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How to Write a Project Proposal and Present it to Stakeholders

Every manager or executive has at some point of their career the need to create a project proposal (or initiative, we will use both terms instinctively in this post). In this opportunity we will briefly define the concept, how to write it and more importantly how to present it to an audience. Persuasion is key. Being able to transmit the right message behind the proposal will help you engage your audience with your ideas.

What Is a Project Proposal?

A project proposal is a document that details a new project idea. Its main objective is to communicate the idea, and what is needed to make it happen. In its most basic form, it contains a title, initial and end dates, objectives, goals and the overall main achievement pursued at completion of the project.

Formal project proposals have clear sections that have been proven to effectively communicate a project idea. The basics include context about the problem or pain trying to solve, a high level action plan, and the required resources to execute it. We’ll give you more detail into how to write project proposal categories later on in this article.

Note that a business project proposal is not the same thing as a complete project plan , in terms of project management . The project proposal includes a lot of details in many of the same categories as a project charter or a complete project plan. However, it is not the same document. The project proposal is not a detailed execution plan. There are lots of details that may change between the proposal presentation and the final, approved project plan.

Types of Project Proposals

There are many different kinds of project proposals, since there are many different kinds of projects. For the sake of keeping the article with a reasonable length, we will exemplify Business Project Proposals.

Business project proposals range from formal to informal and vary greatly depending on the industry and company where they are defined. This article focuses on business project proposals, though a lot of the basics and recommendations also apply to different categories.

Situations that Require to Write a Business Project Proposal

Projects intake vary depending on the management frameworks applied by every organization. But there are common management practices that trigger the need for project proposals.

The most common place for project definitions and ideation is during Corporate Planning. Independently of the size of the organization, planning is a practice that every professional organization carries out. Could be defined as Corporate Planning, or just Growth planning, but the time of the year where executives prepare their forecast and plan for the future is the main event where initiatives are defined. In order to evaluate them objectively, project proposals are created. Based on the proposals, the executives decide which projects they will sponsor. With this in mind, it is important that the document is formal, informative, but also persuasive.

How to Write a Project Proposal

The following paragraphs describe the common sections of a professional project proposal document. Keep in mind that this guide does not pretend to be exhaustive and is understood that you’ll need to evaluate adjustments to this outline in order to make it work for your industry, field, and department.

Step One: Define the Purpose around a Problem or Pain

No executive team will approve or fund a project if it’s not solving a realistic problem, situation. While it may sound negative, in business a lot of decisions are made around addressing pains, both organizational and client-facing. This step aims to show stakeholders why your project is important and what are the stakes if they don’t approve it.

Since your problem statement is the very first section of your project proposal, it has to be strong. If you don’t make your audience start believing in the need for a new initiative at this point, it will be very hard to change their minds later on. Don’t exaggerate the problem, since that is easy to discover later on, but be emphatic about why this is a problem that needs fixing. Backup your claims with facts, figures, and business cases. The cost of “ not doing ” is also a strong argument.

Here are some questions to consider when defining the problem:

Step Two: Introduce The Solution

Now that you’ve hopefully convinced your audience of the existence of a problem, you now have to introduce the proposed solution. The next several steps will help you specify some of the more tangible components of the “how”. On this step, however, you’re still at the dazzling and inspiring stage.

That means your introduction to the plan should focus on its benefits.

How is this going to address the problem and what is your organization going to get out of it? Think increased profits, lowered costs, new products on the market, more satisfied clients, increased brand awareness, etc.

What is the anticipated impact of your project or idea? Focus on wide-ranging effects for a more impressive presentation.

Step Three: Specify Deliverables and Success Criteria

Deliverables are the results of your project. Think about it as the components, both tangible and intangible, that you’ll be delivering. Include the functions and characteristics of each deliverable, such as what it will do, how it will work, and what benefit it will have. Include details such as due date and key tasks required to successfully carry out each deliverable.

Alongside the definition of deliverables are the success criteria. It’s important to specify how you’ll know if each deliverable has been successfully created, as well as the project as a whole. Whenever you’re presenting objectives or criteria for evaluating success, use the SMART goals approach. SMART stands for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound. You can try using a roadmap template to visualize these deliverables and delivery dates.

Step Four: Outline Project Resources

In order to execute a project, you will require resources. Generally in a project proposal you will divide this definition in two. First, an overall estimation of resources in a common language , financial . So you will translate every resource into budgeting terms and define an investment number. Then, you will break down these financials into: assets (i.e.: technology, infrastructure), human resources, services (i.e.: advertisement, consultancy).

Step Five: Outline your Schedule

In this section you will combine deliverables and resources to generate a high level roadmap. Main points to highlight are start and end of the project, delivery dates and resources usage times. In this way you will materialize the proposal in high level activities.

Step Six: Executive Summary

Once the detailed version of your project proposal is complete, it’s time to summarize it into an executive summary. This summary will include a high-level list of each key element of your proposal. The idea of the executive summary is to be able to summarize in one page all the proposal, in a way an executive can grasp the overall scope.

How to Present a Project Proposal to Stakeholders

Your project presentation will follow the basic steps detailed above. Here is a project proposal example structure using project proposal templates to help you get started on your presentation.

Slide 1: Cover Slide with Project Name

Like in all presentations, you don’t dive into the main part of the presentation without introducing the name of the project and yourself as presenter. Covers slides provide some visual stationary previous the presentation kick off. As a recommendation, set a project name that will make it memorable.

Slide 2: Table of Contents

Audience members will have an easier time paying attention if they know what to expect from your proposal presentation. See the following slide for a common project proposal table of contents format. When presenting it, do not dive into details. The agenda slide is aimed to set a mental state in the audience on the structure of the information will follow. It is a presentation best practice to prepare the audience.

