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ESSAY PAPER: UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination – 2018

Download Mains – 2018 GS Paper -1 Here

Download Mains – 2018 GS Paper -2 Here

Download Mains – 2018 GS Paper – 3 Here

Download Mains – 2018 GS Paper – 4 Here

SECTION – A

• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge
• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere
• Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task

SECTION – B

• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life
• “The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it

(Section – B looks like ETHICS paper!)

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UPSC Mains 2018 – Download Essay Question Paper

Last updated on September 28, 2018 by ClearIAS Team

Table of Contents

ESSAY PAPER: UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination – 2018

Instructions.

• Total Marks: 250 marks, Time duration: 3 hours.
• The essay must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided.
• No marks will be given for answers written in the medium other than authorized one.
• Word limit, as specified, should be adhered to.
• Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly.

SECTION – A

Write any one of the following essays in 1000-1200 words (125 marks)

• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge
• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere
• Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task

SECTION – B

• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life
• ‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it

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Reader Interactions

September 28, 2018 at 8:35 pm

very tough essays in section B it seems.

September 29, 2018 at 9:04 am

No,friend both sessions questions are very easy

January 23, 2019 at 6:51 pm

Solve any one of SecB

September 28, 2018 at 9:24 pm

September 29, 2018 at 9:26 am

Section B tuff

November 2, 2018 at 7:00 pm

September 29, 2018 at 11:11 am

Well, for me section A Seems tough. Anyways if had any content in mind and have good ability to write an essay then we can make both sections easily.

October 3, 2018 at 8:21 am

Absolutely, i agree with you bro.

September 29, 2018 at 11:08 pm

section B seems to be a bit tough than section A but it ‘s just about you thinking power and writing ability

October 3, 2018 at 3:20 am

Can anyone please guide me on this essay topic: ‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. I’m not able to phrase what all points should be included in this topic. So kindly guide me through this. And also if possible, kindly provide me the model essay on this topic. Thanking you.

February 5, 2019 at 11:43 am

It means some people often fears by thinking his/her unforgettable past….. So you should write this topic in that manner…. Further adding, we have to cherish our past, and live in present… So that our future won’t get hampered….

February 21, 2019 at 9:21 pm

Sir essay practise k liye kya karu ? Sir

May 29, 2019 at 10:23 am

CSAT TOPIC NOT GIVEN

September 29, 2019 at 4:01 pm

They’re easy but not getting how to write as per the level of UPSC.

August 9, 2020 at 8:06 pm

how to be write essay to scoring high marks without any mistake

August 9, 2020 at 8:08 pm

how to be write a essay to scoring high marks

February 5, 2021 at 10:23 pm

well anyone said that section B is tuff but you all know that, you have to do this so why are u all thinking negative before start. As i wanna say be positive and just remind himself that u will do ,u have the potential to do this,and u did it.

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[Download] UPSC Mains-2018 Essay Paper, Including Topicwise last 26 YEARS Essay Question Papers (1993-2018)

Instructions, section-a: 125 marks, section-b: 125 marks, analysis of essay-2018 paper.

• 1) India: Democracy, administration, Society, culture
• 2) Economy, Development
• 3) Education
• 4) Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics
• 5) Women empowerment
• 6) International issues, Internal Security
• 7) Science-Technology
• On 28th September 2018 , UPSC conducted the Essay paper for the civil services mains examination. Total Marks : 250 marks, Time duration : 3 hours.
• The essay must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided.
• No marks will be given for answers written in medium other than authorized one.
• Word limit, as specified, should be adhered to.
• Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly.

