Capstone Project Samples for Information Technology
Capstone Project Samples for Information Technology The use of computers or devices to create, store, process, and transmit electronic data is known as information technology. Students must first understand the concepts of the information management system before they can write projects on information technology. Students must come up with topics that they are comfortable with and understand concepts about information management systems. We noticed that many students struggle to develop interesting IT capstone project ideas for information technology, so we decided to assist students in coming up with the best project topics. By selecting a topic that you are familiar with, you will excel in your projects. You’ll find the best capstone project ideas for information technology as you read on. Look over the suggestions and choose someone you feel comfortable with. We decided on the simple capstone project ideas for information technology to help students figure out what to write about any topics on the list. Students who select pictures from the list below can confidently approach their capstone projects , knowing that they have chosen excellent options.
Information technology capstone project ideas
- The fundamentals of networking
- Loading Machine for Coins
- The advantages of using a car as a mode of transportation
- Data mining’s benefits and drawbacks
- The advantages of data mining
- Payment Software for Fares
- Application for an eCommerce Storefront
- For Mobile Devices, There Is A Calendar App
- System of notepad editing
- Electronic Board with Android
- Advertisements on social media
- The most recent developments in data mining
- What can you do to avoid a data breach?
- Methods for enhancing data security
- How to Boost Cybersecurity
- Transportation System for Intelligent Cars
- Pricing management system
- Outsourcing services system
- App for Temperature Monitoring
- App for Keeping Track of Classes on the Web
- Alert system accessible via the internet
- Technologies for wireless surveillance
- App for Mobile Loans
- Data warehousing: What You Should Know
- Information and proper logistics are essential.
- On Android, there’s an app called Air Quality Tester.
- Tools for e-commerce technologies
- Home Automation And Surveillance
- What you should know about data logistics
- Inventory based on a LAN
- A memory game to help you learn more effectively.
- App for Event Evaluation on Mobile and the Web
- Expert System in Medical Technology
- Warehouse Management Using E-Logistics
- Using a Web-Based File Manager in an Android App
- The Microsoft Kinect Sensor is used to convert sign language into text.
- Clinical data management and presentation can be complex.
- An E-learning system for business processes
- IT professionals can get online training.
- Software testing quality assurance
- Simulation of Financial Services
- Controlling quality with a defect recognition system
- Cedula Mobile App for Cedula Issuing
- App for Accounting in the Cloud
- For those who are interested in business, there is an intelligent business app for them.
- Advertisements in a Route and Service Data Aggregation
- Computer Vision Information Systems Enable Wireless Surveillance
- Advertisements from Local Public Transportation Systems
- Android and iOS versions of the airline reservation system are available.
- GSM Technology and Rfid Security System
- Android Doorbell Notification App with SMS Support
- The Event Planner’s Mobile App
- App For Point Of Sale
- Employees’ Paying System
- Library Catalog App for Android
- System for Hospitality Management
- Making Use of a Smart Card Reader
- System for defect tracking
- Security system based on thumbprints
- Project management tracking system
- App For Item Monitoring System
- Procedure for reporting crimes online
- Design for digital signatures that are secure
- System for ordering fast food online
- The Digital Notice Board is a digital notice board designed to be used with a computer monitor.
- Intelligent Time Tracking for More Productivity in the Office
- Disparities in network administration between different institutions;
- E-commerce innovations
- Systems for managing content
- Economic models and information systems
- Business inventory management system
- An intelligent learning system highlights programming errors.
- Management software for a fleet of vehicles
- Application for Notification Schedules
- SMS Notification System for Smoke and Fire Alarms
- In a law firm, there is an intelligent system for managing documents.
- Patient Data Using an ERP System
- Tabulation of Events on the Web and Mobile Devices
- System for recognizing faces
- Intelligent object recognition and wireless surveillance
- Using Android to Receive SMS Notifications
- A system for keeping track of agricultural assets.
- SMS Notification And Security System
- Using SMS Notification as a Water Level Indicator
- Universities’ Socio-Academic Network
- Text and voice recognition systems have distinct advantages and disadvantages.
- GSM Technology for Theft Detection
- Nursing education in the healthcare system
- A Business Management Application
- Weather Forecasting with the Open Weather Map API
- System for evaluating performance
- Checking tools for data security
- Web-based learning programs
- System for Billing Management
- Software for cyber-security
- Module for fingerprints
- System of intelligent fire alarms
- Kit for creating mobile apps
- App for intelligent event planners
- The device that monitors your health
- Data management via the internet
- Temperature monitoring application
- Software for universal programming
- System for recognizing voices
- Software for simulations
- Robotic vacuum cleaner
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Vitamin B12 is also referred to as cobalamin and it identifies a water-soluble vitamin utilized within the normal neurological function together with the development of the red blood cells. B12 is also identified as a cofactor within two metabolic pathways as it is utilized within the conversion of homocysteine together with methionine and within the conversion of methylmalonic acid (MMA) to succinyl-CoA (Alemras et al. 2007). The main sources of B12 include animal products such as meat, poultry, fish, and milk; fortified foods including breakfast cereal together with B12 supplements. The recommended allowance does not incorporate a tolerable upper intake limit, as there is limited research on the toxicity capacity and limited data supporting the stipulation of an upper limit. Vitamin B12 is vital as it comprises an important element in DNA synthesis and individual neurological functioning. This necessitates the continuous intake of the vitamin to enhance the prevention of possible hematologic and neuropsychiatric disorders upon lack of continued intake of the vitamin.
Through the analysis of the American and European intake of the vitamin, the intake levels identified to meet the stipulated recommended daily allowance. However, keenness has to be observed regarding the absorption levels to ensure that individuals meet the required levels. This is particularly vital for vegetarians, as they do not consume animal products, which create the bulk of Vitamin B12 sources. In addition, individuals under any form of medication, gastrointestinal patients, individuals over 50 years of age and anyone experiencing poor bouts of health remain at risk of having low levels of Vitamin B12 within their systems. Lack of vitamin B12 is influenced by poor adherence of the dietary stipulations leads to the identification of vitamin B12 deficiency among individuals.
