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Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali poet, novelist and painter best known for being the first non-European to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 with his book Gitanjali, Song Offerings . He was highly influential in introducing Indian culture to the West and is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern India. He was hailed by W.B Yeats and André Gide.

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• Article Title: Rabindranath Tagore Biography
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• Last Updated: June 24, 2021
• Original Published Date: April 2, 2014

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Rabindranath Tagore

Poet, writer and humanitarian, Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature and he played a key role in the renaissance of modern India. Tagore is most widely known for his poetry, but he was also an accomplished author of novels, short stories, plays and articles. He took an active interest in a widespread range of social, cultural and artistic endeavours. He has been described as one of the first Twentieth Century’s global man.

“So I repeat we never can have a true view of man unless we have a love for him. Civilisation must be judged and prized, not by the amount of power it has developed, but by how much it has evolved and given expression to, by its laws and institutions, the love of humanity.”

— Sadhana: The Realisation of Life, (1916)

Short Biography Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath began writing from an early age and impressed with his free-flowing style and spontaneous compositions. He mostly rejected formal schooling; he spent much time being taught at home. In 1878 he travelled to England and sought to study law at University College, London, but he left before finishing the degree.

After returning to India, in 1901, Tagore moved to Shantiniketan to found an ashram which became his focal point for writing and his view on schooling. He chose the name for the ashram – Shantiniketan meaning ‘Abode of Peace.’

“Love is the ultimate meaning of everything around us. It is not a mere sentiment; it is truth; it is the joy that is at the root of all creation.”

– Tagore, Sādhanā : The Realisation of Life (1916)

Friendship with Gandhi

Tagore was firm friends with Gandhi and admired him very much. But, despite this friendship, he could be critical of his views. For example, he disagreed with Gandhi’s views on Swaraj protests and upbraided Gandhi when Gandhi claimed an earthquake was ‘divine retribution for the mistreatment of Dalits in India.’ Yet despite the frequent divergence of opinions, they could admire each other. When Gandhi went on a fast unto death, it was Tagor who was able to persuade Gandhi to give up his fast and look after his health.

Nobel Prize for Literature 1913

In 1913, Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his work ‘ Gitanjali ‘ This made his writings internationally known and his fame spread throughout the world.

“My debts are large, my failures great, my shame secret and heavy; yet I come to ask for my good, I quake in fear lest my prayer be granted.” – Gitanjali

Rabindranath Tagore with Einstein

This gave Tagore the opportunity to travel extensively giving lectures and recitals in many different countries. He also became acquainted with many of the leading cultural contemporaries of the day; this included W.B.Yeats, George Bernard Shaw , Romain Rolland, Robert Frost and Albert Einstein .

Tagore had a great love for nature and many of his poems invoke the simple beauties of the natural world. For Tagore, his religion could be found in the wonders and mysteries of nature – as much as in temples and sacred books.

Tagore was a prolific composer of music. He composed over 2,000 songs which have been popularised and sung widely across Bengal. Like his literature, he broke away from classical constraints to offer a great emotive and spiritual appeal. Tagore is unique for being the official composer for the national anthem of two countries – India’s Jana Gana Mana and Bangladesh’s Amar Shonar Bangla .

Tagore was an opponent of British imperialism, though he also felt Indians had a duty to improve their self-education; he said that British rule was partly due to the state India had fallen into. In particular, he was very denigrating about India’s obsession with caste.

‘the ultimate truth in man is not in his intellect or his possessions; it is in his illumination of mind, in his extension of sympathy across all barriers of caste and colour, in his recognition of the world, not merely as a storehouse of power, but as a habitation of man’s spirit, with its eternal music of beauty and its inner light of the divine presence.’ – Tagore, The Poet’s Religion’ in Creative Unity (1922) [ 1 ]

In 1919, Tagore returned his knighthood in protest at the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, in which many peaceful Indian protesters were killed.

Tagore was a polymath, and towards the end of his life he took up art and also pursued an interest in science. Tagore was also very much an internationalist, criticising nationalism, though also writing songs and articles in support of the general principle of the Indian independence movement.

“Patriotism cannot be our final spiritual shelter; my refuge is humanity. I will not buy glass for the price of diamonds, and I will never allow patriotism to triumph over humanity as long as I live. “

– Rabindranath Tagore

Tagore view on Religion

Tagore had mixed views on religion. He was brought up in a traditional Hindu family and taught to pray and meditate from an early age. He remembers the peace of mind he developed from chanting the Gayatri Mantra, but at the same time was detached from the more formalistic aspects of religion. He tended to see religion as not scriptures and places of worship but the life we lead. As he explained:

“My religion is my life – it is growing with my growth – it has never been grafted on me from outside.” ~ Tagore to Robert Bridges, 8 July 1914.

He was keen to avoid any fanaticism and saw the strength of his own Hindu religion as its ability to see more than one path to the goal. His life-long aspiration was to see a harmony of religions flourish in India – not from mere tolerance but an appreciation of the different merits other religions had.

‘The Idea of freedom to which India aspired was based upon realization of spiritual unity…India’s great achievement, which is still stored deep within her heart, is waiting to unite within itself Hindu, Moslem, Buddhist and Christian, not by force, not by the apathy of resignation, but in the harmony of active cooperation.’ ~ Tagore in Berlin, 1921.

However, he was also critical of the Hindu caste system.

Tagore’s poetry frequently hint at a mystical view of the world.

“In this playhouse of infinite forms I have had my play, and here have I caught sight of him that is formless.” – Gitanjali “The human soul is on its journey from the law to love, from discipline to liberation, from the moral plane to the spiritual.” Sādhanā : The Realisation of Life (1916)

Tagore died on 7th August 1941, after a long and painful illness, aged 80. He died in his family home.

Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan . “ Rabindranath Tagore ”, Oxford, UK www.biographyonline.net , 1st Jun. 2009. Last updated 1 March 2019.

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Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore was born in Calcutta, India, on May 7, 1861. He was the son of Debendranath Tagore, a prominent philosopher and religious reformer. Throughout his childhood, Tagore was educated by tutors and wrote extensively, despite a marked disinterest for traditional schooling. In 1877, he sailed to England to study. He remained for just fourteen months, during which he was schooled in Brighton, East Sussex and at University College, where he studied law and attended lectures on English literature. He expressed dissatisfaction with the constraints of Western educational practices in England, however, and returned to India. 

Throughout his career, Tagore not only wrote and translated poetry, but published numerous novels, short stories, plays, letters, essays, memoirs, and criticism. He was also known for his musical compositions. Tagore’s most notable work of poetry is Gitanjali: Song Offerings (Macmillan, 1912), for which he received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. He was the first non-European, as well as the first lyricist, to win the prize. Other notable poetry publications, written and published in Bengali, include Sonar Tari [The Golden Boat] (1894) and Manasi [The Ideal One] (1890). Tagore often published first in Bengali, then translated his own work to English. He wrote novels, plays, and short stories in both languages, including the plays Chitra (India Society of London, 1914) and The Post Office (Cuala Press, 1914). He is credited with pioneering the short story form in Bengali literature, with some of his best work collected in The Hungry Stones and Other Stories (Macmillan, 1916) and The Glimpses of Bengal Life (G. A. Nateson & Co., 1913). His short stories were especially famous in India, as many were based on his ten years in Shilaidah and Shazadpur, where he went to manage his family’s estates in the 1890s. During this time, he lived on a houseboat on the Padma River and socialized with the neighboring villagers. His compassion for them, and his belief in education for all, deeply influenced his short stories, as well as his later activism. Tagore’s stances on Indian independence, the caste system, education, religion, and other sociopolitical issues were expressed through his work. 

