Respiratory Physiology

Lecture Outline

  • Basics of the Respiratory System
  • Functions & functional anatomy

Ventilation

  • Diffusion & Solubility
  • Gas Exchange
  • Gas Transport in Blood
  • Regulation of Ventilation & Impacts on
  • Gas levels, pH

Basics of the Respiratory System� General Functions

  • Exchange of gases
  • Directionality depends on gradients!
  • Atmosphere to blood
  • Blood to tissues
  • Regulation of pH
  • Dependent on rate of CO 2 release
  • Vocalization

Basics of the Respiratory System� Respiration

  • What is respiration?
  • Respiration = the series of exchanges that leads to the uptake of oxygen by the cells, and the release of carbon dioxide to the lungs

Step 1 = ventilation

  • Inspiration & expiration

Step 2 = exchange between alveoli (lungs) and pulmonary capillaries (blood)

  • Referred to as External Respiration

Step 3 = transport of gases in blood

Step 4 = exchange between blood and cells

  • Referred to as Internal Respiration
  • Cellular respiration = use of oxygen in ATP synthesis

External Respiration

Internal Respiration

Schematic View of Respiration

Basics of the Respiratory System� Functional Anatomy

  • What structural aspects must be considered in the process of respiration?
  • The conduction portion
  • The exchange portion
  • The structures involved with �ventilation
  • Skeletal & musculature
  • Pleural membranes
  • Neural pathways
  • All divided into
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Entrance to larynx
  • Lower respiratory tract
  • Larynx to alveoli (trachea �to lungs)
  • Bones, Muscles & Membranes
  • Function of these Bones, Muscles & Membranes
  • Create and transmit a pressure gradient
  • the attachments of the �muscles to the ribs �(and overlying tissues)
  • The attachment of the �diaphragm to the base �of the lungs and associated �pleural membranes
  • The cohesion of the parietal �pleural membrane to the �visceral pleural membrane
  • Expansion & recoil of the lung �and therefore alveoli with the� movement of the overlying �structures
  • Pleural Membrane Detail
  • Cohesion between parietal and visceral layers is due to serous fluid in the pleural cavity
  • Fluid (30 ml of fluid) creates an attraction between the two sheets of membrane
  • As the parietal membrane expands due to expansion of the thoracic cavity it “pulls” the visceral membrane with it
  • And then pulls the underlying structures which expand as well
  • Disruption of the integrity of the pleural membrane will result in a rapid equalization of pressure and loss of ventilation function = collapsed lung or pneumothorax
  • The Respiratory Tree
  • connecting the external environment to the exchange portion of the lungs
  • similar to the vascular component
  • larger airway = higher flow & velocity
  • small cross-sectional area
  • smaller airway = lower flow & velocity
  • large cross-sectional area
  • Upper respiratory tract is for all intensive purposes a single large conductive tube
  • The lower respiratory tract starts after the larynx and divides again and again…and again to eventually get to the smallest regions which form the exchange membranes
  • Primary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi
  • Tertiary bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles with �start of alveoli outpouches
  • Alveolar ducts with outpouchings �of alveoli

conductive portion

exchange portion

  • What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

Raises incoming air to 37 Celsius

Raises incoming air to 100% humidity

Forms mucociliary escalator

  • What is the function of the lower respiratory tract?
  • Exchange of gases …. Due to
  • Huge surface area = 1x10 5 m 2 of type I alveolar cells (simple squamous epithelium)
  • Associated network of pulmonary capillaries
  • 80-90% of the space between alveoli is filled with blood in pulmonary capillary networks
  • Exchange distance is approx 1 um from alveoli to blood!
  • Free alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
  • Surfactant produced by type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
  • Characteristics of exchange membrane
  • High volume of blood through huge capillary network results in
  • Fast circulation through lungs
  • Pulmonary circulation = 5L/min through lungs….
  • Systemic circulation = 5L/min through entire body!
  • Blood pressure is low…
  • Filtration is not a main theme here, we do not want a net loss of fluid into the lungs as rapidly as the systemic tissues
  • Any excess fluid is still returned via lymphatic system
  • Sum-up of functional anatomy
  • Ventilation?
  • Vocalization?
  • Protection?

