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Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English for School Students

Essay on chandrayaan 3 for school students: check here 100, 200 words essay on india's latest moon mission chandrayaan 3. students can also use this as a short speech for school assemblies or speech competitions. they, can also check the latest chandrayaan 3 updates to easily edit elements and elongate their essay as per their requirement..

Chandrayaan 3 Essay and Short Speech in English for School Students: Chandrayaan 3 was a gigantic success for India and now its Pragyaan rover has gone to sleep. To commemorate Chandrayaan 3 triumph and the soft landing of Vikram lander on the moon, National Space Day will be celebrated on August 23 every year as announced by PM Modi. Every Indian is proud of the soft landing of Chandrayaan 3 on the moon! In the latest update by ISRO, the propulsion module of Chandrayaan 3 has been brought back into the Earth's orbit.

As per ISRO's other update, t he Rover had completed its assignments and was parked and set into Sleep mode. The Chandrayaan 3 Rover Pragyaan had ramped down from the Lander a while after its landing on August 23rd. Pragyan rover was continuously walking on the moon and sending various details to the ISRO centre.

Related:  Chandrayaan 3: Will Pragyan Rover Wake Up Again? ALL You Need To Know 

In the vast space of our universe, where mythology and science come together so often, Chandrayaan-3 shines brightly as a symbol of India’s astral hope and exploration. It shows India's strong determination to uncover the moon's mysteries. With careful planning and robust designs, Chandrayaan-3 has gotten us closer to landing on the moon and discovering its hidden secrets. In this article, we have provided an essay on Chandrayaan in about 100 and 200 words. Students can easily refer to this essay and come up with their own modifications and tweaks in the essay body. 

Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English

Chandrayaan-3: india's latest lunar mission, chandrayaan 3 details, latest updates and information about chandrayaan 3.

• January 22, 2024

NASA Spacecraft Pings India’s Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon:

• September 22, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Efforts have been made to establish communication with the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover to ascertain their wake-up condition. As of now, no signals have been received from them. Efforts to establish contact will continue. — ISRO (@isro) September 22, 2023

• September 5, 2023

. @NASA 's LRO spacecraft recently imaged the Chandrayaan-3 lander on the Moon’s surface. The ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) Chandrayaan-3 touched down on Aug. 23, 2023, about 600 kilometers from the Moon’s South Pole. MORE >> https://t.co/phmOblRlGO pic.twitter.com/CyhFrnvTjT — NASA Marshall (@NASA_Marshall) September 5, 2023

• September 2, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: The Rover completed its assignments. It is now safely parked and set into Sleep mode. APXS and LIBS payloads are turned off. Data from these payloads is transmitted to the Earth via the Lander. Currently, the battery is fully charged. The solar panel is… — ISRO (@isro) September 2, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: In-situ scientific experiments continue ..... Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) instrument onboard the Rover unambiguously confirms the presence of Sulphur (S) in the lunar surface near the south pole, through first-ever in-situ measurements.… pic.twitter.com/vDQmByWcSL — ISRO (@isro) August 29, 2023

• August 26, 2023: National Space Day on August 23rd, Announced by PM Modi to mark the success of Chandrayaan 3 on the moon.
• Chandrayaan 3 touchdown point on the moon will now be known as Shivshakti.
• Chandrayaan 2 touchdown point on the moon's surface will now be known as Tiranga Point.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Here are the first observations from the ChaSTE payload onboard Vikram Lander. ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment) measures the temperature profile of the lunar topsoil around the pole, to understand the thermal behaviour of the moon's… pic.twitter.com/VZ1cjWHTnd — ISRO (@isro) August 27, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: All planned Rover movements have been verified. The Rover has successfully traversed a distance of about 8 meters. Rover payloads LIBS and APXS are turned ON. All payloads on the propulsion module, lander module, and rover are performing nominally.… — ISRO (@isro) August 25, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Chandrayaan-3 ROVER: Made in India 🇮🇳 Made for the MOON🌖! The Ch-3 Rover ramped down from the Lander and India took a walk on the moon ! More updates soon. #Chandrayaan_3 #Ch3 — ISRO (@isro) August 24, 2023

• August 23, 2023: India's lunar mission Chandrayaan 3 has successfully landed on the south pole of the moon.
• August 20, 2023: The Lander Module is in 25 km x 134 km orbit. Powered descent is expected to commence on August 23, 2023, around 1745 Hrs. IST
• August 19, 2023: The Lander Module is in 113 km x 157 km orbit around the moon. Second de-boosting is planned for August 20, 2023
• August 17, 2023: Lander Module is successfully separated from the Propulsion Module. Deboosting planned for August 18, 2023
• August 16, 2023: The spacecraft is in an orbit of 153 km x 163 km after the firing on August 16, 2023
• August 14, 2023: The mission is in the orbit circularisation phase. The spacecraft is in 151 km x 179 km orbit
• August 09, 2023: Chandrayaan-3's orbit is reduced to 174 km x 1437 km following a manoeuvre performed on August 9, 2023
• July 06, 2023: The launch is scheduled for July 14, 2023, at 14:35 Hrs. IST from the Second Launch Pad, SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan History - Chandrayaan 1, 2 and 3

Is chandrayaan-3 successfully landed on moon.

Yes, Chandrayaan 3 has successfully made a successful landing on the Southern pole of the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 'India🇮🇳, I reached my destination and you too!' : Chandrayaan-3 Chandrayaan-3 has successfully soft-landed on the moon 🌖!. Congratulations, India🇮🇳! #Chandrayaan_3 #Ch3 — ISRO (@isro) August 23, 2023

Chandrayaan 3 Photos and Videos

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 🔍What's new here? Pragyan rover roams around Shiv Shakti Point in pursuit of lunar secrets at the South Pole 🌗! pic.twitter.com/1g5gQsgrjM — ISRO (@isro) August 26, 2023

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Chandrayaan-3: A complete guide to India's third mission to the moon

A rover and lander will together explore the moon's surface.

Chandrayaan-3 mission goals

Chandrayaan-3 science payloads, past chandrayaan missions, lessons learned from failed chandrayaan-2, additional resources.

Chandrayaan-3 is India's next moon mission.

The spacecraft launched to the moon on July 14, 2023, at 5:05 a.m. EDT (0905 GMT or 2:35 p.m. local time July 14) from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India atop the medium-lift Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM3) rocket.

Chandrayaan-3 successfully landed near the moon's south pole on Aug. 23, 2023, at 8:33 a.m. ET (1233 GMT or 6:03 p.m. India Standard Time). 

The mission is managed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). ISRO's roots go back to the beginning of space exploration, as a predecessor agency was set up in 1962 and its first rocket launch was in 1963. ISRO itself was established in 1969.

In June 2023, shortly before the scheduled Chandrayaan-3 launch, India also signed on to the NASA-led Artemis Accords aiming for peaceful human and robotic exploration of the moon. While the immediate benefits of the accords accrue to human spaceflight, according to the White House , the data from Chandrayaan-3 may be useful for future Artemis human landings too.

Related: Every mission to the moon

Chandrayaan-3 costs roughly $77 million USD, according to the Times of India .

The three main objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are to land safely on the surface, to demonstrate rover operations and to perform scientific experiments on site, according to the official website . 

The mission called for a propulsion module to ferry the Chandrayaan-3' Vikram ("valor") lander and the solar-powered rover named Pragyan (Sanskrit for "wisdom") rover together to the south pole of the moon, according to NASA . 

The module then entered lunar orbit and maneuvered into a roughly circular path about 60 miles (100 km) above the surface. Then the lander separated from the module and aimed for a soft landing on the surface, achieving this on Aug. 23, 2023.

The lander and rover will collect science on the surface for 14 Earth days (a single day on the moon), while the propulsion module will gaze at our planet for its own science experiment.

The spacecraft package (rover, lander and propulsion module) includes "advanced technologies" to meet the mission objectives, ISRO says. Examples include hazard detection and avoidance on the rover, a landing leg mechanism to aim for a soft touchdown, and altimeters and velocity instruments to estimate altitude and speed above the moon.

ISRO has performed several technology tests to simulate lunar conditions, the agency emphasized, focusing on matters such as soaking instruments in cold temperatures similar to the moon or doing a lander leg test on a simulated surface under different landing conditions.

Related: ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organization

Science on the Chandrayaan-3 mission is split between the lander, the rover and the propulsion module payload.

"The lander is ... generally box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters," NASA writes of the design . Its approximate 3,900-pound (1,752-kilogram) mass will include 57 pounds (26 kgs) for the rover. 

