research 5 letters

RESEARCH Crossword Clue & Answer

All solutions for research, top answers for: research, top answers for research crossword clue from newspapers, definition of research.

• attempt to find out in a systematically and scientific manner; "The student researched the history of that word"; inquire into; "the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project"; "He searched for information on his relatives on the web"; "Scientists are exploring the nature of consciousness"; systematic investigation to establish facts

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Research crossword puzzle solutions.

36 Solutions - 3 Top suggestions & 33 further suggestions. We have 36 solutions for the frequently searched for crossword lexicon term RESEARCH. Furthermore and additionally we have 33 Further solutions for this paraphrase.

For the puzzel question RESEARCH we have solutions for the following word lenghts 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & 13.

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Solution DELVE is our most searched for solution by our visitors. Solution DELVE is 5 letters long. We have 6 further solutions of the same word length.

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We have 36 solutions to the crossword puzzle RESEARCH. The longest solution is INVESTIGATION with 13 letters and the shortest solution is DIG with 3 letters.

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Research with 5 letters Crossword Clue

Research with 5 letters - crossword solver online, research with 5 letters - there are 66 entries.

Research (Crossword clue)

We found 21 answers for “research” ..

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• July 21 2023

Do research

While searching our database we found 1 possible solution for the: Do research crossword clue.  This crossword clue was last seen on July 21 2023 Thomas Joseph Crossword puzzle . The solution we have for Do research has a total of 5 letters.

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An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

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Brilliant Ideas Can Come in All Sizes: Research Letters

Rita kukafka.

1 Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States

Tiffany I Leung

2 JMIR Publications, Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada

Gunther Eysenbach

3 University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

The Journal of Medical Internet Research is pleased to offer “Research Letter” as a new article type. Research Letters are similar to original and short paper types in that they report the original results of studies in a peer-reviewed, structured scientific communication. The Research Letter article type is optimal for presenting new, early, or sometimes preliminary research findings, including interesting observations from ongoing research with significant implications that justify concise and rapid communication.

Did you know that Albert Einstein published his famous E=mc² equation on mass-energy equivalence in roughly 2 pages [ 1 ]? Or that the original and preliminary communication suggesting the double-helix structure of DNA by Watson and Crick ( Figure 1 [ 2 , 3 ]) is also only a little more than 1 page in length? If winning a Nobel prize is evidence of brilliance, then one may conclude that the length of a manuscript is not commensurate with its value.

Archived scan of "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid," published on April 25, 1953, by Watson and Crick [ 2 ]. Source: Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA [ 3 ].

Because less is sometimes more, the Journal of Medical Internet Research is now pleased to offer “Research Letter” as a new article type. Research Letters in the Journal of Medical Internet Research are similar to original and short paper types in that they report the original results of studies in a peer-reviewed, structured scientific communication. The Research Letter article type is optimal for presenting new, early, or sometimes preliminary research findings, including interesting observations from ongoing research with significant implications that justify concise and rapid communication.

The Journal of Medical Internet Research is publishing Research Letters for several reasons. First, the Research Letter is an optimal medium for quickly communicating transformative work, offering authors an opportunity to submit their focused research work for potentially more rapid peer review and publication processes simply by the nature of the communication. Second, larger and more extensive research on contemporary issues might also produce focused findings that may be incidental to the primary aims, yet still be valuable to report. One interesting key result can be displayed in 1 or 2 tables or figures. Additionally, students and early career researchers are encouraged to submit Research Letters as a pathway for reporting their impactful, targeted research projects; this may offer a stepping stone for these researchers as they publish work that contributes to the field and to their scientific growth and professional advancement. For readers, who often include busy scientists and professionals, Research Letters can offer new ideas or approaches in a brief and quickly digestible, yet robust and high-quality, manner. Taking experiences from other high-impact journals, Research Letters are often highly cited.

Research Letters should still present original work that has not been previously published. Work presented at a conference that has not been previously published in proceedings can be submitted as a Research Letter. However, tables or figures from previously published or submitted papers would not be considered in a Research Letter. Authors can refer to article type information on the format of a Research Letter in JMIR Publication’s Knowledge Base [ 4 ]. In this issue of the Journal of Medical Internet Research , the journal has published its first example [ 5 ], with additional Research Letters currently in review.