Write any one of the following essay in 1000-1200 words (125 marks)

• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. जलवायु परिवर्तन के प्रति सुनम्य भारत हेतु वैकल्पिक तकनीके.
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. एक अच्छा जीवन प्रेम से प्रेरित तथा ज्ञान से संचालित होता है.
• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. कही पर गरीबी, हर जगह की समृद्धि के लिए खतरा है.
• Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task. भारत के सीमा विवादों का प्रबंधन – एक जटिल कार्य.
• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modem file. रूढिगत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन का मार्गदर्शक नहीं हो सकती है.
• ‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. ‘अतीत’ मानवीय चेतना तथा मूल्यों का एक स्थायी आयाम है.
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both जो समाज अपने सिद्धांतो के ऊपर अपने विशेशाधिकारो को महत्त्व देता है, वह दोनों से हाथ धो बेठता है.
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. यथार्थ आदर्श के अनुरूप नहीं होता है, बल्कि उसकी पुष्टि करता है.

Which essay did you attempt or would have attempted? Share your major keypoints in the comments section!

Do you see any other patterns or connections with current affairs? Do share in the comments section!

Essay-list: Topic wise last 26 years (1993-2018)

Each year, along with essay paper, I also upload topicwise compilation of all essays asked since 1993. However, this time, I’ve further refined the internal classification of the topics. Here it goes:

1 India: Democracy, administration, Society, culture

1.1 india since independence.

• Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s Success? -2013
• In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy -2012
• Dreams which should not let India sleep. -2015
• Why should we be proud of being Indians? -2000
• Whither Indian democracy? -1995
• How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? -2003
• What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. -1997
• What have we gained from our democratic set-up? -2001
• My vision of India in 2001 a.d. -1993

1.2 Federalism, Decentralization

• Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. -2017
• Water disputes between States in federal India. -2016
• Cooperative federalism : Myth or reality. -2016
• Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication -2011
• Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. -2007
• Water resources should be under the control of the central government. -2004
• The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. -1998

1.3 Administration

• How should a civil servant conduct himself? -2003
• Politics without ethics is a disaster. -1995
• The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy -1996
• Need for transparency in public administration -1996
• The country’s need for a better disaster management system. -2000
• Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. -1994

1.4 Judiciary

• We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. -2017
• Justice must reach the poor -2005
• Judicial activism and Indian democracy. -2004
• Judicial activism. -1997

1.5 Poverty, Social Justice

• The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. -2009
• Food security for sustainable national development -2005
• Reservation, politics and empowerment. -1999

1.6 Indian Society, Culture and Values

• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. -2018
• Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? -2000
• Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. -2000
• The composite culture of India. -1998
• The Indian society at the crossroads. -1994
• From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? -2010
• New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion -1996

1.7 Media, TV & Cinema

• Responsibility of media in a democracy. -2002
• Role of media in good governance -2008
• Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? -2011
• How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? -2007
• Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? -2014
• Mass media and cultural invasion. -1999
• The misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. -1998

2 Economy, Development

2.1 growth vs development.

• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. -2018
• Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. -2016
• Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. -2016
• Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. -2016
• Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. -2015
• Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? -2014
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country-2013
• Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? -2015
• Resource management in the Indian context. -1999
• Economic growth without distributive justice is bound to breed violence. -1993

2.2 Environment vs Development

• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. -2018
• Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? -2010
• Urbanisation and its hazards -2008
• Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. -2006
• Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. -1997
• Ecological considerations need not hamper development. -1993
• Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. -2006
• Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs -1994
• Special economic zone: boon or bane -2008
• Is the criticism that the ‘Public-Private-Partnership’ (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified ?-2012

2.4 Sectors of Economy

• Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority of farmers in India. -2017
• BPO boom in India. -2007
• Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? -2014
• Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? -2009

3 Education

3.1 values in education.

• Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. -2017
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil-2015
• Independent thinking should be encouraged right form the childhood. -2007
• Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? -2014
• Irrelevance of the classroom. -2001
• Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? -2014
• Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. -1996
• Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses ? -2008
• What is real education? -2005

3.2 Scheme implementation

• “Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. -2006
• Restructuring of Indian education system. -1995

3.3 Higher education

• Privatization of higher education in India. -2002
• Credit – based higher education system – status , opportunities and challenges -2011

4 Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics

4.1 character, honesty, ethics.

• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modem file. -2018
• Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. -2016
• Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. -2015
• With greater power comes greater responsibility. -2014
• Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. -2014
• Attitude makes, habit makes character and character makes a man. -2007
• He would reigns within himself and folds his passions and desires and fears is more than a king. -1993

4.2 Knowledge

• ‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. -2018
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. -2018
• There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. -2003
• Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. -1995

4.3 Compassion

• Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. -2017
• Compassion is the basic of all morality of the world -1993
• Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. -2015
• Be the change you want to see in others (Gandhi)-2013

4.4 Truth and reality

• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. -2018
• Truth is lived, not taught -1996
• When money speaks, the truth is silent. -1995
• Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. -2002

4.5 Youth, Discipline

• Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin -2008
• Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret -1994
• If youth knew, if age could. -2002
• Youth culture today. -1999
• Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? -2014

4.6 Towards excellence

• Quick but steady wins the race. -2015
• Useless life is an early death. -1994
• Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. -1995
• The paths of glory lead but to the grave. -2002
• The pursuit of excellence. -2001

5 Women empowerment

5.1 @national politics.

• Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. -1997
• Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. -2006
• The new emerging women power: the ground realities. -1995

5.2 @World / Quote type

• If women ruled the world -2005
• The hand that rocks the cradle -2005

5.3 Empowerment overall

• Fulfilment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. -2017
• If development is not engendered, it is endangered. -2016
• Whither women’s emancipation? -2004
• Empowerment alone cannot help our women. -2001
• Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. -1999

5.4 Compared to men

• Woman is god’s best creation. -1998
• Men have failed: let women take over. -1993
• Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal ?-2012

6 International issues, Internal Security

6.1 globalization.

• Geography may remain the same ; history need not. -2010
• Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. -1994
• ‘globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’ -2009
• National identity and patriotism -2008
• Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. -2004
• The masks of new imperialism. -2003
• As civilization advances culture declines. -2003
• The implications of globalization for India. -2000
• My vision of an ideal world order. -2001
• India’s contribution to world wisdom. -1998
• The world of the twenty-first century. -1998
• Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. -2010

6.2 International Org./ Bilateral

• Has the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world ? -2017
• Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities -1996
• The global order: political and economic -1993
• India’s role in promoting ASEAN co-operation. -2004
• Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement -2006

6.3 Security

• Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task. -2018
• In the Indian context , both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism -2011
• Are we a ‘soft’ state ? -2009
• Good fences make good neighbours -2009
• Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? -2007
• Terrorism and world peace -2005
• True religion cannot be misused. -1997

7 Science-Technology

7.1 science and religion.

• Spirituality and scientific temper. -2003
• Science and Mysticism : Are they compatible ?-2012

7.2 Science and Education

• Modern technological education and human values. -2002
• Value-based science and education. -1999
• The march of science and the erosion of human values. -2001

7.3 Computer and internet

• ‘Social media’ is inherently a selfish medium. -2017
• Cyberspace and Internet : Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run -2016
• Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. -2006
• The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. -2000
• Computer: the harbinger of silent revolution. -1993

7.4 Sci-Tech: others

• Technology cannot replace manpower. -2015
• Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation-2013
• The modern doctor and his patients. -1997
• The lure of space. -2004

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28 comments.

Sir.. How to tackle these philosophical qoutes im essay paper.. If not having the same as optional ?

Brother you can use Knowledge of philosophical thinkers and leaders from GS-4 like Plato, Aristotle, Kant etc and add some current issues to correlate your bookish knowledge with practical issues to develop an answer relevant to the topic. Also ensure that you do not deviate from the topic as it will only waste your time and energy without fetching any extra marks.

You don’t need to write the essay with the knowledge of your optional subject. Every topic, whether philosophical or issue-specific, needs to be written from a general point of view- what you think about the topic in question – should be written. Also, multiple dimensions and implications of the topic needs to be addressed – political, social, economic, cultural, environmental, international, etc. This is how you get marks. Not by writing some sophisticated language, or quoting too many thinkers or philosophers (a few can be mentioned but in a general manner). You will get marks by being yourself!