Vitamin D is regarded as a unique hormone as it may be produced within the skin through increased exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D is identified in two main forms: D2 and D3. Vitamin D2 is obtained through the UV irradiation of the yeast sterol ergosterol, which is naturally identified within sun-exposed mushrooms. Vitamin D3 synthesis process occurs within the skin and is identified within several oil-rich fish including salmon, mackerel, and herring. It is also available in synthesized form from the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is identified within the skin and may be obtained from lanolin. Vitamin D2 and D3 are utilized in the food fortification process and also within vitamin D supplements. The ingested vitamin D is integrated within chylomicrons that are consequently absorbed within the lymphatic system through the blood. Vitamin D ingested through the skin or diet remains biologically inert, which necessitates hydroxylation within the liver through the use of the vitamin D-25-hydroxylase to 25 (OH) D (3, 8). This necessitates further hydroxylation of 25 (OH) D within the kidneys through the use of 25 (OH)-1-OHase (CYP27B1) to develop a biologically active form of vitamin D 1, 25 (OH)2 D. This enhances the interaction processes with vitamin D nuclear receptor in existence within the small intestine, kidneys together with other tissues within the body. 1, 25 (OH) 2 D influences the absorption of intestinal calcium. This identifies vitamin D as a vital element in the absorption of calcium and phosphorous as a lack of the vitamin would identify 10 to 15% absorption of dietary calcium and 60% absorption of phosphorus. This identifies that vitamin D sufficiency influences calcium and phosphorous absorption by up to 30-40% and 80% respectively. Through increased interactions between 1, 25 (OH) 2 D and the vitamin B receptor within the osteoblast enhance the stimulation of the expression of receptor activator of a nuclear factor-kB ligand. This enhances the interaction with the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB aimed at inducing immature monocytes to develop into mature osteoclasts that influence the dissolution of the matrix leading to increased production of calcium together with other minerals from the skeleton. The above identifies that the vitamin D receptor remains present within the majority of the tissues and cells within the body thus providing 1, 25 (OH) 2 D with a myriad of biological functions including the inhibition of cellular proliferation and the inducing of terminal differentiation, the inhibition of renin production and the stimulation of macrophage cathelicidin production. The above seeks to identify that vitamin D is vital within the body as it enhances the regulation of cell growth, bone formation, immune function, increased muscle strength, hair growth, fighting off infections and the reduction of risk of autoimmune diseases.
Background and Significance of the Problem
Vitamin B12 deficiency can influence the identification of numerous hematologic and neuropsychiatric disorders, which may, however, be reversed upon the identification of early diagnosis and immediate treatment. However, the exact prevalence levels of vitamin B12 within the general population remain unknown. However, the incidence is identified as increasing with age. A study conducted by Packer et al. (2007) identified that 15% of adults who were older than 65 years projected high deficiencies of vitamin B12. Continued ubiquitous utilization of gastric acid-blocking agents influences the identified decreased levels of vitamin B12, which influence the increased levels of vitamin B12 deficiency realized. Through the analysis of the increasing use of the gents coupled with an increasingly aging population among the developed nations, the actual prevalence of vitamin B12 may be identified higher in comparison to the provided statistics. The common symptoms of B12 deficiency include neuropathic (paresthesia, numbness, and weakness), myelopathic (abnormal gait), cerebral (dementia, depression, memory loss) and in dire cases, the deficiency is identified as hematologic whereby the patient suffers from severe anemia. In addition, vitamin B12 deficiency has been linked to indirect cardiovascular effects. Vitamin B12 deficiency may enhance the production of hyperhomocysteinemia, which identifies a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. Folic acid supplementation is provided to influence the reduction of homocysteine levels as an avenue utilized in the prevention of coronary artery disease. However, there has been limited emphasis on the role of vitamin B12 deficiency in the development of cardiovascular disease. This possibility is increasingly vital in the consideration of vitamin replacement therapy as folic acid supplementation may hide a growing vitamin B12 deficiency, which will influence the progression of the experienced neurologic disease. This necessitates the determination of vitamin B12 deficiency prior to the initiation of folic acid therapy.
In the human body system, two enzyme reactions remain dependent upon vitamin B12. The first reaction involves the conversion of methylmalonic acid into succinyl-CoA through the utilization of B12 as a cofactor. This identifies that vitamin B12 deficiency may influence the identification of increased levels of serum methylmalonic acid. The second reaction involves the conversion of homocysteine to methionine through the utilization of vitamin B12 together with folic acid as the cofactors. In this reaction, the identification of a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid may influence the identification of increased levels of homocysteine. This necessitates the development of an intricate understanding of vitamin B12’s absorption cycle to provide a better analysis of the potential causes of deficiency. The existence of the acidic environment within the stomach influences the breakdown of B12 identified within the food. Through the release of the intrinsic factor by the parietal cells within the stomach, vitamin B12 remains bound to the duodenum. The intrinsic factor influences the absorption of vitamin B12 within the terminal ileum. There also exists an alternate system of vitamin B12 absorption that does not require the intrinsic factor as influences the binding of vitamin B12 upon absorption to transcobalamin II, which is consequently transported throughout the body. Therefore, interruption of either step places an individual at a high risk of developing a deficiency.
Vitamin D deficiency is characterized by the identification of inadequate provision of minerals to the skeleton. In children, vitamin D deficiency influences the development of rickets, which involves the widening at the end of the long bones, rachitic rosary together with other deformations within the skeleton including outward and inward deformities of the lower limbs leading to the identification of bowed legs and knocked-knees. Among adults, vitamin D deficiency leads to the identification of a mineralization defect within the skeleton leading to the development of osteomalacia. In addition, vitamin D deficiency among adults initiates the mobilization of calcium from the skeleton leading to the development of porotic bone. The identification of a change within the production of vitamin D3 may influence the identification of a vitamin D deficient state. Additionally, the identification of any alterations within the 1, 25 (OH) 2 D within its receptor may influence the identification of vitamin D3 deficiency, which is characterized by metabolic bone disease together with the manifestation of a myriad of biochemical abnormalities. As previously identified vitamin D deficiency influences the identification of a decrease in the levels of ionized calcium within the blood, which influences the identification of an increase in the production and secretion capacity of PTH. PTH influences the mobilization of calcium the skeleton, which enhances the conservation of renal loss of calcium leading to the identification of an increase in the renal excretion of phosphorus. This leads to the identification of normal fasting serum calcium with low-normal serum phosphorous.
Statement of the Problem
Increased deficiency levels of vitamin B12 and vitamin D3 levels within the body necessitate the integration of further research and analysis regarding the importance of conducting regular check up on the existent levels among individuals.
Statement of the Purpose
This study seeks to provide a conclusive analysis regarding the importance of checking the levels of vitamin B12 and vitamin D3 levels within the body. This will be enhanced through the integration of a conclusive analysis of the deficiency levels identified through the analysis of the healthy and unhealthy levels required within the body. This study will incorporate analysis from previous research conducted by several authors within the field, who have provided an analysis of the diagnosis, causes of deficiency and the most preferred follow-up procedure that may be incorporated. The study will incorporate a literature review section, which will provide an analysis of the importance of checking vitamin B12 and vitamin D3 as conducted by other researchers within the field. This is vital for the study as it will enhance the provision of a wide array of data that will provide conclusive analysis from the past, present and future efforts that may be integrated to limit the levels of deficiency experienced. The study will also incorporate a methodology section, which will outline the data collection methods to be utilized within the study, which provide great relevance and enhance the achievement of the study objectives. This will be followed through the integration of the findings and discussion section, which will provide an analysis of the study and enhance the development of the study recommendations and conclusion.
