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• What Is a Case-Control Study? | Definition & Examples

What Is a Case-Control Study? | Definition & Examples

Published on February 4, 2023 by Tegan George . Revised on June 22, 2023.

A case-control study is an experimental design that compares a group of participants possessing a condition of interest to a very similar group lacking that condition. Here, the participants possessing the attribute of study, such as a disease, are called the “case,” and those without it are the “control.”

It’s important to remember that the case group is chosen because they already possess the attribute of interest. The point of the control group is to facilitate investigation, e.g., studying whether the case group systematically exhibits that attribute more than the control group does.

Table of contents

When to use a case-control study, examples of case-control studies, advantages and disadvantages of case-control studies, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions.

Case-control studies are a type of observational study often used in fields like medical research, environmental health, or epidemiology. While most observational studies are qualitative in nature, case-control studies can also be quantitative , and they often are in healthcare settings. Case-control studies can be used for both exploratory and explanatory research , and they are a good choice for studying research topics like disease exposure and health outcomes.

A case-control study may be a good fit for your research if it meets the following criteria.

• Data on exposure (e.g., to a chemical or a pesticide) are difficult to obtain or expensive.
• The disease associated with the exposure you’re studying has a long incubation period or is rare or under-studied (e.g., AIDS in the early 1980s).
• The population you are studying is difficult to contact for follow-up questions (e.g., asylum seekers).

Retrospective cohort studies use existing secondary research data, such as medical records or databases, to identify a group of people with a common exposure or risk factor and to observe their outcomes over time. Case-control studies conduct primary research , comparing a group of participants possessing a condition of interest to a very similar group lacking that condition in real time.

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Case-control studies are common in fields like epidemiology, healthcare, and psychology.

You would then collect data on your participants’ exposure to contaminated drinking water, focusing on variables such as the source of said water and the duration of exposure, for both groups. You could then compare the two to determine if there is a relationship between drinking water contamination and the risk of developing a gastrointestinal illness. Example: Healthcare case-control study You are interested in the relationship between the dietary intake of a particular vitamin (e.g., vitamin D) and the risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. Here, the case group would be individuals who have been diagnosed with osteoporosis, while the control group would be individuals without osteoporosis.

You would then collect information on dietary intake of vitamin D for both the cases and controls and compare the two groups to determine if there is a relationship between vitamin D intake and the risk of developing osteoporosis. Example: Psychology case-control study You are studying the relationship between early-childhood stress and the likelihood of later developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, the case group would be individuals who have been diagnosed with PTSD, while the control group would be individuals without PTSD.

Case-control studies are a solid research method choice, but they come with distinct advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of case-control studies

• Case-control studies are a great choice if you have any ethical considerations about your participants that could preclude you from using a traditional experimental design .
• Case-control studies are time efficient and fairly inexpensive to conduct because they require fewer subjects than other research methods .
• If there were multiple exposures leading to a single outcome, case-control studies can incorporate that. As such, they truly shine when used to study rare outcomes or outbreaks of a particular disease .

Disadvantages of case-control studies

• Case-control studies, similarly to observational studies, run a high risk of research biases . They are particularly susceptible to observer bias , recall bias , and interviewer bias.
• In the case of very rare exposures of the outcome studied, attempting to conduct a case-control study can be very time consuming and inefficient .
• Case-control studies in general have low internal validity  and are not always credible.

Case-control studies by design focus on one singular outcome. This makes them very rigid and not generalizable , as no extrapolation can be made about other outcomes like risk recurrence or future exposure threat. This leads to less satisfying results than other methodological choices.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Student’s  t -distribution
• Normal distribution
• Null and Alternative Hypotheses
• Chi square tests
• Confidence interval
• Quartiles & Quantiles
• Cluster sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Data cleansing
• Reproducibility vs Replicability
• Peer review
• Prospective cohort study

Research bias

• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Placebo effect
• Hawthorne effect
• Hindsight bias
• Affect heuristic
• Social desirability bias

A case-control study differs from a cohort study because cohort studies are more longitudinal in nature and do not necessarily require a control group .

While one may be added if the investigator so chooses, members of the cohort are primarily selected because of a shared characteristic among them. In particular, retrospective cohort studies are designed to follow a group of people with a common exposure or risk factor over time and observe their outcomes.

Case-control studies, in contrast, require both a case group and a control group, as suggested by their name, and usually are used to identify risk factors for a disease by comparing cases and controls.

A case-control study differs from a cross-sectional study because case-control studies are naturally retrospective in nature, looking backward in time to identify exposures that may have occurred before the development of the disease.

On the other hand, cross-sectional studies collect data on a population at a single point in time. The goal here is to describe the characteristics of the population, such as their age, gender identity, or health status, and understand the distribution and relationships of these characteristics.

Cases and controls are selected for a case-control study based on their inherent characteristics. Participants already possessing the condition of interest form the “case,” while those without form the “control.”

Keep in mind that by definition the case group is chosen because they already possess the attribute of interest. The point of the control group is to facilitate investigation, e.g., studying whether the case group systematically exhibits that attribute more than the control group does.

The strength of the association between an exposure and a disease in a case-control study can be measured using a few different statistical measures , such as odds ratios (ORs) and relative risk (RR).

No, case-control studies cannot establish causality as a standalone measure.

As observational studies , they can suggest associations between an exposure and a disease, but they cannot prove without a doubt that the exposure causes the disease. In particular, issues arising from timing, research biases like recall bias , and the selection of variables lead to low internal validity and the inability to determine causality.

Sources in this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

George, T. (2023, June 22). What Is a Case-Control Study? | Definition & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/case-control-study/

Schlesselman, J. J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis (Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 2) (Illustrated). Oxford University Press.

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Blog Case Study

How to Present a Case Study like a Pro (With Examples)

By Danesh Ramuthi , Sep 07, 2023

In today’s world, where data is king and persuasion is queen, a killer case study can change the game. Think high-powered meetings at fancy companies or even nailing that college presentation: a rock-solid case study could be the magic weapon you need.

Okay, let’s get real: case studies can be kinda snooze-worthy. But guess what? They don’t have to be!

In this article, you’ll learn all about crafting and presenting powerful case studies. From selecting the right metrics to using persuasive narrative techniques, I will cover every element that transforms a mere report into a compelling case study. 