In his introduction to the English translation of Gitanjali , W. B. Yeats lauds Tagore’s poetic vision, writing: “these lyrics […] display in their thought a world I have dreamed of all my life long. The work of a supreme culture, they yet appear as much the growth of the common soil as the grass and the rushes. A tradition, where poetry and religion are the same thing, has passed through the centuries, gathering from learned and unlearned metaphor and emotion, and carried back again to the multitude the thought of the scholar and of the noble.” 

In 1901, Tagore’s work as an educator and activist led to his founding an experimental school at Shantiniketan, a retreat in rural Bengal that his father created in 1863. There, he hoped to merge Eastern and Western educational traditions. He believed there might be a more natural way for young people to learn, utilizing a method which would foster their imagination and instincts. For a time, he lived at the school, which became the international Visva-Bharati University. In 1912, Tagore left the school to read his work across Europe, America, and East Asia, and to lecture and advocate for Indian independence. In 1919, as a protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, he rejected the British knighthood in 1915. Six years later, Tagore and Leonard Elmhirst founded the “Institute for Rural Reconstruction,” a feature of the Visva-Bharati University experiments. Through the institute, many of the concerns that Tagore expressed in his early short stories came to fruition: he believed rural India was barred from mainstream intellectual and urban life, and sought to facilitate a collaborative education. He requested aid from various artists, donors, and scholars across the world for this project. 

While Tagore pursued writing, teaching, and activism during much of his life, he became recognized as a painter when he was in his sixties, with many of his works enjoying success at exhibitions in Europe. 

Tagore died on August 7, 1941, in Calcutta.  

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Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, which was a new religious sect in nineteenth-century Bengal and which attempted a revival of the ultimate monistic basis of Hinduism as laid down in the Upanishads. He was educated at home; and although at seventeen he was sent to England for formal schooling, he did not finish his studies there. In his mature years, in addition to his many-sided literary activities, he managed the family estates, a project which brought him into close touch with common humanity and increased his interest in social reforms. He also started an experimental school at Shantiniketan where he tried his Upanishadic ideals of education. From time to time he participated in the Indian nationalist movement, though in his own non-sentimental and visionary way; and Gandhi, the political father of modern India, was his devoted friend. Tagore was knighted by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few years he resigned the honour as a protest against British policies in India.

Tagore had early success as a writer in his native Bengal. With his translations of some of his poems he became rapidly known in the West. In fact his fame attained a luminous height, taking him across continents on lecture tours and tours of friendship. For the world he became the voice of India's spiritual heritage; and for India, especially for Bengal, he became a great living institution.

Although Tagore wrote successfully in all literary genres, he was first of all a poet. Among his fifty and odd volumes of poetry are Manasi (1890) [The Ideal One], Sonar Tari (1894) [The Golden Boat], Gitanjali (1910) [Song Offerings], Gitimalya (1914) [Wreath of Songs], and Balaka (1916) [The Flight of Cranes]. The English renderings of his poetry, which include The Gardener (1913), Fruit-Gathering (1916), and The Fugitive (1921), do not generally correspond to particular volumes in the original Bengali; and in spite of its title, Gitanjali: Song Offerings (1912), the most acclaimed of them, contains poems from other works besides its namesake. Tagore's major plays are Raja (1910) [The King of the Dark Chamber], Dakghar (1912) [The Post Office], Achalayatan (1912) [The Immovable], Muktadhara (1922) [The Waterfall], and Raktakaravi (1926) [Red Oleanders]. He is the author of several volumes of short stories and a number of novels, among them Gora (1910), Ghare-Baire (1916) [The Home and the World], and Yogayog (1929) [Crosscurrents]. Besides these, he wrote musical dramas, dance dramas, essays of all types, travel diaries, and two autobiographies, one in his middle years and the other shortly before his death in 1941. Tagore also left numerous drawings and paintings, and songs for which he wrote the music himself.

Rabindranath Tagore died on August 7, 1941.

From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969

Acknowledgement: This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. For more details, visit the Tagore's biography page in Nobelprize.Org.

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• Rabindranath Tagore Biography

Introduction

Rabindranath Thakur was a man of various talents. He was recognized by people all over the globe for his literary works - poetry, philosophies, plays, and especially his songwriting. Rabindranath Tagore was the man who gave India, its National Anthem. He was one of the greatest entities of all time and the only Indian to receive a Nobel Prize.

Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913, becoming the first non-European to receive the honour. He was only sixteen years old when he was to publish his first short story called “Bhanisimha”, was published. Rabindranath Tagore was born on the 07th of May, 1861 in Kolkata. Rabindranath Tagore was the son of Debendranath Tagore, one of Brahmo Samaj’s active members, a known and celebrated philosopher, and literate. R.N Tagore died after a prolonged illness on the 07th of August, 1941.

Rabindranath Tagore Childhood and Education

While growing up, R.N Tagore shared a very intimate relationship with his elder brother and his sister-in-law. Rabindranath Tagore's father's name is Debendranath Tagore, and his mother’s name is Sarada Devi. Rabindranath Tagore's birthday is on the 7th of May, 1861, and he was born in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency then. It is believed that they did everything together. Rabindranath Tagore's education didn’t seem too impressive. 

R.N Tagore did not enjoy schooling, and he was mostly found procrastinating and pondering for hours. He went to one of the most prestigious St. Xavier’s School, and later, he went to the University of London in Bridgton, England, to study law and become a barrister. Still, as we know, he did not enjoy schooling much; he returned home in two years but without a degree. Even though he did not enjoy schooling much, he was always found with books, pen, and ink. He would always be scribbling things in his notebook; however, he was shy to reveal his writings.

Growing Years and Career

R.N Tagore was only eight years old when he first wrote a poem. By the age of sixteen, his short story got published, titled “Bhanusimha”. R.N Tagore’s contribution to literature is beyond any measure. He was the one who had introduced new verses and prose and also lingua franca in his mother tongue, which is Bangla. R.N Tagore after returning to India after leaving his education, but he did not leave literature. 

R.N Tagore published several books of Rabindranath Tagore poems and short stories, plays, and songs. His most renowned work, called “Gitanjali”, was very well received all over India and England. He is the author of two National Anthems, which are “Amar Sonar Bangla” for Bangladesh and  “Jana Gana Mana” for India. He worked with very unfamiliar and different styles in Bangla Language. Some of them are heavily immersed in social and political satire. He was one of those who believed in global peace and equality. He is one of the pioneers of contemporary Bengali literature. 

After returning to India, he completed and published his book of poems called “Manasi” which was believed to contain his best poems. “Manasi” contained several verse forms which were fresh to contemporary Bengali literature, and it also contained some political and social satire that questioned and mocked R.N Tagore’s fellow Bengalis. 

Besides writing and working on literature, R.N Tagore also participated in the family business. In 1891, he went to East Bengal, which is now in Bangladesh, to look after his ancestral estates and lands at Shahzadpur and Shilaidaha for almost 10 years. He spent some time in a houseboat at Padma river, and his sympathy for village folk became the keynote of most literature later in his life. In East India, poems and other works of Rabindranath Tagore were published as a collection in the book called “Sonar Tari” and a very notable and celebrated play called “Chitrangada”. He has written over two thousand songs which are very popular in Bengal until now. When R.N Tagore was in his 60s, he tried his hand at painting, and for the talented man he was, his works won him a good name among India’s topmost contemporary artists.

Rabindranath Tagore and Shantiniketan

Rabindranath Tagore received his nickname “Gurudev”, out of respect by his pupils at his very unique and special school, which he established in Shantiniketan, called “Visva Bharati University” Santiniketan was developed and founded by the Tagore family. This little town was very close to Rabindranath Tagore. 