Review of Literature
The diagnosis of B12 has over time developed its basis upon the analysis of low serum vitamin B12 levels, which are identified at less than 200pg per mL together with the analysis of the available clinical evidence pertaining to the disease. However, the majority of studies identify that older patients present more of neuropsychiatric disease in the absence of hematologic findings. In addition, the provision of measurements of metabolites including methylmalonic acid and homocysteine are identified more sensitive to the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency in comparison to the individual measurement of serum B12 levels. A recent study conducted on 406 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency indicated that 98.4% had elevated serum methylmalonic acid levels with 95.9% identified as having elevated serum homocysteine levels. Only one patient from the 406 had indicated normal levels of both metabolites, which raised the sensitivity level to 99.8% at the period when the methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels are utilized during the diagnosis. Twenty-eight percent of the patients within the study exhibited normal hematocrit levels with 17% identifying normal mean corpuscular volumes. In a study conducted by Lin et al. (2011) regarding patients with known pernicious anemia who had not been provided with the necessary maintenance levels of vitamin B12 injections for a period spanning several months to years, they exhibited an increase in methylmalonic acid together with decreased levels of hematocrit. The findings from the study identify that methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels may be utilized as early markers for tissue vitamin B12 prior to the identification of hematologic indications.
Continued utilization of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels within the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency has enhanced the provision of varied results. In the event that increased homocysteine or methylmalonic acid levels or through the normalization of the metabolites in response to replacement therapy, they are utilized as diagnostic criteria for vitamin B12 deficiency. The majority of the patients subjected to the process accounting for 50% have identified high levels of serum vitamin B12. This espouses that the utilization of a low serum vitamin B12 level as the main diagnosis may eliminate half of the patients with actual tissue B12 deficiency.
Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Factors influencing the identification of vitamin B12 deficiency are incorporated into three main categories: nutritional deficiency, malabsorption syndromes together with other gastrointestinal causes.
Nutritional Deficiencies
The main dietary sources for vitamin B12 include meat and dairy products. In a typical diet, an individual derives 5 to 15 mcg of vitamin B12 on a daily basis, which is identified higher than the recommended daily dosage stipulated at 2 mcg. This identifies that the majority of individuals maintain a high vitamin B12 reserve, which has the capability of lasting two to five years. However, nutritional deficiency may be identified within certain populations. For instance, elderly patients who regularly take up tea and toast diets and consume high levels of alcohol are identified as having a higher risk for vitamin B12 deficiency. In addition, the dietary stipulations followed by strict vegetarians place them at high risk of experiencing stipulated deficiency levels.
Malabsorption Syndromes
The main disorder identified within this category is the pernicious anemia, which refers to an autoimmune disease that affects the gastric parietal cells. Therefore, any form of destruction identified among these cells limits the effective production of intrinsic factor, which limits the absorption levels identified regarding vitamin B12. Laboratory evidence incorporated regarding parietal cell antibodies is identified at 85% to 90% sensitive regarding the diagnosis of pernicious anemia. However, the majority of tests identify that the presence of parietal cell antibodies remains nonspecific and occurring within other autoimmune states. The intrinsic factor antibody is identified as being 50% sensitive but is identified as being highly specific for the diagnosis of pernicious anemia. In addition, a Schilling test may be utilized in the development of a distinction among intrinsic factor-related malabsorption in the diagnosis process of pernicious anemia. Schilling test results have been used over time to enhance the determination process regarding whether the patient requires parenteral or oral vitamin B12 supplementation. However, the development of this distinction is rendered unnecessary as the majority of the recent evidence espouses towards the utilization of a B12 absorption pathway that remains independent of intrinsic factors. In addition, several studies have identified that oral replacement is identified equal in efficacy to intramuscular therapy. However, several studies espouse that successful treatment may also be realized through the utilization of oral replacement therapy. This has enhanced the development of several questions regarding the utility of the Schilling test as it is regarded as complicated to perform. This has rendered the identification of vitamin B12 difficult together with increased complexities within the results interpretation process for patients suffering from renal insufficiency. The process of food-bound malabsorption is identified when vitamin B12 bound to protein within food is incapable of being cleaved and released. This is influenced by the integration of any process that provides some level of interference with gastric acid production that may lead to the identification of certain levels of impairment. Atrophic gastritis together with hypochlorhydria is regarded as a major cause among the elderly. In addition, subtotal gastrectomy may influence the identification of vitamin B12 deficiency. Widespread and prolonged use of histamine H2-receptor blockers together with proton pump inhibitors for ulcer disease influence irregular breakdown of vitamin B12 from food leading to increased malabsorption and consequent depletion of B12 levels within the body.
Recent studies espouse that long-term utilization of omeprazole may influence the identification of decreased levels of serum vitamin B12 levels. However, more studies require to be incorporated to enhance the identification of the incidence and prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency through increased screening for subclinical BB12 deficiency should be enhanced among patients who have experienced long-term acid-suppression therapy.
Other Causes
Patients who have exhibited vitamin B12 deficiency together with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms including dyspepsia, recurrent peptic ulcers or diarrhea necessitate the integration of an evaluation process regarding several factions including Whipple’s disease, which refers to a bacterial infection that limits the absorption levels identified within the body. In addition, the patient may be tested for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which influences the development of peptic ulcers and diarrhea. In addition, patients who have had a history of intestinal surgery, strictures or blind lops may identify high levels of bacterial overgrowth, which may limit the provision of the necessary amounts of vitamin B12 within the small bowel together with increased manifestation of tapeworms and other intestinal parasites. In addition, congenital transport-protein deficiency may influence the lack of vitamin B12 leading to the identification of increased deficiency levels.
Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency among adults is described as being endemic. There has been an increasing number in children and adolescents who are identified as being vitamin D deficient. Historically, vitamin D deficiency has been defined as a 25 (OH)D of less than 20 ng/ml. Therefore, vitamin D insufficiency is defined as 25(OH) of 21-29 ng/ml. Through the analysis of the provided definitions, several estimates identify that 20-100% of the American and European elderly men and women within the community exhibit high vitamin D deficiency levels. Vitamin deficiency is identified commonly in Australia, the Middle East, India, Africa, and South America. The deficiency levels are also identified high in the United States as 50% of the Hispanic and African-American adolescents together with 8% of white preadolescent girls exhibited 25 (OH)D below 20 ng/ml. Additionally, 42% of African-American girls and women within the ages of 15 and 49 years identified a blood level of 25 (OH) D below 15 ng/ml. Pregnant and lactating women consuming prenatal vitamins together with calcium supplements with vitamin D are identified as being at high risk for vitamin D deficiency.
Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency
The main source of vitamin D for children and adults remains as increased exposure to sunlight. This is vital as limited foods contain vitamin D. This identifies the main cause for vitamin D deficiency as limited exposure to sunlight. In addition, wearing sunscreen with sun protection limits the level of vitamin D synthesis on the skin by up to 95%. This identifies that individuals with a darker skin tone are provided with natural sun protection hence, they require three to five times longer identifying the same levels of vitamin D as individuals with white skin tone.