We encourage authors to consider submitting their Research Letters to the Journal of Medical Internet Research . Additionally, the journal editors may suggest to authors the Research Letter article type as a more suitable format for their work. This is not intended to undersell the contribution of the submission. Authors may not realize that the Research Letter is subject to the same rigorous peer-review process as other article types here at JMIR Publications. As we have seen from Einstein and other eminent Nobel Prize winners, brilliant ideas can be expressed succinctly.

We look forward to reviewing and publishing your Research Letters!

Conflicts of Interest: RK is the Co-Editor-in-Chief at JMIR Publications. TIL is a scientific editor at JMIR Publications. GE is founder and president of JMIR Publications.

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Crossword Solver > Clues > Crossword-Clue: Money for research

MONEY FOR RESEARCH Crossword Clue

• Money granted for research (86.44%)
• Honey, Honey and "Money, Money, Money" band (84.15%)
• Money for Monet (81.42%)
• Group with the hits "Honey, Honey" and "Money, Money, Money" (79.08%)
• Monkey used in research (78.62%)
• Medical research monkey (78.62%)
• Monkey often used in research (69.23%)
• money granted for advanced study or research (68%)
• Research (64.96%)
• Money for Monet, e.g. (61.98%)

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Environmental Research Letters covers all of environmental science, providing a coherent and integrated approach including research articles, perspectives and review articles.

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Mark Lynas et al 2021 Environ. Res. Lett. 16 114005

While controls over the Earth's climate system have undergone rigorous hypothesis-testing since the 1800s, questions over the scientific consensus of the role of human activities in modern climate change continue to arise in public settings. We update previous efforts to quantify the scientific consensus on climate change by searching the recent literature for papers sceptical of anthropogenic-caused global warming. From a dataset of 88125 climate-related papers published since 2012, when this question was last addressed comprehensively, we examine a randomized subset of 3000 such publications. We also use a second sample-weighted approach that was specifically biased with keywords to help identify any sceptical peer-reviewed papers in the whole dataset. We identify four sceptical papers out of the sub-set of 3000, as evidenced by abstracts that were rated as implicitly or explicitly sceptical of human-caused global warming. In our sample utilizing pre-identified sceptical keywords we found 28 papers that were implicitly or explicitly sceptical. We conclude with high statistical confidence that the scientific consensus on human-caused contemporary climate change—expressed as a proportion of the total publications—exceeds 99% in the peer reviewed scientific literature.

Tanguang Gao et al 2021 Environ. Res. Lett. 16 054023

Permafrost collapse can rapidly change regional soil-thermal and hydrological conditions, potentially stimulating production of climate-warming gases. Here, we report on rate and extent of permafrost collapse on the extensive Tibetan Plateau, also known as the Asian Water Tower and the Third Pole. Combined data from in situ measurements, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), manned aerial photographs, and satellite images suggest that permafrost collapse was accelerating across the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. From 1969 to 2017, the area of collapsed permafrost has increased by approximately a factor of 40, with 70% of the collapsed area forming since 2004. These widespread perturbations to the Tibetan Plateau permafrost could trigger changes in local ecosystem state and amplify large-scale permafrost climate feedbacks.

Seth Wynes and Kimberly A Nicholas 2017 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 074024