The lander includes:

• Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure thermal conductivity and temperature on the surface;
• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) to detect moonquakes;
• Langmuir Probe to estimate the density and variation of plasma, or superheated gas, in the moon's environment; 
• A Laser Retroreflector Array (from NASA) to measure distances using laser ranging..

The rover "is a rectangular chassis mounted on a six-wheel rocker-bogie wheel drive assembly," NASA added. The rover sends its communications to Earth through the lander. Rover instruments include:

• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) to look for elements in the lunar soil and rocks;
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) to examine the chemical and elemental composition of the lunar surface.

The propulsion module "is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top ... that acts as a mounting structure for the lander," NASA says. The propulsion module is more than 2.2 tons (2 tonnes in mass.)

The module's single experiment is the Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) investigation that will assist with exoplanet searches. The experiment will "gather data on the polarization of light reflected by Earth so that researchers can look for other planets with similar signatures," according to Nature .

Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the moon. It launched Oct. 22, 2008 from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle rocket. It achieved lunar orbit on Nov. 8. It released a Moon Impact Probe on Nov. 14 that deliberately crashed into the moon later that day. 

Chandrayaan-1 is best known for finding evidence of water ice on the moon. NASA made the announcement on September 2009, based on data collected by the agency's Moon Mineralogy Mapper. The instrument found evidence of hydroxyl (a form of water, hydrogen and oxygen) in the moon's regolith or dust. 

The Moon Impact Probe also found water's signature before impacting the surface, providing a separate set of data. More confirmations came from the Cassini  spacecraft and the Deep Impact  spacecraft's extended EPOXI mission.

Chandrayaan-2 was India's second mission to the moon. It launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket on July 22, 2019. It made it to lunar orbit on Aug. 19, 2019.

On Sept. 6, Chandrayaan-2 released the Vikram moon lander , but mission officials lost contact with it as it was just 1.3 miles (2.1 km) above the surface. Although the lander was lost, the orbiter continues to work well. It carries eight different instruments and continues to send back high-definition imagery of the lunar surface.

Chandrayaan-3 will build upon the "lessons learned" from the unsuccessful landing that took place during Chandrayaan-2, ISRO told the Business Standard .

"With optimized payload configurations, improved lander capabilities, and utilizing existing (spacecraft) resources, the mission is expected to address past challenges," the Business Standard wrote of ISRO's approach to Chandrayaan-3.

For example, Chandrayaan-3 will simplify its mission design to not include an orbiter. The predecessor mission, Chandrayaan-2, will therefore handle all communications to Earth from the propulsion module, the rover and the lander.

The propulsion module ferrying Chandraayan-3 to the moon will also only include a single science instrument, as opposed to Chandrayaan-2's orbiter which carried nine. This will simplify the amount of work the propulsion module performs, allowing engineers to focus on its crucial role in bringing the rover and lander to the moon.

The lander of Chandraayan-3 also includes key upgrades. ISRO stated it will have two "lander hazard detection and avoidance cameras" meant to help the lander avoid obstacles on the surface during the descent. Chandrayaan-2 only carried one such camera, and Chandrayaan-3's cameras aim to be more robust than the predecessor mission.

Read more about Chandraayan-3 on the official ISRO website . NASA has technical details about the mission as well.

Bibliography

The Business Standard. (2023, July 7). "Chandrayaan-3: What is it, and how does it improve on its predecessor?" https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-improve-on-its-predecessor-123070700477_1.html

Padma, T.V. (2023, July 7). "India shoots for the moon with Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander." Nature . https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02217-0

The White House. (2023, June 22.) "Republic of India official state visit to the United States." https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/22/fact-sheet-republic-of-india-official-state-visit-to-the-united-states/

Times of India. (2023, July 6). "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates." http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/101547465.cms

Times of India. (2020, Jan. 2.) "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021." https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms

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Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. She was contributing writer for Space.com for 10 years before joining full-time. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, flying parabolic, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. Her latest book, " Why Am I Taller ?", is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. Elizabeth holds a Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and a Bachelor of History from Canada's Athabasca University. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science at several institutions since 2015; her experience includes developing and teaching an astronomy course at Canada's Algonquin College (with Indigenous content as well) to more than 1,000 students since 2020. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. Mastodon: https://qoto.org/@howellspace

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Chandrayaan-3: All you need to know about the mission and what happens after its successful Moon landing

What is a soft landing, why did india send chandrayaan-3 to the moon's south pole and what happened after the landing was accomplished we explain..

India’s Moon mission Chandrayaan-3 scripted history by successfully landing on the lunar surface at 6:04 pm on August 23. With the Lander accomplishing a ‘soft landing’ on the Moon’s south pole, India becomes the only country to have ever done so. A rover, which is a small vehicle that is meant to move around on the Moon’s surface, then came out of the Lander. On August 24, ISRO released a video of how this happened on X.

… … and here is how the Chandrayaan -3 Rover ramped down from the Lander to the Lunar surface. pic.twitter.com/nEU8s1At0W — ISRO (@isro) August 25, 2023

When Chandrayaan-3 took off for the Moon on July 14, we explained the basics of the mission – how a mission launches into Space, what the Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2 missions were, etc. You can click here to read it . Here, we further explain why a ‘soft landing’ was crucial to the mission, what makes landing on the south pole a difficult feat, and what is to happen after the landing.

What is a soft landing, and why did Chandrayaan-3 land on the south pole?

According to ISRO, the mission’s three objectives were to demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface, to demonstrate a Rover roving on the Moon and to conduct in-situ scientific experiments.

Soft landing simply means landing at a gentle, controlled speed to not sustain damage to a spacecraft. Amitabha Ghosh, a scientist for NASA’s Rover mission to Mars, explained it in The Indian Express thus : “Imagine a spacecraft hurtling through space, at 10 times the speed of an airplane, having to nearly come to a standstill in order to land gently on the Earth — all in a matter of a few minutes and, more importantly, without any human intervention. This, in a nutshell, is a soft landing.”

Doing so showcases a spacecraft’s technical capabilities. The landing site is near the south pole of the moon at 70 degrees latitude.

All of the previous spacecraft to have landed on the Moon have landed in the region near the Moon’s equator, firstly because it is easier and safer here. The terrain and temperature are more conducive for a long and sustained operation of instruments. Sunlight is also present, offering a regular supply of energy to solar-powered instruments.

The polar regions of the Moon, however, are different. Many parts lie in a completely dark region without sunlight, and temperatures can go below 230 degrees Celsius. This creates difficulty in the operation of instruments. In addition, there are large craters all over the place.

As a result, the polar regions of the Moon have remained unexplored. The extremely cold temperatures could mean that anything trapped in the region would remain frozen in time, without undergoing much change. The rocks and soil in Moon’s north and south poles could therefore provide clues to the early Solar System.

Notably, Chandrayaan-2 also planned to land in this region in 2019, but it was not able to accomplish a soft landing and lost contact after it hit the surface.

Why was Chandrayaan-2 unable to land correctly, and what has changed since then?

Subsequent analyses reported that there were both software and hardware problems in 2019’s Chandrayaan-2. Isro chairperson S Somanath recently said the changes to the current mission were “failure-based.” He said, “Instead of a success-based design in Chandrayaan-2, we are doing a failure-based design in Chandrayaan-3 —we are looking at what can go wrong and how to deal with it.” Some of the changes that have been made are :

*Chandrayaan-2 lost control over its descent around 7.2 km from the surface of the Moon. Its communications system relayed data of the loss of control up to around 400 m above the surface. The Lander had slowed down to about 580 km/hr when it crashed.

A Lander does not have wheels; it has stilts, or legs, which are supposed to touch down on the lunar surface, the legs of Chandrayaan-3 have been strengthened to ensure that it would be able to land, and stabilise, even at a speed of 3 m/sec, or 10.8 km/hour.

*The prospective landing site had its range increased, this time. Instead of trying to reach a specific 500mx500m patch for landing as targeted by Chandrayaan-2, the current mission was given instructions to land safely anywhere in a 4kmx2.4km area.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander carried more fuel than Chandrayaan-2. This was done to ensure that the Lander is able to make a last-minute change in its landing site if it needs to.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander has solar panels on four sides, instead of only two in Chandrayaan-2. This was to ensure that the Lander continued to draw solar power, even if it landed in a wrong direction, or tumbled over. At least one or two of its sides would always be facing the Sun, and remain active.

What needed to happen for Chandrayaan-3 to land successfully?

The critical technical manoeuvre that the Chandrayaan-3 Lander had to perform on August 23, when it entered the final 15 minutes of its attempt to make a soft landing on the Moon, was to transfer its high-speed horizontal position to a vertical one — in order to facilitate a gentle descent on to the surface.