There exists an inverse correlation between serum 25 (OH) D and the body mass index (BMI) greater than 20k/m2, which identifies that obese individuals experience vitamin D deficiency. Patients identifying one of the fat malabsorption syndromes together with bariatric patients are identified as challenged in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamin D together with patients with nephrotic syndrome lose 25 (OH) D and remain bound to vitamin D-binding protein within the urine. In addition, patients administering a wide range of medication including anticonvulsant together with antiviral drugs are identified at higher risk as the drugs influence the catabolism of 25 (OH)D and 1,25 (OH)2D. Patients with chronic granuloma-forming disorders including some lymphomas and primary hyperparathyroidism identify high levels of a metabolism at 25 (OH) D to 1, 25 (OH) 2 D are identified at high risk of vitamin D deficiency.
References Almeras, L., Eyles, D., Benech, P. (2007). Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters brain protein expression in the adult rat: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Proteomics,7(5):769-80. Andres, E., Loukili, N., Noel, E., (2004). Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients. Can Med Assoc J, 171(3):251-259. Andres, E., Vidal-Alaball, J., Federici, L. (2007).Clinical aspects of cobalamin deficiency in elderly patients. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment with a special focus on oral cobalamin therapy. Eur J Intern Med, 18:456-462. Bodnar, M., Simhan, N., Powers, W. (2007). High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates. J Nutr, 137(2):447-52. Duerksen, R., Fallows, G., Bernstein, N. (2006). Vitamin B12 malabsorption in patients with limited ileal resection. Nutrition, 22:1210-1213. Féron, F., Burne, H., Brown, J. (2005). Developmental vitamin D3 deficiency alters the adult rat brain. Brain Res Bull, 65(2):141-8. Hvas, M., Nexo, E. (2005). Holotranscobalamin – a first choice assay for diagnosing early vitamin B deficiency? J Intern Med, 2005; 257(3):287-298. Headstrom, D., Rulyak, J., & Lee, SD. (2008). Prevalence of and risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 14(2):217-223. Kwong, C., Carr, D., & Dhalla, A. (2005). Oral vitamin B12 therapy in the primary care setting: a qualitative and quantitative study of patient perspectives. BMC Fam Pract, 6 (8). Ladhani S, Srinivasan L, Buchanan C, Allgrove J. (2004). Presentation of vitamin D deficiency. Arch Dis Child, 89(8):781-4. Pajecki, D., Dalcanalle, L., & Souza de Oliveira. (2007). Follow-up of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients at 5 or more years postoperatively. Obesity Surgery, 17:601-607. Rucker D, Allan JA, Fick GH, Hanley DA. (2002). Vitamin D insufficiency in a population of healthy western Canadians. CMAJ, 166(12):1517-24. Roth De, Martz P, Yeo R. (2005). Are national vitamin D guidelines sufficient to maintain adequate blood levels in children? Can J Public Health, 96(6):443-9. Ting, Z, Szeto, C, & Chan, H. (2006). Risk factors of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients receiving metformin. Arch Intern Med, 166:1975-1979. Vidal-Alaball J, Butler CC, Cannings-John, R. (2005). Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 20;(3): CD004655.
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I am a private individual looking for a web developer to create a Landing Page for me. My project needs to be completed within a month's time but I am flexible to accommodate changes if there is a need for it. The Landing Page must be functional and visually appealing and very similar to this: Please, look carefully to the website sample we have provided:
...basis. We intend to offer a fee sample mockup design service to create new business leads. We want this freelance designer to generate an visually catching new modern updated design (based on clients old current website) with an improved design look and feel for us to present to the client as a starting point to encourage the client to sign-up for a full website build based on your sample design mockup, that will be tweaked and modified to the clients exact specifications. You will just be required to do the first round sample design mockup that we will then take and work further after the client has signed-up and showen further interest based on your initial design. We would like you to price the project on one design as this would be recurring for each ...
I need someone to enter the name of the dance into an excel spreadsheet. Take the DANCE, GROUP, and STYLE and type them in one column. (see document: sample of how i want the information displayed - Sheet1) the proper show. (show 1, show 2, show3 or show 4)
Street Food Videographer / Vlogger / Content Creator Calling Videographers/Filmmakers/Street Food Videographers to shoot high-quality, engaging street food videos of famous street food vendors/joints/s...the location, what are the timings, since where are they doing this, general informative stuff for the audience. Basically, follow the food, follow the hand movements of the people making it, take the viewer on a food adventure. Existing Videos/Food Channel references will be shared for clear understanding of the requirements. Geo Location: India (Any/All States/Cities) Share some sample videos of any of your previous work. This is a 100% Remote/Field Work. Hiring on Per Assignment Basis/ Short Duration Contracts If your work is good, you could join us Full Tim...
I am starting a new enterprise and need a logo for my brand, "Rezolv". It is the brand related to home/space organization products .Logo should be elegant ,sophisticated and eye catchy. The logo should be simple but memorable and convey the essence of my brand. Tag line for the brand is "solve with zeal".I am also attaching sample logos for your reference. Brand Name : Rezlov Tag line : solve with zeal
I am working on React Js with Typescript Frontend Development Project . I need someone to Support me for this Project atleast 6 to 8 hours Per day. Project will Exist more than 2 years. I need support through Remotely(zoom). I am looking for Good Experienced Person as a Frontend Developer(React Js), Who can work on the tasks Quickly. I am looking for Long term relationship. After this Project Completed means, we will give immediately another support project . Note : I will give sample task. After you Completed Sample task with on time means, I will Give you project Immediately from June 1st. I need honest person to work along with me for longterm relationship. I need IST Time from 10.30 AM to 6.30 PM. If task is completed at 2 PM also ...
Hi there, I have a zoning with desired dimensions, I need this rastered in autocad with 5 inch walls, 3'4" doors for bedrooms, 2'6" doors for toilets etc, average 5 feet wide windows, the internal room sizes has to be like the attached documents , its a small job, if this goes fine i have another plan to raster, then ultimately create the architectural papers ,no collums needed now.
I am looking for a freelancer who can help me with my Latex report project . The scope of the project is a research paper that needs to be written in APA citation style. The desired length of the report should be more than 20 pages. Ideal skills and experience for this job include: - Proficiency in Latex - Knowledge of APA citation style - Experience in writing research papers - Ability to work efficiently and meet deadlines If you have the necessary skills and experience, please apply for this job. I am looking forward to working with you.