Current anthropogenic climate change is the result of greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere, which records the aggregation of billions of individual decisions. Here we consider a broad range of individual lifestyle choices and calculate their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries, based on 148 scenarios from 39 sources. We recommend four widely applicable high-impact (i.e. low emissions) actions with the potential to contribute to systemic change and substantially reduce annual personal emissions: having one fewer child (an average for developed countries of 58.6 tonnes CO 2 -equivalent (tCO 2 e) emission reductions per year), living car-free (2.4 tCO 2 e saved per year), avoiding airplane travel (1.6 tCO 2 e saved per roundtrip transatlantic flight) and eating a plant-based diet (0.8 tCO 2 e saved per year). These actions have much greater potential to reduce emissions than commonly promoted strategies like comprehensive recycling (four times less effective than a plant-based diet) or changing household lightbulbs (eight times less). Though adolescents poised to establish lifelong patterns are an important target group for promoting high-impact actions, we find that ten high school science textbooks from Canada largely fail to mention these actions (they account for 4% of their recommended actions), instead focusing on incremental changes with much smaller potential emissions reductions. Government resources on climate change from the EU, USA, Canada, and Australia also focus recommendations on lower-impact actions. We conclude that there are opportunities to improve existing educational and communication structures to promote the most effective emission-reduction strategies and close this mitigation gap.

John Cook et al 2013 Environ. Res. Lett. 8 024024

We analyze the evolution of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW) in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, examining 11 944 climate abstracts from 1991–2011 matching the topics 'global climate change' or 'global warming'. We find that 66.4% of abstracts expressed no position on AGW, 32.6% endorsed AGW, 0.7% rejected AGW and 0.3% were uncertain about the cause of global warming. Among abstracts expressing a position on AGW, 97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming. In a second phase of this study, we invited authors to rate their own papers. Compared to abstract ratings, a smaller percentage of self-rated papers expressed no position on AGW (35.5%). Among self-rated papers expressing a position on AGW, 97.2% endorsed the consensus. For both abstract ratings and authors' self-ratings, the percentage of endorsements among papers expressing a position on AGW marginally increased over time. Our analysis indicates that the number of papers rejecting the consensus on AGW is a vanishingly small proportion of the published research.

Jan Klenner et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 054019

Global aviation emissions have been growing despite international efforts to limit climate change. Quantifying the status quo of domestic and international aviation emissions is necessary for establishing an understanding of current emissions and their mitigation. Yet, a majority of the United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC)-ratifying parties have infrequently disclosed aviation emissions within the international framework, if at all. Here, we present a set of national aviation emission and fuel burn inventories for these 197 individual parties, as calculated by the high-resolution aviation transport emissions assessment model (AviTeam) model. In addition to CO 2 emissions, the AviTeam model calculates pollutant emissions, including NO x , SO x , unburnt hydrocarbons, black carbon, and organic carbon. Emission inventories are created in aggregated and gridded format and rely on Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast combined with schedule data. The cumulative global fuel burn is estimated at 291 Tg for the year 2019. This corresponds to CO 2 emissions of 920 Tg, with 306 Tg originating from domestic aviation. We present emissions from 151 countries that have yet to report their emissions for 2019, which sum to 417 TgCO 2 . The improved availability of national emissions data facilitated by this inventory could support mitigation efforts in developed and developing countries and shows that such tools could bolster sector reporting to the UNFCCC.

Diana Ivanova et al 2020 Environ. Res. Lett. 15 093001

Background. Around two-thirds of global GHG emissions are directly and indirectly linked to household consumption, with a global average of about 6 tCO 2 eq/cap. The average per capita carbon footprint of North America and Europe amount to 13.4 and 7.5 tCO 2 eq/cap, respectively, while that of Africa and the Middle East—to 1.7 tCO 2 eq/cap on average. Changes in consumption patterns to low-carbon alternatives therefore present a great and urgently required potential for emission reductions. In this paper, we synthesize emission mitigation potentials across the consumption domains of food, housing, transport and other consumption. Methods. We systematically screened 6990 records in the Web of Science Core Collections and Scopus. Searches were restricted to (1) reviews of lifecycle assessment studies and (2) multiregional input-output studies of household consumption, published after 2011 in English. We selected against pre-determined eligibility criteria and quantitatively synthesized findings from 53 studies in a meta-review. We identified 771 original options, which we summarized and presented in 61 consumption options with a positive mitigation potential. We used a fixed-effects model to explore the role of contextual factors (geographical, technical and socio-demographic factors) for the outcome variable (mitigation potential per capita) within consumption options. Results and discussion. We establish consumption options with a high mitigation potential measured in tons of CO 2 eq/capita/yr. For transport, the options with the highest mitigation potential include living car-free, shifting to a battery electric vehicle, and reducing flying by a long return flight with a median reduction potential of more than 1.7 tCO 2 eq/cap. In the context of food, the highest carbon savings come from dietary changes, particularly an adoption of vegan diet with an average and median mitigation potential of 0.9 and 0.8 tCO 2 eq/cap, respectively. Shifting to renewable electricity and refurbishment and renovation are the options with the highest mitigation potential in the housing domain, with medians at 1.6 and 0.9 tCO 2 eq/cap, respectively. We find that the top ten consumption options together yield an average mitigation potential of 9.2 tCO 2 eq/cap, indicating substantial contributions towards achieving the 1.5 °C–2 °C target, particularly in high-income context.