R.N Tagore wrote several poems and songs about this place. Unlike other universities, “Visva Bharati” University was open to each student who was eager to learn. The classrooms and the scope for learning in this university were not confined within four walls. Instead, classes took place in open space, beneath the massive banyan trees on the university grounds. To this date, this ritual of attending classes in open spaces is practiced by the students and the teachers. R.N Tagore permanently moved to the school after.

Rabindranath Tagore Death and His Encounters with Death

R.N Tagore was only fourteen years old when Sharada Devi, his mother, passed away. After his mother's sudden and heartbreaking demise, R.N Tagore was mostly seen avoiding classrooms and schooling. Instead, he would roam about his town Bolpur. He had to face the death of several of his loved ones, that too, one after the other, which left him devastated and heartbroken. After his mother, R.N Tagore lost a very close friend and a very significant influence, Kadambari Devi, his sister-in-law. It is presumed that R.N Tagore’s novella called “Nastanirh” was about Kadambari Devi.

It is also believed that she had committed suicide four months after R.N Tagore’s marriage to Mrinalini Devi. There are some serious speculations made about R.N Tagore, and his sister-in-law sharing a very intimate relationship and that maybe the two were in love; however, there has been no confirmation on the same. Later, his wife, Mrinalini Devi, too died due to an illness. He lost his two daughters, Madhurilata, who R.N Tagore adored and was fond of the most due to tuberculosis, and Renuka and his son Shamindranath due to cholera. These deaths shook him to the core, but he never failed to pick up his pen again. Even though all these encounters with death gave him shaping his personality and writing style, he kept longing for a companion who shares the same interests as he does. 

Life was a little less cruel to him at this point. When he found that companion, he had been longing for - his niece Indira Devi, who was highly educated and well-read. R.N Tagore wrote to her about some sensitive details about his life. These letters to Indira Devi witnessed the sheer vulnerability of his emotional state, sensibilities, and experiences. Since Indira Devi had copied all his letters in a notebook; it eventually got published. “Chinnapatra” can give one a glimpse of Tagore’s growth as a human and as an artist. Grief had been a constant part of R.N Tagore’s life, which is often reflected in his literary works; after losing Rabindranath Tagore's wife and daughters, he lost his father too. These years of sadness and sorrow, which were very actively reflected in his literary works, were introduced as “Gitanjali” which won him the Nobel Prize.

Rabindranath Tagore and His Nationalism

R.N Tagore was politically very aware and very critical at the same time, he not only criticized the British Raj, but he was also very vocal about the mistakes his fellow Bengalis and Indians made. These were reflected in the socio-political satires he wrote and published. When R.N Tagore had been awarded a knighthood, as a sign of protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, he repudiated the award. Recognition, fame, money nothing mattered to him when it came to his country. He loved his country, the lands, rivers, and the people of his country very much. 

It is thus quite right to say that Tagore opposed European colonialism and supported Indian nationalists. He also shunned the Swadeshi Movement and urged Indians to accept that education is the way forward. A blind revolution will only lead to the loss of lives and unwanted and unnecessary loss of life.

Rabindranath Tagore and His Love For Literature, Art, and Music

Some of the most renowned works of Tagore which are highly recommended works of literature are “Noukadubi'', “Shesher Kobita”, “Chaturanga”, “Gora”, “Char Adhyay”, “Jogajog”, “Ghare Baire”. “Ghare Baire'' was also produced as a film by another precious talent Satyajit Ray. His novels were very underappreciated in his time but gained a lot of respect after film directors like Tapan Sinha, Tarun Majumdar and of course, Satyajit Ray adapted and made feature films based on his novels. In popular culture, even his songs, poems and novels are employed in Movies and as background scores. The genre of the songs by Rabindranath Tagore are known as “Rabindra Sangeet'' and movies have been adapted and made out of his novels “Noukadubi” and “Chokher Bali”. It is highly recommended to read “Gitanjali'' to appreciate Tagore's poetic style and to appreciate some very heartfelt and moving songs that he wrote, it is recommended to listen to “Tobu Mone Rekho”. 

In addition to all this, Rabindranath Tagore was a commendable artist and musician too. His paintings are celebrated both nationally and internationally and have received wide acclaim. His songs are considered to be at the heart of Bengal culture and his compilations are fondly termed Rabindra Sangeet. These songs elaborate on themes of love, worship, devotion, and so on. RN Tagore started painting at the age of 60. His brilliant artwork is displayed to this day in several museums globally.

Rabindranath Tagore And His Last Days

Rabindranath Tagore died in the place he loved the most. However, the last few years of his life were quite painful.  He was affected by chronic illness during the last 4 years of his life. In 1937, he went into a comatose condition due to this prolonged suffering he was enduring. On August 7th in 1941, this great novelist, poet, musician, and painter passed away quietly in the same Jorasanko mansion in which he was brought up.

Conclusion 

Here is everything students should know about Rabindranath Tagore, his life, his works and his achievements in life.

FAQs on Rabindranath Tagore Biography

1. What are the Famous Books Written by Rabindranath Tagore?

We all know that Rabindranath Tagore took a keen liking to write from a young age. Although he was frequently seen skipping school, you could always find him scribbling something in his notebook. This paved the way for a great future novelist who even received the Nobel Prize for Literature. His works talked about nationalism, social evils, and the need for harmony between Indians. Gitanjali is RN Tagore’s most acclaimed work. It has received critical praise internationally and is loved by all literary aficionados. Here are some famous books are written by Rabindranath Tagore: 

The Home and the world

The Post Office

2. Why is Rabindranath Tagore so Famous?

Rabindranath Tagore is famous for the Nobel Prize Award for literature and he was the first Indian to achieve such huge respect and honour. He had many talents apart from writing great poems. It should be noted that RN Tagore’s popularity in English speaking nations grew in leaps and bounds after the publication of his book Gitanjali. Later in 1913, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for this critically acclaimed book. Another huge factor contributing to Tagore’s growing popularity was the renunciation of his knighthood. He did not accept this honour conferred by the British crown on him in protest against the Jalianwala Bagh massacre. This great poet also toured extensively around Japan and the U.S., where he talked about the importance of nationalism. This helped him earn deep admiration and respect from foreigners all over the world.

3. Why Did Rabindranath Tagore Receive the Nobel Prize for Literature?

The Nobel Prize award was awarded to Rabindranath Tagore in the year 1913 because of his sensitive, impeccable, fresh, unique, and beautiful verse. He expressed his poetic thoughts in his own words that are mostly followed in the West. Rabindranath Tagore is considered responsible for the modernization of Bengali literature. He preserved the cultural heritage of this beautiful language all while breathing some new life into it. Gitanjali is a collection of song offerings that have been penned down by this legendary novelist and poet. It was this book that won him the revered Nobel Prize in Literature. In total, there were 157 poems in that book that touched upon various themes such as devotion, nationalism, worship, etc.

4. What was Tagore’s Stint as an Actor?

We all know that Rabindranath Tagore is famous for writing many dramas that have derived inspiration from Indian mythology and contemporary social issues facing society in those days. He began his drama career writing alongside his brother when he was only a young teenager. At 20 years of age, RN Tagore penned a drama named ‘Valmiki Pratibha’ and also played the lead role of the titular character in it. The drama was based on stories about the legendary dacoit named Valmiki. It is Valmiki who later changed his ways and wrote one of the two greatest Indian epics – Ramayana. This was Tagore’s short stint as an actor.