Slide 3: The Problem

Summarize your problem statement in one or two sentences. Be BOLD . When creating this problem summary, make sure to touch upon what the problem is, why it is a problem, how this problem manifests, who this problem affects, and what is the fallout of this problem. Make sure your message is directed to the real pain to solve. Avoid repeating the detailed problem definition; the audience can drill down in the documentation for the facts behind your statements.

Slide 4: The Solution

As the first slide that formally introduces your projects proposal, this slide should briefly communicate what it is you are proposing to do. You can frame this slide in terms of the solution to the previously mentioned problem or you can introduce it as your plan. Either way, make sure this project introduction is no more than 1-3 sentences long. You’ll have time to specify other details in later slides. At this point of the presentation, your audience curiosity starts to peak, and you need to build your persuasive speech.

Slide 5: Goals and Benefits

For this slide, you want to briefly list the main goals for what you want to achieve with your project, as well as the top benefits your project will generate for the organization. While there may be a much larger list of these two components in your project proposal document, you’ll want to present the most important/relevant here. Try to group goals and benefits into categories. Remember that what you put on your PowerPoint slides is only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to your presentation. You can and should give more details in the spoken part of your proposal presentation.

Slide 6: Deliverables and Success Criteria

Without going into too much detail, list deliverables, due dates, and criteria for acceptance for your main deliverables.

Slide 7: Project Management Strategy

State the project management strategy you’re planning to use to manage the project. You can’t assume everyone in your audience will understand what each project management strategy entails, so you should also provide a brief description of your choice. These templates detailing the Scrum , Kanban , and Waterfall methodologies can give you ideas of how to summarize your chosen methodology.

Slide 8: Budget

The budget slide remains pretty simple. Report both the total budget you anticipate for the project as well as a general breakdown of the budget into the main categories. Providing the percentage of each category of the budget is helpful for stakeholders to conceptualize it. In the Project Proposal Presentation template we have included a project budget slide (in slide #9) with a data table that can be used to present the Budget information.

Slide 9: Project Requirements

Other than budget, what’s needed in order to complete your project? Will you need human resources, specific software, equipment, or a special location in order to execute your project? Add a simplified list here of the main requirements.

Slide 10: Project Proposal Timeline

You will not be able to present the entire project timeline in a simple project proposal presentation. However, you should present an overview of the timeline, including major phases and deliverables. Instead of presenting a simple chart with deliverables and dates, we recommend placing your timeline of deliverables and phases in an actual calendar. This puts your timeline in a visual context of quarters, months, or weeks, allowing audience members to have a clearer concept of how long this project will take.

Slide 11: Conclusion

Close your project proposal with a very short summary of the project, similar to what you wrote previously when introducing your solution. The point of this is to remind your audience of the overarching reason for this presentation, especially after going over potentially less-than-inspiring details like budget and requirements.

Slide 12: Thank You Slide

Don’t forget to thank your audience for listening to your project proposal. Add your contact information in case this project proposal is sent over email and reviewed individually.

Final Words

In this article we had reviewed the definition of project proposal, its main structure and a guide on how to present it to your stakeholders. For further reading about presentations skills , here is a guide to improving your public speaking skills that will help you present your project proposal even more effectively. Hope you had enjoyed the reading.

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Tips on How to Make PPT for Final Year Project

Last Updated: 26 May 2023

Your final year project is the culmination of all your academic efforts and plays a crucial role in your academic career. It's a chance to showcase your knowledge, skills, and research abilities to peers and faculty members.

However, presenting your work can be daunting, and this is where a well-designed PPT comes in. A good PPT for the final-year project can help you communicate your research findings and conclusions to your audience clearly and effectively. It can help you present complex information in an easy-to-understand format, leaving a lasting impression on your audience.

That's why we have prepared this blog post for you. In this post, you will learn expert tips on making PPT for your 3rd-year project from top faculties:

• How to plan and prepare your presentation.
• How to design and format your slides.
• How to deliver and communicate your message.

And as a bonus, we have also included some free final-year project presentation ppt samples approved by top faculty members and helped students get exceedingly good marks in their presentations. These templates are designed to suit different projects and audiences and are easy to customise and use.

Download Final-Year Project Presentation PPT Samples 

Download resources.

So what are you waiting for? Discover how to ace your final year project presentation with these tips and templates!

Here are a few tips on how to create a final year project PPT and solutions for your doubts about how to make the PPT for a project in the college final year.

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Tips for making an effective ppt for final year project.

1. Start With a Clear Outline

Creating an outline is easy and helps you plan your presentation effectively. Start by identifying the key points you want to cover in your presentation and then arrange them logically. This will help you create a flow of ideas that your audience can follow easily.

Once you have your outline, you can begin designing your slides and adding content. Remember to keep your slides concise and use bullet points wherever necessary. This will make it easier for your audience to follow your presentation and understand your key points.

2. Use Appropriate Fonts and Colours

When selecting fonts, it's important to choose a style that is easy to read, such as Arial or Calibri. Avoid using fancy or decorative fonts, as these can be difficult to read and distract your audience from your message.

Colours can also play an important role in your PPT design. Choose colours that complement each other and that are easy on the eyes. Avoid using too many bright colours or high-contrast combinations, as these can be distracting and difficult to read.

Remember, the goal is to create a visually appealing and professional-looking PPT that is easy to read and understand. So, choose your fonts and colours carefully, and use them consistently throughout your presentation.

3. Keep the Design Simple and Consistent

4. use high-quality images and visuals.

When selecting images and visuals, choose ones that are relevant to your presentation and are of high quality. Ensure they are large enough to be seen by your audience and are clear and well-defined.

In addition, consider using graphs, charts, and diagrams to present your data or findings. This can help make your presentation more dynamic and help your audience better understand your research.

Finally, avoid using too many images or visuals, as this can distract you from your message. Use them sparingly and strategically, and ensure they add value to your presentation.