John Cook et al 2016 Environ. Res. Lett. 11 048002

The consensus that humans are causing recent global warming is shared by 90%–100% of publishing climate scientists according to six independent studies by co-authors of this paper. Those results are consistent with the 97% consensus reported by Cook et al ( Environ. Res. Lett . 8 024024 ) based on 11 944 abstracts of research papers, of which 4014 took a position on the cause of recent global warming. A survey of authors of those papers ( N  = 2412 papers) also supported a 97% consensus. Tol (2016 Environ. Res. Lett. 11 048001 ) comes to a different conclusion using results from surveys of non-experts such as economic geologists and a self-selected group of those who reject the consensus. We demonstrate that this outcome is not unexpected because the level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science. At one point, Tol also reduces the apparent consensus by assuming that abstracts that do not explicitly state the cause of global warming ('no position') represent non-endorsement, an approach that if applied elsewhere would reject consensus on well-established theories such as plate tectonics. We examine the available studies and conclude that the finding of 97% consensus in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.

Kerstin K Zander et al 2018 Environ. Res. Lett. 13 084009

The world's population is increasingly urban, with more than half the global population already living in cities. The urban population is particularly affected by increasing temperatures because of the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Increasing temperatures cause heat stress in people, even when not directly exposed to heat, since outdoor meteorological conditions also affect conditions inside, particularly in non-air-conditioned environments. Heat stress harms people's health, can impair their well-being and productivity, and may cause substantial economic losses. In this study, we investigate how people in urban areas across the Philippines are affected by heat, using data from 1161 responses obtained through an online survey. We found that almost all respondents (91%) are already experiencing heat stress quite severely and that the level of heat stress is correlated with population density. Controlling, in a multiple log it model, for variables commonly associated with heat stress, such as age, health, physical exertion and climate, we found that those least likely to be severely affected by heat live in areas with fewer than ∼7000 people per km 2 . Air-conditioning use at home relieved heat stress mostly for people in low-density areas but not where population density was high. The results provide evidence for the social impacts of increasing heat in urban areas, complementing understanding of well-known physical impacts such as the UHI effect.

William F Lamb et al 2021 Environ. Res. Lett. 16 073005

Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be traced to five economic sectors: energy, industry, buildings, transport and AFOLU (agriculture, forestry and other land uses). In this topical review, we synthesise the literature to explain recent trends in global and regional emissions in each of these sectors. To contextualise our review, we present estimates of GHG emissions trends by sector from 1990 to 2018, describing the major sources of emissions growth, stability and decline across ten global regions. Overall, the literature and data emphasise that progress towards reducing GHG emissions has been limited. The prominent global pattern is a continuation of underlying drivers with few signs of emerging limits to demand, nor of a deep shift towards the delivery of low and zero carbon services across sectors. We observe a moderate decarbonisation of energy systems in Europe and North America, driven by fuel switching and the increasing penetration of renewables. By contrast, in rapidly industrialising regions, fossil-based energy systems have continuously expanded, only very recently slowing down in their growth. Strong demand for materials, floor area, energy services and travel have driven emissions growth in the industry, buildings and transport sectors, particularly in Eastern Asia, Southern Asia and South-East Asia. An expansion of agriculture into carbon-dense tropical forest areas has driven recent increases in AFOLU emissions in Latin America, South-East Asia and Africa. Identifying, understanding, and tackling the most persistent and climate-damaging trends across sectors is a fundamental concern for research and policy as humanity treads deeper into the Anthropocene.