5. Did RN Tagore Receive a Formal Education?

Rabindranath Tagore’s family always wished that he became a barrister. They sent him to elite schools and universities, in the hopes that he would pursue a career in law. However, young Rabindranath always shied away from rote learning and spent most of his time scribbling down ideas in his notebook. RN Tagore was also enrolled in the University College in London but he dropped out without completing his formal education. However, his love for English, Irish, and Scottish literature soon helped him morph into the much revered and loved novelist he is known as today.

Rabindranath Tagore’s Life and Philosophical Insights

Table of Contents

Have you ever pondered the connection between the vast expanse of the universe and the intricate workings of the human soul? Rabindranath Tagore , a luminary of Indian philosophy and literature, delved into such profound questions, seeking a unity behind the world’s dazzling diversity. Through his life and works, Tagore offered a unique perspective that blended the essence of ancient scriptures with modern humanistic ideals. Let’s embark on a journey to unravel the philosophical threads woven by Tagore, understanding his life’s influence on his thoughts and the timeless wisdom they hold for us today.

Rabindranath Tagore: An Epochal Journey

Tagore’s life was a canvas of cultural renaissance that painted the ethos of his time. His upbringing in a family deeply rooted in art, culture, and spirituality laid the groundwork for his later philosophical inquiries. Born in 1861 in Calcutta, Tagore grew up in a milieu where religious and literary thoughts from the East and West intermingled freely.

His early exposure to the works of the Upanishads and the Bhagavadgita , along with Western philosophers and poets, carved his intellectual curiosity. Throughout his life, Tagore remained a polymath, whose repertoire stretched from poetry, music, and painting to education and social reform. His establishment of the Visva\-Bharati University stands testament to his belief in the universality of knowledge and the importance of holistic learning.

The Philosophical Fabric of Tagore’s Worldview

At the heart of Tagore’s philosophy lay a deep-seated monism , an idea that all existence is one undivided whole. Yet, unlike the stark monism that dismisses the reality of diversity, Tagore’s vision was more accommodating. He saw divinity in human existence and considered the world a manifestation of the divine.

His theistic leanings did not confine God to the traditional boundaries of religious dogmas. Instead, he envisaged a creative force, an infinite spirit, pervading the cosmos and human consciousness. This belief system shaped his views on life, art, and education, emphasizing the spiritual and moral dimensions of human existence.

A Confluence of Thought: The Upanishads and Beyond

Tagore’s philosophical thoughts were not in isolation but a confluence of the myriad streams of ideas he encountered. The Upanishads’ influence on him was profound, with their musings on the Brahman (the ultimate reality) and the Atman (the soul) resonating with his monistic-theistic stance.

The Bhagavadgita’s discourse on duty and righteousness ( Dharma ) also found echoes in Tagore’s musings. He believed in a personal engagement with the world, where one’s actions aligned with a greater moral and spiritual order.

Humanism and the Celebration of Life

Tagore’s humanism shone through his literary and philosophical works. He celebrated life in its myriad forms, advocating for a harmonious existence that transcended boundaries of nation, race, and religion. His poetry and songs often reflected a deep connection with nature and a reverence for life’s simple joys.

His humanistic philosophy was not just an abstract idea but a call to action, as seen in his efforts towards social reform and rural upliftment. Tagore’s vision of a free and educated society, unshackled by oppressive norms and practices, was an embodiment of his humanistic principles.

Education as an Instrument of Enlightenment

Tagore’s commitment to education was more than an academic pursuit; it was an instrument for enlightenment. He envisioned an educational system that nurtured the whole person—intellectually, artistically, and spiritually. At Visva-Bharati University, he sought to dissolve the rigid structures of learning, encouraging students to engage with nature and the community as part of their educational experience.

This approach was a stark contrast to the rote learning prevalent in colonial education. Tagore’s educational philosophy aimed to awaken the mind and the soul, fostering a sense of freedom and self-expression among learners.

Legacy and Relevance in the Modern World

Tagore’s philosophical legacy is not confined to the annals of history but continues to resonate in contemporary times. His ideas on universal humanism and the interconnectedness of existence offer a counter-narrative to the fragmented and divisive realities of the modern world.

The relevance of his thoughts on education, creativity, and spirituality remains undiminished as society grapples with issues of identity, purpose, and harmony. Tagore’s life and philosophy invite us to look within and beyond, to discover the unity amidst diversity, the eternal amidst the ephemeral.

Rabindranath Tagore’s life was a testament to the power of ideas to transcend time and space. His philosophical musings, grounded in the richness of Indian thought and open to the winds of change from the West, crafted a worldview that celebrated the human spirit in all its glory. As we reflect on Tagore’s insights, let us contemplate the ways in which we can imbibe his vision of unity, creativity, and humanism in our own lives.

What do you think? How can we apply Tagore’s philosophy of universal humanism in today’s globalized world? In what ways does his vision for education inspire contemporary learning models?

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Indian Philosophy

1 Nature of Philosophy and Characteristics of Indian Philosophy

• Metaphysics
• Logic and Epistemology
• Ethics or Moral Philosophy
• Characteristics of Indian Philosophy
• Special Features of Indian Philosophy

2 Introduction to Vedas and Upanisads

• Vedas and Its Contents
• A General Survey of the Vedic Literature
• Some Important Vedic Concepts – I
• Some Important Vedic Concepts – II

3 Introduction to Tirukkural

• Philosophical Insights of Tirukkural
• Moral Philosophy of Tiruvalluvar
• Social Philosophy of Tiruvalluvar
• Political Philosophy of Tiruvalluvar

4 Introduction to Epics, Puranas and Bhagavat Gita

• Itihasas – Epics
• Ethical Insights of Epics
• Political Thought in Epics
• Eighteen Puranas
• Bhagavat Gita
• Idea of God in Gita
• Three Margas in Gita
• Path of Bhakti as means to Liberation
• Origin of the School
• The Literary Sources of Carvakas/Lokayatas
• Epistemology
• Metaphysics of Carvakas
• Carvakas Views on God and Religion
• Ethics of Carvakas

6 Buddhism – I

• Four Noble Truths
• Philosophical Pre-suppositions

7 Buddhism – II

• Main Schools In Hinayana (Early) Tradition
• Vaibhasika (Sarvastivada) School
• Sautrantika School
• Main Schools In Mahayana Tradition
• Madhyamaka (Sunyavada) School
• Yogacara (Vijnanavada) School

8 Nyaya – Vaisesika

• Nyaya and Vaisesika
• Nyaya Theory of Knowledge
• Nyaya Theory of Causation
• Nyaya Concept of God
• Vaisesika Concept of Padartha or Category
• Vaisesika on Atoms and Creation
• Bondage and Liberation
• Theory of causation
• Theory of knowledge
• Modifications of Chitta
• Chitta Bhumi
• Kinds of Klesas
• Ashtanga Yoga
• Place of God in Yoga
• Eight Siddhis
• Theory of Knowledge
• Mimamsa Theory of Error
• Theory of Reality
• Theory of Soul

12 Advaita Vedanta

• Brahman and Atman
• Avidya and Maya
• Karya and Karana (effect and cause)
• Attaining Liberation through Knowledge

13 Visistadvaita

• Philosophy of Visistadvaita: An Overview
• Jivas or Individual Souls
• The Means of Liberation

14 Dvaita Vedanta

• Dvaita: its Notion and Meaning
• General Philosophy of Madhva
• Metaphysics of Dvaita Vedanta

15 Saivism and Vaisnavism

• Origin of Saiva Religion and Philosophy
• Schools of Saivism
• Saiva Siddhanta
• Siddhanta Concept of God and Soul
• Siddhanta Concept of Bondage and Liberation
• Sources of Vaishnava Religion and Philosophy
• Vaishnava Epistemology and Metaphysics
• Vaishnava Concept of God and Soul