Respiratory Physiology� Gas Laws

  • Basic Atmospheric conditions
  • Pressure is typically measured in mm Hg
  • Atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg
  • Atmospheric components
  • Nitrogen = 78% of our atmosphere
  • Oxygen = 21% of our atmosphere
  • Carbon Dioxide = .033% of our atmosphere
  • Water vapor, krypton, argon, …. Make up the rest
  • A few laws to remember
  • Dalton’s law
  • Fick’s Laws of Diffusion
  • Boyle’s Law
  • Ideal Gas Law
  • Dalton’s Law
  • Law of Partial Pressures
  • “each gas in a mixture of gases will exert a pressure independent of other gases present”
  • The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual gas pressures.
  • What does this mean in practical application?
  • If we know the total atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) and the relative abundances of gases (% of gases)
  • We can calculate individual gas effects!
  • P atm x % of gas in atmosphere = Partial pressure of any atmospheric gas
  • P O2 = 760mmHg x 21% (.21) = 160 mm Hg
  • Now that we know the partial pressures we know the gradients that will drive diffusion!
  • Things that affect rates of diffusion
  • Distance to diffuse
  • Gradient sizes
  • Diffusing molecule sizes
  • Temperature
  • What is constant & therefore out of our realm of concern?
  • So it all comes down to partial pressure gradients of gases… determined by Dalton’s Law!
  • Describes the relationship between pressure and volume
  • “the pressure and volume of a gas in a system are inversely related”
  • P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2
  • How does Boyle’s Law work in us?
  • As the thoracic cavity (container) expands the volume must up and pressure goes down
  • If it goes below 760 mm Hg what happens?
  • As the thoracic cavity shrinks the volume must go down and pressure goes up
  • If it goes above 760 mm Hg what happens
  • Ideal Gas law
  • The pressure and volume of a container of gas is directly related to the temperature of the gas and the number of molecules in the container
  • n = moles of gas
  • T = absolute temp
  • R = universal gas constant @ 8.3145 J/K·mol
  • Do we care?
  • Can’t forget about poor Charles and his law or Henry and his law
  • Aptly named … Charles’s Law & Henry’s Law

As the temp goes up in a volume of gas the volume rises proportionately

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.�OR�the solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature is proportional to the pressure of that gas above the liquid.

*also has a constant which is different for each gas

  • Terminology
  • Inspiration = the movement of air into the respiratory tracts (upper & lower)
  • Expiration = movement of air out of the respiratory tracts
  • Respiratory cycle is one inspiration followed by an expiration
  • Cause of Inspiration?
  • Biological answer
  • Contraction of the inspiratory muscles causes an increase in the thoracic cavity size, thus allowing air to enter the respiratory tract
  • Physics answer
  • As the volume in the thoracic cavity increases (due to inspiratory muscle action) the pressure within the respiratory tract drops below atmospheric pressure, creating a pressure gradient which causes molecular movement to favor moving into the respiratory tract
  • Cause of Expiration?

Besides the diaphragm (only creates about 60-75% of the volume change) what are the muscles of inspiration & expiration?

What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure and the volume of air moved?

  • What are the different respiratory patterns?
  • Quiet breathing (relaxed)
  • Forced inspirations & expirations
  • Respiratory volumes follow these respiratory patterns…
  • Inspiration
  • Occurs as alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
  • For convenience atmospheric pressure = 0 mm Hg
  • A (-) value then indicates pressure below atmospheric P
  • A (+) value indicates pressure above atmospheric P
  • At the start of inspiration (time = 0),
  • atmospheric pressure = alveolar pressure
  • No net movement of gases!
  • At time 0 to 2 seconds
  • Expansion of thoracic cage and corresponding pleural membranes and lung tissue causes alveolar pressure to drop to -1 mm Hg
  • Air enters the lungs down the partial pressure gradient
  • Occurs as alveolar pressure elevates above atmospheric pressure due to a shrinking thoracic cage
  • At time 2-4 seconds
  • Inspiratory muscles relax, elastic tissue of corresponding structures initiates a recoil back to resting state
  • This decreases volume and correspondingly increases alveolar pressure to 1 mm Hg
  • This is above atmospheric pressure, causing…?
  • At time 4 seconds
  • Atmospheric pressure once again equals alveolar pressure and there is no net movement
  • Both inspiration and expiration can be modified
  • Forced or active inspiration
  • Forced or active expiration
  • The larger and quicker the expansion of the thoracic cavity, the larger the gradient and
  • The faster air moves down its pressure gradient
  • Things to consider
  • surfactant effect
  • airway diameter
  • Minute volume respiration (ventilation rate times tidal volume) & anatomical dead space
  • Leading to a more accurate idea of alveolar ventilation rates
  • Changes in ventilation patterns
  • Surfactant is produced by the septal cells
  • Disrupts the surface tension & cohesion of water molecules
  • prevents alveoli from sticking together during expiration

