• John Hussman, who called the 2000 and 2008 drops, warns market conditions are ripe for a major peak.
• A number of Hussman's proprietary measures show stocks could be due for poor performance ahead.
• But Hussman has continually published bearish outlooks recently while the market has soared.

Drawing on a recent quote from fellow market bear Jeremy Grantham, John Hussman titled his most recent note to investors, "This Is Where You Start Bear Markets From."

If Hussman's measure of market conditions is to be believed, he's absolutely right.

In his May 6 market comment, Hussman — the president of the Hussman Investment Trust who called the 2000 and 2008 stock market crashes — said that current market conditions are more ripe for a "major" peak than virtually any time over the last 100 years. His proprietary measure, the "cluster proximity score," considers inputs like investor sentiment, stock valuations, and fundamental, technical, and cyclical indicators.

The gauge is shown below in green and red alongside S&P 500 price action in blue. The higher the red peaks are, the more negative the reading on the indicator, and vice versa for green peaks.

While red and green "clusters" have typically corresponded with peaks and troughs in the market, Hussman acknowledges that they do not have a perfect track record.

"Emphatically, it is not an investment strategy or timing tool – the CPS can become quite favorable even in periods of unfavorable internals, as it did as the market plunged toward the 1972 and 1982 lows. Likewise, the CPS can become quite unfavorable even in periods of favorable internals, as it sometimes has in recent years. Still, when the key elements of our discipline align with the CPS, it's best to pay attention."

Two of those "key elements" that Hussman's CPS currently lines up with are stock valuations and investor sentiment, both poor at the moment — which Hussman sees as a recipe for disaster.

There are many ways to measure valuation, but the one Hussman prefers is his ratio of the market cap of non-financial stocks to gross value added of non-financial stocks (basically their total revenues).

Over the last year-and-a-half, it's surged back toward all-time highs.

This valuation measure has an impressive history of predicting S&P 500 returns over subsequent 12-year periods, and current levels suggest negative annualized returns for the index over the coming dozen years. Other common valuation measures are also historically elevated, including the Shiller CAPE ratio and the so-called Warren Buffett indicator of total stock market capitalization to GDP.

As for investor sentiment — or "market internals," as Hussman calls it — he also uses a proprietary gauge. He said it essentially tracks the "uniformity" of movement among individual stocks, which gives us a window into the level of investors' bullishness.

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The gauge is shown below in red, with S&P 500 price action in blue. When the market internals indicator goes generally flat, it has typically been bad news for stocks.

The macro picture

Hussman has one of the most bearish outlooks on Wall Street, saying in recent months that stocks could fall more than 60% when the current market cycle is complete.

Most strategists at major Wall Street banks, meanwhile, generally see the S&P 500 staying above 5,000 through 2024.

This is in part because the macroeconomic outlook has brightened compared to the first half of 2023, when a recessionary outcome was the base case for most economists.

But there's still some uncertainty around how the US economy will fare in the years ahead as labor market and consumer spending data generally continue to come in strong, forcing the Federal Reserve to delay interest rate cuts to ensure inflation doesn't see a resurgence. The longer the Fed keeps rates elevated to hamper spending and borrowing, the higher recessionary risks become.

Opinions vary on how strong the labor market actually is. Headline jobs data has proven bears wrong time and again. But David Rosenberg, the chief economist at Rosenberg Research who called the 2008 recession, warned in various client notes last week that major downward revisions for the labor market are coming several months out. This is because of a disparity between non-farm payrolls numbers and data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Business Employment Dynamics and Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages surveys.

If Rosenberg's views do come to fruition, stocks could be set up for substantial downside, with valuations high and the macro consensus among investors bullish. Time will tell.

Hussman's track record

For the uninitiated, Hussman has repeatedly made headlines by predicting a  stock-market decline  exceeding 60% and forecasting a full decade of  negative equity returns . And as the stock market ground mostly higher, he persisted with his doomsday calls.

But before you dismiss Hussman as a wonky perma-bear, consider again his track record. Here are the arguments he's laid out:

• He predicted in March 2000 that tech stocks would plunge 83%, then the tech-heavy Nasdaq 100 index lost an "improbably precise" 83% during a period from 2000 to 2002.
• He predicted in 2000 that the S&P 500 would likely see negative total returns over the following decade, which it did.
• He predicted in April 2007 that the S&P 500 could lose 40%, then it lost 55% in the subsequent collapse from 2007 to 2009.

However, Hussman's recent returns have been less than stellar. His Strategic Growth Fund is down about 51% since December 2010, and has fallen 10.3% in the last 12 months. The S&P 500, by comparison, is up about 26% over the past year.

The amount of bearish evidence being unearthed by Hussman continues to mount, and his calls over the last couple of years for a substantial sell-off began to prove accurate in 2022. Yes, there may still be returns to be realized in this new bull market, but at what point does the mounting risk of a larger crash become too unbearable?

That's a question investors will have to answer themselves — and one that Hussman will keep exploring in the interim.

Watch: What happens when Elon Musk moves markets with a tweet

• Main content

Stocks could tank after an ill-advised 'melt-up' if the Fed cuts rates to avoid recession

• There's a growing risk of a stock market melt-up, according to market veteran Ed Yardeni.
• Yardeni said the return of the "Fed Put" means stocks could soar on the anticipation and realization of interest rate cuts.
• But stock market melt-ups are rarely sustainable and are often followed by a painful decline.