16 Logic and Epistemology

• Carvaka Epistemology
• Jaina Logic and Epistemology
• Buddhist Epistemology
• Nyaya-Vaisesika Epistemology
• Samkhya-Yoga Epistemology
• Purva Mimamsa Epistemology
• Vedanta Epistemology

17 Indian Metaphysics

• Indian Materialism (Carvaka)
• Realism of Nyaya-Vaisesika
• Realism of the Sautrantika and Vaibhasika
• Realism of Mimamsa
• Dualistic Metaphysics of Samkhya
• Realistic Relativistic Pluralism of Jainism
• Idealism of Vijnanavada and Madhyamika
• Non-dualistic Absolutism (Advaita)
• Non-dualism of the Qualified Whole (Visistadvaita)
• Dualistic Absolutism of Madhvacarya

18 Indian Ethics

• Vedic and Vedantic Schools of Ethics
• Doctrine of Karma
• Transmigration of Soul
• Supreme Goals (purusharthas)
• Social Stratification (varnashrama dharma)
• Ethics in Buddhism
• Ethics in Jainism
• Hedonism in Ethics of Carvaka

19 Indian Aesthetics

• Bharata’s Rasa-Theory

20 Swami Vivekananda and Muhammad Iqbal

• The philosophy of Vivekananda
• God, Cosmos, and Human Person
• Yoga – the ways of realisation
• Towards universal religion
• The Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal
• Concept of Self
• His Concept of God
• The Nature of the World
• Human Destiny

21 Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore

• Gandhi: Life Influence and Basic Philosophy
• God and Truth
• Nature of the World
• Concept of Human Person
• Social and Political Philosophy
• Tagore: Life and Basic Thought
• Search for the Absolute and Nature of the World
• Philosophy of Human Person
• Tagore’s Religious Thoughts

22 Aurobindo and S. Radhakrishnan

• Life and the Works of Sri Aurobindo
• The Transcendental Reality in Aurobindo’s Thought
• Nature of Creation: The World-Process
• Man in Terms of Evolution
• Reality and Its Aspects
• Synthesis of Yoga
• Radhakrishnan’s Life and Works
• The Absolute or the Brahman
• The Nature of the World And Creation
• Human Being And the Nature of Soul
• His Religious and Political Thought

23 B.R Ambedkar and Raimundo Panikkar

• Ambedkar’s Life and Works
• Influence and Background to His Thoughts
• Ambedkar’s Social Thought
• Ambedkar’s Political Philosophy
• His Attitude to Religion
• Life and Works of Raimundo Panikkar
• Philosophy Culture and Interculturality
• Multi-Faith Dialogue and Dialogical Dialogue
• The Interconnectedness of the Divine Human and Nature

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Rabindranath Tagore: Biography

Last updated on April 8, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Rabindranath Tagore was an iconic figure in the Indian cultural renaissance. He was a polymath poet, philosopher, musician, writer, and educationist.

Rabindranath Tagore became the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his collection of poems, Gitanjali.

He was called Gurudev, Kabiguru, and Biswakabi affectionately and his songs are popularly known as Rabindrasangeet.

The national anthems of India and Bangladesh – the Jana Gana Mana and the Amar Shonar Bangla respectively are from the Rabindrasangeet.

Table of Contents

The early life of Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7 th May 1861 in Calcutta as the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi.

His grandfather Dwarkanath Tagore was a rich landlord and social reformer. His father, Debendranath Tagore was a leader of the Brahmo Samaj , a new religious sect in nineteenth-century Bengal which attempted a revival of the ultimate monistic basis of Hinduism as laid down in the Upanishads.

The Tagore family was a treasure trove of talent in every field. They hosted the publication of literary magazines; theatre and recitals of Bengali and Western classical music featured there regularly. Tagore’s father invited several professional musicians to stay in the house and teach Indian Classical music to the children.

Tagore’s oldest brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher and poet. Another brother, Satyendranath, was the first Indian appointed to the formerly all-European Indian Civil Service. Another brother, Jyotitindranath, was a musician, composer, and playwright. His sister Swarnakumari became a novelist.

Also read: Modern Indian Sculpture

Rabindra Nath Tagore had his initial education in Oriental Seminary School. But he did not like the conventional education and started studying at home under several teachers. He was mostly trained by his siblings both in literary as well as physical activities like gymnastics and martial arts.

Tagore was a child prodigy when it comes to writing as he has started writing and publishing poetry by the age of eight.

In 1873, at the age of eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta to tour India for several months. He visited his father’s Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching the Himalayan hill station of Dalhousie where he read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit, and examined the classical poetry of Kalidasa.

At the age of seventeen, he was sent to England for formal law schooling but he did not finish his studies there. He rather took up independent studies of Shakespeare.

He returned from England in 1880 and regularly published poems, stories, and novels in Bengali, slowly starting to transform Bengali literature.

In 1883, he married Mrinalini Devi, a child bride as was the tradition in those times.

Rabindranath Tagore in Santiniketan

Tagore moved to Santiniketan ashram in 1901, where he started an experimental school based on traditional guru-shishya teaching methods from the Upanishads. He hoped that the revival of the ancient methods of teaching will be more beneficial than the British imparted modern education system.

His wife and two of their children died during this time which left him distraught.

After his return from England and during his stay in Santiniketan, Tagore wrote several literary works of poetry, stories, and novels. His works had started gaining immense popularity in India as well as abroad.

In 1909, Rabindranath Tagore started writing Gitanjali. In 1912, Tagore went to Europe for the second time. On the journey to London, he translated some of his poems/songs from Gitanjali to English. He met William Rothenstein, a noted British painter, in London who was impressed by the poems, made copies, and gave to Yeats and other English poets. Yeats was enthralled and later wrote the introduction to Gitanjali when it was published in September 1912 in a limited edition by the India Society in London. And in 1913, this collection of poems won the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was the first non-European to receive the prestigious award.

In 1915, he was awarded a knighthood by King George V.

Rabindranath Tagore in Independence movement

Tagore participated in the Indian nationalist movement from time to time, though in his own non-sentimental and visionary way; and Gandhi, the political father of modern India , was his devoted friend. Tagore came to be recognized as one of the architects of modern India.

India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru , wrote in  Discovery of India , “Tagore and Gandhi have undoubtedly been the two outstanding and dominating figures in the first half of the twentieth century. Tagore’s influence over the mind of India, and especially of successive rising generations has been tremendous. Not Bengali only, the language in which he wrote, but all the modern languages of India have been molded partly by his writings. More than any other Indian, he has helped to bring into harmony the ideals of the East and the West, and broadened the bases of Indian nationalism.”

In 1905, Viceroy Curzon decided to divide Bengal into two parts. Rabindranath Tagore strongly protested against this decision. Tagore wrote many national songs and attended protest meetings. He initiated the Rakhibandhan ceremony, symbolizing the underlying unity of undivided Bengal.

In 1919, following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , Tagore renounced his knighthood condemning the act. He was a supporter of Gandhiji but he stayed out of politics. He was opposed to nationalism and militarism as a matter of principle, and instead promoted spiritual values and the creation of a new world culture founded in multi-culturalism, diversity, and tolerance.

Tagore the educationalist

1n 1921, Rabindranath Tagore established Viswabharati University and gave all his money from Nobel Prize and royalty money from his books to this University.

Tagore was quite knowledgeable of Western culture, especially Western poetry and sciences. Tagore had a good grasp of modern – post-Newtonian – physics and was well able to hold his own in a debate with Einstein in 1930 on the newly emerging principles of quantum mechanics and chaos. His meetings and tape-recorded conversations with his contemporaries such as Albert Einstein and H.G. Wells, epitomize his brilliance.