After Chandrayaan-2 failed in its soft landing mission, K Sivan, then chairman of ISRO, described this process as “15 minutes of terror” for them. It includes four phases:

1. The Rough Braking phase includes reducing the lander’s horizontal velocity from a range of 1.68 km/sec (more than 6,000 km/h) at a height of 30 km from the lunar surface, to almost zero for a soft landing at the designated site. This has to be done with precision, within certain durations. Read this explainer for a more detailed explanation .

2. At a height of 7.42 km from the surface, the lander is to go into an “attitude hold phase” lasting around 10 seconds, during which it should tilt from a horizontal to a vertical position while covering a distance of 3.48 km.

3. The “fine braking phase” lasts around 175 seconds, during which the lander is to move fully into a vertical position. It is to traverse the final 28.52 km to the landing site, the altitude will come down to 800-1,000 m, and it would reach a nominal speed of 0 m/sec. It was between the “attitude hold phase” and the “fine braking phase” that Chandrayaan-2 lost control and crashed.

4. “Terminal descent” is the final stage, when the spacecraft is supposed to descend totally vertically onto the surface.

And finally, what will happen after Chandrayaan-3’s successful landing on the Moon?

Spacecraft are often carrying certain instruments and experiments with them (called payloads) that observe and record what is happening in Space. This information is then relayed to Earth for scientists to analyse and study.

The six payloads on the Vikram lander and rover Pragyan remain the same as the previous mission. There will be four scientific payloads on the lander to study lunar quakes, thermal properties of the lunar surface, changes in the plasma near the surface, and a passive experiment to help accurately measure the distance between Earth and the Moon. The fourth payload comes from NASA.

There are two payloads on the Rover, designed to study the chemical and mineral composition of the lunar surface and to determine the composition of elements such as magnesium, aluminium and iron in the lunar soil and rocks.

For a detailed analysis of these experiments, and how they build on findings of the previous Chandrayaan missions (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), read our explainer here. 

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August 23, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon

The successful lunar landing of the Chandrayaan-3 mission makes India only the fourth country to achieve the feat

By Jatan Mehta

Onlookers wave Indian flags while watching the launch of the nation’s Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission.

R.SATISH BABU/AFP via Getty Images

BENGALURU, India—Quiet moments of nail-biting tension gave way to cheers of joy in the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) mission control center as the space agency sent its lunar lander—and India—into the annals of history. On August 23 at 12:33 P.M. UTC India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission’s robotic lander, named Vikram, touched down on the moon near its south pole. Launched on July 14, Chandrayaan-3 was the result of ISRO doubling down on its bet on lunar landing after the unfortunate crash of its Chandrayaan-2 mission in 2019. With the spacecraft now safely on the moon, ISRO’s efforts have paid off, and India has become the fourth country to achieve a soft lunar landing, following the former Soviet Union, the U.S. and China.

Chandrayaan-3’s entire lunar descent had to be fully autonomous. During this crucial stage of the mission, signals take about three seconds to go from the lander to Earth and back again—a delay too long for earthbound ISRO engineers to reliably guide the landing. So Vikram’s task was to reduce its high orbital velocity to zero such that it would stay as close to its intended trajectory as possible, all the way until a safe touchdown. To do so, it needed to orchestrate the firing of its engines based on continuous measurements of distance, velocity and orientation.

To stick the landing this time around, ISRO built far more redundancies and safeguards into Chandrayaan-3 than it had for Chandrayaan-2. In an August 5 talk detailing these changes, ISRO’s chief S. Somanath emphasized how Chandrayaan-3 carried more fuel and a better guidance, navigation and control system to correct even major deviations from the intended paths. “There were improvements to 21 subsystems for Chandrayaan-3. These changes have been reinforced by numerous helicopter- and crane-based ground tests,” says Nilesh Desai , director of ISRO’s Space Applications Center (SAC) in Ahmedabad, India.

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Evidently, these improvements have culminated in the triumphant touchdown of Chandrayaan-3. This success wasn’t a given, especially when considering that four out of the previous six lunar landing attempts within the past five years have failed. The latest failure occurred on August 19, when Russia’s Luna-25 spacecraft misfired its engines and crashed into the moon —a brutal reminder that getting to the lunar surface in one piece remains risky. Luna-25 thus joins the ruins of the Israel-based company SpaceIL’s Beresheet , India’s Chandrayaan-2 and the private Japanese firm ispace’s Hakuto-R spacecraft. Thankfully, at least Chandrayaan-3’s outcome has instead followed those of China’s Chang’e 4 and Chang’e 5 landers, the only other recent successes.

“We now have a tremendous responsibility to inspire India and the world at levels no less than this landing,” said Sankaran Muthusamy, director of the U. R. Rao Satellite Center (URSC), the ISRO center that led the construction and integration of the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft and mission.

How Chandrayaan-3 Made It to the Moon

Chandrayaan-3’s about 19-minute-long lunar descent comprised four major phases. The first, the “rough braking” phase, began when the spacecraft was 30 kilometers above the moon in its orbit and about 750 km downrange from its landing site. By firing all of its four 800-newton main engines for about 12 minutes until it was at a 7-km altitude, Chandrayaan-3 reduced its high horizontal velocity of about 1.7 kilometers per second by some 80 percent.

Next came a brief but crucial 10-second “attitude hold” phase, wherein the lander stabilized itself using its eight smaller thrusters to gain a steady view of the looming lunar surface for its various landing sensors .

For height measurements, Chandrayaan-3 relied on two altimeters, one using lasers and the other using microwaves. While laser altimeters are commonly employed by several lunar landers, they can report anomalous heights at times if, say, a lander passes over mountainous terrain or large craters. “Instead the microwave altimeter’s wider footprint allowed Chandrayaan-3 to better tolerate abrupt changes in altitude,” explains Priyanka Mehrotra of SAC, who is lead system designer of Chandrayaan-3’s Ka-Band microwave altimeter.

Where Past Landings Faltered

Chandrayaan-3’s redundant altimetry is especially pertinent because of the role laser altimetry played during the failed April 25 touchdown of ispace’s first lunar lander . As that lander passed over the rim of the Atlas Crater to approach the target landing site that lay within, its laser altimeter correctly reported an increased elevation of roughly 3 km, corresponding to the crater’s depth. But onboard software designed to filter out certain abrupt values to keep the ispace lander’s motion stable rejected the measurement as erroneous. The Japanese lander, thinking it was closer to the surface than it really was, continued decelerating slowly until it ran out of fuel and fell to a ruinous crash landing.

It was during the attitude hold phase that Chandrayaan-2 faltered. Its engines provided a slightly greater thrust than expected because of an inadequately functioning thrust control valve, which accumulated navigation errors over time. ISRO had designed the onboard computer to correct such “off-nominal” paths only after the attitude hold phase ended. But the deviation quickly grew to be so large that the lander couldn’t correct it in time despite its ability to throttle its thrust.

In response, ISRO ensured that Chandrayaan-3 could determine and correct such deviations from its intended trajectory far faster than its failed predecessor. Chandrayaan-3’s lander also used a new instrument called a laser doppler velocimeter (LDV) to navigate more precisely in the first place. “While there are other ways for a lunar lander to measure its velocity, an LDV provides a direct measurement of velocity with respect to the ground, which allows a lander to greatly reduce accumulation of navigation errors,” says William Coogan , lunar lander chief engineer at Firefly Aerospace, a private company that has partnered with NASA via the space agency’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program to deliver science and technology payloads to the moon in 2024 and 2026 ,.

A Fine Hover or Two

After its fraught attitude hold phase, Chandrayaan-3 entered a three-minute “fine braking” phase in which it used only two of its four main engines to descend up to roughly 850 meters above the moon’s surface and briefly hover there. This pause gave the lander a chance to capture pictures of the surface and compare them to preloaded onboard satellite images to determine whether it was above its desired landing region.

“Chandrayaan-3’s target landing zone spans four by 2.5 kilometers. ISRO scientists and engineers divided it into 3,900 equal-sized subsections, meticulously assessed the safety level of each for a landing and loaded it into the lander as reference information,” Desai says. At this point, Chandrayaan-3 must have taken one of these two decisions: If it found itself above this predetermined landing zone, the onboard computer would have identified the safest feasible subsection area, then accordingly proceeded toward touchdown. If Chandrayaan 3 found itself elsewhere, it would have proceeded with an autonomous landing based on self-identified hazards from its imagery instead of the preprogrammed subsection-based landing. Confirmation of which decision was taken will be known after ISRO determines the landing site.

In the final “terminal descent” phase, Chandrayaan-3 lowered itself to about 150 meters above the surface and then hovered again for about half a minute to assess the area below for landing hazards. At this point, since the surface right below the lander didn’t look safe, the lander sought a safer adjacent area and deviated to touchdown there.