There's a growing risk that the Federal Reserve could spark a stock market melt-up, according to market veteran and investment strategist Ed Yardeni.

The "Fed Put," or the idea that the Fed will save the stock market with interest rate cuts amid any sign of economic weakness, has returned to markets after Fed Chairman Jerome Powell indicated last month that the next interest rate decision is likely to be a cut, not a hike.

"Investors' expectation that the Fed would nip a recession in the bud by easing means that the Fed Put is back," Yardeni told clients in a note on Tuesday. "Its return reduces the risk of a recession and a bear market. It increases the risk of a melt-up in the stock market."

Ultimately, investors' anticipation of monetary easing by the Fed via interest rate cuts, whether realized or not, could unleash a new wave of animal spirits that catapults the stock market a lot higher from here.

Yardeni himself sees the S&P 500 rising to record highs by the end of the year at 5,400, and has also suggested that the index could soar as much as 25% to 6,500 through 2026.

"We don't expect any recession this year that the Fed would have to address by easing. But since some investors think that may happen, the Fed Put is back. With it comes increased risk of a stock market meltup," Yardeni said.

Aiding Yardeni's bullish outlook for stocks, and the potential risk of an unsustainable stock market boom, is the fact that earnings expectations continue to rise following better-than-expected first-quarter results. 

Wall Street analysts now expect S&P 500 earnings growth of 10.1% this year, accelerating to 13.9% in 2025 and 11.8% in 2026, which represents an increasingly bullish outlook for corporate profits.

"As we've often observed in the past, if the odds of a recession are low, then S&P 500 forward earnings is a very good leading indicator of actual earnings," Yardeni explained. And rising earnings are what ultimately drive stock prices higher in the long-term.

But the growing risk of a stock market melt-up coincides with the risk of a stock market sell-off, as melt-ups are rarely sustainable and are usually quickly followed by a swift and painful decline.

For investors, the question is whether or not a potential stock market melt-up and subsequent decline will happen at prices a lot higher or lower from current levels.

• Main content

Is the Stock Market on a Crash Course in 2024?

T here’s been something strange in the air since the start of the second quarter, and much of Wall Street believes it may be hinting at a stock market crash to come. Despite the strength of equities to start the year, investors and economists alike seem concerned over a potentially brutal correction lurking underneath a seemingly tranquil surface.

At a glance, things seem relatively cheery. Despite April’s slip, the S&P 500 is up about 9.5% year-to-date, almost at its 10% average yearly return — and 2024 isn’t even half over. Corporate profits are also up 5.2% from a year earlier, the strongest growth in almost two years.

Yet, the entire texture of the market has changed in just over a month. The S&P fell 4.3% in April, one of the most historically positive months for equities, off the back of underwhelming economic data. Unfortunately, it may just be the beginning.

Underwhelming Economic Data Casts Shadows

Inflation is clearly proving more stubborn than economists estimated, continuing to eat away at the purchasing power of regular Americans. As a result, the Federal Reserve is expected to hold rates higher for longer. The CME Group now projects either one or zero rate cuts this year despite entering the year forecasting three or more rate reductions.

The labor market is also finally starting to feel the pinch of the Federal Reserve’s tightened monetary policy, as evidenced by the unexpected jump in unemployment in April and rising jobless claims.

Even gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth came in under expectations in Q1 and by a notable margin.

Now, there are certainly concessions to be made for all the aforementioned economic indicators. While inflation isn’t easing, it’s also not climbing much at 3% annually. While not at the Fed’s 2% target, it’s undoubtedly a far cry from its 9.1% peak in June 2022.

It’s a similar story with jobs and GDP. While unemployment and economic production have decelerated, they are still far from being of any real recessionary concern.

But, as the old adage goes, Rome wasn’t built overnight, nor did it collapse.

Will the Stock Market Crash in 2024?

The fact is, this reversal in GDP, employment, and inflation may be the beginning of wider deterioration.

While corporate earnings are strong, 70% of stocks on the S&P 500 are trading below their 2021 highs . Last month, the widely watched Fear and Greed Index hit “Fear” for the first time since 2023, and it’s remained there since.

That said, some on Wall Street believe the slide in economic prosperity may not actually matter too much for stocks. Indeed, for an earnings-dominated investor base, profit is king, even amid growing economic turmoil.

“Equities don’t need Fed rate cuts for the rally to continue, all they need is solid earnings growth.” Kristy Akullian, Head of iShares Investment Strategy, Americas, told the Los Angeles Times.

But eventually, even earnings will feel the squeeze of a contracting economy. After all, how much can out-of-work Americans spend, especially with everything continuing to cost more month after month? While rampant credit card debt has kept spending afloat thus far, depending on continued strength in that department is akin to counting on the structural integrity of a house of cards.

Now, that isn’t to say that a stock market crash is the base case, nor a guarantee of a recession. Rather, it’s a notice that conditions have clearly changed. Whether or not this results in the market correction many have been warning of remains to be seen.

On the date of publication, Shrey Dua did not hold (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com  Publishing Guidelines .

With degrees in economics and journalism, Shrey Dua leverages his ample experience in media and reporting to contribute well-informed articles covering everything from financial regulation and the electric vehicle industry to the housing market and monetary policy. Shrey’s articles have featured in the likes of Morning Brew, Real Clear Markets, the Downline Podcast, and more.

Stock Market Today: Dow extends its longest streak of advances in 2024 as U.S. stocks end mixed

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