In 1940 Oxford University arranged a special ceremony in Santiniketan and awarded Rabindranath Tagore with a Doctorate of Literature.

Literary works of Rabindranath Tagore

Although Tagore wrote successfully in all literary genres, he was, first of all, a poet. Among his fifty and odd volumes of poetry are:

Manasi  (1890) (The Ideal One),  Sonar Tari  (1894) (The Golden Boat),  Gitanjali (1910) (Song Offerings), Gitimalya  (1914) (Wreath of Songs), and  Balaka  (1916) (The Flight of Cranes).

The English renderings of his poetry, which include  The Gardener  (1913),  Fruit-Gathering  (1916), and  The Fugitive  (1921), do not generally correspond to particular volumes in the original Bengali.

Tagore’s major plays are  Raja  (1910) [The King of the Dark Chamber],  Dakghar  (1912) [The Post Office] ,   Achalayatan  (1912) [The Immovable],  Muktadhara  (1922) [The Waterfall], and  Raktakaravi  (1926) [Red Oleanders].

He is the author of several volumes of short stories and many novels, among them Gora  (1910),  Ghare-Baire  (1916) [ The Home and the World ], and  Yogayog  (1929) [Crosscurrents].

Besides these, he wrote musical dramas, dance dramas, essays of all types, travel diaries, and two autobiographies, one in his middle years and the other shortly before his death in 1941. Tagore also left numerous drawings and paintings, and songs for which he wrote the music himself.

He also played the title role in his first original dramatic piece- Valmiki Pratibha.

After an extended period of suffering, Tagore died on August 7, 1941, in the same mansion in which he was brought up.

Legacy of Rabindranath Tagore:

Rabindranath Tagore changed the way Bengali literature was perceived as he left an everlasting impression on the readers.

Many countries have his statues erected and host many yearly events to pay tribute to the legendary writer.

Many of his works have been made global, thanks to a host of translations by many famous international writers.

There are five museums dedicated to Tagore. While three of them are situated in India, the remaining two are in Bangladesh. The museums’ house his famous works, and are visited by millions every year.

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Paragraph on Rabindranath Tagore [100, 150, 200, 250 Words]

Paragraph on Rabindranath Tagore: Rabindranath Tagore is one of the greatest poets in the world. In this article, you are going to learn how to write a paragraph on Rabindranath Tagore in English. Here, we’ve provided 4 paragraphs on Rabindranath Tagore (100, 150, 200, and 250 words). These paragraphs will be very helpful for students of all classes (class 1 to class 12). So, let’s begin.

Table of Contents

Paragraph on Rabindranath Tagore [100 Words]

Rabindranath Tagore was a great Indian poet. He was born at Jorasanka, Kolkata on 7th May 1861. His father’s name was Devendranath Tagore . His mother’s name was Sarala Devi. He started writing poems from his childhood. Rabindranath wrote many poems, short stories, essays, dramas, novels and songs.

He was also a great composer. He composed the national anthem of our county, Jana Gana Mana . His Important works are Gitanjali, Ghare Baire, Rabindra Sangeet, Amar Sonar Bangla, etc. He was the first Indian to win the noble prize in 1913 for ‘Gitanjali’. He died on 7th august 1941. Rabindranath tagore will remain in our hearts forever.

Paragraph on Rabindranath Tagore [150 Words]

Rabindranath Tagore, one of the greatest sons of India, was born in a very rich, cultured and zamindar family at Jorasanko, Calcutta, in 1861. His father’s name was Maharshi Devendranath Tagore. He went to England several times in his early childhood.

Tagore showed great promise as a writer and composer from his early childhood. His first opera Bhanu Singher Padabali created a sensation. He was married to Mrinalini Devi . Rabindranath wrote a large number of dramas, novels, short stories, poems, etc. His most brilliant work was Geetanjali for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913.

However, his greatest creation was Santiniketan . Rabindranath was not only a great writer and composer but also a strong supporter of the nationalist movement. He also worked for international brotherhood and advocated equality among mankind. He died at the age of 80 in 1941.

Also Read: Paragraph on Swami Vivekananda 

Paragraph on Rabindranath Tagore [200 Words]

Nothing can be said enough for Rabindranath’s genius. Rabindranath Tagore popularly known as Gurudev was born in a rich aristocratic Bengali family in 1861. His father’s name was Debendranath Tagore and his mother’s name was Sarada Devi. Rabindranath was the youngest member of his family.

Rabindranath had no formal University education. But he went to England at the age of 17. He joined the University of London but he returned home soon after. His poetic career started quite early. His first collection of lyrics ‘Manashi’ was published in 1890. That was followed by two more collections of lyrics- ‘Chitra’ and ‘sonar Tari’ .

‘Gitanjali’ was published in 1909. That won for him the Nobel Prize of Literature in 1913. Rabindranath was a versatile literary master. He was a novelist and dramatist of repute. Rabindranath wrote innumerable poems, Dramas, essays, plays, short stories, novels etc. He was a sincere educator and social reformer.

He founded Viswa-Bharati University at Santiniketan, Bolepur in 1901. As a man Rabindranath was outstanding. He was a great patriot and peace-lover. Rabindranath wrote our national anthem, Jana Gana Mana. He ever stood against social wrongs. The great poet passed away on August 7, 1941.

Also Read: Paragraph on Mother Teresa

Rabindranath Tagore Paragraph [250 Words]

Rabindranath Tagore was a great Indian poet. He was lovingly called Gurudev or Kabi Guru . He was born at Jorasanka, Kolkata on 7th May 1861. His father was Devendranath Tagore and his mother was Sarada Devi. He was born in a rich Brahmin family in Kolkata. He was the youngest sibling in his family.

Rabindranath was educated at home. At the age of seventeen, he was sent to England to become a barrister to fulfill his father’s wish. He was interested in writing poems from his childhood. His first poem was published when he was only eight. He started publishing his poems under the pseudonym Bhanusingha .

Tagore was a multi-talented personality with a great desire to learn new things. He was a novelist, essayist, playwright, short-story writer, painter and song composer. Rabindranath Tagore wrote ‘Jana Mana Gana’, which was adopted as the National Anthem of India.  His notable works are Gitanjali, Chokher bali, Ghare Baire, Kabuliwallah, Rabindra sangeet, Amar Sonar bangla etc.

He was the first Indian to win the noble prize in literature in 1913 for ‘Gitanjali’. He was married to Mrinalini Devi.  Rabindranath Tagore found Visva Bharati University at Shantiniketan, Birbhum. Tagore was also a great patriot, he participated in the Indian nationalist movement.

Tagore was awarded Knighthood by the ruling British Government in 1915. But he renounced his Knighthood as a protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919. This eminent person died at the age of 80 on 7th august 1941. He will remain in our loving memory forever.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q. where was rabindranath tagore born.

Rabindranath was born on May 7, 1861 in a wealthy Brahmin family in Calcutta.

Q. Why Tagore was awarded Noble Prize?

He won the Nobel Prize for his collection of poems, Gitanjali, in 1913

Q. Why did Rabindranath give up his Knighthood?

Rabindranath Tagore gave up his knighthood as a protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 .

Q. What are the famous books of Rabindranath Tagore?

His famous books are Chokher Bali, Kabuliwallah, Ghare Baire, Gora, The Post Office, Gitanjali, The Astronomer, etc.

Read More Paragraphs: 1. Paragraph on Mother Teresa 2. Paragraph on APJ Abdul Kalam 3. Paragraph on Swami Vivekananda

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Rabindranath Tagore Biography: Early Life, Education, Literary Work, Achievements & More

Rabindranath Tagore Biography along with all details like Rabindranath Tagore Family, Education, Birth and Death are all given here. Check out the complete Rabindranath Tagore Biography.