“The processing system for hazard avoidance was sped up for Chandrayaan-3 to make the lander’s decision-making during the critical final phases significantly faster than Chandrayaan-2,” says Rinku Agrawal of SAC, who led the team that developed the processing unit of the hazard detection and avoidance system.

“Hazard detection and avoidance allows for a critical divert maneuver if needed during the final moments to ensure a safe touchdown,” says Ander Solorzano , flight director of aerospace company Astrobotic Technology’s first moon landing mission, which will carry NASA CLPS and international payloads.

Finally, on touchdown, sensors on the lander’s legs triggered the shutdown of its main engines. Chandrayaan-3 now stands tall on the moon.

ISRO designed the lander’s legs to absorb most of the mechanical shock from the touchdown. The agency tested the legs on lunar simulant test beds on Earth to ensure that the lander could tolerate a high vertical velocity of three meters per second—and even a horizontal velocity of one meter per second if it were to touch down askew.

“The touchdown was smooth; the vertical velocity was notably less than even the nominal upper bound of 2 meters per second,” said ISRO chief S. Somanath in a post-landing press event.

Chandrayaan-3 landed near the lunar south pole shortly after local sunrise. Doing so maximizes the mission’s surface operations lifetime to an entire period of lunar daylight (14 Earth days) because the lander and the rover it will deploy are both solar-powered. To begin Chandrayaan-3’s surface science mission , Vikram will activate its four onboard instruments and deploy the rover via a ramp to start exploring the geologically rich landing region .

India’s Next Moonshot

Chandrayaan-3 feeds into the global frenzy of sending hardware to the moon, particularly to its south pole. The U.S.’s upcoming Artemis crewed missions, China’s Chang’e robotic craft and the majority of other governmental as well as private endeavors (such as those under NASA’s CLPS program) plan to explore this valuable lunar region. They eventually aim to extract its water ice and other resources to sustain long-duration missions and perhaps even to commercialize aspects of such operations.

It was thus quite the timing when, on June 21, India signed the Artemis Accords , a U.S.-led framework for cooperative lunar exploration. As a signatory, India can now accelerate its lunar endeavors by better collaborating with the U.S. and other signatory nations. Astrobotic CEO John Thornton says, “I’m encouraged by India’s signing of the accords. It’s certainly a signal for extended partnerships and co-developments between the two countries. The more we can do that as a species, the better chance we have of succeeding together.”

For its next moon mission—targeting launch before the end of this decade—India may partner with Japan, another Artemis Accords participant. The pair’s planned LUPEX rover would directly study the nature, abundance and accessibility of water ice on the moon’s south pole and could provide vital data for future crewed missions launched there as part of NASA’s Artemis program. “LUPEX requires a more precise touchdown with a much bigger lander. Chandrayaan-3’s success will act as a stepping stone toward India building LUPEX’s lander and thus playing a key role in the future exploration of our moon,” says S. Megala, deputy director of ISRO’s lunar science and exploration program.

First, however, India’s government must formally approve the nation’s involvement. (Japan has already given the green light for its own contribution.) And in the meantime, Japan will launch another lunar mission of its own: the nation’s Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) is slated for liftoff on August 26, with a goal of lunar touchdown later this year to demonstrate new technologies for precise and affordable moon landings amid complex terrain.

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Chandrayaan - 3 [Latest Updates for UPSC]

India’s third lunar mission, Chandrayaan – 3 made history on August 23, 2023, by successfully achieving a soft landing on the south pole of the moon. With this, India became the first nation to land on the moon’s south pole and the fourth (after Russia, the US and China) to land successfully on Earth’s only natural satellite. In this article, you will learn all you need to know about the Chandrayaan III mission for the UPSC exam . This topic is important for the science and technology segment of the UPSC syllabus.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission

The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) had undertaken two previous missions to the moon, namely, the Chandrayaan I and the Chandrayaan II. Chandrayaan-1 was launched in 2008 and lasted till 2009 after communications to it were lost. The mission, among other things, tested a crash landing on the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-2 , launched in 2019 attempted a soft landing on the moon but failed. The third mission, Chandrayaan-3 took into account the drawbacks and lessons learnt from the second mission and successfully achieved soft landing.

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

• To demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface
• To demonstrate rover roving on the moon
• To conduct in-situ scientific experiments

Chandrayaan III Features

Chandrayaan 3 mission’s lander is named Vikram and the rover Pragyan, like those of the second mission.

• The mission consists of a lander module, a propulsion module, and a rover.
• SHAPE has the objective of exploring exo-planets for habitability by studying reflected light. 
• Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature
• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site
• Langmuir Probe (LP) to estimate the plasma density and its variations
• A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA for lunar laser ranging studies
• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS)
• The advanced technologies present in the payloads help in conducting scientific experiments on the moon.
• The mission’s life is one lunar day or 14 earth days.
• The budget of the Chandrayaan-3 mission is Rs 615 crore.

Chandrayaan 3 Mission Timeline

• Chandrayaan-3 mission took off on July 14, 2023 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, A.P.
• On August 5, the mission entered the lunar orbit.
• On August 17, the lander module separated from the propulsion module.
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site. 
• This process is necessary for the proper landing of the spacecraft.
• On August 23, the lander landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters) on the south pole of the moon.
• On August 24, the rover Pragyan started its exploration.
• Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a scientific method using intense laser pulses to analyse material composition.

How is Chandrayaan 3 Different from Chandrayaan 2?

Many changes and improvements were made to the third lunar mission taking into account the lessons learnt from the failed soft landing mission of Chandrayaan-II. Major changes included strengthening the legs of the lander, enhancing fuel reserves and expanding the landing site. Previously, the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-2 had lost control and communication during descent, which caused it to crash on the moon’s surface. Chandrayaan 3 focused on a failure-based design approach to foresee and prevent potential mishaps.

• The landing area was expanded giving flexibility to soft-land safely within a larger designated region on the surface of the moon.
• Vikram was equipped with more fuel enabling it to travel more towards the landing site.
• Chandrayaan 2 had only two solar panels while Chandrayaan-3 has four.
• The lander’s speed was continuously monitored by an instrument called Laser Doppler Velocimeter onboard the mission that sent laser beams to the lunar surface to calculate the Lander’s speed.

Significance of Lunar South Pole

Previous lunar missions have focused on the equatorial region of the moon owing to its favourable terrain. The south pole region is more challenging compared to the equatorial region. The lack of enough sunlight and extreme cold conditions (up to -230 degrees C) lead to difficulties in instrument operation and sustainability. The polar regions may contain water according to scientists. Also, experts think that the craters in these regions contain fossil records of the early planetary system.

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Chandrayaan 3: Mission Overview, Objectives, Goals, Lunar South Pole Landing, Duration

Chandrayaan 3 is a continuation of the Chandrayaan mission, aiming to demonstrate the complete capability of safe landing and exploration on the lunar surface. It comprises a Lander module, a Rover, and a Propulsion module. 

Working of Chandrayaan 3 

Chandrayaan 3 consists of an indigenous Lander module (LM), a Propulsion module (PM), and a Rover, with the goal of developing and demonstrating new technologies necessary for interplanetary missions.

• The Lander is designed to softly land at a specified lunar site and deploy the Rover, which will conduct in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its mobility. 
• Both the Lander and the Rover carry scientific payloads to perform experiments on the lunar surface. 
• The primary function of the Propulsion module is to transport the LM from launch vehicle injection to the final lunar orbit of 100 km and then separate from the LM. 
• Additionally, the Propulsion module houses a scientific payload for post-separation operation. 
• The GSLV-Mk3 launcher has been selected for Chandrayaan-3, which will place the integrated module in an elliptic parking orbit of approximately 170 x 36,500 km. 

The Propulsion module will transport the Lander and Rover to a lunar orbit of 100 km. 

• It also carries the SHAPE payload, which will study Earth’s spectral and polarimetric measurements from the lunar orbit. 
• The Lander payloads include Chaste for thermal conductivity and temperature measurements, ILSA for seismic activity, LP for plasma density estimation and a passive Laser Retroreflector Array for lunar laser ranging. 
• The Rover payloads consist of APXS and LIBS for analyzing the elemental composition near the landing site.

Mission Objectives of Chandrayaan 3

The mission objectives of Chandrayaan 3 are to demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface, showcase Rover’s mobility on the Moon, and conduct in-situ scientific experiments. 

• To achieve these objectives, the Lander incorporates advanced technologies such as altimeters, velocimeters, inertial measurement systems, propulsion systems, navigation and guidance systems, hazard detection and avoidance systems, and landing leg mechanisms.