And if you’re feeling a little lost, don’t worry! There are cool tools like Venngage’s Case Study Creator to help you whip up something awesome, even if you’re short on time. Plus, the pre-designed case study templates are like instant polish because let’s be honest, everyone loves a shortcut.

Click to jump ahead: 

What is a case study presentation?

Purpose of presenting a case study, how to structure a case study presentation, how long should a case study presentation be, 5 case study presentation templates, tips for delivering an effective case study presentation, common mistakes to avoid in a case study presentation, how to present a case study faqs.

A case study presentation involves a comprehensive examination of a specific subject, which could range from an individual, group, location, event, organization or phenomenon.

They’re like puzzles you get to solve with the audience, all while making you think outside the box.

Unlike a basic report or whitepaper, the purpose of a case study presentation is to stimulate critical thinking among the viewers. 

The primary objective of a case study is to provide an extensive and profound comprehension of the chosen topic. You don’t just throw numbers at your audience. You use examples and real-life cases to make you think and see things from different angles.

The primary purpose of presenting a case study is to offer a comprehensive, evidence-based argument that informs, persuades and engages your audience.

Here’s the juicy part: presenting that case study can be your secret weapon. Whether you’re pitching a groundbreaking idea to a room full of suits or trying to impress your professor with your A-game, a well-crafted case study can be the magic dust that sprinkles brilliance over your words.

Think of it like digging into a puzzle you can’t quite crack . A case study lets you explore every piece, turn it over and see how it fits together. This close-up look helps you understand the whole picture, not just a blurry snapshot.

It’s also your chance to showcase how you analyze things, step by step, until you reach a conclusion. It’s all about being open and honest about how you got there.

Besides, presenting a case study gives you an opportunity to connect data and real-world scenarios in a compelling narrative. It helps to make your argument more relatable and accessible, increasing its impact on your audience.

One of the contexts where case studies can be very helpful is during the job interview. In some job interviews, you as candidates may be asked to present a case study as part of the selection process.

Having a case study presentation prepared allows the candidate to demonstrate their ability to understand complex issues, formulate strategies and communicate their ideas effectively.

The way you present a case study can make all the difference in how it’s received. A well-structured presentation not only holds the attention of your audience but also ensures that your key points are communicated clearly and effectively.

In this section, let’s go through the key steps that’ll help you structure your case study presentation for maximum impact.

Let’s get into it. 

Open with an introductory overview 

Start by introducing the subject of your case study and its relevance. Explain why this case study is important and who would benefit from the insights gained. This is your opportunity to grab your audience’s attention.

Explain the problem in question

Dive into the problem or challenge that the case study focuses on. Provide enough background information for the audience to understand the issue. If possible, quantify the problem using data or metrics to show the magnitude or severity.

Detail the solutions to solve the problem

After outlining the problem, describe the steps taken to find a solution. This could include the methodology, any experiments or tests performed and the options that were considered. Make sure to elaborate on why the final solution was chosen over the others.

Key stakeholders Involved

Talk about the individuals, groups or organizations that were directly impacted by or involved in the problem and its solution. 

Stakeholders may experience a range of outcomes—some may benefit, while others could face setbacks.

For example, in a business transformation case study, employees could face job relocations or changes in work culture, while shareholders might be looking at potential gains or losses.

Discuss the key results & outcomes

Discuss the results of implementing the solution. Use data and metrics to back up your statements. Did the solution meet its objectives? What impact did it have on the stakeholders? Be honest about any setbacks or areas for improvement as well.

Include visuals to support your analysis

Visual aids can be incredibly effective in helping your audience grasp complex issues. Utilize charts, graphs, images or video clips to supplement your points. Make sure to explain each visual and how it contributes to your overall argument.

Pie charts illustrate the proportion of different components within a whole, useful for visualizing market share, budget allocation or user demographics.

This is particularly useful especially if you’re displaying survey results in your case study presentation.

Stacked charts on the other hand are perfect for visualizing composition and trends. This is great for analyzing things like customer demographics, product breakdowns or budget allocation in your case study.

Consider this example of a stacked bar chart template. It provides a straightforward summary of the top-selling cake flavors across various locations, offering a quick and comprehensive view of the data.

Not the chart you’re looking for? Browse Venngage’s gallery of chart templates to find the perfect one that’ll captivate your audience and level up your data storytelling.

Recommendations and next steps

Wrap up by providing recommendations based on the case study findings. Outline the next steps that stakeholders should take to either expand on the success of the project or address any remaining challenges.

Acknowledgments and references

Thank the people who contributed to the case study and helped in the problem-solving process. Cite any external resources, reports or data sets that contributed to your analysis.

Feedback & Q&A session

Open the floor for questions and feedback from your audience. This allows for further discussion and can provide additional insights that may not have been considered previously.

Closing remarks

Conclude the presentation by summarizing the key points and emphasizing the takeaways. Thank your audience for their time and participation and express your willingness to engage in further discussions or collaborations on the subject.

Well, the length of a case study presentation can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the needs of your audience. However, a typical business or academic presentation often lasts between 15 to 30 minutes. 

This time frame usually allows for a thorough explanation of the case while maintaining audience engagement. However, always consider leaving a few minutes at the end for a Q&A session to address any questions or clarify points made during the presentation.

When it comes to presenting a compelling case study, having a well-structured template can be a game-changer. 

It helps you organize your thoughts, data and findings in a coherent and visually pleasing manner. 

Not all case studies are created equal and different scenarios require distinct approaches for maximum impact. 

To save you time and effort, I have curated a list of 5 versatile case study presentation templates, each designed for specific needs and audiences. 

Here are some best case study presentation examples that showcase effective strategies for engaging your audience and conveying complex information clearly.

1) Lab report case study template

Ever feel like your research gets lost in a world of endless numbers and jargon? Lab case studies are your way out!

Think of it as building a bridge between your cool experiment and everyone else. It’s more than just reporting results – it’s explaining the “why” and “how” in a way that grabs attention and makes sense.

This lap report template acts as a blueprint for your report, guiding you through each essential section (introduction, methods, results, etc.) in a logical order.

2) Product case study template

It’s time you ditch those boring slideshows and bullet points because I’ve got a better way to win over clients: product case study templates.