Airway diameter & other factors that affect airway resistance?

The relationship between minute volume (total pulmonary ventilation) and alveolar ventilation & the subsequent “mixing” of air

  • Diffusion and Solubility
  • Gas composition in the alveoli
  • Gas exchange
  • Gas transport in blood
  • Regulation of pulmonary function

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the human respiratory system

THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Dec 19, 2019

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THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Aim : How do the structures of the respiratory system exchange gases with the environment? Do Now : What is the purpose of having a respiratory system? Homework : Read 574-576; do Self Check Questions # 1-4. What is Respiration?. Respiration :

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THE HUMAN RESPIRATORYSYSTEM

Aim: How do the structures of the respiratory system exchange gases with the environment? • Do Now: What is the purpose of having a respiratory system? • Homework: Read 574-576; do Self Check Questions # 1-4.

What is Respiration? Respiration: the process of exchanging gases between the body and the environment.

What is a Respiratory Surface? • In all organisms, the exchange of gases must occur across a respiratory surface. • Must be moist • Must be very thin so that gases are able to pass through • Must be a supply of oxygen • Must be closely connected to the transport system to deliver gases to and from cells

The Human Respiratory System

Organs of the Respiratory System

The Nose • The nose serves to filter, moisten, and warm inhaled air before it reaches the lungs.

What is the Pharynx? • Pharynx – “throat” • Air moves from the nasal passage  the pharynx • Epiglottis – flap of tissue covering the trachea during swallowing preventing food from entering the lungs.

The Larynx • “voice box” • Larynx contains vocal cords used to speak. • Air passes from the pharynx  larynx • Food passes from the pharynx  esophagus

The Trachea • “the windpipe” • Kept open by rings of cartilage • Lined with cilia and mucous membranes

Aim: How do the structures of the respiratory system allow you to breathe? • Do Now: What does the nose do to the air that you breathe? What is the role of the cilia that line the trachea? • Homework:

The Bronchi • Trachea divides into tubes called the bronchi • Bronchi enter lungs and branch off into tiny tubes called bronchial tubes

The Bronchioles • AKA: Bronchial Tubes • Thin network of microscopic tubes found inside the lungs.

Alveoli: The Air Sacs

Alveoli: The Air Sacs • Found in the LUNGS • Each bronchiole ends in a tiny alveoli • “cluster of grapes” • The alveoli are the respiratory surface • Exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs HERE! • Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries (so O2 enters blood).

Gas Exchange

Aim: How do the structures of the respiratory system work together to allow you to breathe? • Do Now: Explain how gas exchange occurs in the lungs • Homework:

How do we Breathe?

What is Going on Inside When You Breathe? • Composed of two phases: • Inhalation – draws air into lungs • Exhalation – expels air from lungs

What is the Diaphragm? • Muscle that contracts and relaxes to move gas into and out of the lungs.

Inhalation • Ribs are pulled up and out • Diaphragm is pulled downward • Chest cavity is enlarged • Lungs expand • Air pressure in chest decreases

Exhalation • Diaphragm relaxes and pushes upward • Rib muscles relax – ribs drop • Size of chest cavity decreases • Air is squeezed out of lungs • Air pressure in chest increases

Rate of Breathing • If CO2 levels in the blood increase, your breathing rate INCREASES. • If CO2 levels decrease, breathing rate DECREASES.

Aim: What are the malfunctions of the human respiratory system? • Do Now: Is it INHALATION or EXHALATION? • The ribs are pulled up and out, the diaphragm is pulled down. ___________ • The lungs decrease in size, the diaphragm is pushed upward. __________________ • The chest cavity decreases in size, the pressure inside the chest increases. ________________ • Homework:

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Asthma • Severe allergic reaction where muscles surrounding bronchial tubes contract and make breathing extremely difficult.