Goals of India’s Moon Mission 

• The primary goal of India’s moon missions is to advance lunar exploration. ISRO aims to conduct scientific research and map its surface. 
• The mission consists of three parts: the propulsion module, the lander module and the rover. Each component plays a crucial role in enabling ISRO to accomplish its objectives.

What are Chandrayaan Missions of India 

Chandrayaan missions are specifically designed for lunar exploration. 

• Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, aimed to create a detailed three-dimensional atlas of the Moon’s near and far sides while conducting chemical and mineralogical mapping with high resolution. It made significant discoveries, such as detecting water and hydroxyl on the lunar surface and confirming the presence of ice in the North Polar region.
• Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019, consisted of an Orbiter, Lander and Rover. Although the lander and rover experienced partial success due to the crash on the lunar surface, the Orbiter successfully collected valuable data, including the discovery of water signatures across all latitudes.
• The main objective of Chandrayaan 3 is to demonstrate India’s technical capabilities and achieve a successful soft landing on the moon. This landing requires precise control to bring the spacecraft from high speeds to a gentle touchdown without human intervention. The scientific payloads carried by the lander and rover are similar to those of the previous mission, focusing on studying lunar quakes, thermal properties, plasma changes near the surface and accurately measuring the Earth-moon distance. 

Why was the Lunar South Pole Chosen as the Landing Site of Chandrayaan 3?

The chosen landing site for Chandrayaan 3 is near the lunar south pole, as this region offers unique characteristics for deep space scientific discoveries. 

• It holds promise for studying lunar polar volatiles, which are chemical elements or compounds that melt or evaporate at moderately warm temperatures. 
• Understanding their distribution on the moon, especially elements like Hydrogen and Oxygen, could significantly impact future deep space exploration and reduce reliance on Earth for supplies.

How much time it will take for Chandrayaan 3 to Reach the Moon?

The journey of the lander to the moon is expected to take approximately 42 days. 

After launching into Earth’s orbit, the spacecraft will gradually increase its orbit through a series of maneuvers to escape Earth’s gravity and slingshot toward the moon. Upon reaching close proximity to the moon, the spacecraft will undergo additional maneuvers to reduce its orbit before the lander, carrying the rover, separates from the propulsion module. 

The lander and rover have a mission life of one Lunar Day, equivalent to 14 Earth days, as they cannot withstand the extreme temperatures during lunar nights.

Why is Lunar Exploration so Important for India?

The Moon, being the closest cosmic body to Earth, offers an opportunity for space exploration and scientific discovery. It serves as a testbed for developing technologies essential for future deep-space missions.

ISRO recognizes the moon’s significance as a destination to advance our understanding of space and expand our capabilities in exploring the cosmos.

Is Chandrayaan 3 Launched in India?

Chandrayaan 3 is launched by India. The launch is carried out using the LVM3 vehicle from Sriharikota.

Is Chandrayaan-1 Still Working?

Chandrayaan-1, India’s first lunar mission, operated successfully until August 2009, after which communication was lost. It is no longer working.

Has India Landed on the Moon?

India had not landed a spacecraft on the Moon as of July 2023.

Which Country Successfully Landed on the Moon?

The countries that have successfully landed spacecraft on the Moon are the United States (through the Apollo missions), the Soviet Union (Luna program) and China (Chang’e program).

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GS-III: Science & Technology

• What is the Chandrayaan-3 Mission?

Parts of the Chandrayaan 3 Mission

Timeline of the chandrayaan 3 mission.

• What differentiates Chandrayaan-3 from Chandrayaan-2?
• Chandrayaan-3 vs. Luna-25
• Significance of the Chandrayaan-3 Mission

Way Forward

• FAQs on Chandrayaan-3

Prelims: General Science

Mains:   Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenisation of technology and developing new technology

Chandrayaan-3 Mission is the second attempt of the Indian Space Research Organisation after the Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate the capability of India in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. The Lander Module of Chandrayaan-3 carrying the Lander, Vikram and Rover, Pragyan,  made the historic soft landing on the surface of the Lunar South Pole on August 23, 2023 . Thus, India became the first nation to soft-land on the surface of the Lunar south pole and overall the fourth to do a soft landing anywhere on the Earth’s natural satellite. Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Chandrayaan-3 Mission by using the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (LVM3) on 14th July 2023 from Sriharikota.

With the objective to demonstrate the ability to soft landing and roving as well as to carry out experiments on the lunar surface, the Chandrayaan 3 Mission aims to strengthen India's prowess in space discovery and innovation. Continuing the success of its predecessors (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), the Mission has brought India into the exclusive elite space club.

What is the Chandrayaan 3 Mission?

The Chandrayaan 3 Mission was launched using the LVM3 rocket system. LVM3 is the new launch vehicle of ISRO with the capability to place the modules into the GTO (Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit) in a cost-effective manner. It is a three-stage launch vehicle with two solid strap stages and one core liquid stage. The Launcher, LVM3 M4, placed the integrated Modules in an Elliptic Parking Orbit of size approx. 170 x 36500 km (a GTO).

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

One of the many goals of the Mission is to look for water ice that could support future human life on the Moon and also for supplying propellants for spacecraft in future interplanetary missions. The objectives of the Chandrayaan-3 mission are:

• Safe and Soft Landing on the Lunar Surface by the Lander
• Roving on the Moon by the Rover
• In-situ scientific experiments by the Rover

The Chandrayaan-3 Mission consists of two modules - The propulsion module (PM) and the Lander module (LM). The total mass of both the modules is 3900 kg (Propulsion Module-2148 kg, and Lander Module-1752 kg, including Rover-26 kg).

Propulsion Module

The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration till the 100 km lunar orbit. Other than carrying the Lander Module, it also has a scientific payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE).

• The SHAPE payload will conduct novel spectro-polarimetric studies of Earth from lunar orbit. It will look for smaller planets that could be habitable in the reflected light.

Lander Module

The Lander Module consists of a Lander (Vikram) and a Rover (Pragyan). The Lander Module made the soft landing using the Automatic Landing Sequence (ALS), where the Lander started its engine (thrusters) and maneuvered the speed and direction of the Module as well as the position of the landing site.

After the historic touchdown, the Rover inside it ramped down on the lunar surface to carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its mission life.

• The total lifespan of the Mission (Lander and Rover) is lunar day (14 Earth days).
• Both the Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface.
• The objectives of scientific payloads planned on the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module and Rover are provided below:
• Launched: July 14, 2023
• Inserted into Lunar Orbit: August 05
• Separation of the Lander Module from the Propulsion Module: August 17
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site in the South Polar Region.
• It is required for the proper landing as the speed needed to land is much less than the lander.
• Second Deboosting on August 20
• The targeted site on the Moon was around 70 degrees South near the Southern pole of the Moon.
• If the Lander had missed the target of the commencement of the soft landing, It would have to wait for 1 month.
• It landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters).
• Rover started its exploration on August 24

What differentiates Chandrayaan 3 from Chandrayaan 2?

Chandrayaan-2 failed in the final phase of its mission in 2019 because it could not achieve a soft landing. The main issue for the crash was that the five thrusters on the lander developed a higher velocity than expected. Also, the lander had to take pictures to fix the landing site. All of this made the accumulated errors. Learning from previous experiences, the ISRO had incorporated some advancements to achieve success this time, which are as follows:

“Failure-based design” instead of the "Success-based design":

• The failure-based design means that if everything, including sensors and electronics, had failed, Vikram would still have made the soft landing.
•  This was done by identifying and rectifying all the probable scenarios that could go wrong.
• These included failure of electronics, engine failure, unable to reach the landing spot, sensor failure, algorithm failure, velocity higher than required, etc.

Increase in the landing area:

• The target area of Chandrayaan-3 was kept at 4km x 2.4km area instead of 500m x 500m targeted by Chandrayaan-2 so that the Lander had more options to choose the best target site on its own.

More fuel to Lander:

• It was kept to facilitate the Lander to travel longer distances to the landing site and, if needed, to the alternate landing site.

Help from Chandrayaan-2 orbiter:

• The Chandrayaan-3 mission does not carry an orbiter; it is using the high-resolution images from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.