We are looking for an intelligent and creative exterior designer , have good skills in 3ds max and V-Ray for a home renovation . With existing sketch up cad . But we need to transfer from sketch up to 3ds max changing colors - textures - add lighters - remodeling... Finish the sample below .. just do like that examples mentions , same desing , colors , .. we have more projects.. we looking for someone skilled Notice : possiblity for hiring as freelancer company . for project : 5 days Budget max 150 usd
Hi there, We are looking for market comparables data that is broad enough for us to select a sample to support our valuation. There areas we are looking at are: Influencer related business Digital advertising / marketing Social Media related Advertising / marketing AdTech MarTech Then broader tech/data companies. We need it in this format in a table: - Company Name - Ticker - Exchange (ASX, NYSE, NASDAQ, TSX, London SE, EURONEXT, HKEX, SGX, NZX, Others ???) - Market Cap - Date of data (we want to try to keep this current and consistent) - Revenue - Profit/Loss - Revenue Multiple We need quite a few so please describe your approach. Thank you,
...etc. should be included. Each football match has different categories. The most wanted categories are: - Home/Away/Draw - First Half HAD - High Low (HiLo) - First Half HiLo - Total Goals Note that “last odds for In Play Betting” is not required. Please refer to the attached sample for reference or the format you prefer, but please make sure clear explanation is provided. It is important that data be accurate and up-to-date and delivered quickly to me. If you think you have the skills to complete this project , please get in touch. I look forward to hearing from you. P.S. I heard that the betting site is using JSON format, but I do not know exact where is the data. Please check if the following links helps: -
Job Description -------------------------- I have a batch of Chinese made volt meters with 7 segment led displays these are pre-programmed for input zero to 33 volt and output will display the voltage with 3 decimal places. If ...for input zero to 33 volt and output will display the voltage with 3 decimal places. If possible I want to reprogram the MC for input zero to 4 volts and output zero to 2000 V on the display (ratio 1:500) Laser engraving on micro is S033 PHVG 639Y , but I can not find any specifications for the code (see images) Circuit board has connections for GND, VCC, Send, Receive I am happy to post a sample of the voltmeter to the successfull freelancer. On completion of the job I need a working code and instruction how to upload the code to the voltmeters. G...
Hi, I'm looking for someone to record a 30-minute video of popular, interesting tourist attractions across the world. Video requirements: - Audio must be on - Use an iPhone or...Google Drive - Video should be delivered within 3 days once I place an order - Video resolution: 1080p or above Compensation depends on location ranging from $10-$20 per location A 5-minute sample of the quality of the video must be provided before payment is issued. Let me know which places you're able to shoot. Please note that all videos should be original and thorough checks will be done to verify this. You can earn extra income by recording videos of different popular tourist attractions - you need to send me the location first before we can proceed. Let's jump on a call to disc...
We are looking for a native Korean speaker that would translate several texts from English to Korean. The content is simple - contains no complicated or professional words. There are around 6043 words in total (approx. 36 299 characters including spaces). The reward should be around 48 EUR - please make your own offer. Deadline: 6. 6. 2023 Text sample : In this period, your social skills are high, and you will also understand moral principles well. Especially those that you were taught by your parents. Your affectionate and, under the influence of Jupiter, happy personality, make you able to cheer a lot of people in your surroundings. The greatest emphasis will be put on family security. Therefore, there’s no wonder that you will be drawn to property or finance collection.
I need 2 silhouettes etc for my movie project --one of a school building and one of a Lighthouse--see attachment sample description
I am seeking a clothing manufacturer to produce a line beauty salon outfits for my fashion brand. The ideal candidate will have experience in producing high-quality clothing items and will be able to work with my existing design to bring my vision to life. Skills and Experience: -Experience in ...manufacturing -Ability to work with existing designs and patterns -Attention to detail -Experience in producing high-quality clothing items -Ability to produce 100-500 pieces of clothing If you are a skilled clothing manufacturer with a passion for producing high-quality items, I would love to work with you to bring my vision to life. PLEASE NOTE: I will send you my designs and I will require a sample before I place any large amount of orders I only want the best materiel using for...
Looking to use a similar style to represent the "Acquisition Valley of Death filled with bleached bones". Provide a sample of the two styles I am looking to combing. I am looking for provide a graphic that supports the quote "leave the valley of death filled with dried bleached bones of bad ideas". So I am looking for the style of of the tree graphic, but meeting the intent of the valley image, but filled nearly to the top with cartoon bones.
Hey guys I have a job for you. I need you to edit five logos for me, and in return, I will pay you $60 to $70. Can you do it? Please don't worry, I'll make a half payment upfront, and then you can edit the logos for me. After that, I will give you the remaining payment. If you are able to fulfill this agreement, then I would like you to check my sample and contact me. I will need similar logos like that. Sample link......
It should start with a comprehensive 3D model of the existing equipment. It could involve emulation of the Rubic cube, simulation of the code, and virtual linking of the code to the 3D image. Rockwell has emulation software. We have augmented reality glasses if they are compatible with your project I did a quick search for Development of Digital Twin on google scholar and found 692,000 papers - while obviously not all of these will be relevant I'm sure you'll find 20 or 30 which will lead you to how to develop a digital twin. Finally, as I explained the 3 Rubic cube solvers, also had the task of developing a digital twin on top of building/coding/testing the equipment. I've attached links to their videos for reference. https://media
I need an easy way to be able to upload excel files on page 2 of this document. I would like an upload button on the PDF. The excel sheet must display and be viewable within the PDF document. (not as a clickable link). User must provide a sample by way of document or video.
...multiple color options with a wide variety of options. Maybe some logos with different color borders around the logo too. I have attached several colors I think may be nice with the logo. I am open to other color ideas too. The logo has a two tone design and I would like to keep that. I will need these in JPG and PNG formats. Here are the color variations I would like to see and I will post some sample colors as attachments in addition to the logo: Electric Blue (attached) and white Electric Blue (attached) and black Electric Blue (attached) and white with black border Copper (attached) and black Copper (attached) and white Blue carbon fiber (attached) and black Gun metal grey (attached) and black Gun metal grey (attached) and white Dark green (attached x2) and white Dark green ...
...Ascension Iluminations (we started in 2019). Please leave all the reviews out. Page 3 how we started Ascension Illuminations was founded in 2019 by Wesley Grant and replace Chucks name with Wesley Grant. Everything else we would like the same. The pictures might be different. I’m attaching pictures to use. The layout is 8 1/2 by 11 landscape. For the back page I will Provide contact details. We have a sample from our coaching program that we can use will send that to. The copy will be the same. It won’t let me upload the photos of that or our work so will send once hired. If we can have it by Wednesday at least the rough draft that would be wonderful....
I am working on React Js with Typescript Frontend Development Project . I need someone to Support me for this Project atleast 6 to 8 hours Per day. Project will Exist more than 2 years. I need support through Remotely(zoom). I am looking for Good Experienced Person as a Frontend Developer(React Js), Who can work on the tasks Quickly. I am looking for Long term relationship. After this Project Completed means, we will give immediately another support project . Note : I will give sample task. After you Completed Sample task with on time means. I will Give you project Immediately from June 1st. I need honest person to work along with me for longterm relationship. I need IST Time from 10.30 AM to 6.30 PM. If task is completed at 2 PM also...
I need lawn signs created similar to the attached samples ( and ) It can be nearly the sample , but a couple variations. Red/Black Red/Grey Red/White Size: 18 inches wide by 12 inches tall I will need them the same overall design though. The QR code must be present and is attached. We will need just the action shots changed on multiple though. So once the design is done, the action shot should be easy to edit and interchange. There are 15 different players. All those photos are attached too.
I am looking for an artice ( about 1000 words ) on Age and Gender biased job advertisements ( especially if from Australia ) . SOme Job advertisements are not providing equal opportunity for people of different age or gender groups. I want an article to explain this issue, the harm it creates and the opportunity it misses. SPeak ri...Age and Gender biased job advertisements ( especially if from Australia ) . SOme Job advertisements are not providing equal opportunity for people of different age or gender groups. I want an article to explain this issue, the harm it creates and the opportunity it misses. SPeak right to the point and I am not looking for a general text. All citations need to be clear and from valid published papers ( not news or websites ) . It needs to be at least ...