1. There is undercurrent Trend of International Relations Like NAM, Border Disputes Management (Doklam and others and initiatives like connecting North east India with Thailand through Myanmar). 2. Technology was again in question but this time it was not fear of technology rather use of Technology (alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India)

One of the essay in Part-B was a tweet by President Donald Trump

A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both

Section B ne hila ke rkh diya sirr

very good facility

I want to subscribe the mrunal.

Ans of alternative technologies for climate change resilient india

Hindi medium student available are mains and prelims test series pls help and how much charges.

M jst checking…I hope it will b helpful!

Do u have topic wise sorted question papers of mains ( Gs-1,Gs-2,Gs-3,Gs-4) upto 2018.

is this site is not available in hindi?

Was looking for such compilation of precious papers

I want material

Iwant to all the notes for upsc preparation

I want all notes for upsc mains

I wants notes gs ,easy ,

Thank you so much

Very useful sir…… A lot of thank such guidence….. ????

I want this type of notes

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Download : UPSC MAINS ESSAY 2018 Question Paper

Download the Essay Paper Here

Click here for GS Paper 1 | GS Paper 2 | GS Paper 3 | GS Paper 4 | Optionals

UPSC MAINS 2018 ESSAY Question PAPER – CLICK HERE

ESSAY PAPER: UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination – 2018

SECTION – A

Q.1) alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India

Q.2) A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge

Q.3) Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere

Q.4) Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task

SECTION – B

Q.1) Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life

Q.2) “The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values

Q.3) A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both

Q.4) Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it

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CSS English Essay Paper 2018 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2018

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FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BPS – 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2000. CSS ENGLISH ESSAY PAPER 2018

TIME ALLOWED: 3 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100 NOTE: Write a comprehensive and analytical essay on ONE of the following topics:

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CSS Essay Past Papers

Download css past papers for compulsory subject essay from 2000 to 2021 updated. | for more past papers please explore the past papers section..

Writing an essay is a crucial component of the C.S.S. Competitive Examination.

Syllabi for C.S.S. Competitive Examination 2016 & Onwards in its Scheme of CSS Competitive Examination provides the following instructions relating to the Essay Paper: “Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be given.

Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research-based knowledge on a selected topic. Candidate’s articulation, expression, and technical treatment of style of Essay writing is examined.”

Last few years performance of candidates in English Essay paper under CSS Competitive Examination has not been as satisfactory as in other papers. Some of the extracts from the examiners’ reports, highlighting the weaknesses and common mistakes in essay writing, are reproduced below for the general information and guidance of the candidates.

CSS Essay Paper 2000

Css essay paper 2001, css essay paper 2002, css essay paper 2003, css essay paper 2004, css essay paper 2005, css essay paper 2006, css essay paper 2007, css essay paper 2008, css essay paper 2009, css essay paper 2010, css essay paper 2011, css essay paper 2012, css essay paper 2013, css essay paper 2014, css essay paper 2015, css essay paper 2016, css essay paper 2017, css essay paper 2018, css essay paper 2019, css essay paper 2020, css essay paper 2021, please review, search book.

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• UPSC Previous Year Papers

UPSC Previous Year Papers: 2018

UPSC Mains 2019 Paper Discussions:

Significance of UPSC Previous Year Paper

Understanding exam pattern : By going through the previous year's papers, aspirants can understand the exam pattern, question format, and the distribution of marks for different topics. This knowledge helps them tailor their preparation strategy accordingly.

Identifying important topics : Analyzing previous year papers helps candidates identify the recurring themes and important topics that have been frequently asked in the exam. It allows them to prioritize their study areas and focus on high-yield topics.

Practicing time management : Solving previous year papers under timed conditions simulates the actual exam environment and helps aspirants practice time management. This is crucial as the UPSC CSE is known for its lengthy papers and requires candidates to answer a large number of questions in a limited time.