More robust integrated craft:

• The weight of the payload of Chandrayaan-3 had been kept more than the Chandrayaan-2, with the Lander having most of the extra weight for successful landing.
• The number of thrusters had decreased from five to four with no central thrusters.
• The legs of the Lander were made sturdier to ensure that they could land even at a higher velocity.
• Use of additional solar panels to ensure power generation after a soft landing regardless of the weather on the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3 vs Luna-25

Luna-25, Russia's first lunar mission since 1976, has recently crashed in an attempt to get into the landing orbit. It was targeted to land at the South Pole of the Moon, of particular interest to researchers believing that the polar craters might contain frozen water in their rocks. There are some differences between the Chandrayaan-3 and the Luna-25, which are as follows:

Essay on Chandrayaan-3 in English for Children and Students

10 Lines on Chandrayaan-3

A paragraph on chandrayaan-3, essay on chandrayaan-3 in 100 words, short essay on chandrayaan-3 in 200 words, long essay on chandrayaan-3 in 500 words, facts about chandrayaan 3 , what will your child learn from the chandrayaan-3 essay, latest updates about chandrayaan-3, some important details about chadrayaan-3.

In the story of India’s scientific journeys, the Chandrayaan project stands out brightly, showing the nation’s skill and modern technology. As India keeps growing and showing its strengths in different areas, its work in space research stands tall. A big step in this area is the successful Chandrayaan-3 mission. The “Essay on Chandrayaan 3 in English” tells about India’s exciting trip to the moon and how important it is for our country. It is also a way for the country to share its dream of doing more in space.

This “Chandrayaan-3 essay” is written in simple words for children and students. It helps them learn and understand about this big achievement. Whether you’re studying for class, preparing for a school event, or just curious, this essay will take you on a trip to the moon, showing India’s amazing work in space.

Chandrayaan-3 is like a magical story from India about exploring the moon. For our lower elementary or primary young kids who love tales of stars and the moon, here’s a simple way to learn about it. These “10 lines on Chandrayaan-3 in English” are short and easy, crafted especially for their eager little minds. Let’s start with the “10 lines about Chandrayaan-3” and discover this exciting lunar tale!

• Chandrayaan-3 is the ambitious third lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
• It was launched on 14 July 2023 from a place called Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.
• This mission has 2 parts: a lander named Vikram, and a rover named Pragyan.
• The big goal of Chandrayaan-3 is to land safely on a special part of the Moon called the South Pole.
• The rover, Pragyan, will wander around the Moon, studying its surface and sending information back to us.
• One exciting thing it’s looking for is water ice on the Moon, as well as learning more about the Moon’s rocks and air.
• With Chandrayaan-3, India becomes one of the special countries that have sent a rover to the Moon.
• The whole mission cost about USD 77 million, which is quite a smart way of exploring space without spending too much.
• After the lessons from Chandrayaan-2, India was determined to make Chandrayaan-3 a big success.
• We’re all waiting excitedly because Chandrayaan-3 will land on the Moon around 23 August 2023, making it a special day for India!

For those curious about India’s space journey, here’s a simple “Paragraph on Chandrayaan-3” to enlighten you.

Chandrayaan 3 is one of ISRO’s most celebrated lunar missions. Launched in July 2023, it is the first lunar mission to achieve a soft landing near the lunar south pole. The mission has three main components: an orbiter, a lander called Vikram, and the Pragyan rover. One of its prime goals is to search for water ice on the Moon. Beyond its scientific pursuits, Chandrayaan-3 stands as a testament to India’s determination and capability in space exploration, especially after its experiences with Chandrayaan-2.

Eager to know about India’s lunar journey? Here’s a simple “Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English 100 Words.”

After the successes and challenges of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3 embarks as India’s renewed attempt for lunar exploration. Launched on July 14, 2023, this mission reinforces India’s dedication to demonstrating technological prowess in space. Beyond the mere exploration, its state-of-the-art instruments are set to investigate the lunar soil and provide pivotal data. As it ventures for a soft landing, Chandrayaan-3, if successful, will place India alongside global space giants like the US, Russia, and China. Beyond national pride, this mission signifies India’s undying commitment to contributing significantly to the global space community’s advancements.

Interested in India’s journey to the moon? Read on in this “Short Essay on Chandrayaan-3 for children and students in 200 words.”

Chandrayaan-3, India’s progressive lunar mission, is a testament to the nation’s ambition in space exploration, succeeding its predecessors Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2. Engineered by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) , Chandrayaan-3 seeks a coveted soft landing on the Moon’s cradle, with a rover in tow to conduct insightful experiments and glean indispensable data. The focal point of this mission orbits around delving into the Moon’s geology, mineralogy, and exosphere, thereby enriching our comprehension of its genesis and evolution.

Integral to Chandrayaan-3’s mission is its demonstration of a secure and soft lunar landing, emphasizing the rover’s mobility and its capacity for on-site scientific investigations. Facilitating these objectives, the Lander harbors an array of avant-garde technologies, among which are velocimeters, laser and RF-based altimeters, and an intricate propulsion system. Rigorous tests, notably the Integrated Cold Test and Lander Leg Mechanism Performance Test, have been meticulously undertaken to validate these pioneering technologies under Earth’s conditions.

This mission, Chandrayaan-3, symbolizes India’s unwavering commitment to technological and scientific exploration, aspiring to cement its foothold in the elite space community. More than a testament to India’s capabilities, it’s a beacon, igniting the passions of the younger generation to chase dreams in STEM fields.

Below is a perfect essay on Chandrayaan-3 for School Students:

India continues to make giant strides in space exploration with its third lunar mission, Chandrayaan-3. This ambitious venture is aimed at reinforcing India’s position as a significant player in global space endeavors.

The Chandrayaan Legacy “Chandrayaan” translates to “moon vehicle” in Hindi. The legacy began with Chandrayaan-1, India’s first lunar probe, which orbited the moon in 2008, marking India as the fourth nation to touch the moon’s vicinity. It was followed by Chandrayaan-2 in 2019, an ambitious mission with an orbiter, a lander, and a rover. Despite facing challenges with its landing phase, the orbiter continues to send valuable data back to Earth.

The Chandrayaan-3 Mission’s Architecture

Chandrayaan-3’s design builds on previous missions. Unlike Chandrayaan-2, it concentrates on the lander and rover, utilizing the operational Chandrayaan-2 orbiter for efficient communication.    Chandrayaan-3: A New Hope Continuing the series, Chandrayaan-3 is seen as a beacon of hope and a symbol of India’s technological persistence. It is set to further India’s quest to understand the moon, especially the intriguing South Pole region. With an improved lander design and the Pragyan rover, Chandrayaan-3, unlike its predecessor, will not be accompanied by an orbiter. Instead, it will leverage the still-active orbiter of Chandrayaan-2 for communications.

Key Objectives of Chandrayaan-3 

ISRO has outlined three principal objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission:

• Soft and Safe Landing – The paramount objective is to achieve a gentle and secure touchdown on the moon’s terrain, underscoring India’s progress in space technology.
• Rover Operations – Once on the moon, the Pragyan rover is designed to traverse the challenging terrain, gathering invaluable data about the lunar surface.
• Scientific Exploration – Beyond the engineering feats, the mission will concentrate on scientific investigations of the Moon’s composition, including the study of soil, water, and other elements.

Scientist Behind Chandrayaan-3 

Several eminent scientists and engineers have been instrumental in the conception and realization of Chandrayaan-3:

• S Somnath , ISRO Chairman
• P VeeraMuthuVel, Project Director of Chandrayaan-3
• S Unnikrishnan Nair, Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
• A RajaRajan, Chairman of Launch Authorization Board
• M Sankaran, Director of U R Rao Satellite Centre

Challenges of Chandrayaan-3

• Soft Landing – Achieving this on the rugged lunar South Pole was challenging.
• Rover Navigation – Ensuring the Pragyan rover’s efficient navigation was crucial.
• Space Environment Hazards – Conditions like space weather and micrometeoroid impacts had to be considered.
• Communication – Establishing robust communication using the older orbiter presented challenges.

Launch and Landing of Chandrayaan 3

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) celebrated a significant achievement with the successful launch of Chandrayaan-3 on 14 July 2023 at 2:35 PM from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. This mission epitomizes India’s advancements in space exploration, with the primary objective being to demonstrate a soft and safe landing on the lunar surface. The moment of the launch, at 2:35 PM on 14 July 2023, is now an iconic timestamp in India’s space exploration history. Essays chronicling Chandrayaan-3’s journey will undoubtedly highlight this monumental event

After a month-long voyage through space, Chandrayaan-3 accomplished its monumental landing on the moon on 23 August 2023 at 18:04 Hrs. Those who witnessed it will recall the anticipation as the live telecast of the soft landing began at 17:20 hrs Indian Standard Time on the day. This successful landing solidifies India’s position as a formidable player in space technology and exploration and stands as another sterling achievement in the nation’s space odyssey.

India’s Place in Space Exploration

With the Chandrayaan series, India has unequivocally announced its place in space exploration. Demonstrating frugality without compromising on innovation, these missions stand as testaments to India’s capabilities. Chandrayaan-3 is not just a mission; it’s a symbol of India’s aspirations and technical prowess, and a step towards exploring the mysteries of the cosmos.