I need someone to support me with video editing. The video is about a chatbot for WhatsApp and has a model attached here showing how to operate the software and two more videos (one showing the sender of the message and the other the receiver of the message). So, what I need is for you to take the video, make a good edit...what I need is for you to take the video, make a good edit and at the end show, with a lot of creativity, the final result of the two screens of sender and receiver. I don't mind paying extra but I need quality video and a lot of creativity to get my message across to the public. I will attach my YouTube channel to reference the video I need. @topactivex If you can send a sample of 30 seconds to 1 minute, it would be ideal for me to close the deal.
...interested in mission and evangelism. Project Goals: The new website should incorporate our new logo, color palette, and illustrations/cartoon art provided. The main sections should include: What we do Our Team Get Involved For Churches Contact It should also include: A Resources Shop A Members Login Area A News Area with social media sharing capabilities An AI-powered chat box SEO and Discovery: The website should be optimized for search engines to increase visibility when potential visitors search for "mission" and "evangelism" and a range of other keywords which we will discuss. Target Audience: The primary audience for this website is Christians interested in mission and evangelism, regardless of geographical location. Timeline: The project ...
I would like to create a digital image like the one in the first picture (pillar temple) but with my dancer in the middle (instead of couple). Sample dance in second photo
Hi I am seeking a developer to create a straightforward PHP application using Twitter API v2. The application should the following five core PHP files: - : This file should contain a "Sign in with Twitter" button to accommodate new users. - : This file's responsibility is to save the user's authorization fo...GET parameters such as "$username&tweet_id=$tweet_id", enabling any authenticated user to 'like' any specified tweet. - : Similar to , this file should accept GET parameters, for instance, "$username&tweet_id=$tweet_id", thereby allowing any authenticated user to retweet any chosen tweet. I stress the importance of simplicity in this project , as well as ensuring complete compatibility with Twitter API v2.
...produce accurate and precise designs. The project will involve the following tasks: - Creating a detailed 2D drawing of the component - Creating a 3D model of the component with accurate dimensions and annotations - Adding textures and materials to the 3D model for a realistic look - Providing a visual demonstration of the component in action - The Project is to select an industrial mechanical machine (such as turbine, pump, valve or compressor) for Creating the following. 1. Image of the Products (Assembly) 2. Views of the Products (include cross section) 3. Teardown of the Products 4. Collapse animation of the Products 5. Functional animation of the Products Also select 3 Parts of the Products above for Creating the following 6. Image Selected Sample (Part) 7...
...paragraphs and ensuring smooth transitions from one section to another, which might necessitate rearranging some paragraphs. Please note that this project does not require adding new content or correcting technical aspects. Given the impending submission deadline tomorrow, I am looking for a swift turnaround of within 9 hours after agreeing to undertake this project . I believe that an adept writer can achieve this in a few hours. I kindly request you to use the 'Track Changes' feature in Microsoft Word during the editing process so I can view and understand the modifications made. The paper will be shared as soon as we agree to work together, and a sample (the introduction section) can be provided ahead of our agreement. I don't have any specific ...
WCF .Net Framework 3.0 Sample with Encrypted SOAP Communication I am looking for a developer who can provide me with a WCF .Net Framework 3.0 sample that features encrypted SOAP communication. The project requires the use of AES512 encryption algorithm for the SOAP communication. The implementation should be done in C# language. The objective is to encrypt the communication between FE and BE using derived key from password, something like in this article Ideal Skills and Experience: - Experience in WCF .Net Framework 3.0 - Proficiency in C# programming language - Familiarity with AES encryption algorithm
I have created a Wordpress installation and I would like you to turn it into an event website for a gravel race. This includes creating 6-10 webpages with information about the race, such as history, location, distances, accommodation, sponsors and entry entry. This website should provide potential racers with all the information they need to make an i...would like to be able to add more pages if needed as the race approaches. I am not overly concerned with the exact wording and images you put in there but I just want to easily be able to edit the pages and replace images and text. For inspiration look at the following sites: I have included some sample images from the area where the race is.
...individuals with expertise in indexing research papers and journals in Scopus, as well as expanding our journal collection on our website. Considering your exceptional skills and experience in these areas, we believe you would be a valuable addition to our team. At MCS Publisher, we understand the importance of having research papers and journals indexed in reputable databases like Scopus. It significantly enhances the visibility, impact, and recognition of scholarly work. Additionally, we are actively looking to broaden our journal collection on our website, creating a comprehensive platform for researchers and academics to access cutting-edge content. We are looking for experts and freelancers who can: 1. Conduct a thorough evaluation of research papers or jour...
...brand. Simplicity: We prefer a logo that is visually simple, yet impactful in its message. Memorability: The logo should be easily memorable and instantly recognizable, leaving a lasting impression on viewers. Eye-Catching: We seek a logo that stands out, capturing attention and creating a strong visual impact. Background: Background must be white, clean and without shadow. We have attached some sample images that can serve as inspiration for your designs. We encourage participants to use these samples as a starting point while bringing their unique creativity and expertise to the competition. The ideal candidate will have experience with elegant logo designs and will be able to create a text-based logo. I am open to suggestions for colors and fonts, but am looking for a desig...
...composer with Sample Data and Elasticsearch Please use the domain "" (localhost ==> ) Install Redis-Server and configure Magento to store the cache files and the sessions into Redis instead of the file system Change the ownership of all files to user "test-ssh" and group "clp" Configure NGINX to run as user "test-ssh" Create a PHP-FPM pool that runs as user "test-ssh" and group "clp" and use this pool in your NGINX vhost -Configure PHPMyAdmin Redirect in nginx HTTP to HTTPS and set up all store urls to HTTPS with a self-signed certificate. Install varnish and configure varnish with Magento. More details: Is this project for business or personal use? Personal Do you have an existing AWS account? Yes W...
I am seeking a freelancer to redesign my ...company's services. The ideal visual style for this project is corporate, and I am open to suggestions for a color scheme or branding guidelines to follow. Skills and experience required for this project include: - Proficiency in PowerPoint design - Strong design skills - Ability to create a visually appealing and informative presentation - Knowledge of corporate branding and design principles Key deliverables for this project include: - A redesigned PowerPoint presentation - A visually appealing and informative presentation - Incorporation of our company's branding, if applicable If you have the required skills and experience, and are interested in this project , please submit any one slide (exce...