5. Use Bullet Points instead of Lengthy Paragraphs

When creating your PPT, consider breaking your content into short, easy-to-read bullet points. This will help you convey your message more effectively and make it easier for your audience to understand.

In addition, use bullet points to highlight the most important information or key takeaways from your research. This will help you emphasise your findings and conclusions and ensure that your audience remembers the most important aspects of your presentation. Finally, avoid using too many bullet points, making your presentation cluttered and difficult to read. Use them strategically, and only include the most important information.

Also Read:  How to Give Killer Project Presentation

Guidelines for the Content of YourPPT For Final Year Project 

1. include a brief introduction and overview of the project.

Your introduction should be engaging and capture the reader's attention. Use simple language and avoid technical jargon to make your introduction accessible to a wide audience.

In your overview, briefly outline your project's main goals and objectives, as well as the key findings and conclusions you have reached. This will give your audience an idea of what to expect from the rest of your presentation and help them follow along more easily.

2. Present the Problem Statement and Research Question

Your problem statement should explain the specific issue or challenge that your project aims to address. Use concrete examples and data to illustrate the problem and why it matters. Your research question should be a clear and concise statement of the specific question you are trying to answer. 

Use bullet points to break down your problem statement and research question into manageable sections, making it easier for your audience to understand and follow along.

3. Explain the Methodology Used to Conduct the Research

Use bullet points to break down the steps of your methodology and explain why each step was important. If you used specific tools or techniques, such as surveys or interviews, explain how and what you learned from them. 

It's also important to explain any limitations or challenges you encountered during your research, and how you addressed them.  By explaining your methodology clearly and engagingly, you can help your audience understand the depth and rigour of your research, and why your findings are important.

4. Present the Findings and Results in a Clear and Concise Manner

If you used any visual aids, such as graphs or charts, make sure they are easy to read and interpret. It's also important to explain any patterns or trends from your data and discuss the significance of your findings. 

By presenting your findings clearly and concisely, you can help your audience understand the impact and relevance of your research.

5. Highlight the Contributions and Significance of the Project

You can also discuss the potential impact of your research on society, and how it can inform future research or policy decisions. Use bullet points to break down your contributions and significance into manageable sections, and explain why they are important. 

6. Provide a Conclusion and Future Directions

Use bullet points to break down your conclusion into manageable sections, and highlight key takeaways. In addition, provide suggestions for future research or directions for your project. This can help your audience understand your research's potential impact and relevance beyond your current project. 

By providing a clear and engaging conclusion and future directions, you can leave a lasting impression on your audience and inspire further discussion and exploration of your research topic.

Top-Performing Students Reveal Their Project Format: Learn The Format That Impresses Evaluators! 

Here is a slide-by-slide guide for what to include in your final-year project presentation:

Slide 1: Title Slide

• Include the title of your presentation, your name, and the date.
• Use a clear and legible font, and choose a background that complements your topic.

Slide 2: Introduction

• Provide an overview of your project and explain its importance.
• State your research question and explain how you conducted your research.

Slide 3: Literature Review

• Summarise the existing research on your topic and highlight any gaps or inconsistencies.
• Provide a clear and concise summary of the literature you reviewed, and explain how it informs your research.

Slide 4: Methodology

• Explain the methodology you used to conduct your research.
• Provide details on your sample size, data collection methods, and analysis techniques.

Slide 5: Results

• Present your results in a clear and organised manner.
• Use charts, graphs, or tables to illustrate your findings.
• Explain what your results mean and how they contribute to the field.

Slide 6: Discussion

• Interpret your results and explain what they reveal about your research question.
• Discuss any limitations or challenges you encountered during your research.
• Offer suggestions for future research on the topic.

Slide 7: Conclusion

• Summarise the key points of your presentation.
• Reiterate the significance of your findings and their contribution to the field.
• Explain the implications of your research and how it can be applied in the real world.

Slide 8: Acknowledgments

• Acknowledge anyone who helped you with your research or supported you during your project.
• Provide a brief statement of gratitude.

Slide 9: References

• List all the sources you used in your research.
• Use a consistent citation style and provide full bibliographic information.

How to Present Your PPT for a Project in the Final Year?

It is a common thing among students to have some doubts while they are preparing their PPT for a project. The main reason behind it is that they are unsure how to present their work in an appealing and concise way. But before we start discussing the best ways to present your PPT for a project in the final year, let’s look at what presentation software you should use when presenting your PPT.

Now that you know to prepare a winning PPT for the project for your final year, let’s look at what you need to keep in mind when presenting it.

It is best to determine an effective way to present the project to an audience and plan the situation. This is because no matter how good the content of your slides are, the way you explain them also plays a crucial role in making a lasting impression on the evaluators and audience. Here are a few things you need to keep in mind:

• Your body language should reflect confidence.
• Ensure your voice is loud enough and clear for the audience to understand.
• Engagingly explain the content to keep the audience interested.
• Keep a balanced posture and do not make too many hand movements that can distract the audience.
• Finally, practice how to present your PPT to hone your presentation skills.

How to Prepare for Project Presentation: Division of Time Make sure the PPT is not too long or short. Ensure the entire presentation lasts around 20 to 25 minutes, divided into the following:

• Preparation - 5 minutes
• Presentation - 10 to 15 minutes
• Question and Answer Session - 5 minutes

Most Common Final Year Project PPT Mistakes That Ruin Your CHnaces To Score High Marks  

It's important to avoid common mistakes that can detract from the quality and effectiveness of your presentation. Here are some tips to avoid common mistakes:

1. Overloading Slides with Text

• Adding too much text to your slides can overwhelm your audience and make it difficult for them to follow along.
• Keep your text concise and use bullet points or short phrases instead of full sentences.
• Use images or diagrams to illustrate your points instead of relying solely on text.