Jay Fuhrman et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 064012

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is expected to play a critical role in reaching net zero CO 2 and especially net zero greenhouse gase (GHG) emissions. However, the extent to which the role of CDR in counterbalancing residual emissions can be reduced has not yet been fully quantified. Here, we use a state-of-the-art integrated assessment model to develop a 'Maximum Sectoral Effort' scenario which features global emissions policies alongside ambitious effort across sectors to reduce their gross GHG emissions and thereby the CDR required for offsets. We find that these efforts can reduce CDR by over 50% globally, increase both the relative and absolute role of the land sink in storing carbon, and more evenly distribute CDR contributions and associated side-effects across regions compared to CO 2 pricing alone. Furthermore, the lower cumulative CO 2 and nonCO 2 emissions leads to earlier and lower peak temperatures. Emphasizing reductions in gross, in addition to net emissions while disallowing the substitution of less durable CDR for offsets can therefore reduce both physical and transition risks associated with high CDR deployment and temperature overshoot.

Latest articles

Louis Tanguay et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 069502

Álvaro González-Reyes et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 064046

Soil moisture (SM) is a crucial factor in the water cycle, sustaining ecosystems and influencing local climate patterns by regulating the energy balance between the soil and atmosphere. Due to the absence of long-term, in-situ measurements of SM, studies utilizing satellite-based data and tree-ring analysis have become valuable in assessing variations of SM at regional and multi-century scales, as well as determining its effects on tree growth. This information is particularly pertinent in biodiversity hotspots made up of semi-arid ecosystems currently threatened by climate change. In the Mediterranean Chile region (MC; 30°–37° S), an ongoing megadrought since 2010 has resulted in a significant decline in the forest throughout the area. However, the impact of SM on tree growth at a multi-species and regional level remains unexplored. We analyzed a new network of 22 tree-ring width chronologies across the MC to evaluate the main spatiotemporal tree-growth patterns of nine woody species and their correlation with SM, using PCA. We also reconstructed the SM variations over the past four centuries and assessed its connection with large-scale climate forcings. Our results indicate that the primary growth patterns (PC1) explained 27% of the total variance and displayed a significant relationship with SM between 1982–2015 ( r = 0.91), accurately reflecting the current megadrought. The tree-ring SM reconstruction covers the period 1616–2018 and shows a strong decrease around the year 2007, revealing an unprecedented recent change in aridity with respect to the last four centuries. The intensity of the South Pacific subtropical anticyclone, which primarily owe their existence to the subsiding branch of the Hadley Cell, appears as the primary climatic mechanism correlated with the reconstruction and the present aridity conditions in MC. The current SM conditions align with anticipated aridity changes in MC, providing a bleak perspective of future regional climate.

Kang Xie et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 064044

The land surface of a watershed acts as a large reservoir, with its catchment water storage capacity (CWSC) influencing rainfall-runoff relationship. Estimating CWSC at global grid scale is challenging due to calibration complexity, limited spatial continuity, and data scarcity. To address this, a deep learning-based approach incorporates spatial reconstruction and temporal transfer for capturing spatio-temporal variations in watershed characteristics. The study focuses on the Global Runoff Data Centre dataset and presents a grid-based hydrological model. Findings demonstrate accurate identification of CWSC distribution, with the model achieving an R 2 of 0.92 and the runoff Kling–Gupta efficiency of 0.71 during validation. According to the CMIP6 projections, the global CWSC is anticipated to undergo a significant increase at a rate of 1.7 mm per decade under the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario. Neglecting spatio-temporal CWSC variability globally overestimates climate change's impact on runoff, potentially reducing the projected long-term increase by up to 41%.