Discover the interesting “information about Chandrayaan 3”, showcasing India’s ambitious strides in the vast expanse of space. As you continue, the “must-know facts about Chandrayaan 3” will surely captivate your interest, revealing the brilliance of India’s space journey.

• India’s Unique Imprint – Pragyan, Chandrayaan-3’s rover, will mark the lunar soil with India’s flag and the ISRO emblem, signifying presence on the untouched south pole.
• Low Budget – Costing ₹650 crores ($75 million), Chandrayaan-3 demonstrates India’s economic efficiency in space endeavors, standing in stark contrast to high-budget films and projects worldwide.
• South Pole Pioneer – Chandrayaan-3 has crowned India as the first nation to probe the Moon’s south pole and the fourth overall to achieve a lunar landing.
• Building on Previous Discoveries – Continuing Chandrayaan-1’s legacy, this mission aims to further explore frozen water deposits in the Moon’s colder regions.
• Lander & Rover Legacy – The mission includes a lander, “Vikram”, and a rover, “Pragyan”, named to honor stalwarts of India’s space journey, especially ISRO’s founder, Vikram Sarabhai.

Diving into the Chandrayaan-3 essay, your child will glean insights into India’s remarkable achievements in space exploration, understand the technological advancements and challenges faced, and cultivate a sense of pride in global scientific endeavors. This journey offers a blend of history, science, and inspiration.

Explore this section for Chandrayaan-3 details and the latest updates directly from the Moon.

December 5, 2023

• The Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module takes an alternate route.

September 22, 2023

• The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is currently conducting trials to restore communication with the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover.

September 5, 2023

• NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft has captured images of the Chandrayaan-3 lander situated on the lunar surface.

September 2, 2023

• The lander and rover go into sleep mode, expected to wake up around September 22, 2023.

August 31, 2023

• The Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) records ambient sounds and movements near the landing area, offering a new dimension of lunar exploration.
• The Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere – Lunar Plasma Probe (RAMBHA-LP) records measurements of the near-surface plasma content, enriching the mission’s scientific findings.

August 30, 2023

• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) on the Ch-3 Rover reports the identification of trace elements on the Moon’s surface.

August 29, 2023

• The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announces the discovery of various elements near the South Pole of the Moon, including but not limited to Sulphur, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Chromium, Titanium, Manganese, Silicone, and Oxygen.

August 28, 2023

• Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) unambiguously confirms the presence of Sulphur on the lunar surface through in-situ measurements.

August 27, 2023

• Initial data from the Charge Analyzing System in the Time-Resolved Spectrometer (ChaSTE) payload aboard the Vikram Lander is successfully relayed back.

August 26, 2023

• The touchdown sites for both Chandrayaan 2 and 3 receive names from Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Chandrayaan 3’s site is now known as “Shivshakti,” while Chandrayaan 2’s site will be called “Tiranga Point.”

August 24, 2023

• Celebrating the phrase “Made in India. Made for the MOON,” the Ch-3 Rover successfully dismounts from the Vikram Lander, marking India’s inaugural steps on the Moon.

August 23, 2023

• Chandrayaan-3 completes a successful soft landing on the Moon, sending back the jubilant message: “I reached my destination, and you did too!”
• Prime Minister Modi declares August 23rd as National Space Day, to honor the successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon.

If you’re looking for Chandrayaan-3 details to spice up your essay or speech on Chandrayaan-3 in English, you’re in the right place. We’ve gathered all the cool Chandrayaan-3 information you need to know, from what the mission aims to do to the awesome tech it uses. Let’s explore!”

• Total Propellant Mass – 2145.01 kg, inclusive of all modules
• Communication Setup – Equipped with an S-Band Transponder (TTC) compatible with the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)
• Operational Duration – Designed for a 3 to 6-month mission life, following a launch into an approximate 100 x 100 km lunar orbit.
• Orientation Sensors – Includes CASS, IRAP, and a Micro Star Sensor for accurate orientation control
• Engine System – Features a Bi-Propellant Propulsion System using Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen (MON3)
• Structural Model – Constructed as a modified version of the I-3K spacecraft
• Mass Without Fuel – Weighs 448.62 kg, which includes the pressurant
• Electric Power – Generates 738 Watts, optimized for both Summer Solstices and biased conditions
• Lunar Trajectory – Orbit ranging from 170 x 36500 km in lunar polar regions
• Mission Life Specifics – Carries a Lander Module & Rover up to approximately 100 x 100 km after launch, with subsequent operation of experimental payloads for 3 to 6 months.

1. When did the launch of Chandrayaan-3 take place?

Chandrayaan-3 embarked on its mission on July 14, 2023, lifting off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre situated in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

2. Whom are the Chandrayaan-3 lander and rover named after?

The names of the Chandrayaan-3 lander and rover, Vikram and Pragyan, derive their meanings from Sanskrit, with Vikram signifying valour and Pragyan representing wisdom. Notably, the lander’s name pays homage to Vikram Sarabhai, revered as the pioneer of India’s space program.

3. What are the scientific goals of Chandrayaan-3?

Chandrayaan-3 aims to conduct scientific investigations on the Moon, building upon the achievements of its predecessors. Scientific goals include studying lunar topography, mineral composition, and lunar soil. It also involves exploring specific regions or phenomena on the Moon that were not extensively covered by Chandrayaan-2.

In conclusion, the essay on Chandrayaan-3 for kids serves as a testament to India’s formidable strides in space exploration, illuminating young minds about the nation’s lunar missions. Through this journey, we hope to inspire the next generation of space enthusiasts and dreamers.

References/Resources:

Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ): https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html

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Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English | Best 10 Lines, 150, 250 & 500 Words Essay on Chandrayaan-3

Looking for Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English? Here, you can read 10 Lines, 150, 250 & 500 Words Essay on Chandrayaan-3 for all ages students. Chandrayaan-3, India’s lunar quest, features an orbiter, lander, and rover to unlock the Moon’s secrets. Advancing technology, international collaboration, and educational outreach amplify its scientific significance, embodying India’s space prowess and inspiring future exploration.

Best Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English:

In this article, we’ll discuss about some Essay on Chandrayaan 3 in English, catering to readers of all ages, from brief glimpses for the young to in-depth analyses for seasoned enthusiasts. Join us as we navigate the cosmos, fueled by the curiosity uniting us all.

Short Essay on Chandrayaan 3 (10 Lines)-

Chandrayaan 3, India’s third moon mission, is a space adventure making waves worldwide. Scheduled for liftoff, it aims to unlock lunar secrets. Packed with smart tech, it’s like a cosmic detective sniffing out clues on the moon’s surface.

Scientists are excited – will it find water or hidden wonders? This mission follows its successful predecessors, Chandrayaan 1 and 2, continuing India’s cosmic journey. Imagine a spaceship carrying our hopes, dreams, and discovery payload!

Chandrayaan 3 signifies India’s prowess in space exploration, marking a giant leap in lunar exploration. As it propels towards the moon, our eyes are glued to the sky, eager for the lunar tales it will share.

Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English 150 Words-

Chandrayaan 3, India’s third lunar mission, is like a cosmic detective on a thrilling journey to explore the moon. Packed with super-smart technology, it’s all set to uncover secrets on the lunar surface. Imagine it as a high-tech explorer with special tools to study the moon’s rocks and craters. Following the successful missions of Chandrayaan 1 and 2, this spacecraft is ready to continue India’s space legacy.

Scheduled for liftoff, scientists are excitedly buzzing, wondering what Chandrayaan 3 will discover. They hope it might find water or unveil new mysteries about the moon. This mission is like a space storyteller, bringing back tales from the moon to share with us here on Earth. As Chandrayaan 3 soars into space, it symbolizes India’s dedication to unraveling the wonders of the cosmos, inspiring us all to dream big and reach for the stars.

Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English 250 Words-

Here you can read the Essay on Chandrayaan 3 in English withhin 250 words. Hope you like it.

Introduction:

Chandrayaan 3, India’s third lunar exploration mission, marks a significant step in the country’s space endeavors. Following the success of Chandrayaan 2, this mission aims to unravel the mysteries of the Moon further.

Mission Objectives:

Chandrayaan 3 primarily focuses on enhancing our understanding of the lunar surface. Its objectives include:

• Studying the composition of the Moon.
• Mapping its topography.
• Investigating the presence of water molecules.

These goals align with India’s commitment to advancing scientific knowledge and technological capabilities.

Scientific Instruments:

Equipped with advanced scientific instruments, Chandrayaan 3 will carry payloads to analyze the Moon’s surface. These tools will help scientists gather valuable data about the lunar environment, contributing to global lunar research efforts.