2. Choosing Inappropriate Colour Schemes and Fonts

• Choosing appropriate colours and fonts is important for making your presentation look professional and engaging.
• Choose colours that complement each other and use fonts that are easy to read.
• Avoid using too many colours or fonts in your presentation, which can be distracting and unprofessional.

3. Failing to Rehearse your Presentation

• Rehearsing your presentation can help you identify improvement areas and ensure you are comfortable with the material.
• Failing to rehearse can result in stumbling over your words or forgetting important points.
• Practice your presentation before a friend or family member to get feedback and improve your delivery.

4. Ignoring the Audience's Needs

• Tailor your presentation to your audience's needs and expectations.
• Failing to do so can result in your presentation not resonating with your audience or failing to communicate your message effectively.
• Consider your audience's background, interests, and knowledge when creating your presentation.

5. Not Using Images or Visual Aids

• Using images or visual aids can help to break up text and make your presentation more engaging.
• Avoid using too many images or visual aids, which can be distracting.
• Use high-quality images relevant to your presentation and help illustrate your points.

6. Reading Directly from the Slides

• Avoid reading directly from your slides, as this can make your presentation seem robotic and unengaging.
• Use your slides as a visual aid to support your presentation, not as a script to read from.
• Practice your presentation enough time so that you are comfortable with the material and can present it naturally.

Learn How to Prepare a PPT for Final Year Project with Us

TOPS Technologies is one of the leading IT Training Institutes that has placed over 10,000 students in well-known IT companies across India. We provide project training to students and ensure they have a bright future in their chosen fields. Our tutors will ensure you prepare and present it successfully. 

TOPS has offices in all major cities of Gujarat, including Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Surat, Gandhinagar, and Nagpur. You can visit the nearest branch to learn more about our courses.

For further inquiries regarding the TOPS Technologies Course, reach out to us at [email protected] or call us at +91 – 7622011173 for a free demo. Contact us today for Final year project training and learn how to make a ppt for the final year project review. 

General Questions About Making PPT for Your Final Year Project

Here are a few questions that we typically get from students about the final year project presentation format and how to present the PPT:

Can These Templates Be Used for Computer Science Final Year Project Presentation PPT Sample?

Can I Use These Tips for Project Presentation PPT for Final Year Engineering?

How much time should I spend on making the PPT?

What software should I use for the PPT?

What topics should I choose for my final year project & PPT?

What basics should I consider for my final year PPT?

What should be the ideal flow of a final year presentation?

What should be included in a final-year project presentation?

While creating a presentation for a senior year project, you should consider including the following:

• Introduction: Provide an overview of your project, its purpose, and its significance.
• Background: Describe the context and background of your project, including relevant theories and concepts.
• Methodology: Explain the research methods used to conduct your project and analyze your findings
• Results: Present your findings clearly and concisely, using visual aids such as graphs and charts if applicable.
• Conclusion: Summarize your key findings and their implications for your field.
• Future Directions: Suggest possible future directions for research in this area.

How long should a final-year project presentation be?

In general, it's important to keep your presentation focused and concise, highlighting the key aspects of your project and the most important findings or outcomes. Make sure to structure your presentation clearly and logically, with a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion.

Remember, your presentation is an opportunity to showcase your work and demonstrate your understanding of the subject matter. Practice your presentation beforehand and be prepared to answer any questions.

How should I structure my final year project presentation?

Introduction

• Start with a brief introduction to your project topic and objectives
• Provide some background information to give context to your project
• State the purpose of your presentation and what the audience can expect to learn

Literature review

• Explain the existing knowledge and research related to your project
• Summarize the key points from relevant literature
• Explain how your project builds on existing knowledge and what gap it fills

Methodology

• Explain the methodology you used to conduct your project
• Describe the data collection process and any tools or techniques you used
• Provide details on any experiments or simulations you conducted
• Present the results of your project
• Use graphs, charts, and other visuals to help illustrate your findings
• Provide statistical analysis where relevant
• Summarize the key findings and their implications
• Interpret the results of your project
• Discuss the implications of your findings
• Compare your results to the existing literature
• Address any limitations or challenges you faced during your project
• Summarize the key points of your project
• Restate the purpose of your presentation
• Explain the contributions and significance of your project
• Discuss the potential future directions for your project

Recommendations

• Offer recommendations for future research or improvements to your project
• Discuss any potential applications or practical implications of your work

How should I prepare for my final year project presentation?

Here are some steps you can take to prepare:

• Revisit your project: Review your work and refresh your memory of what you did, how you did it, and what you found.
• Rehearse: Practice your presentation several times. This will help you develop a smooth flow and identify areas you may need to improve.
• Organize your material: Organize your material into a logical structure that flows well, ensuring that your presentation is coherent and easy to follow.
• Use visual aids: Incorporate visual aids such as slides or charts to illustrate your work and make it easier for your audience to follow.
• Anticipate questions: Consider the types of questions your audience may ask and prepare responses in advance. This will help you to be better prepared during the Q&A session.
• Time management: Make sure you manage your time effectively during your presentation to cover all key points without rushing or exceeding your allotted time.
• Dress appropriately: Dress professionally for the presentation. This will help you to appear more confident and competent.
• Get feedback: Seek feedback from peers or instructors to improve your presentation skills.

What are some tips for delivering an effective final-year project presentation?

• Beginning with a hook: Start your presentation with a hook that grabs the audience's attention. This may be an intriguing fact, challenging inquiry, or personal story.
• Talk confidently and clearly: Speak slowly and clearly, so your audience can comprehend you. Maintain eye contact and project your voice to your listeners
• Concentrate on essentials: Concentrate on essential aspects of your job and avoid becoming mired down in excessive detail.
• Be prepared: Ensure that your presentation has a clear and logical framework that flows smoothly and is simple to follow.
• Practice, practice, practice: Repeatedly rehearsing your presentation can make you feel more comfortable and competent with the topic.
• Maintain the time limit: Ensure that you effectively manage your time during your presentation to cover all of the main points without hurrying or going over the given time.
• Answer questions effectively: Be ready to handle inquiries from your audience by delivering clear and concise responses.
• Finalize with a conclusion: Your presentation should conclude with a concise and clear summary of your project and important takeaways.