Ting Wang et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 064037

Climate warming has pronounced impacts on high-elevation regions, including arid Central Asia, and has multiple impacts on the environment. Forests in these mountainous areas provide essential services by regulating regional climate, sequestering carbon, and supporting soil and water conservation. However, trends in forest productivity and their response to climate change remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we collected tree cores from five sample plots in the western Tianshan region. We used tree-ring widths to reconstruct net primary productivity (NPP) and investigated the sensitivity of forest NPP to climate change by analysing weather station data and employing LASSO regression to identify climatic factors influencing forest growth. Our results demonstrate that the reconstructed forest NPP effectively captured significant carbon shifts and revealed a non-significant increase in forest productivity associated with climate warming and higher precipitation between 1970 and 2020 at low and middle elevations in the Tianshan mountains. Humidity is the primary limiting factor affecting forest growth in this region. Conversely, the relationship between temperature and forest growth is not consistent as precipitation increases. Our findings suggest that continued warming will exacerbate water stress in forests.

Rachel C Engstrand et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 064036

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is considered a leading cause of environmental degradation in the Amazon. Previous studies have only used deforestation to quantify total ASGM activity and have not considered that mining may occur multiple times in the same area. However, miners often revisit previously mined sites to extract additional gold, though the frequency and extent of this occurrence remains unquantified. This study is the first to quantify repeat ASGM in Madre de Dios, Peru, and to identify which factors best predict revisitation. We found that nearly two-thirds of total ASGM activity in this region is repeat mining. When repeat mining activity is accounted for, we found that 249 488 ha were mined from 1984–2021, which is 265% more than activity estimates based on deforestation due to initial ASGM alone. Random Forest modeling showed that the designation, region, size, and type of a mine were the most important predictors of repeat mining. We suggest that repeat mining must be considered for a more comprehensive view of ASGM activity and its environmental impacts.

Review articles

Felix Creutzig et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 053004

Shared pooled mobility has been hailed as a sustainable mobility solution that uses digital innovation to efficiently bundle rides. Multiple disciplines have started investigating and analyzing shared pooled mobility systems. However, there is a lack of cross-community communication making it hard to build upon knowledge from other fields or know which open questions may be of interest to other fields. Here, we identify and review 9 perspectives: transdisciplinary social sciences, social physics, transport simulations, urban and energy economics, psychology, climate change solutions, and the Global South research and provide a common terminology. We identify more than 25 000 papers, with more than 100 fold variation in terms of literature count between research perspectives. Our review demonstrates the intellectual attractivity of this as a novel perceived mode of transportation, but also highlights that real world economics may limit its viability, if not supported with concordant incentives and regulation. We then sketch out cross-disciplinary open questions centered around (1) optimal configuration of ride-pooling systems, (2) empirical studies, and (3) market drivers and implications for the economics of ride-pooling. We call for researchers of different disciplines to actively exchange results and views to advance a transdisciplinary research agenda.

Chiara Castelli et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 053003

This study conducts a comprehensive review of macroeconomic models within the Water, Energy, Food, and Ecosystem (WEFE) nexus, considering four different approaches: computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, integrated assessment models (IAMs), agent-based models (ABMs), and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. Specifically, we examine how macroeconomic models represent not only the WEFE nexus as a whole but also its individual components and their combinations. Spanning a collection of 77 papers published in the last 20 years, this review underscores the prevalence of CGE models and IAMs, followed by ABMs, as dominant avenues of research within this field. CGE models frequently investigate interconnections between pairs of WEFE elements, while IAMs focus on the whole nexus. At the same time, ABMs do not exhibit a clear pattern, whereas DSGE models predominantly concentrate on the energy component alone. Overall, our findings indicate that the development of DSGE models and ABMs is still in its early stages. DSGE models potentially allow the analysis of uncertainty and risk in this field, while ABMs might offer new insights into the complex interactions between natural and human systems but still lack a common framework.