Instead of just listing features and benefits, you get to create a clear and concise story that shows potential clients exactly what your product can do for them. It’s like painting a picture they can easily visualize, helping them understand the value your product brings to the table.

Grab the template below, fill in the details, and watch as your product’s impact comes to life!

3) Content marketing case study template

In digital marketing, showcasing your accomplishments is as vital as achieving them. 

A well-crafted case study not only acts as a testament to your successes but can also serve as an instructional tool for others. 

With this coral content marketing case study template—a perfect blend of vibrant design and structured documentation, you can narrate your marketing triumphs effectively.

4) Case study psychology template

Understanding how people tick is one of psychology’s biggest quests and case studies are like magnifying glasses for the mind. They offer in-depth looks at real-life behaviors, emotions and thought processes, revealing fascinating insights into what makes us human.

Writing a top-notch case study, though, can be a challenge. It requires careful organization, clear presentation and meticulous attention to detail. That’s where a good case study psychology template comes in handy.

Think of it as a helpful guide, taking care of formatting and structure while you focus on the juicy content. No more wrestling with layouts or margins – just pour your research magic into crafting a compelling narrative.

5) Lead generation case study template

Lead generation can be a real head-scratcher. But here’s a little help: a lead generation case study.

Think of it like a friendly handshake and a confident resume all rolled into one. It’s your chance to showcase your expertise, share real-world successes and offer valuable insights. Potential clients get to see your track record, understand your approach and decide if you’re the right fit.

No need to start from scratch, though. This lead generation case study template guides you step-by-step through crafting a clear, compelling narrative that highlights your wins and offers actionable tips for others. Fill in the gaps with your specific data and strategies, and voilà! You’ve got a powerful tool to attract new customers.

Related: 15+ Professional Case Study Examples [Design Tips + Templates]

So, you’ve spent hours crafting the perfect case study and are now tasked with presenting it. Crafting the case study is only half the battle; delivering it effectively is equally important. 

Whether you’re facing a room of executives, academics or potential clients, how you present your findings can make a significant difference in how your work is received. 

Forget boring reports and snooze-inducing presentations! Let’s make your case study sing. Here are some key pointers to turn information into an engaging and persuasive performance:

• Know your audience : Tailor your presentation to the knowledge level and interests of your audience. Remember to use language and examples that resonate with them.
• Rehearse : Rehearsing your case study presentation is the key to a smooth delivery and for ensuring that you stay within the allotted time. Practice helps you fine-tune your pacing, hone your speaking skills with good word pronunciations and become comfortable with the material, leading to a more confident, conversational and effective presentation.
• Start strong : Open with a compelling introduction that grabs your audience’s attention. You might want to use an interesting statistic, a provocative question or a brief story that sets the stage for your case study.
• Be clear and concise : Avoid jargon and overly complex sentences. Get to the point quickly and stay focused on your objectives.
• Use visual aids : Incorporate slides with graphics, charts or videos to supplement your verbal presentation. Make sure they are easy to read and understand.
• Tell a story : Use storytelling techniques to make the case study more engaging. A well-told narrative can help you make complex data more relatable and easier to digest.

Ditching the dry reports and slide decks? Venngage’s case study templates let you wow customers with your solutions and gain insights to improve your business plan. Pre-built templates, visual magic and customer captivation – all just a click away. Go tell your story and watch them say “wow!”

Crafting and presenting a case study is a skillful task that requires careful planning and execution. While a well-prepared case study can be a powerful tool for showcasing your successes, educating your audience or encouraging discussion, there are several pitfalls you should avoid to make your presentation as effective as possible. Here are some common mistakes to watch out for:

Overloading with information

A case study is not an encyclopedia. Overloading your presentation with excessive data, text or jargon can make it cumbersome and difficult for the audience to digest the key points. Stick to what’s essential and impactful.

Lack of structure

Jumping haphazardly between points or topics can confuse your audience. A well-structured presentation, with a logical flow from introduction to conclusion, is crucial for effective communication.

Ignoring the audience

Different audiences have different needs and levels of understanding. Failing to adapt your presentation to your audience can result in a disconnect and a less impactful presentation.

Poor visual elements

While content is king, poor design or lack of visual elements can make your case study dull or hard to follow. Make sure you use high-quality images, graphs and other visual aids to support your narrative.

Not focusing on results

A case study aims to showcase a problem and its solution, but what most people care about are the results. Failing to highlight or adequately explain the outcomes can make your presentation fall flat.

How to start a case study presentation?

Starting a case study presentation effectively involves a few key steps:

• Grab attention : Open with a hook—an intriguing statistic, a provocative question or a compelling visual—to engage your audience from the get-go.
• Set the stage : Briefly introduce the subject, context and relevance of the case study to give your audience an idea of what to expect.
• Outline objectives : Clearly state what the case study aims to achieve. Are you solving a problem, proving a point or showcasing a success?
• Agenda : Give a quick outline of the key sections or topics you’ll cover to help the audience follow along.
• Set expectations : Let your audience know what you want them to take away from the presentation, whether it’s knowledge, inspiration or a call to action.

How to present a case study on PowerPoint and on Google Slides?

Presenting a case study on PowerPoint and Google Slides involves a structured approach for clarity and impact using presentation slides:

• Title slide : Start with a title slide that includes the name of the case study, your name and any relevant institutional affiliations.
• Introduction : Follow with a slide that outlines the problem or situation your case study addresses. Include a hook to engage the audience.
• Objectives : Clearly state the goals of the case study in a dedicated slide.
• Findings : Use charts, graphs and bullet points to present your findings succinctly.
• Analysis : Discuss what the findings mean, drawing on supporting data or secondary research as necessary.
• Conclusion : Summarize key takeaways and results.
• Q&A : End with a slide inviting questions from the audience.

What’s the role of analysis in a case study presentation?

The role of analysis in a case study presentation is to interpret the data and findings, providing context and meaning to them. 

It helps your audience understand the implications of the case study, connects the dots between the problem and the solution and may offer recommendations for future action.

Is it important to include real data and results in the presentation?

Yes, including real data and results in a case study presentation is crucial to show experience,  credibility and impact. Authentic data lends weight to your findings and conclusions, enabling the audience to trust your analysis and take your recommendations more seriously

How do I conclude a case study presentation effectively?