By adhering to these guidelines, you can produce an excellent presentation for your senior thesis that highlights your hard work and exhibits your subject-matter knowledge.

Tips on How to Make PPT for Final Year P...

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Final Year Project Proposal Format (+PDF Sample, Free Download)

• April 4, 2023 April 24, 2023
• 14 Comments
• Project materials

Free project proposal template: In this post is a sample project proposal for final year undergraduate students. This will give you a solid idea of the elements of a project proposal and the essential information contained in them.

One thing you have to note is that format for a project proposal can sometimes vary depending on what your supervisor, department or school prefer. For example, this sample project proposal is derived from a format used at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN). So check if there is any specific format recommended by your school, else you can derive from this example.

Sample project proposal for undergraduate/final year students

CONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF A PELTON WHEEL TURBINE FOR SMALL-SCALE HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

AHMED, TUNDE EMEKA [REG. NUMBER]

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

There is a need to develop mechanical systems applicable for converting the small hydro potentials that exist in Nigeria to small-scale hydroelectricity.

Inspired by the need for Nigeria to explore energy sources that are more environmentally friendly than fossil fuel, suitable for industrial applications, and yet economical, this project work is on constructing a Pelton turbine suitable for small-scale hydroelectricity generation.

The method of getting this work done involves studying and analyzing the design of already existing Pelton turbines and then constructing such a turbine from locally available materials.

Although the scope of this work doesn’t go beyond the construction of a Pelton turbine, a number of other systems that will help in demonstrating the end result will be incorporated into the work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Approval Abstract

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the study

Chapter Two: Literature Review

• Review of Pelton turbine design
• Justification of the study

Chapter Three: Methodology

• Pelton wheel design
• Choice of Materials
• Cost analysis

Introduction

Over the years, much effort has been put into developing alternative energy sources free from the negative consequences of fossil fuels. Hydroelectricity has remained among the top alternative to fossil fuels because of its numerous advantages.

In many countries, including China, India, and Brazil, attention has been paid not only to large-scale hydropower plants but also to small-scale hydroelectricity. But in Nigeria, it is not so. Small-scale hydro has not been given much attention in the country, and there is a need to have locally manufactured systems that will help the country utilize the hydro potentials that exist.

1.1 Background of Study

In 1866, Samuel Knight develops a bucketed wheel that captures the energy of a free jet, which converted a high head of water to kinetic energy. Knight’s invention was inspired by the high-pressure jet systems used in hydraulic mining in the gold fields.

Lester Allan Pelton in 1879 develops a double bucket design, exhausting the water to the side, eliminating some energy loss of the Knight wheel which exhausted some water back against the center of the wheel. This Pelton’s invention, today known as the Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine, marked the first time energy from the water was converted most efficiently.

Inspired by the invention of the earlier water wheels, the Pelton turbine is being used in engineering applications today, especially in hydroelectric systems where it is used to convert water energy into mechanical energy.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Fossil fuel has been associated with a lot more negative environmental implications than hydroelectricity and other energy renewable energy sources. The negative impacts of fossil fuel for power generation include the increase of greenhouse effect, health implications, global warming, climate change, acidic pollution, oil spills, rise in sea levels, and a shift in the ecological balance and land impacts.

Nigeria is a tropical region country that experiences a long rainy season every year. The rainfall water can be channelled to drive a turbine to produce small-scale electricity. There are also various streams and rivers in the country with small-scale hydro potential. But these sources have gotten little or no attention in the country. Therefore, the need arises to construct turbines that can be used to utilize the small-scale hydro potential in Nigeria to produce more economically and environmentally friendly energy.

1.3 Purpose of study

The aim of this project work is to construct a Pelton turbine suitable for small-scale hydroelectricity generation.

This aim will be achieved through the following objectives:

• studying the design of already existing Pelton turbines
• constructing a Pelton turbine using locally available materials

This work will not go into the complexity of modelling or constructing a complete hydroelectric power plant. Instead, this work will focus on constructing a Pelton turbine for small-scale hydro. Other necessary components that will be used to demonstrate the working of the turbine, examples are the water source, alternator, and other electrical components, which are not the mainstay of this work.

Chapter Two

Literature review, 2.1 review of pelton turbine design.

Several works have been done and several studies carried out on Pelton turbines, using both analytical and numerical methods. Most of the advanced studies focused on determining and predicting the performances of the machine. Others have studied the service life, and rupture threshold of the machine due to fatigue or corrosion. A number of past studies have tried to improve the design and construction of a Pelton turbine.

• Alexandre PERRIG (2007) work tries to fully understand the physical phenomena involved in the Pelton turbine bucket flow.
• Binaya K.C. and Bhola Thapa (2009) carried out a study mainly focused on finding the pressure distribution inside the Pelton bucket.
• Bryan Patrick Ho-Yan’s (2012) Design of a Low Head Pico Hydro Turbine for Rural Electrification in Cameroon considered, among other things, the general principles and the system components for Pico Hydro.

2.2 Justification of the Study

This work is mainly due to the perceived need for Nigeria to adopt, in a much larger number, small-scale hydroelectric generation. The need for this country to do so includes, but is not limited to the following reasons summarized below:

• Low power costs: since small-scale hydro plants don’t require any form of fuel to run. In addition to this, it doesn’t require much resources or money to construct micro or Pico hydroelectric plants.
• Reduced CO2 emissions.
• Suitability for industrial applications.

Chapter three

Methodology.

In accomplishing this project work, the following methods will be used:

Design : an important and initial part of this work will be the studying of already existing designs of the Pelton turbine so as to be able to construct a high enough Pelton turbine for this project work.