Rabindranath Tagore Biography is one of the most important topics for understanding the scenario and role of Indian Literary work in Indian Independence. Rabindranath Tagore, a Nobel laureate poet, writer, and philosopher from India, is renowned for his contributions to literature, music, and art. 

Tagore’s impact extends globally, shaping cultural understanding and inspiring generations with his profound insights and creativity. Rabindranath Tagore voiced nationalist sentiments through his writings, promoting Indian independence and cultural pride, contributing to the freedom movement’s intellectual and emotional landscape.

Let us have a look at the Rabindranath Tagore Biography along with other details related to Rabindranath Tagore Early Life, Education and Awards. The literary works of Rabindranath Tagore and his involvement in the Indian Freedom Struggle is also given.

Rabindranath Tagore Biography

Rabindranath Tagore was a popular figure in the Indian cultural renaissance. Rabindranath  Tagore was a polymath poet, philosopher , musician, writer, painter and educationist. Rabindranath Tagore was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his collection of poems, Gitanjali.

Rabindranath Tagore had introduced the fresh prose and verse styles along with colloquial language, liberating Bengali literature from the confines of classical Sanskrit norms. Rabindranath Tagore bridged the gap between Indian and Western cultures, enriching both sides through his contributions.

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Rabindrath Tagore Brief Overview

Rabindranath Tagore was called Gurudev, Kabiguru , and Biswakabi affectionately and his songs are popularly known as Rabindrasangeet. Rabindranath Tagore penned down the national anthems of India and Bangladesh – the Jana Gana Mana and the Amar Shonar Bangla respectively are from the Rabindrasangeet.

The table below contains the overview of life of Rabindrath Tagore from his birth to death, Family and other details:

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Rabindranath Tagore Biography: Early Life

Rabindranath Tagore, born on May 7, 1861, in Kolkata, India. He was born into a distinguished family in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), West Bengal, India. 

• He was the youngest of thirteen children born to Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi. Debendranath Tagore was a prominent philosopher, religious leader, and reformer, while Sarada Devi was deeply engaged in cultural and social activities.

Rabindranath Tagore’s childhood and upbringing were greatly influenced by the cultural and literary environment of his family. He showed an early interest in literature, music, and art, and his talents were nurtured in a nurturing and intellectually stimulating household.

• By the age of sixteen, Tagore had already written his first collection of poems, “Kabi Kahini” (Tales of a Poet). This marked the beginning of his journey as a poet, and he soon began experimenting with various literary forms, infusing his work with his unique insights into human emotions and nature.

Rabindranath Tagore Biography: Early Education 

His early education began at home under the guidance of private tutors. He also attended various schools in Kolkata, where his unconventional approach to learning set him apart. Tagore was more interested in exploring his own interests and curiosities than adhering to traditional educational methods.

Rabindranath Tagore Family

.Rabindranath Tagore came from a distinguished and culturally rich family. His father, Debendranath Tagore, was a prominent philosopher and social reformer in Bengal, India. His mother was Sarada Devi. Rabindranath Tagore was the youngest of thirteen children.

1. Rabindranath Tagore Father – Debendranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore’s father was Debendranath Tagore. He was a prominent figure in the Bengali Renaissance and a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, a reformist Hindu movement. Debendranath Tagore was not only a philosopher and religious reformer but also a writer and composer of devotional songs. He played a significant role in shaping Rabindranath Tagore’s upbringing and education, fostering his creativity and intellectual development.

2. Rabindranath Tagore Mother – Sarada Devi

Rabindranath Tagore’s mother was Sarada Devi. She was a significant influence on Tagore’s life, particularly in his formative years. Sarada Devi was a devout and compassionate woman who played a crucial role in shaping her son’s values, spirituality, and worldview. Tagore had deep respect and admiration for his mother, and her teachings and affection profoundly impacted his literary and philosophical works.

3. Rabindranath Tagore Brothers

Rabindranath Tagore, the renowned poet, novelist, playwright, and composer, had several siblings. His brothers were significant figures in their own right, though their accomplishments might not be as widely recognized as Rabindranath’s.

• Dwijendranath Tagore: He was Rabindranath’s eldest brother, born in 1840. Dwijendranath was a philosopher, poet, and social worker. He was actively involved in social reforms and played a crucial role in the Brahmo Samaj movement, advocating for religious and social reforms in India.
• Satyendranath Tagore: Born in 1842, Satyendranath was another of Rabindranath’s older brothers. He was a distinguished civil servant in the Indian Civil Service under the British Raj. He was also a writer and the first Indian to join the Indian Civil Service (ICS).
• Jyotirindranath Tagore: Jyotirindranath was born in 1849 and was Rabindranath’s younger brother. He was a playwright, musician, painter, and theatre director. He collaborated closely with Rabindranath on various creative projects and was also involved in the Brahmo Samaj movement.

4. Rabindranath Tagore Wife – Mrinalini Devi

Rabindranath Tagore’s wife was Mrinalini Devi. They were married in 1883 when Tagore was just 22 years old. Mrinalini Devi was the daughter of Beni Madhab Sil, a wealthy landlord. Their marriage was arranged by Tagore’s father, Debendranath Tagore, who was a prominent figure in the Brahmo Samaj, a socio-religious reform movement in India.

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Rabindranath Tagore Biography Education at University College London

In 1878, Rabindranath traveled to London for studies. He began studying law at University College London but left before completing it. Instead, he delved into English Literature and explored the music of England, Ireland, and Scotland. Writing had been a passion for Rabindranath since childhood. His first poem, “Abhilash,” was written at the age of 13 and was published in Tattvabodhini magazine in 1874.

Rabindranath Tagore Biography: Return to India & Artistic Fusion in India

Following his time abroad, Rabindranath returned to India. It was during this period that he immersed himself in the essence of English, Irish, and Scottish literature and music. His exposure to these cultural facets significantly influenced his artistic development. It was also around this time that he entered into matrimony with Mrinalini Devi, who was merely ten years old at the time.

Rabindranath Tagore Biography: A Literary Journey Through Nature, Music, and Storytelling

Rabindranath Tagore’s educational journey was a blend of both conventional schooling and his own passionate pursuit of literature and the arts, ultimately shaping his unique and creative perspective that would go on to influence his remarkable contributions to the world of culture and literature. 

His relationship with nature also played a significant role in shaping his worldview and artistic expressions. Tagore’s close connection to the natural world is often reflected in his poetry, where he seamlessly weaved elements of nature with human emotions.

Rabindranath also wrote songs and the biggest admirer of his songs was Swami Vivekananda himself. His music was influenced by classical music, Carnatic music, Gurbani, and Irish music. He also started writing stories from a young age.

Rabindranath Tagore At Shantiniketan

Rabindranath Tagore’s association with Shantiniketan marked a significant chapter in his life. Shantiniketan, located in Birbhum district of West Bengal, India, became a hub of learning, creativity, and cultural exchange under his guidance.

In 1901, Tagore established an experimental school named “Patha Bhavana” in Shantiniketan, which later grew into Visva-Bharati University. His vision for education was unconventional, emphasizing a holistic approach that harmonized nature, arts, and intellectual pursuits. He aimed to break away from rote learning and cultivate a sense of free thought and creativity among students.

The open-air classrooms at Shantiniketan showcased Tagore’s belief in the symbiotic relationship between education and nature. Underneath the trees, students engaged in discussions, imbibing knowledge in a serene environment. The curriculum encompassed a fusion of Western and Indian educational philosophies, encouraging students to explore a wide spectrum of disciplines.