Bronchitis • Inflammation of the bronchial tubes • Passageways become swollen and clogged with mucus • Results in severe coughing and difficulty in breathing

Emphysema • Walls of alveoli breakdown decreasing the respiratory surface • Causes shortness of breath, difficulty exhaling and decreased lung capacity *Smokers run a greater risk of developing emphysema*

Pneumonia • Alveoli become filled with fluid • Caused by a bacterial or viral infection

Lung Cancer • Disease in which tumors form in the lungs from irregular and uncontrolled cell growth

Let’s Summarize… • What happens during respiration in all animals? • What are the requirements of a respiratory surface? • How are dirt and other small particles removed from the air humans breathe? • List in order the structures that air passes through as it travels from the external environment to the lungs.

Let’s Summarize… 5. Why are cilia important to the function of the lungs? • At what point does the oxygen that you inhale actually enter into your blood? • What happens to the rib cage during inhalation and exhalation? • What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation?

Let’s Summarize 9. What system of the body carries the oxygen taken in by the respiratory system to all cells in the body? 10. What is the scientific term for the “back of the throat”? 11. What is the role of mucous in the respiratory system?

What Should We Study? • Be able to : • Define all vocabulary in the respiratory system – including structures • Trace a drop of air from environment to the alveoli in the lungs. • Label diagrams of the respiratory system. • Explain a malfunction of the respiratory system and what causes it. • Explain the function of each of the structures in the respiratory system. • Discuss what makes a good respiratory surface – and where our respiratory surface is found.

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The Human Respiratory System. Purpose. Gas Exchange The lungs take in oxygen and let out Carbon Dioxide Gas Exchange takes place between the lungs and capillaries. Important Parts. The Respiratory system consists Nose (Mouth) Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

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The Human Respiratory System

The Human Respiratory System. Muscles involved in breathing. Diaphragm Intercostal muscles – muscles between the ribs Neck muscles – raise sternum and upper ribs. Interpleural fluid. Fluid inside the thoracic cavity Water molecules cause the lungs to stick to the thoracic wall

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    powerpoint presentation on respiratory system

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    powerpoint presentation on respiratory system

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    powerpoint presentation on respiratory system

COMMENTS

  1. The respiratory system

    The respiratory system allows for oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit through a series of major organs. Air enters through the nose or mouth and passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and into the lungs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Oxygen then passes into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide passes out ...

  2. Respiratory System.ppt

    2. Larynx - part of the trachea where our vocal cords are located. 3. Trachea - the tube that leads from the nose and mouth to the lungs. The walls have rings of cartilage to protect the trachea and prevent it from collapsing. The Respiratory System How we get our oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. HTML view of the presentation.

  3. The Respiratory System Presentation

    The respiratory & circulatory systems work together to get oxygen to cells (and to help them get rid of carbon dioxide). The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs and gets it into the blood. The circulatory system takes that oxygen and transports it through the blood to your body cells. Also, carbon dioxide is removed from your cells ...

  4. PPT

    Lungs: main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is transported to the body and carbon dioxide is removed. • Structure: • Each lung is between 10 and 12 inches long. The left lung is divided into two sections, or lobes: superior and inferior.

  5. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system

    RESPIRATION • The term respiration means the exchange of gases between body cells and the environment. • Breathing or pulmonary ventilation • This is movement of air into and out of the lungs. • Exchange of gases: • This takes place: • In the lungs:external respiration. • In the tissues:internal respiration. 46.

  6. The Respiratory System

    PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres. Lone Star College—North Harris. Learning Outcomes. 23-1. 23-2. 23-3. Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system, and explain how the delicate respiratory exchange surfaces are protected from pathogens, debris, and other hazards.

  7. Respiratory Physiology

    Respiration = the series of exchanges that leads to the uptake of oxygen by the cells, and the release of carbon dioxide to the lungs. Step 1 = ventilation. Inspiration & expiration. Step 2 = exchange between alveoli (lungs) and pulmonary capillaries (blood) Referred to as External Respiration. Step 3 = transport of gases in blood.