Construction : construction of the turbines will be done with locally available materials. This will involve making a pattern and using a casting process to make construct the buckets, and then sourcing locally available materials for other components of the turbine system.

3.1 Pelton wheel design

The figure below shows the typical geometry of a Pelton type turbine.

The turbine will consist of buckets mounted on a flange. The buckets will be fastened on the flange with a pin. The flange will be mounted on a wheel necessitating the transfer of energy from water to the shaft horsepower.

Water emanating from a nozzle will be used to drive the runner, and the energy extracted from the water will be converted into mechanical energy. The shaft power will be used to drive an alternator to produce electricity.

3.2 Choice of Materials

In constructing the Pelton turbine buckets a heavy metal that will increase the torque obtainable, will be sought. But in the event whereby finding and using such materials for casting the buckets becomes too difficult, aluminium or plastic or any other available and suitable material will be used in the casting work.

The flange, where the buckets will be mounted will be fabricated from mild steel for easier machinability. The shaft will also be made of mild steel.

3.3 Cost analysis

The major cost that will be incurred from this project work will come from constructing the buckets for the Pelton wheel. The reason for this is that such parts are not manufactured in the country, and finding a workshop with a good level of expertise where such a furnace for casting work is available won’t be easy.

Another component that will add significantly to the cost will be a pump, piping, and nozzles that are necessary for demonstrating the working of the turbine. Having considered these and other components that will be needed in this work, the estimated cost for this work is as summarized below:

• Alexandre PERRIG. (2007) Hydrodynamics of the free surface flow in Pelton turbine buckets . Lausanne, EPFL
• Binaya K.C., and Bhola Thapa. (2009). Pressure distribution at inner surface of selected pelton bucket for micro hydro . Kathmandu university journal of science, engineering and technology. vol. 5, no. Ii, September, pp 42-50.
• Bryan Patrick Ho-Yan. (2012). Design of a Low Head Pico Hydro Turbine for Rural Electrification in Cameroon . Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
• Anonymous (2016). “Hydroelectricity.” Wikipedia [online]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity. Accessed [full date].

Download sample project proposal PDF

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• Analyzing the shortcomings of Flood Early warning system in Pakistan Proposed By: Dawood Jan Ismail Khan Kiramat Ullah Supervised By: Dr. Khurram Shehzad Department of Civil Engineering Gandhara Institute of Science and Technology Peshawar Peshawar 03/17/13 1
• Introduction Literature Review Problem Statement Objective Methodology Work Plan References 03/17/13 2
•  Overflow or inundation that comes from water body may cause or threatens damage. It may be caused due to: ▪ High rainfall ▪ Snow melting ▪ Breaching of embankments of a canal ▪ Failure of Dam/reservoir ▪ Deforestation (anthropogenic cause)  Floods without proper warning and forecast may cause the loss of: ▪ Human Lives ▪ Infrastructure ▪ Livestock ▪ crops  Pakistan has been struck by 150 major disasters in the last 65 years in which most are floods.  Floods in July 2010, affected about 20 million Pakistanis and inundated an area of 100,000 sq-km of the country, and 2000 casualties has been recorded.  Overall loss of US $ 10.05 Billions. 03/17/13 3
•  To prevent this situation, efforts be made urgently to acquire the best early warning system in order to save lives and protect livelihoods.  Radio, Television, Newspaper and social media should be utilized for conveying early warnings to population at risk.  The agencies responsible for warnings propagation and flood forecasting in Pakistan.  Pakistan Metrological Department  Federal Flood Commission  National Disaster Management Authority  WAPDA  Irrigation Department  Local Authorities 03/17/13 4
•  UNESCO worked for the early warning systems over the world.  Program started in Pakistan, funded with a $3.5-million grant from Tokyo, will install a flood-forecasting system using satellite-based rainfall data at government agencies, including the Pakistan Meteorological Department. It will also carry out risk mapping of flood plains along the Indus River. 1  Use of Weather radars in flood forecasting, remote area can be monitored through these radars which are not physically accessible.  Hydrological information development system may created by using GIS and hydrological watershed parameters such as.3  Design storm  Soil hydrology  Time of concentration  Runoff coefficient 03/17/13 5
•  Early warning system for flood in Pakistan is not covering the upper Indus above Tarbela and Kabul river above Nowshehra.4  Pakistan warning system for flood has poor mapping.  Poor early warning system for floods may increase the damages of the livelihoods and also infrastructures.  Poor flood forecasting is the cause of disastrous affects on the people at risk.  Poor warnings may increase the post flood cost in case of urban floods. 03/17/13 6
•  To investigate the shortcomings of flood forecasting  To investigate the shortcomings of communication of flood warning  To investigate the shortcomings of mechanism of flood preparedness  Recommends the set of actions and corresponding resource requirements that need to be undertaken in order to enhance the effectiveness of Flood early warning system in Pakistan. 03/17/13 7
•  Finding the Current conditions of early warning system of floods in Pakistan that are:  Density of gauge stations  Forecasting model in place  Efficiency of flood forecasting model ▪ Accuracy ▪ Authenticity of forecasting ▪ Conveying Timing of warnings ▪ Reliability  Recognition of weak zones (if any) in early warning system for floods in Pakistan.  Role of responsible agencies in early warning system  Comparison with international standards of early warning system for hydrological disasters  Suggest the initiatives for improvement of early warning system for flood.  Writing the final report. 03/17/13 8
• 1. http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/forecasting-system-to-help-pakistan-manage-floods/ 2. Awan, S. A. (2010) Flood forecasting and management in Pakistan, use of Weather radars, page 92- 94. 3. Olivera et al., (1995). Olivera and Maidment (1998, 1999) and U.S Army used GIS technique. 4. Annual flood report (2010), Federal flood commission, Ministry of Water & Power, “Future mitigation strategies” P-44 5. Annual flood report (2010), Federal flood commission, Ministry of Water & Power, P-42 03/17/13 10

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Engineering Project Proposal

Engineering project proposal presentation, free google slides theme and powerpoint template.