Hi There, I've attached a sample of the front image, just need to change it to red and black. The back of card needs to include 4 business details split into 4 boxes with: - Image - Phone Number / Email address / Logo I am looking for a designer to create a modern business card and email signature for my brand. I have a brand guideline that should be followed for consistency. The design should include my name, title, phone number, email, and social media handles. Ideal skills and experience for this job include: - Graphic design experience - Knowledge of branding and design guidelines - Ability to create a modern and professional design - Attention to detail and ability to follow specific instructions
I am looking for new freelance writers to join my team for a new enterprise. We specialize in academic papers in the field of Natural Sciences. The ideal candidate should have experience and expertise in writing academic papers in this subject area. The project involves writing various types of academic papers , including research papers , essays, and case studies. The writer should be able to conduct thorough research, analyze data, and present the information in a clear and concise manner. The project is for starting a new enterprise, and we offer competitive rates and flexible working hours. The ideal candidate should possess the following skills and experience: - Expertise in Natural Sciences - Strong research and analytical skills - Excellent w...
...individual or small 'in-house' team. Must have the will and availability to commit to see the project to it's conclusion. Previous experience is app development is essential. Please include portfolio samples if possible. We are very new at app development and learning as we go, but we do know what we want the "end result" to be, we just don't know how to get to there. We have some sample specs (but not all specs) and an overview of this project that we will provide for your consideration prior to deciding on a successful freelancer, to ensure that we will be suited to working together, and please ask of us any questions you may have. An accompanying web site will also be required for this project and there is also opportunity for...
I am looking for a video editing expert to remove green objects, like green clothing, from my weekly one-minute videos. The process is k...video editing expert to remove green objects, like green clothing, from my weekly one-minute videos. The process is known as chroma keying. Each video will be less than one minute long. I will send you a new video every week, and I would appreciate it if you could complete the green object removal within one to two days. Before deciding, I will ask you to demonstrate your skills by working on two sample videos I will send. If you are selected for the job, I will pay you CAD $4 for each video every week or CAD $20 every month. Unfortunately, my budget is limited, and I cannot exceed CAD $25. If you are interested in this opportunity, please le...
I am looking for content writers, where I'll provide the requirements for each article or a group of articles. I'll need a well formed original article with a plagiarism test. I'll also need the references for the source of information and facts. This is going to be an ongoing process for 6-8 months with almost an article a day so quote a...of articles. I'll need a well formed original article with a plagiarism test. I'll also need the references for the source of information and facts. This is going to be an ongoing process for 6-8 months with almost an article a day so quote accordingly. To be considered, you must provide 3 of your past work including where they are published and you must be open to write a sample article. (You may be paid for the samp ...
I am seeking a freelancer to help me create an investor proposal for my existing business. The core idea of the proposal is to present our expansion plans to potential investors. Key financials that I want to highlight include revenue growth, profit margins, and return on investment. I want to include all...growth, profit margins, and return on investment. I want to include all indicators from an investor point of view to make the proposal as attractive as possible. I have a specific target audience in mind, and I am looking for someone with experience in creating investor proposals for this audience. Ideal skills for this project include financial analysis, business plan writing, and experience in pitching to investors. Such as shark tank Must have prior experience and sa ...
I am looking for a Wordpress Elementor Expert to create an smm services website based on my sample site. 5 pages, The main goal of the website is to provide social media promotional services. I require order & contact forms to be integrated into the website. The ideal freelancer should have experience in Wordpress, Elementor and creating custom order & contact forms.
I am in need of a freelancer who can help me build a very basic Android application that will serve as a utility/tool for seniors. The application should have the ability to store the names of pills, the amount to be taken, and then a prompt notification to the user to remind them to take those medications. The ideal freelancer should have experience in Android development and be able to create a simple yet functional user interface. noting too complex -student-level assignment ( written in Java Android studio).
We are creating artwork and original designs for our home decor company. We're using mostly pastoral images of nature, natural landscapes, etc. We want to pair that with encouraging quotes and quotes from the Bible. You will help us to design beautiful, readable quotes to use as part of our home decor designs. Here are a couple Pinterest ...from the Bible. You will help us to design beautiful, readable quotes to use as part of our home decor designs. Here are a couple Pinterest links to see what design language we're using and what inspires us. Please include a link to past typography work of yours in your application for this gig. I will ask you to make me a sample /example if I think you're a good fit. Thank you!
I am looking for a freelancer to help me with my project responsibility: Bengali Dataset Annotation. I need to have images annotated with specific guidelines and want the freelancer to be aware of this. The dataset to be annotated is of a medium size, within 250 images. The annotated input should then come out as accurate and relevant labels or categories. I have prior experience in the field and expect quality output and efficient delivery. I look forward to hiring a professional and reliable freelancer skilled in annotation for this task. The attached is a sample image in Hindi and its corresponding annotation. I will provide the images via 1-1 conversation.
I am looking for a freelancer to create a new plagiarism checker tool that will be used to detect similarities in academic papers . The plagiarism checker needs to be able to integrate with Microsoft Word, and should have advanced plagiarism detection capabilities such as being able to detect plagiarism involving paraphrasing and synonyms. This is an important tool in ensuring authenticity of papers , and I am looking for a top-quality product that will accurately detect the use of content from other sources.
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I am looking for someone to convert my current CV, which is in PDF format, into a new format. While I do not have a preferred format or template german, I am looking for a clean and professional design. The deadline for the completed CV is within 1-3 days. Ideal skills and experience: - Experience with CV formatting and design - Proficiency in Microsoft Word - Attention to detail and abilit...am looking for a clean and professional design. The deadline for the completed CV is within 1-3 days. Ideal skills and experience: - Experience with CV formatting and design - Proficiency in Microsoft Word - Attention to detail and ability to create a visually appealing document - Fast turnaround time and ability to meet deadlines I need 3 pager resume I'm looking for single pager. Send me ...
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Sample capstone project on the use of e-cigarettes.
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E-cigarettes are a new technology that allow people to absorb nicotine into their systems using vaporizers as opposed to traditional cigarettes. Some stakeholders argue that this is a great innovation that can help smokers shift away from the habit through the use of a much less dangerous alternative, whereas others argue that this new technology is dangerous and will actually introduce a new generation to smoking.
Moreover, the legal and regulatory frameworks across the nation are patchy when it comes to e-cigarettes: given the nature of the technology, there has been confusion over exactly how e-cigarettes should be classified and regulated. On one hand, e-cigarettes could be treated in the same way as traditional cigarettes; on the other, they could be understood as inhabiting a category all of their own.
Capstone project on the use of e-cigarettes
The purpose of the present sample capstone project is to propose a study that can help add knowledge regarding the nature and effects of use of e-cigarettes. The proposal will begin with a literature review that addresses what is currently known about e-cigarettes. Then, it will proceed to delineate the design for a new study that could add further knowledge on this subject. Finally, the proposal will consider the implications and relevance of the potential findings of such a study.
A key point that will emerge here is that it is naive to just automatically think of e-cigarettes as being the same as traditional cigarettes. The fact is that the e-cigarette is a new technology, and it must be understood on its own terms. The conclusion may emerge that e-cigarettes are a safe alternative to traditional smoking that enables many current smokers to quit. Or, the conclusion may also emerge that e-cigarettes constitute a sort of gateway drug to actual smoking. Either way, this is an issue that must be understood on its own terms on the basis of actual research evidence, as opposed to just making assumption on the basis of biases. The present project will attempt to contribute to this endeavor.