  8. The Respiratory System

    Abhay Rajpoot Follow. The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.

  9. The Respiratory System PowerPoint Presentation

    Slide 1-. 22 The Respiratory System. Slide 2-. Respiratory System Consists of the respiratory and conducting zones Respiratory zone Site of gas exchange Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli Conducting zone Includes all other respiratory structures (e.g., nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea) Slide 3-.

  10. Respiratory System PowerPoint

    This Respiratory System PowerPoint explains all about the respiratory system, how it works, and why it's important. You could use this to introduce your class to the respiratory system, to re-cap prior knowledge, or to fill in knowledge gaps.This Respiratory System PowerPoint includes information about: Why we need oxygen Inhalation How we breathe Inside the lungs Exhalation Fun facts about ...

  11. Lungs and Respiratory System Presentation

    Download the "Lungs and Respiratory System" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. The education sector constantly demands dynamic and effective ways to present information. This template is created with that very purpose in mind. Offering the best resources, it allows educators or students to efficiently manage their presentations and ...

  12. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. Functions of upper respiratory tract: nasal/oral cavities and trachea • Nose/Mouth: • Filters air, Warms air, Moistens air. Also Provides resonance in speech (so you don't sound funny) • Larynx: "voice box" Holds our vocal chords. • Trachea: • Commonly called your "wind pipe.".

  13. Anatomy and physiology of The Respiratory System

    The Nose "The nose is the gatekeeper of the lung.". • The nose consists of Nose & nasal cavity • The only externally visible part of the respiratory system • Air enters the nose through the nostrils. • The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided midline by a nasal septum Dr.Khaled Helmy.

  14. Respiratory System

    2. THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs. 4. Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two parts: 1. The upper respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and associated structures. 2.

  15. Respiratory System Breakthrough

    Tags. Professional Blue Illustration Medical Health Minimalist Breakthrough Research Lungs Anatomy. Download this blue colored medical template for Google Slides and PPT to share you research about respiratory system.

  16. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. The Respiratory System Chapter 21. Introduction • The trillions of cells making up the body require a continuous supply of oxygen to carry out vita functions • We can survive only a few minutes without oxygen • As cells use oxygen, they give off carbon dioxide a waste product of cellular respiration which the body ...

  17. The Respiratory System

    1. The Respiratory System. 2. Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment Exchange of gases takes place within the lungs in the alveoli (only site of gas exchange, other structures passageways Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air Shares responsibility with ...

  18. Respiratory System Workshop for Medical Students

    Teachers will also find this template a nice resource, as it allows them to explain the respiratory system in a visual way. The design focuses on the use of gradients (ranging from white to light blue, the color of safety), simple layouts and some health-themed icons and illustrations. Editing the contents is up to you!

  19. Free Lung-themed Google Slides & PowerPoint templates

    Download the Lungs and Respiratory System presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. The education sector constantly demands dynamic and effective ways to present information. This template is created with that very purpose in mind. Offering the best resources, it allows educators or students to efficiently manage their presentations and ...

  20. PPT

    The Human Respiratory System. The Human Respiratory System. Biology 314 Mr. Doron. Game Plan . Introduction to the respiratory system Pathway the air takes Role of the nasal cavity Role of the pharynx Role of the epiglottis Role of the trachea Role of the bronchi & lungs Fun FAQ's (yawning, sneezing, hiccups). 302 views • 18 slides

  21. Respiratory System

    11. Physiology of respiration The process of gas exchange in the body, called respiration, it has three basic steps: 1. Pulmonary ventilation or breathing - It is the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs. 2.

  22. Respiratory System PowerPoint Templates

    Page: 1. See our reviews. 4.5/5.0 - 2379 ratings Verified by LiveChat Feb. 2024 EXCELLENT SERVICE. Use these Respiratory System PowerPoint Templates and Google Slides Themes for your next medical presentation. Download these slides and get your work started.

  23. PPT

    The Human Respiratory System. The Human Respiratory System. By Gene and Kevin. Introduction to the Human Respiratory System. The Respiratory System is what controls breathing. It brings in the oxygen your body needs and gets rid of the carbon dioxide that is left over. If you didn't breathe you would pass out or die. 473 views • 8 slides