To conclude a case study presentation effectively, summarize the key findings, insights and recommendations in a clear and concise manner. 

End with a strong call-to-action or a thought-provoking question to leave a lasting impression on your audience.

What’s the best way to showcase data in a case study presentation ?

The best way to showcase data in a case study presentation is through visual aids like charts, graphs and infographics which make complex information easily digestible, engaging and creative. 

Don’t just report results, visualize them! This template for example lets you transform your social media case study into a captivating infographic that sparks conversation.

Choose the type of visual that best represents the data you’re showing; for example, use bar charts for comparisons or pie charts for parts of a whole. 

Ensure that the visuals are high-quality and clearly labeled, so the audience can quickly grasp the key points. 

Keep the design consistent and simple, avoiding clutter or overly complex visuals that could distract from the message.

Choose a template that perfectly suits your case study where you can utilize different visual aids for maximum impact. 

Need more inspiration on how to turn numbers into impact with the help of infographics? Our ready-to-use infographic templates take the guesswork out of creating visual impact for your case studies with just a few clicks.

Related: 10+ Case Study Infographic Templates That Convert

Congrats on mastering the art of compelling case study presentations! This guide has equipped you with all the essentials, from structure and nuances to avoiding common pitfalls. You’re ready to impress any audience, whether in the boardroom, the classroom or beyond.

And remember, you’re not alone in this journey. Venngage’s Case Study Creator is your trusty companion, ready to elevate your presentations from ordinary to extraordinary. So, let your confidence shine, leverage your newly acquired skills and prepare to deliver presentations that truly resonate.

Go forth and make a lasting impact!

9 Creative Case Study Presentation Examples & Templates

Learn from proven case study presentation examples and best practices how to get creative, stand out, engage your audience, excite action, and drive results.

9 minute read

helped business professionals at:

Short answer

What makes a good case study presentation?

A good case study presentation has an engaging story, a clear structure, real data, visual aids, client testimonials, and a strong call to action. It informs and inspires, making the audience believe they can achieve similar results.

Dull case studies can cost you clients.

A boring case study presentation doesn't just risk putting your audience to sleep—it can actually stifle your growth, leading to lost sales and overlooked opportunities. When your case study fails to inspire, it's your bottom line that suffers.

Interactive elements are the secret sauce for successful case study presentations.

They not only increase reader engagement by 22% but also lead to a whopping 41% more decks being read fully, proving that the winning deck is not a monologue but a conversation that involves the reader.

Benefits of including interactive elements in your case study presentation

More decks read in full

Longer average reading time

In this post, I’ll help you shape your case studies into compelling narratives that hook your audience, make your successes shine, and drive the results you're aiming for.

Let’s go!

How to create a case study presentation that drives results?

Crafting a case study presentation that truly drives results is about more than just data—it's about storytelling, engagement, and leading your audience down the sales funnel.

Here's how you can do it:

Tell a story: Each case study should follow a narrative arc. Start with the problem, introduce your solution, and showcase the results. Make it compelling and relatable.

Leverage data: Hard numbers build credibility. Use them to highlight your successes and reinforce your points.

Use visuals: Images, infographics, and videos can enhance engagement, making complex information more digestible and memorable.

Add interactive elements: Make your presentation a two-way journey. Tools like tabs and live data calculators can increase time spent on your deck by 22% and the number of full reads by 41% .

Finish with a strong call-to-action: Every good story needs a conclusion. Encourage your audience to take the next step in their buyer journey with a clear, persuasive call-to-action.

Here's a visual representation of what a successful case study presentation should do:

How to write an engaging case study presentation?

Creating an engaging case study presentation involves strategic storytelling, understanding your audience, and sparking action. In this guide, I'll cover the essentials to help you write a compelling narrative that drives results.

What is the best format for a business case study presentation?

4 best format types for a business case study presentation:

• Problem-solution case study
• Before-and-after case study
• Success story case study
• Interview style case study

Each style has unique strengths, so pick one that aligns best with your story and audience. For a deeper dive into these formats, check out our detailed blog post on case study format types .

I also recommend watching this video breaking down the 9-step process for writing a case study:

What to include in a case study presentation?

An effective case study presentation contains 7 key elements:

• Introduction
• Company overview
• The problem/challenge
• Your solution
• Customer quotes/testimonials

To learn more about what should go in each of these sections, check out our post on what is a case study .

How to write a compelling narrative for your case study presentation?

Storytelling is the heart of an engaging case study presentation. It involves more than just stringing events together. You should weave an emotional journey that your audience can relate to.

Begin with the challenge —illustrate the magnitude of the problem that was faced. Then, introduce your solution as the hero that comes to the rescue.

As you progress, ensure your narrative highlights the transformative journey from the problem state to the successful outcome.

Here’s our recommended storyline framework:

How to motivate readers to take action?

Based on BJ Fogg's behavior model , successful motivation involves 3 components:

Motivation is all about highlighting the benefits. Paint a vivid picture of the transformative results achieved using your solution. Use compelling data and emotive testimonials to amplify the desire for similar outcomes, therefore boosting your audience's motivation.

Ability refers to making the desired action easy to perform. Show how straightforward it is to implement your solution. Use clear language, break down complex ideas, and reinforce the message that success is not just possible, but also readily achievable with your offering.

Prompt is your powerful call-to-action (CTA), the spark that nudges your audience to take the next step. Ensure your CTA is clear, direct, and tied into the compelling narrative you've built. It should leave your audience with no doubt about what to do next and why they should do it.

Here’s how you can do it with Storydoc:

How to adapt your presentation for your specific audience?

Every audience is different, and a successful case study presentation speaks directly to its audience's needs, concerns, and desires.

Understanding your audience is crucial. This involves researching their pain points, their industry jargon, their ambitions, and their fears.

Then, tailor your presentation accordingly. Highlight how your solution addresses their specific problems. Use language and examples they're familiar with. Show them how your product or service can help them reach their goals.

A case study presentation that's tailor-made for its audience is not just a presentation—it's a conversation that resonates, engages, and convinces.

How to design a great case study presentation?

A powerful case study presentation is not only about the story you weave—it's about the visual journey you create.

Let's navigate through the design strategies that can transform your case study presentation into a gripping narrative.