Tagore invited scholars, artists, and thinkers from around the world to Shantiniketan, fostering a global exchange of ideas and cultural influences. This unique approach enriched the educational experience, exposing students to diverse perspectives.

Integral to Shantiniketan was Tagore’s concept of “Gurudev” or the teacher-student relationship based on mutual respect and learning. He considered education a lifelong journey and envisioned Shantiniketan as a center for the cultivation of the mind, spirit, and character.

Tagore’s own contributions to literature, music, and art deeply influenced the atmosphere at Shantiniketan. His compositions, known as Rabindrasangeet, were taught and performed with zeal, echoing his belief in the power of art to connect individuals and communities.

Recently Santiniketan became the 41st UNESCO World Heritage Site in India and the third in West Bengal, after the Sundarbans National Park and the Darjeeling Mountain Railways. Last year, the state’s Durga Puja got space in “Intangible Cultural Heritage of humanity” under UNESCO .

Rabindranath Tagore: A Nobel Prize winner

Internationally, Gitanjali Tagore’s best-known collection of poetry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature and the second non-European to receive a Nobel Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.

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Rabindranath Tagore Literary works – Poetry, Prose, Novels, Plays, Short Stories, and Songs

Rabindranath Tagore’s literary works span a vast and diverse range of genres, including poetry, prose, fiction, drama, and songs. His creative output is celebrated for its profound philosophical insights, emotional depth, and innovative exploration of human experiences. Here are some of his notable literary contributions:

The table below contains the Genre wise list of notable literary contributions of Rabindranath Tagore:

Rabindranath Tagore Biography: From Literary Genius to Pioneering Painter

At the age of sixty, Rabindranath Tagore took up drawing and painting, showcasing his works in successful exhibitions across Europe after making his debut appearance in Paris, encouraged by artists he met in the south of France.

• Influenced by various styles, including scrimshaw from the Malanggan people of Papua New Guinea, Haida carvings from the Pacific Northwest, and woodcuts by the German Max Pechstein, Tagore demonstrated a diverse artistic approach.
• His keen artist’s eye extended to handwriting, evident in artistic and rhythmic leitmotifs adorning his manuscripts’ scribbles, cross-outs, and word layouts. Some of his lyrics even resonated synesthetically with specific paintings.

Despite his natural talent for writing, music, playwriting, and acting, painting proved elusive for Tagore. He expressed his desire to paint in letters and reminiscences, attempting to master the art.

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In a letter to Jagadish Chandra Bose in 1900, at nearly forty and already a celebrated writer, Tagore revealed his attempts at sketching, acknowledging that his pictures were not intended for prestigious salons in Paris. He humorously acknowledged using the eraser more than the pencil and, dissatisfied with the results, decided that becoming a painter was not his path.

The National Gallery of Modern Art in India houses 102 works by Tagore in its collections, reflecting his exploration of visual art alongside his literary and musical endeavors.

Rabindranath Tagore Biography Patriotism and Poetry

Rabindranath Tagore was very involved in politics and strongly supported Indian nationalists fighting against British rule. He created many patriotic songs to inspire people to fight for Indian independence.

His literary works were widely praised, even by Mahatma Gandhi . Rabindranath Tagore’s poems have been written in the spirit of freedom, independence, and patriotism. 

• When the British divided Bengal in 1905, he composed “Amar Shonar Bangla” which later became the national song of Bangladesh. The song “Ekla Chalo Re” written by him with the aim of continuing the struggle against injustice became very popular.

A significant moment in Tagore’s political journey was when he gave up his knighthood in protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, showing his deep dedication to Indian independence.

Besides being a famous writer, Tagore was also a patriotic Indian involved in literature, art, music, and politics. His various contributions have had a lasting impact on India’s culture and politics. “Jana Gana Mana” written by Rabindranath Tagore was played for the first time during the Congress session in Calcutta in 1911.

Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore was a fearless person who dedicated his entire life to achieving complete independence for united India before gaining freedom from the British.

He believed that true freedom depended on the proper education and self-sufficiency of the Indian people, and he devoted himself to this goal.

Rabindranath Tagore’s Vision of Nationalism

Rabindranath Tagore’s views on nationalism were complex and thought-provoking. While he was a fervent advocate for the cultural and spiritual upliftment of India, his approach to nationalism was distinct from the mainstream political notions of his time.

Tagore expressed concerns about the aggressive and narrow forms of nationalism that were emerging, both in India and around the world. 

• He believed that such nationalism could lead to divisions, conflicts, and a suppression of individual freedom. In his view, narrow nationalism often disregarded the broader human connections that transcended borders.
• “Nationalism in the West” and “Nationalism in India.” In these essays, Tagore criticized the negative aspects of nationalism while emphasizing the importance of promoting mutual understanding and preserving cultural diversity.

Tagore believed in a more inclusive and universalistic approach to nationalism. He envisioned a world where different cultures could coexist, enriching each other without succumbing to superiority or dominance. He emphasized the need for a harmonious relationship between nations, highlighting the dangers of fanaticism and aggressive patriotism.

His vision of nationalism was closely tied to humanism, emphasizing the value of human beings over the rigid lines of nationality. He cautioned against blind allegiance to the nation and stressed the importance of cultivating a sense of humanity and empathy.

Tagore’s stance on nationalism drew both praise and criticism. Some appreciated his holistic perspective, while others accused him of being detached from the pressing political struggles of the time. Regardless, his ideas remain relevant in the context of today’s global challenges, emphasizing the importance of unity, understanding, and a broader perspective beyond national boundaries.

In essence, Rabindranath Tagore’s approach to nationalism was characterized by a deep concern for humanity, cultural preservation, and the need to transcend narrow divisions for the betterment of society as a whole.

Tagore’s literary creations transcend boundaries and languages, resonating with people from various cultures and backgrounds. His ability to capture the essence of human emotions and his deep philosophical reflections continue to inspire and influence generations of readers and thinkers worldwide.

Rabindranath Tagore Awards

Rabindranath Tagore’s prolific contributions to literature, arts, and philosophy earned him numerous awards and honors throughout his life. Here is a list of some of the most notable awards won by Tagore:

These awards are just a glimpse of the recognition Rabindranath Tagore received for his exceptional literary and cultural achievements. His influence extended far beyond accolades, as his works continue to touch hearts and inspire minds worldwide.

Rabindranath Tagore Death

Rabindranath Tagore, the renowned Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, passed away on August 7, 1941. 

Tagore was not only a poet, novelist, playwright, and composer but also a philosopher and social reformer. His death marked the end of an era, but his legacy continues to inspire generations across the globe.

Rabindranath Tagore: A Multifaceted Legacy – Literature, Music, Education, and Global Impact

The legacy of Rabindranath Tagore is profound and enduring, spanning literature, music, art, education, and the broader realm of culture. His contributions have left an indelible mark on India and the world, shaping the course of thought, creativity, and social change. Here are some aspects of Tagore’s legacy:

His contributions to literature, arts, philosophy, and cultural exchange remain as vibrant and impactful as ever, ensuring that his influence lives on through his works and the institutions he founded, such as Visva-Bharati University in Shantiniketan. Tagore’s departure marked the end of a remarkable life, but his ideas and creations continue to illuminate the world.

The legacy of Rabindranath Tagore is profound and enduring, spanning literature, music, art, education, and the broader realm of culture. His contributions have left an indelible mark on India and the world, shaping the course of thought, creativity, and social change. 

The table below contains some aspects of Rabindranath Tagore’s legacy:

Top 10 Memorable Quotes by Rabindranath Tagore 

The table below contains Top 10 most memorable Quotes of Rabindranath Tagore:

Frequently Asked Questions

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