Aswin Giri J and Shiva Nagendra S M 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 053002

Air pollution is perceived through sensory stimuli and interpreted by our brain. Perception is highly subjective and varies from person to person. As many direct and indirect factors influence air pollution perception, it is difficult to unearth the underlying mechanisms. Many studies have tried to understand the mechanisms and relations affecting perception, and it is important to evaluate those different approaches. We systematically reviewed 104 studies on air pollution perception, following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. There is a difference between the public's subjective perception and objective air quality measurements. This discrepancy has been found to occur due to varied socio-economic characteristics, knowledge, emotions, etc. The advent of social media and the internet has had a significant effect on risk perception. All these influencing factors create differences between the public's perception and the scientific community/policymakers. This gap can be fixed by tailoring science-backed information for better communication. Based on past studies, we highlight the need for tailored data dissemination, integration of big data for urban management, development of robust frameworks to incorporate perception and use of a perception index for better communication.

Xinyuan Wei et al 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 053001

Inland waters receive large quantities of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils and act as conduits for the lateral transport of this terrestrially derived carbon, ultimately storing, mineralizing, or delivering it to oceans. The lateral DOC flux plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, and numerous models have been developed to estimate the DOC export from different landscapes. We reviewed 34 published models and compared their characteristics to identify challenges in model applications and opportunities for future model development. We classified these models into three types: indicator-driven, hydrology-forced, and process-based DOC export simulation models. They differ mainly in their environmental inputs, simulation approaches for soil DOC production, leaching from soils to inland waters, and transit through inland waters. It is essential to consider landscape characteristics, climate conditions, available data, and research questions when selecting the most appropriate model. Given the substantial assumptions associated with these models, sufficient measurements are required to benchmark estimates. Accurate accounting of terrestrially derived DOC export to oceans requires incorporating the DOC produced in aquatic ecosystems and deposited with rainwater; otherwise, global export estimates may be overestimated by 40.7%. Additionally, improving the representation of mineralization and burial processes in inland waters allows for more accurate accounting of carbon sequestration through land ecosystems. When all the inland water processes are ignored or assuming DOC leaching is equivalent to DOC export, the loss of soil carbon through this lateral flux could be underestimated by 43.9%.

Tamara L Sheldon and Rubal Dua 2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 043004

Ride-hailing has expanded substantially around the globe over the last decade and is likely to be an integral part of future transportation systems. We perform a systematic review of the literature on energy and environmental impacts of ride-hailing. In general, empirical papers find that ride-hailing has increased congestion, vehicle miles traveled, and emissions. However, theoretical papers overwhelmingly point to the potential for energy and emissions reductions in a future with increased electrification and pooling. Future research addressing the gap between observed and predicted impacts is warranted.

Accepted manuscripts

Zhang et al 

Understanding the inequality of PM2.5-related health is crucial for promoting health, building a just society, and advancing multiple SDG goals. However, previous research has predominantly concentrated on PM2.5 exposure inequality, neglecting varied prompt responses and protective behaviors against it. Here, we established the relationship between short-term healthcare expenditure and PM2.5 concentration using the number and amount of healthcare transactions across all healthcare categories based on the Union Pay data. We also assessed daily city-specific PM2.5-related mortality and healthcare expenditures and evaluated their inequalities among cities according to the income inequality index, the Gini coefficient. The results show that short-term exposure to PM2.5 leads to severe physiological and health-related economic burdens on Chinese residents. From 2017 to 2019, 77.8 (34.5-121.1) thousand deaths were attributed to daily PM2.5, with healthcare expenditures reaching 93.7 (69.1-118.3) billion Chinese Yuan. Additionally, there were significant inequalities in PM2.5-related mortality and healthcare expenditures among cities. The inequality index for PM2.5-related healthcare expenditures was 0.53, while the inequality index for PM2.5-related mortality was 0.13. The greater inequality in healthcare expenditures than in mortality, implying inadequate healthcare resources amplify the health inequality related to PM2.5 exposure. 28.6% of Chinese cities lacked affordable healthcare resources to address the high physiological burden attributable to PM2.5. Our multidimensional exploration is essential for formulating effective policies addressing environmental health inequality. Focusing on these cities with disproportionate challenges is crucial for creating a more equitable and sustainable society.