Add interactive elements

Static design has long been the traditional route for case study presentations—linear, unchanging, a one-size-fits-all solution.

However, this has been a losing approach for a while now. Static content is killing engagement, but interactive design will bring it back to life.

It invites your audience into an evolving, immersive experience, transforming them from passive onlookers into active participants.

Which of these presentations would you prefer to read?

Use narrated content design (scrollytelling)

Scrollytelling combines the best of scrolling and storytelling. This innovative approach offers an interactive narrated journey controlled with a simple scroll.

It lets you break down complex content into manageable chunks and empowers your audience to control their reading pace.

To make this content experience available to everyone, our founder, Itai Amoza, collaborated with visualization scientist Prof. Steven Franconeri to incorporate scrollytelling into Storydoc.

This collaboration led to specialized storytelling slides that simplify content and enhance engagement (which you can find and use in Storydoc).

Here’s an example of Storydoc scrollytelling:

Bring your case study to life with multimedia

Multimedia brings a dynamic dimension to your presentation. Video testimonials lend authenticity and human connection. Podcast interviews add depth and diversity, while live graphs offer a visually captivating way to represent data.

Each media type contributes to a richer, more immersive narrative that keeps your audience engaged from beginning to end.

Prioritize mobile-friendly design

In an increasingly mobile world, design must adapt. Avoid traditional, non-responsive formats like PPT, PDF, and Word.

Opt for a mobile-optimized design that guarantees your presentation is always at its best, regardless of the device.

As a significant chunk of case studies are opened on mobile, this ensures wider accessibility and improved user experience , demonstrating respect for your audience's viewing preferences.

Here’s what a traditional static presentation looks like as opposed to a responsive deck:

Streamline the design process

Creating a case study presentation usually involves wrestling with a website builder.

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A case-control study of presentations in general practice before diagnosis of coeliac disease

Associated data.

Delay in the diagnosis of coeliac disease prolongs morbidity and may increase mortality. Little is known about presentations in general practice that may predict a subsequent diagnosis of coeliac disease.

To examine presentations in general practice during the 5 years prior to diagnosis of coeliac disease.

Design of study

A case-control study with each biopsy-proven coeliac disease case matched by age, sex, and general practice to an average of two controls.

Thirty-seven general practices in south-east Wales.

Cases were identified via a secondary care clinic and controls recruited from the general practices of cases. General practice clinical records of both cases and controls were analysed to determine frequency of consultations, presenting symptoms, diagnoses, referrals, and investigations during the 5 years prior to diagnosis.

Cases ( n = 68) had an increased number of consultations compared with controls ( n = 160) during the 5 years prior to diagnosis (mean difference five consultations, P = 0.001). Three clinical features were independently associated with subsequent diagnosis of coeliac disease: depression and/or anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 5.7, P = 0.031); diarrhoea (OR = 4.5, 95% CI = 2.0 to 10.0, P <0.001); and anaemia (OR = 26.3, 95% CI = 5.7 to 120.6, P <0.001). Both diarrhoea and anaemia remained associated even when data for the year prior to diagnosis was excluded from the analysis.

GPs should consider testing for coeliac disease when patients present often, especially with diarrhoea and/or who are discovered to be anaemic. Further research is required to clarify the role of depression and/or anxiety in the diagnosis of coeliac disease.

INTRODUCTION

Coeliac disease, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a disease of malabsorption characterised by inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa. Symptoms rapidly improve on a strict gluten-free diet.

Early diagnosis is associated with lower standardised mortality ratios. 1 , 2 Treatment improves quality of life and depressive features, and reduces malabsorption, which in turn reduces the risk of complications such as osteoporosis, peripheral neuropathy, micro-and macrocytic anaemia. 3 – 5 Treatment also reduces the risk of malignancy, specifically gastrointestinal carcinoma or lymphoma, which develops in up to 15% of those where the disease is left untreated. 6 , 7 Diagnostic delay is common both in primary and secondary care, and results in protracted morbidity, 8 with a median duration of symptoms of 4.9 years before diagnosis. 9

Screening studies suggest that many cases remain undetected and the prevalence of people in the UK who are positive on serological screening may be as high as 1 in 100. 10 , 11 While classic symptoms such as diarrhoea are well recognised, the majority of patients present with diverse, non-specific, and vague symptoms that are not often obviously attributable to the gastrointestinal tract or to coeliac disease. Generalised aches and bone pain, reflux oesophagitis, tiredness, migraine, and depressive symptoms are all documented first-presenting symptoms of the condition. 12 – 18 Anaemia may be treated for years with vitamin and iron supplements without identification of the underlying disease.

However, the symptoms linked to coeliac disease are also common in many other conditions and are presented in approximately a third of all consultations in primary care. 19 They also represent common reasons for referral to secondary care. Since a high proportion of consultations are potentially influenced by a cluster of problems that could be caused by coeliac disease, understanding the frequency of consultations and the nature of presentations in general practice before a diagnosis of coeliac disease is made may aid earlier diagnosis through identifying hitherto unrecognised pointers to the diagnosis. A case-control study was therefore conducted to examine presentations in general practice during the 5 years prior to diagnosis of coeliac disease.

Participants

Eligible cases had biopsy-proven coeliac disease and fulfiled the updated European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGAN) criteria, 20 were diagnosed after 1 January 1998, aged over 18 years at time of diagnosis, and registered with a general practice in south-east Wales. The 1 January 1998 was used as a cut-off date for diagnosis to increase the chances of completeness of GP clinical records studied during the 5 years prior to this date. Cases were identified at the coeliac clinic at Llandough Hospital, Cardiff. This is the main secondary care centre for coeliac disease for Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan and serves a total adult population of approximately 340 000. Referrals to this clinic arise from both primary and secondary care.

Five potential controls were matched to each case by sex, general practice, and date of birth (within 1-year bands) with the aim of recruiting two controls per case. Exclusion criteria for both cases and controls were unobtainable GP clinical records.

Cases were recruited following a formal diagnosis of coeliac disease and prior to a routine consultation at the hospital coeliac clinic. Once consent was obtained, the patients' GPs were contacted to obtain access to their general practice clinical records, and to enlist the GPs' help in recruiting controls. Potential controls were contacted via a letter from the GP, with an attached information sheet, and a consent form which would allow the research team to extract relevant data from their clinical records. A form indicating non-consent was also included to estimate the proportion that declined to participate. After 2 weeks if less than two control patients per case had consented, the practice was approached once more to identify five additional potential controls.