What is the best way to build your own successful future? Giving a presentation made thanks to our new free business template! Your audience will appreciate your engineering project proposal, paving the way for new deals and investments.

The path to a good slide design is hard, but Slidesgo is here to help you. First, there are several pictures that you can use to illustrate your project and show how the final result will be, so don’t hesitate to replace them with your own. Then, you’ll need to explain all the information that you need to convey, so the geometric disposition is ideal to organize the data properly. But what’s important is the text: for titles, there’s a sans-serif font that adds a formal corporate vibe to the presentation, and for body text there’s a different sans typeface, whose monolinear component and range of weights makes it very versatile. The palette is also focused on giving the presentation a serious tone. White and brown are included, inspiring stability and a solid foundation, just like the works of an engineering company. This template also comes with graphs and timelines, which are always useful resources to make your point clear. Download this template and customize it in PowerPoint or Google Slides, and don’t forget to check our final slides to find more free-to-use resources and information about the fonts and colors.

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A Step by Step Guide to Executing Your Final Year Project

The final year project is an essential part of your course. It can be difficult especially for those with a lack of direction. Given the situation of beginners, most are usually confused about the entire process of research. However, charting out your entire research plan can be of extreme help, especially if you have never executed a project or research paper before. With a proper plan, conducting your research can be one of the most productive and fulfilling experiences of the course.

Image Source

Consider adhering to the following steps to carry out your research project:

Choosing Your Project Topic

Deciding upon the area of your research is the most difficult part of undertaking a final year project. Usually, most students are simply overwhelmed by the sheer amount of options available.  At this initial stage, it is quite common to find students consulting each and every person possible, both friends and professors, for advice. Perform a thorough research before coming to the conclusion and never back away from taking advice. However, you must make sure that the final decision lies in your hands.

  Image Source

Literature Survey

Conducting a thorough literature review is more than essential here. It not only surveys the past instances of your project ideas, but also encapsulates, appraises, compares and contrast, and draws a relation between various research articles, scholarly books, and other relevant sources that may be related to your project topic. By providing a literature survey, you tell your review panelists that you have not neglected the basic steps of research. Do not compromise on this step. A rich literature review gives your paper an upper hand.

    Developing Your Project Proposal

Your project proposal will determine whether it will get approved or not since it will outline what your project intends to accomplish and how feasible it is. It should include the specific objectives as well as the anticipated results of the proposed project. The proposal should be capable of convincing the reviewer that the project is worth the time, money and effort required to complete the work. Spend ample time on your proposal and work on your convincing skills before the presentation. Make sure you are prepared for every question that is shot your way.

  Planning Your Project

Once your project has been approved, it’s game time! You have to make extensive plans as to how to go about it since they are the foundation of a proposed research. The plan should cover every aspect of your research and what it requires. You must make an agenda to procure the required hardware/software. Also remember that not everything needs to be bought because substitutions are always available. Nevertheless, prepare your cost estimations and make plans to manage them. Take care of the minutest details and you’re set to begin your project.

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Implementation

This is the body of your project where your actual execution takes place. Quite often, students are shaken up during this stage. Make sure that you execute plans properly so that your project is well constructed. Pay attention to every detail and try to minimize the mistakes and be confident in what you do. There may be some trials and errors at first but make sure you do not give up.

After your project is built, it is time to test it. This can be done with the help of some test cases to check whether your project is yielding the results as per your expectations. If the results are not what you wanted, do not stress out. You can check the implementation of your project and try again.

Re-iterating

It is essential that you develop some test cases to implement on your project. Keep repeating the experiment with different inputs so that the results can be compared and a conclusion can be drawn. This helps in determining the efficiency of your research. Make corrections to your plans as necessary.

Drawing Your Conclusions and Identify Future Work if Any

After implementation, testing and corrections, it is time to conclude the project. This stage is critical and determines whether the project is a success or a failure. Failure to do so will result in your project not being taking seriously. Draw the necessary conclusions as per the results and obtain a summary of the executed procedure.

  Presenting and Defending Your Work Orally

An oral presentation is more than just reading out your results to the review panel. You should be well-versed with your project and capable of communicating your message clearly so that the panel gets a clear idea of what you are trying to present. It is inevitable that the panelists would raise questions about your work. Engage them in a calm yet strong discussion so that your knowledge and skill in the field are highlighted. Make sure you practice thoroughly before the presentation and be prepared for all the questions.

  Preparing Your Final Version of the Report

This is the concluding step in case you are not planning to publish your paper. Go through your entire project from the beginning before preparing your final report. This is your final version and in the event of your paper being published, this is the one to be given.

Make sure you consider all possibilities and put in your best effort into the project. This can be a lot of hard work, but the final product leaves you with a feeling of pride and self-satisfaction. Always remember to go with your gut feeling when in doubt and never shy away from seeking help. With the appropriate effort and dedication, your final year project can be truly amazing.

P.S: EnGrip – a platform that brings non-formal learning to resume, has announced Plunge a national level competition for final year engineering students. Top projects will be rewarded with cash prize and every participant will get their own Living Resume. For sign-up and more information on the program log on www.engrip.com/plunge , write to us at [email protected] .

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19+ Final Year Project Proposal Templates – PDF, DOC

It is your last semester as a computer science, software engineering, graphic design, IT engineering, mechanical engineering , or electrical engineering student. Before you graduate from your university, the final research is your final goal to complete. You start by writing an idea outline and presentations from the Proposal Templates . Whether a technical solution or system, our final year project proposal templates make it easier for you to write everything you need to pitch new ideas. The sample content and format make it less time consuming. Discover some of the content today that suits your work.