Zhou et al 

While previous studies have demonstrated that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can impact global climate systems on the intraseasonal timescale, how ENSO affects the intraseasonal variability of the Siberian High (SH) still remains unclear. Based on spectral analysis, the SH exhibits evident intraseasonal periodicity (ISP) differences, with 25–50 days during El Niño winters and 50–90 days during La Niña winters. The northward propagation of the Rossby wave from the tropics during the phase transition of the SH leads to the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) dominating the difference in the ISP of the SH. The faster eastward propagation of the MJO in El Niño winters leads to a quicker evolution of the SH. Accompanied by the eastward propagation of the MJO, when the tropical westerly in the lower troposphere is located over the Indian Ocean, it can deflect to the north and involved the Eurasian cyclonic circulation, which contributes to the negative phase of the SH. When the tropical westerly moves eastward and the easterly is occupied the Indian Ocean, the middle-to-high latitude northerly completely dominates the East Asia region, penetrates southward to the South China Sea, deflects westward, and involved the tropical easterly, acting as the positive peak stage of the SH. The upper-level tropical zonal wind overrides the low-level tropical zonal wind, forming a coupled circulation and air temperature pattern together with the low level. The faster propagation of the MJO in El Niño winters leads to the intraseasonal evolution of the El Niño-related SH to change from lagging behind the La Niña-related SH to exceeding it, thereby contributing to the ISP of the SH being much shorter during El Niño winters.

Choi et al 

Climate conditions and emissions are among the primary influences on seasonal variations in air quality. Consequently, skillful climate forecasts can greatly enhance the predictability of air quality seasonal forecasts. In this study, we propose a dynamical-statistical method for seasonal forecasting of particulate matter (PM10) concentrations in South Korea in winter using climate forecasts from the Asian Pacific Climate Center (APCC) Multi-Model Ensemble (MME). We identified potential climate predictors that potentially affect the wintertime air quality variability in South Korea in the global domain. From these potential climate predictors, those that can be forecasted skillfully by APCC MME were utilized to establish a multiple-linear regression model to predict the winter PM10 concentration in South Korea. As a result of evaluating the forecast skill through retrospective forecasts for the past 25 winters (1995/96-2019/20), this model showed statistically significant forecast skill at a lead time of a month to a season. The skill of PM10 forecast from the MME was overall better than that from a single model. We also found that it is possible to improve forecast skills through optimal MME combinations.

Perri et al 

A rapid and effective transition to low-carbon energy production is essential to limit climate change impacts. While the scientific community has mostly focused on research and development and techno-economic aspects, quantifying the role of public acceptability and policy in shaping emission trajectories has been much more elusive. 
This study investigates the coupled dynamics of nonlinear socio-political acceptance and anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, with implications for climate policies and clean energy investments. Our findings show that a top-down policy approach alone may not be sufficient for effective emission cuts, highlighting the need for a multi-level strategy that combines top-down and bottom-up approaches. Additionally, opinion polarization can trigger detrimental CO 2 emission oscillations when governments decide to take heavy-handed policy interventions in highly polarized socio-political systems. 
Delayed perception of climate change damage or abrupt reactions to extreme weather events may also significantly affect emission reduction efforts, although in the opposite direction. Integrating these socio-political dynamics into climate models can enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between human and natural systems, enabling the development of more effective and resilient mitigation strategies.

Coffel et al 

Hot and dry conditions pose a substantial risk to global crops. The frequency of co-occurring heat and drought depends on land-atmosphere coupling, which can be quantified by the correlation between temperature and evapotranspiration (r(T, ET)). We find that the majority of global croplands have experienced declines in r(T, ET) over the past ~40 years, indicating a shift to a more moisture-limited state. In some regions, especially Europe, the sign of r(T, ET) has flipped from positive to negative, indicating a transition from energy-limitation to moisture-limitation and suggesting a qualitative shift in the local climate regime. We associate stronger declines in r(T, ET) with faster increases in annual maximum temperatures and larger declines in soil moisture and ET during hot days. Our results suggest that shifts towards stronger land-atmosphere coupling have already increased the sensitivity of crop yields to temperature in much of the world by 12-37%, as hot days are not only hotter, but also more likely to be concurrently dry.

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• 2006-present Environmental Research Letters doi: 10.1088/issn.1748-9326 Online ISSN: 1748-9326

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