Assessing readiness and performance : Attempting previous year papers allows candidates to assess their preparation level and performance. It helps them identify their strengths and weaknesses, enabling them to work on areas that need improvement.

Enhancing problem-solving skills : The UPSC questions often require critical thinking and analytical skills to answer. Regular practice with previous year papers hones the problem-solving abilities of aspirants and prepares them for the challenging questions in the actual exam.

Gaining familiarity with question types : Going through past papers exposes candidates to a variety of question types, including objective, subjective, and case-study based questions. This familiarity can boost their confidence and reduce anxiety during the actual exam.

Learning from mistakes : Attempting previous year papers allows candidates to learn from their mistakes and avoid repeating them in the actual exam. It is an essential part of the learning process and helps in continuous improvement.

Staying updated with current trends : By analyzing recent UPSC papers, candidates can stay updated with the current trends in the examination, such as the focus on specific topics, changing question patterns, and evolving demands of the syllabus.

Revision and reinforcement : Revisiting previous year papers aids in reinforcing the concepts and information studied during preparation. It helps candidates consolidate their learning and retain the knowledge better.

Boosting confidence : Scoring well in previous year papers gives candidates a sense of confidence and motivation to perform well in the actual exam. It instills belief in their preparation and increases their chances of success.

GS SCORE brings you all GS UPSC previous year questions essential for the examination all in one place for free to help you save time and focus on the preparation rather than going on a paper-finding mission. The UPSC previous year questions have also been segregated year-wise to make it easy for IAS aspirants.

• UPSC IAS Prelims 2018 GS Paper 1 With Solution Download
• UPSC IAS Prelims 2018 Question Paper GS 2 (CSAT) Download
• UPSC IAS Mains 2018 Solved Paper (GS-1) Download
• UPSC IAS Mains 2018 Solved Paper (GS-2) Download
• UPSC IAS Mains 2018 Solved Paper (GS-3) Download
• UPSC IAS Mains 2018 Solved Paper (GS-4) Ethics Download
• UPSC IAS Mains 2018 ESSAY Solved Paper Download

UPSC Previous Year Papers:

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PMS English Essay Past Papers (PDF Download)

Students who are searching for the PMS English Essay Past Papers can download them here in pdf on this website. We have compiled and uploaded past papers of PMS English Essay in pdf format. These PMS English Essay Past Papers will help the students to get good marks. Also, students can get an idea of paper patterns by solving past papers of PMS English Essay. Attempting and scoring well in these PMS English Essay papers will boost a candidate’s confidence and help them point out the important topics from the exam perspective.

Here we have uploaded 10 years of past papers of PMS English Essay – which you can download and read easily.

PMS English Essay Past Papers PDF Download

• PMS English Essay Past Papers Pdf 2022
• PMS English Essay Past Papers Pdf 2021
• PMS English Essay Past Papers Pdf 2020
• PMS English Essay Past Papers Pdf 2018
• PMS English Essay Past Papers Pdf 2016
• PMS English Essay Past Papers Pdf 2015
• PMS English Essay Past Papers Pdf 2011

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NeurIPS 2024, the Thirty-eighth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, will be held at the Vancouver Convention Center

Monday Dec 9 through Sunday Dec 15. Monday is an industry expo.

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The Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation is a non-profit corporation whose purpose is to foster the exchange of research advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, principally by hosting an annual interdisciplinary academic conference with the highest ethical standards for a diverse and inclusive community.

About the Conference

The conference was founded in 1987 and is now a multi-track interdisciplinary annual meeting that includes invited talks, demonstrations, symposia, and oral and poster presentations of refereed papers. Along with the conference is a professional exposition focusing on machine learning in practice, a series of tutorials, and topical workshops that provide a less formal setting for the exchange of ideas.

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Shift: Essays from a Woman in Progress (2018-2024) Kindle Edition

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This document contains links to all of the major / educational papers I have written and posted to Energy Central. I originally posted this document at the end of 2018. This quarterly update is at the end of the fourth quarter (March) of 2024.

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