How this fits in

Earlier diagnosis of coeliac disease reduces morbidity and risk of complications. Diagnosis is often difficult as presenting features may not directly suggest gastrointestinal disease. Presentations in general practice during the 5 years prior to a diagnosis of coeliac disease were examined, and it was found that patients subsequently diagnosed with coeliac disease had an increased number of consultations compared with controls. Diarrhoea and anaemia were significantly predictive of an eventual diagnosis with coeliac disease. Increased awareness of the link between frequent consulting, diarrhoea, anaemia, and coeliac disease may assist GPs in achieving earlier diagnosis of this important and easily treatable condition.

Obtaining and extracting clinical data

Photocopies were made of the general practice clinical records for the consenting case and corresponding controls for the 5 years prior to the date in which coeliac disease was first mentioned in the clinical records of cases. Computer and paper clinical records were copied along with the summary sheet. A research nurse anonymised the clinical records and recorded the number of referrals to secondary care consultants and clinical investigations in primary care for each included year. The clinical records were anonymised using a coding system that was known only to the researcher concerned. Missing clinical records for any period during the 5 years were documented.

Two GPs not involved in obtaining copies of the clinical records and blinded to case-control status extracted and recorded information on to a pro-forma, which listed possible common features of the presentation and investigation of coeliac disease. These features were derived from searching the literature and from expert opinion. The overall number of consultations per annum, as well as the number of times that the specified symptoms and diagnoses presented, were recorded. Comorbidities that could account for a higher than average consultation rate were also noted. Data extraction was protocol driven, with explicit and detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria for the consultations and presenting features.

Data extraction was piloted by the two GPs who each extracted data on the same set of 20 patient clinical records. As a result of this pilot phase, minor changes were made to the data extraction protocol, for example clarification of the inclusion/exclusion criteria and inclusion of extra categories of presenting features.

Statistical analysis

Comparison of consultations.

The numbers of consultations were reported for both cases and controls for the 1-year and the whole 5-year period prior to diagnosis. To examine the effect that the 1 year prior to diagnosis may have on the overall number of consultations, it was excluded from the 5-year period. The median and interquartile range were used to describe the skewed distribution of the number of consultations in the cases and controls. Differences between the number of consultations for each case and the average consultations of the case's matched controls were calculated. Since these differences were normally distributed, the mean of the differences were calculated with 95% CIs. A weighted paired t -test that took into account the varying number of controls per case was used to compare the two groups.

Independent predictors of coeliac disease

Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs to investigate features that could potentially be more frequent in those subsequently diagnosed with coeliac disease. Two separate models were run; one examining patient's symptoms and diagnoses and another examining GP referrals and investigations. Only variables with expected values of greater than five per cell in either cases or controls, and those significant at the 10% level in univariate analyses were included. Analyses were repeated excluding data from the year prior to diagnosis to identify earlier presenting features of coeliac disease. All analyses were performed using SPSS (version 12) and SAS (version 8.02).

Sample size

A sample size calculation was conducted prior to the study and showed that 68 cases and 136 controls were required for 80% power to detect an increase of two consultations per annum at the 5% significance level (from population consultation rate of 4.95 per annum). 21 This calculation was based on unmatched cases and controls, thus giving a conservative sample size estimate.

Recruitment

A flow chart of the recruitment process is shown in Figure 1 .

Flow chart of recruitment.

Cases and controls

Two hundred and twenty-eight clinical records were analysed; 68 cases and 160 controls, an average of two controls per case. Cases and controls were well matched ( Table 1 ). There was no notable or significant difference between cases and controls with respect to comorbidity.

Characteristics of cases and controls.

The average consent rate among those invited to be a control was 43.4% (standard deviation = 23.1 %), ranging from 0 to 100% for each case. There was a higher consent rate from older controls ( P = 0.001) and from practices in less deprived areas ( P = 0.016).

There was strong evidence of a higher rate of consultations in cases compared with controls during the 5 years prior to diagnosis ( P = 0.001) ( Table 2 ). These differences were also seen for the 1 year prior to diagnosis and excluding the 1 year prior to diagnosis ( P <0.001 and P = 0.008 respectively).

Number of general practice consultations in cases and controls during the 5 years prior to diagnosis of coeliac disease.

Identification of predictors of coeliac disease

In total, 26 variables were considered for univariate conditional logistic regression. Eight patient symptoms and diagnoses, referral by GP and five types of investigations were significantly associated at the 10% level, with a subsequent diagnosis of coeliac disease during the 5 years prior to diagnosis ( Table 3 ). An OR of greater than one implies a higher probability in cases and a 95% CI including the value 1 indicates no statistically significant difference between cases and controls. Thus, all associated variables were more common in those with a subsequent diagnosis of coeliac disease. However, the same proportion of patients with coeliac disease were issued with sick certificates as controls (26 versus 24% respectively), and had a similar number of barium radiological investigations (7 versus 8% respectively).

Univariate analyses of features of general practice consultations during the 5 years prior to diagnosis of coeliac disease.

These statistically significantly associated factors were subsequently entered in two separate multivariate models. The multivariate conditional logistic regression showed three patient symptoms and diagnoses, referral by GP, and three kinds of investigations independently associated with a subsequent diagnosis of coeliac disease ( Table 4 ). Increased risk of being diagnosed with coeliac disease was associated with patients presenting with depression and/or anxiety, diarrhoea, or being diagnosed with anaemia during the preceding 5 years. Coeliac disease was also associated with being referred at least once during the 5-year period, not necessarily to a gastroenterologist. Haematology or immunology blood tests were also associated with having coeliac disease, as was referral for any kind of endoscopy.

Multivariate analyses of features of general practice consultations prior to diagnosis of coeliac disease.

Of the 68 cases, 54 (79%), had presented with either diarrhoea, depression and/or anxiety, or had been diagnosed with anaemia, compared with 71 (44%), of the controls. Similarly, 67 (99%) of cases had at least one of the investigations listed in Table 4 or had been referred, compared with 128 (80%) of the controls.