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Tasks to Do for a Clear Final Year Project Proposal

1. the vision to a proposal., 2. potential agencies that would fund your proposal., 3. have a terrific team., 4. meeting with your team and with the sponsors., free final year project proposal example.

Parts of a Final Year Project Proposal

1. title of the project, 2. abstract, 3. rationale, 5. management, more in business.

49+ FREE & Premium Project Proposal - Download NOW

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Making Awesome Presentations: Tips and Tricks for Great Project Defense

Final year project presentation and defense  has come to remain, and the only path to graduate in Nigerian universities is to at least defend what you have written (or copied and paste) in a convincing manner.

Gone are those days when you might just copy and paste information from the web and submit to your supervisor.

Our Nigerian university system has changed – you must be good at presentations to defend your project work to be able to obtain your degree.

Sometimes students mistake themselves with content of the work. The simple truth is that it’s better to become more confident with poor content, than to be unable to defend an awesome research work .

In this specific post, I will hand out some useful guidelines about how you could have an awesome final year project presentation and defense. let’s ride!

Final Year Project Presentation

Presentation is the way that you are going to sell your products. You might face with different situations. Some departments ask students to present the outcome of their projects in front of a panel of academic staff in a way that is expected for a viva in postgraduates.

However, many departments are not asking for this kind of presentations. As this post aims to help postgraduates in their final project as well, I decided to dedicate a 1080 word count to this post. As undergraduate students, even if you are not requested to present your final year project, the guide can be useful in other situations when you have to do so.

Final year project presentation is an activity, which takes place in a short period, usually between 10 to 20 minutes. Therefore, its structure, preparation, contents, and delivery should be very well designed and implemented.

Presentation provides you with a unique opportunity within which you are able to introduce your capabilities on the subject, understanding of the chosen topics, and presenting the results and outcomes of your project. In this post, I will give some specific explanation on how you can prepare yourself for this important event .

Do not forget that this activity must have been planned and scheduled in your project plan and you should be very careful on the timing of the event.

Final Year Project Presentation Structure

Your final year project presentation should be organized based on the allowed timing. Below I will provide two scenarios.

In the first scenario, I assume that you have 20 minutes, which has been divided to three sections; 5 minutes for preparing the venue, 10 minutes for your presentation, and 5 minutes for question and answers.

In the second scenario, I assume that you have 30 minutes of which 5 minutes are for preparation, 15 minutes for your presentation, and 10 minutes for questions and answers.

Let me know here if you need help to prepare your presentation tools such as Microsoft PowerPoint or Apple i-Work as they help to organize your presentation in an efficient manner. In addition, I can provide you with some predefined templates, which make your job easier to do.

However, if your department requires you to prepare your presentation based on a departmental template then you are obliged to follow their template and structure.

Below you can find two proposed structures for your final year presentation. In these samples, presentation timing, its agenda, proposed title for each slide, and proposed timing of each section/slide have been shown. These suggestions should not be taken for granted. They are not rigid suggestions.

Final year project presentation is a very constructive activity and you should show your creativity in composing it. Therefore, take these samples as a guideline and be creative as much as you can.

The first structure has been proposed for 20 minutes as below:

Related: Helpful Tips for Writing a Literature Review

The second presentation structure has been proposed for 30 minutes as below:

Preparation for Your Final Year Project Presentation

Preparation has two stages. The main stage should be finished at lease several days before the actual presentation. Below you can find some useful tips that you can consider with regard to the presentation preparation.

Make sure that you have scheduled this activity in your project plan. In addition, it is a good practice if you ask your supervisor to review your presentation before you go live.

You might be asked to present a quick show on your product, if the product is software. In this case, you have to check with your supervisor to arrange the presentation venue to be ready for you in terms of required hardware and software.

Rehearsal for Your Final Year Project Presentation

Presentation is a skill. You have to practice it in order to become a skillful presenter. I assume that many of you have had at least one presentation. Presentation is similar to a play, and therefore, you have to rehearse it. There are different ways of rehearsal.

The best method can be in front of some similar audience and in the same venue that the presentation is expected to be performed. However, this is not something that is always possible.

Consequently, you have to rehearse it at home alone or in front of your family, possibly your siblings, or in hostel in front of your roommates, in campus in front of your classmates, or in front of your supervisor.

If none of these is the case, then try it in front of a mirror ! Have a clock in front of you; look at your gestures; or if you are using presentation software utilize its automatic slide movement.

Presenting Live:Your Final Year Project Defense

This is the time when your show is going live. Below you can find some tips about it.

The Bottom Line

Presentation is the time that you sell your product. A good presentation requires some specific skills, which, hopefully, you have gained and practiced during your study.

Some good rules of thumb help you to provide an attractive presentation. Moreover, you can find useful resources available on the Internet that can guide you in this regard.

However, an important step is to rehearse your presentation in front of some audience, your classmates and university fellows for example. This rehearse step can give you more confidence while when you are going to provide your real show. Moreover, it can reveal some flaws and problems in your presentation.

Recommended: HOW TO ACE THE 25 MOST COMMON PROJECT DEFENSE QUESTIONS

Over To You…

Do you have any questions, objections or contributions? Share your thoughts by leaving a comment. And… don’t forget to share this post with others via Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and what have you.

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About The Author

Ansa John is a content writer at EduAnsa . He writes to inspire young people by providing educational yet engaging content and connecting them with scholarship and internship opportunities that help set them up for success after graduation. Download my FREE eBook: *How to Easily Secure Your Internship* - Follow Ansa on LinkedIn

Hi, Thanks for sharing this post with us. This will help many final year students in there presentation making. Presentation provides a unique opportunity within which we are able to introduce your capabilities. I Hope it will help many readers.

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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on January 3, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Making Healthy Connections: Mentoring, Monitoring and Measurement”
• Example research proposal #3: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

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Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, January 03). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved May 27, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/

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