Literature review
The most important study to date on e-cigarettes is probably the one developed by the Royal College of Physicians (2016). This study is strongly in favor of the safety of e-cigarettes. Some of its main findings, for example, are: one, almost no one who uses e-cigarettes has never previously smoked; e-cigarettes do in fact help many smokers quit , making them a gateway from and not to smoking; and the likely physical harm of using e-cigarettes is about 5 percent of the known harm of smoking normal cigarettes.
The implication of these findings would be that e-cigarettes should actually be celebrated as an incredible harm reduction technology, as opposed to demonized as being just another form of normal cigarettes. This study was conducted in England; and while the findings were produced using rigorous research methods, they still remain controversial and have not managed to settle the issue for good.
Fairchild, Bayer, and Colgrove (2014), for example, have raised concern over the possibility that e-cigarettes may "renormalize" smoking. This refers to the cultural fact that whereas smoking was once considered to be a very common activity, over the last few decades, smoking has been pushed to the cultural fringe, with smoking have become attached with a social stigma. Fairchild et al. (2014) have suggested that because e-cigarettes tend to look and feel like normal cigarettes, the idea of e-cigarette use as normal may open the door to again seeing actual smoking as normal.
Even these researchers, though, have conceded the point that e-cigarettes do in fact have harm reduction potential, as it is known fact that they have already helped many smokers kick their habit. The researchers remain skeptical, however, regarding the cultural implications of the growing popularity of e-cigarettes, as well as regarding the potential health risks inherent within e-cigarettes themselves, given that the technology is still not well-understood.
Bell and Keane (2014), have considered the gateway drug theory as it pertains to e-cigarettes and taken that theory to task. In particular, these researchers have pointed out that both e-cigarettes and normal cigarettes have the active drug of nicotine—from which it follows that given that nicotine cannot be a gateway to itself, the application of that theory within this context is probably not valid. The argument could reasonably be made that no one should get hooked on nicotine, either; but this is a position that generally falls outside the scope of common debate on this subject.
There is little evidence suggesting that nicotine per se is harmful, any more than there is suggesting that caffeine or moderate alcohol is harmful. The dangerous part of smoking has to do specifically with the inhalation of smoke, which the e-cigarette eliminates. It would seem to follow that people would not transition from e-cigarettes to normal cigarettes, given that it is the same drug either way, and the transition would only add danger without providing any balancing benefit.
Moreover, Farsalinos and Polosa (2014) have conducted a systematic review on e-cigarettes, which produced the following conclusion:
"Currently available evidence indicates that electronic cigarettes are by far a less harmful alternative to smoking and significant health benefits are expected in smokers who switch from tobacco to electronic cigarettes" (p. 1).
A systematic review is a high-level study that collectively analyzes all the evidence available on a given subject, which means that its conclusion should be taken quite seriously. The main theme that seems to have emerged from this literature review is that the objective research evidence points toward the safety and usefulness of e-cigarettes, with concerns about their relationship to traditional smoking appearing to be largely subjective and not grounded in hard evidence regarding what has actually happened thus far.
For example, there is almost nothing in the extant literature that supports the gateway drug theory in this regard, and yet this remains one of the most commonly cited arguments against the safety of e-cigarettes. To put it bluntly, this would seem to be a fantasy that has little to no corroboration in the empirical literature.
Proposed study design
The present capstone project proposes to conduct a mixed methods study that examines the perceptions of e-cigarette users themselves regarding their perceptions and feelings about their own experience. There is strong evidence, for example, that many current e-cigarette users were previously smokers (Preidt, 2016). This could lead to asking the subjects about whether they were previously smokers, whether they had previously tried to quit smoking, and the effects that e-cigarettes have had on their lives.
Likewise, if the subject has never smoked, questions could be asked about why the e-cigarette is appealing, and whether the subject has any intention of transition to normal cigarettes in the future. The proposed study will be mostly qualitative, but it can also include a quantitative element consisting of descriptive statistics. This would primarily consist of tabulations of how many of the subjects were previously smokers or not, and related metrics.
The sample for the study can be drawn in a purposive way from the local community. This is acceptable for a primarily qualitative study since random sampling is only relevant for statistical analysis, which will not be the point of the proposed study anyway. Rather, the point will to gain insight into the phenomenon under consideration with as much depth as possible.
The study will seek to explore the subjective perceptions of e-cigarette users regarding their habit, including the positives and negatives, as well as how it compares to the experience of actual smoking, if applicable for the given subject in question. This could help fill out the picture provided by the literature thus far by shifting away from abstract conjectures and instead focusing on the actual experiences of people who use e-cigarettes.
This could then serve as a foundation for more rigorous quantitative research in the future, especially research that focuses on a comparative evaluation of e-cigarettes not only against normal cigarettes but also against other common recreational drugs, such as coffee or alcohol.
Potential implications
It seems that a primarily qualitative study is in order regarding the subject of e-cigarettes and safety. This is the case because thus far, the quantitative research evidence seems to be strongly supportive of e-cigarettes, especially in comparison against normal cigarettes. Yet, the heatedness of public debate seems to suggest that this evidence has not really had a significant impact on the state of the debate, with many stakeholders apparently having a gut-level aversion to e-cigarettes simply because they look like normal cigarettes.
In this context, it may be valuable to develop a study that expresses the actual perspectives, stories, and perceptions of people who use e-cigarettes. This could potentially help resist some of the abstract and sometimes almost fantastic conjectures that have characterized the e-cigarette debate, despite the rigorous evidence that has already been accumulated on this subject.
It is important to understand e-cigarettes because they clearly do have the potential to serve as an almost miraculous smoking cessation tool, enabling smokers to break a habit that has always been known as notoriously hard to break. If e-cigarettes are in fact a gateway to normal cigarettes, then this effect would to a large extent be nullified. But the evidence thus far suggests that the gate actually works the other way around, with e-cigarettes leading smokers out of smoking, as opposed to leading non-smokers into it.
If this is true, then the objective data could gain depth and meaning by being complemented by the subjective testimonies of people who have experienced this for themselves. It is the objective of the proposed capstone project to contribute to the relevant literature in this regard.
Bell, K., & Keane, H. (2014). All gates lead to smoking: The 'gateway theory', e-cigarettes and the remaking of nicotine. Social Science & Medicine, 119, 45-52.
Fairchild, A. L., Bayer, R., & Colgrove, J. (2014). The renormalization of smoking? E-cigarettes and the tobacco "endgame". New England Journal of Medicine, 370, 293-295.
Farsalinos, K. E., & Polosa, R. (2014). Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: A systematic review. therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 1-20.
Retrieved from http://www.acvoda.nl/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Therapeutic_Advances_in_Drug_Safety-2014-Farsalinos 2042098614524430.pdf
Preidt, R. (2016, October 30). Nearly two-thirds of e-cigarette users also smoke: CDC. WebMD. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/smokingcessation/news/20161030/nearly-two- thirds-of-smokers-also-use-e-cigarettes-cdc
Royal College of Physicians. (2016). Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction. Retrieved from https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/news/promote-e-cigarettes-widelysubstitute-smoking-says-new-rcp-report
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