Thirty-five (51%) cases had presented with diarrhoea, 28 (41%) depression and/or anxiety, and 23 (34%) had been diagnosed with anaemia at least once during the 5 years prior to diagnosis. This compares with 31 (19%), 51 (32%) and seven (4%), respectively of the controls. Similarly, 14 (21 %) cases had presented with diarrhoea and depression and/or anxiety compared with 14 (9%) controls, eight (12%) cases presented with depression and/or anxiety and had been diagnosed with anaemia compared with four (3%) controls, 13 (19%) cases had presented with diarrhoea and been diagnosed with anaemia compared with three (2%) controls. Three (4%) cases had all three features compared to three (2%) controls.

Analysis excluding 1 year prior to date of diagnosis

Multivariate analysis using data excluding the 1 year prior to diagnosis was performed to identify early features predictive of a subsequent diagnosis of coeliac disease. Only diarrhoea, anaemia, and microbiology tests were independently associated ( Table 4 ). Supplementary Figure 1 shows the timing of consultations with diarrhoea and anaemia, and the cumulative consultations for cases and controls.

Summary of main findings

This study has shown that patients subsequently diagnosed with coeliac disease have an increased number of consultations in general practice during the 5 years prior to diagnosis.

Despite exploring a large number of symptoms and diagnoses previously identified as potential predictors of a diagnosis of coeliac disease, it was found that only diarrhoea, depression and/or anxiety, or a diagnosis of anaemia were significantly independently associated with the subsequent diagnosis of coeliac disease. Diarrhoea and anaemia remained associated even after excluding data for the 1 year prior to diagnosis, indicating that depression and/or anxiety was more prevalent in cases during the year prior to diagnosis.

Patients subsequently diagnosed with coeliac disease were also referred more frequently to secondary care specialists and underwent more investigations in primary care during the 5 years prior to diagnosis compared with controls, but this difference was particularly marked for the 1 year prior to diagnosis. A higher proportion of microbiology investigations were found in cases when data for the year preceding diagnosis was excluded from the analysis, which may be related to the testing of stool specimens.

Strengths and the limitations of the study

Sixty-eight cases were successfully recruited and each case was matched with at least two controls, thus achieving the sample size calculation target. Restricting researcher access to the clinical records of only those patients who have provided written consent may lead to greater bias in contemporary case-control studies compared to studies conducted before this became standard practice. In this study, a high consent rate for sequentially approached cases in the secondary care centre resulted in a low risk of selection bias for case. The sample of cases in this study have comparable demographic characteristics to patients with coeliac disease in other studies. 9 , 22 However, unsurprisingly, a much lower proportion of the potential controls approached posted back signed consent forms, making selection bias among this group more possible.

There is some evidence of a higher rate of consent among older controls. People may also be less likely to consent to researchers accessing their clinical records if they frequently consult, and especially if they have consulted with sensitive problems. 23 The average consultation rate per annum for the control group was 4.5, slightly less than the consultation rate for the adult Welsh population of 4.95. 21 Given the sensitive nature of mental health conditions, the finding that presentations of depression could be predictive of a subsequent diagnosis of coeliac disease may also be due to selection bias in the control group, as controls with recent presentations with depression may have been less likely to consent.

Comparison with existing literature

The finding that diarrhoea and anaemia are the most important predictors of a subsequent diagnosis of coeliac disease are congruent with studies that examined current symptoms in patients newly diagnosed with coeliac disease through screening. Sanders et al identified 12 new cases among 1200 people they screened for coeliac disease, and found that the diagnosis was more prevalent among those who had iron deficiency anaemia. 24 Another screening study found that anaemia was most commonly associated, while gastrointestinal symptoms, especially irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), were not associated with a diagnosis of coeliac disease. 8 Neither of these studies found depression commonly present at the time of diagnosis through screening, despite depression being generally more common in coeliac disease. 18

Dickey and McMillan found that diarrhoea was the most common symptom present in patients diagnosed in primary care with coeliac disease (34%), followed by iron deficiency without gastrointestinal symptoms (30%). IBS symptoms other than diarrhoea were present in only 6%. 25

Implications for future research and clinical practice

Previous studies have suggested that a heightened index of suspicion is important for making the diagnosis, and stress the crucial role of GPs, especially among patients presenting with non-gastrointestinal symptoms. 26 , 27 Indeed, there has been an increase from 28 to 60% in the proportion of patients with coeliac disease where the diagnosis was made in primary care. 25

The findings suggest that GPs should consider testing for coeliac disease when patients present often, especially with diarrhoea, and/or who are discovered to be anaemic, as this could lead to an earlier diagnosis of an important and easily treatable condition, thus relieving considerable morbidity. Further research is required to clarify the role of depression in the diagnosis of coeliac disease.

Supplementary Material

Acknowledgments.

The study team wish to thank Professor Nigel Stott who chaired the Study Steering Committee. We are also grateful to all the GPs and their practice staff who participated in this study, and to the patients who gave permission for us to use their clinical data for this research.

Supplementary information

Additional information accompanies this paper at http://www.rcgp.org.uk/bjgp-suppinfo

Funding body

Funding was obtained from the RCGP Scientific Foundation Board (reference number SFB/2003/30)

Ethics committee

Ethical approval (reference number 03/5222) was obtained from the South East Wales Local Research Ethics Committees

Competing interests

The authors have stated that there are none

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Case study definition

Case study, a term which some of you may know from the "Case Study of Vanitas" anime and manga, is a thorough examination of a particular subject, such as a person, group, location, occasion, establishment, phenomena, etc. They are most frequently utilized in research of business, medicine, education and social behaviour. There are a different types of case studies that researchers might use:

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Nested case control study

Sep 06, 2014

450 likes | 1.53k Views

Nested case control study. 分析流行病學方法的詳細分類. Cohort study. 過去. 現在. 未來. Case control study. 過去. 現在. 未來. Nested case control study. 過去. 現在. 未來. Disease risk in exposed. Risk exposure. Disease risk in nonexposed. Risk nonexposure. Relative Risk ( FOR COHORT). Definition:

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• incidence density
• case control
• incidence exposed
• incidence density exposed
• nested case control study

Presentation Transcript

分析流行病學方法的詳細分類

Cohort study 過去 現在 未來

Case control study 過去 現在 未來

Nested case control study 過去 現在 未來

Disease risk in exposed Risk exposure Disease risk in nonexposed Risk nonexposure Relative Risk ( FOR COHORT) • Definition: • The ratio of the risk of disease in persons exposed compared to the risk of disease in persons unexposed • Common formula of relative risk (RR) RR= = • Diseased risk: cumulate rate(incidence), rate(incidence) density • relative risk; rate ratio; risk ratio…

Incidenceexposed No Disease Relative Risk = Disease Incidenceunexposed A B a + b =N1 Exposed Unexposed C D C + D =N0 Incidence Densityexposed A + C B + D N Rate Ratio = Cumulative Incidenceexposed Incidence Densityunexposed A/N1 Risk Ratio = Risk Ratio = Cumulative Incidenceunexposed C/N0 Ex Dx Ex.

Interpretation of Relative Risk • RR > 1 - the risk of disease in the exposed group is greater than the risk in the unexposed group • RR = 1 - the risk of disease is the same in the exposed and unexposed • RR < 1 - the risk of disease in the exposed group is less than the risk in the unexposed

No Disease Disease A B N1 Exposed Unexposed C D N0 A + C B + D N For Fixed Cohort Equal follow-up time: 不考慮time • Cumulate incidence • 研究對象發病的機率(risk) • CI1 = A/N1 • CI0 = C/N0 • RRCI = CI1/CI0 • = (A/N1)/(C/N0) • RDCI = CI1- CI0 • = (A/N1) - (C/N0) ORCI = CI1(1-CI1) / CI0 (1-CI0) = AD/BC

Observed Person-years Disease A L1 N1 Exposed Unexposed C L0 N0 A + C = m1 L1 + L0 = L N For Dynamic Cohort Unequal follow-up time: 考慮 time • Incidence density • 單位人時的發病狀況(rate) • ID1 = A/L1 • ID0 = C/L0 • RRID = ID1/ID0 • = (A/L1)/(C/L0) • RDID = ID1- ID0 • = (A/L1) - (C/L0) No odds

Dx/non-Dx in exposured Exposure/unexposure in Dx Dx ratioexposed Ex ratiodisease Dx/non-Dx in unexposured Dx ratiounexposed Exposure/unexposure in nonDx Ex rationon-Dx Odds Ratio (FOR CSCN) • Definition: • The ratio of the ratio of exposure in diseased persons compared to the ratio of exposure in non-diseased persons • Common formula of odds ratio (OR) OR.cohort = = = OR.cs-cn=

No Disease Disease a b a + b Exposed c d c + d Unexposed a+c b + d a+b+c+d case-control study Dx Ex Odds(Dx)=(a/a+c)/(c/a+c) Odds(nonEx)=(b/b+d)/(d/b+d) Odds Ratio = odds(Dx)/odds(nonDx) = a*d/b*c ~ A*D/B*C

Interpretation of Odds Ratio • OR > 1 - the odds of exposure in the diseased group is greater than the risk in the non-diseased group • OR = 1 - the odds of exposure is the same in the diseased and non-diseased • OR < 1 - the odds of exposure in the diseased group is less than the risk in the non-diseased group

In case-control study of 74 Endometrial Cancer patients & their 664 controls, 56 cases and 274 controls received estrogen therapy ever. • OR=? EX-3

No Cancer Cancer 56 330 274 Estrogens No Estrogens 18 390 408 664 74 738 Odds ratio = 56*390/18*274 = 4.42 Estrogens and Endometrial Cancer EX-3

Why does Odds Ratio represent Relative Risk ? Relative Risks and Odds RatiosWhen are They Similar?

Random sample; case-control study No Disease No Disease Disease Disease A a b B A + B=N1 a + b Exposed Exposed C c d D C + D=N0 c + d Unexposed Unexposed a+c A + C b + d B + D N a+b+c+d Population; Cohort study Odds(Ex)=(A/N1)/(1-A/N1) Odds(nonEx)=(C/N0)/(1-C/N0) Odds Ratio = odds(Ex)/odds(nonEx) = A*D/B*C Odds(Dx)=(a/a+c)/(c/a+c) Odds(nonEx)=(b/b+d)/(d/b+d) Odds Ratio = odds(Dx)/odds(nonDx) = a*d/b*c ~ A*D/B*C Dx Ex

If case & control from fixed cohort • Assumption: • Case and control are random sample from diseased & non-diseased population (representative) • Probability (ex CI) is very small (rare disease)

Persons- Years Disease A L1=N1*t1 Exposed C L0 = N0*t0 Unexposed A + C L1 + L0 = L If case & control from dynamic cohort • Assumption: • Case and control are random sample from diseased & non-diseased population (representative) • Density sampling (time-matching) If t0=t1, Odds(Ex)=(A/N1) Odds(nonEx)=(C/N0) Odds Ratio = (A/N1)/ (C/N0) = (A/L1)/ (C/L0) = RRID

OR 的估計在 case 及control都具 population的representative 的時候，可以用來估計RR。 • Cscn study 的control選擇，用incident case 比用 prevalent case好

Example: Tissue plasminogen activator antigen and D-dimer as markers for atherosclerobotic risk among healthy postmenopausal women Circulation. 2004

Cohort – WHI-OS • Bw 1994~1998, 93724 women aged 50 to 79 y/o from 40 clinical centers throughout USA. • Participants: • having no prior history of CVD or cancer. • Monitoring over an average follow-up of 2.9 years.

Design of this nested cs-cn study Fw-up time= 2.9y CHD event, CHD death 315 Case Cohort were recruited Match criterion: Age, smoking, ethnicity, follow-up time Baseline: Qns, blood, dx history, HRT history,…. 315 Control from cohort

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Case-Control Study Design. Two groups are selected, one of people with the disease ( cases ), and the other of people with the same general characteristics but without the disease ( controls ) Compare the past exposures of both groups. Case Control Study Design. Exposed. Diseased (Cases).

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Risk factors for skin cancers: a nested case–control study within the Nurses’ Health Study

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The Case Study : Incubator Control

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Do statins affect risk of pneumonia in the general population: nested case control study

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CASE CONTROL STUDY.

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Air Traffic Control Case Study

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