Technological Advancements:

Building on the success of its predecessors, Chandrayaan 3 showcases India’s technological prowess. The mission incorporates innovations in spacecraft design, communication systems, and scientific instrumentation, demonstrating the country’s dedication to pushing the boundaries of space exploration.

International Collaboration:

Chandrayaan 3 fosters collaboration with the global space community. By sharing data and expertise, India aims to contribute to humanity’s collective knowledge about the Moon and create a foundation for future lunar missions.

Inspiring the Next Generation:

Beyond its scientific goals, Chandrayaan 3 is a source of inspiration for the youth. Encouraging students to pursue careers in science and technology, the mission ignites curiosity and fosters a passion for exploration.

Conclusion:

Chandrayaan 3 exemplifies India’s commitment to advancing space exploration. With its scientific objectives, technological advancements, international collaboration, and educational impact, this mission propels India further into cosmic discovery. As the spacecraft embarks on its lunar journey, it symbolizes the nation’s pursuit of knowledge and its role in the global space exploration community.

Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English 500 Words-

Here you can Explore Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English 500 Words. Hope you like it.

Chandrayaan-3 is an exciting space mission that marks India’s relentless pursuit of lunar exploration. Following the success of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has embarked on another mission to unravel the mysteries of the Moon. Let’s delve into the key aspects of Chandrayaan-3 and its significance.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission Objectives:

The primary objective of Chandrayaan-3 is to further enhance our understanding of the Moon by conducting scientific experiments and investigations. The mission aims to build on the achievements of its predecessors, with a focus on advanced lunar exploration and technological advancements.

Key Components of Chandrayaan-3:

• Orbiter Module: The orbiter is a crucial component that orbits the Moon, carrying scientific instruments to study its surface. It plays a vital role in communication with the Earth and other mission modules.
• Lander Module: Like Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3 will feature a lander designed to make a soft landing on the lunar surface. The lander carries payloads for in-situ experiments and provides a platform for scientific observations.
• Rover Module: One of the highlights of Chandrayaan-3 is the inclusion of a rover. The rover is a mobile robotic vehicle equipped with scientific instruments, allowing it to explore the lunar surface, collect samples, and conduct experiments.

Chandrayaan-3 incorporates advancements in technology, showcasing India’s prowess in space exploration. Improved sensors, communication systems, and autonomous navigation capabilities contribute to the mission’s success.

Chandrayaan-3 involves collaboration with international space agencies and institutions in the spirit of global cooperation. This fosters the exchange of knowledge and expertise, enriching the mission’s scientific outcomes.

Scientific Significance:

Chandrayaan-3 addresses unanswered questions about the Moon’s geological and mineralogical composition. By analyzing lunar soil and rocks, scientists hope to gain insights into the Moon’s formation and evolution over time.

Educational Outreach:

To inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers, Chandrayaan-3 includes educational outreach programs. These initiatives aim to engage students in the excitement of space exploration, encouraging them to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).

Challenges and Solutions:

Space missions come with inherent challenges, and Chandrayaan-3 is no exception. Engineers and scientists have worked tirelessly to overcome technical hurdles, ensuring the mission’s success. Learning from past experiences, ISRO has implemented robust measures to address potential issues.

Chandrayaan-3 represents India’s commitment to space exploration and scientific discovery. As the nation eagerly awaits the outcomes of this mission, it serves as a testament to the remarkable progress made by ISRO. Through Chandrayaan-3, India aims to expand our understanding of the Moon and inspire future generations to reach for the stars.

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Chandrayaan-3 success to boost India’s space ambitions, global standing

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WASHINGTON — The technical success of India’s Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander mission could help not just India’s space program but also the country’s standing on the global stage, experts argue.

The Indian space agency ISRO put the Vikram lander into sleep mode late Sept. 3 , shortly before nightfall at its landing site in the south polar regions of the moon. That came after ISRO powered down the Pragyan rover a day earlier. ISRO said it hopes that the lander can be powered back on in late September, after the two-week lunar night, although neither the lander nor the rover are equipped with systems to keep them warm in temperatures that could fall to as low as –190 degrees Celsius.

While Chandrayaan-3 has produced only a modest amount of science, including a handful of images, spectra and other data released by ISRO since its Aug. 23 landing, the successful landing and operation of both Vikram and Pragyan could support future, more ambitious Indian lunar missions.

ISRO hinted at that in one social media post about a final “hop” performed by the lander on Sept. 3, when the lander fired its engines to lift off the lunar surface by about 40 centimeters, landing about 30 to 40 centimeters from its original touchdown site. “Importance? This ‘kick-start’ enthuses future sample return and human missions!” ISRO stated.

ISRO has not announced any formal plans for sample return or other more sophisticated missions. Currently, the only Indian mission formally announced after Chandrayaan-3 is the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission, or LUPEX, a joint mission with Japan that would send an Indian-developed lander back to the south polar region of the moon with a Japanese rover. LUPEX would launch no earlier than the mid-2020s.

Outside experts expect India to pursue more ambitious missions that include sample return and resource utilization. “I believe India is interested in continuing to scale the moon for resources, the next time with a mission to detect helium-3, which has been a long-standing scientific focus of ISRO scientists and others from India’s astrophysics community,” said Namrata Goswami, a professor at the Thunderbird School of Global Management at Arizona State University who studies India’s space program. Helium-3 has long been identified as a potential fuel for nuclear fusion reactors, although such reactors do not yet exist.

“Moving forward, India would aim to develop the capacity for long-term lunar capabilities,” she added, including development of more sophisticated lunar technologies and, eventually, crewed lunar missions. That is one reason, she argued, India signed the U.S.-led Artemis Accords in June as it is “aimed at building a lunar base and support a permanent presence.”

Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, director of the Center for Security, Strategy & Technology at the Observer Research Foundation, an Indian think tank, agreed that India foresees one day sending humans to the moon, but added there is no timetable for doing so. “The successful landing of the Chandrayaan-3 has given hopes for India to do a crewed mission, but the timeline could also be a factor of India’s successful Gaganyaan mission slated for next year.”

Gaganyaan is India’s effort at developing a human orbital spaceflight capability, with ISRO developing a crewed capsule that would be launched on the country’s LVM3 rocket. That program missed its original goal of launching Indian astronauts by the 75 th anniversary of the country’s independence in 2022 but is pushing ahead with a series of uncrewed tests before a crewed launch as soon as late 2024.

Goswami said the success of Chandrayaan-3 should ensure continued backing for Gaganyaan. “The celebration and support that India’s general population offered for India’s moon mission landing means a mission like Gaganyaan, where India will build its indigenous capacity to send Indian citizens to LEO, will have societal support.”

Chandrayaan-3 could also have geopolitical ramifications in the form of giving India “soft power” prestige enabling international cooperation. “The soft power aspects of India’s Chandrayaan-3 are significant,” said Rajagopalan, highlighting the capabilities of ISRO beyond lunar landing to areas like satellite launch. That, she said, “goes a long way in expanding India’s presence in the global commercial space market.”

“All of this expands India’s broader strategic influence as well,” she added.

Goswami providd a similar assessment. “Other nations would see India as a partner of choice as they aim to build their own space ecosystem on a limited budget,” she said. India has previously used its space capabilities along those lines, developing a “South Asia” communications and meteorology satellite that India offered capacity on to several neighboring south Asian countries.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Goswami said, “can now showcase India as a space power that can offer its space capabilities and know-how built on a frugal budget as a model to nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America as part of India’s foreign policy posture.”

Jeff Foust writes about space policy, commercial space, and related topics for SpaceNews. He earned a Ph.D. in planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a bachelor’s degree with honors in geophysics and planetary science... More by Jeff Foust

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Essay On Chandrayaan-3: India’s Third Lunar Exploration Mission

In the realm of space exploration, India has carved out a distinct niche for itself with its Chandrayaan missions. Among these, Chandrayaan-3 stands out as a testament to India’s technological prowess, scientific curiosity, and unwavering commitment to pushing the boundaries of human knowledge. Launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in July 2023, Chandrayaan-3 marks India’s third lunar endeavor and holds the promise of unlocking new frontiers in lunar exploration.

Short Essay & Paragraph About Chandrayaan-3: India’s Third Lunar Exploration Mission

At the heart of Chandrayaan-3 lies a pioneering objective – achieving a safe and precise soft landing on the lunar surface, particularly on the southern polar region. The significance of this endeavor cannot be overstated. The southern polar region of the Moon presents unique challenges and opportunities. It is a region of great scientific interest, believed to hold water ice in permanently shadowed craters. The successful landing and operation of Chandrayaan-3 on this challenging terrain would represent a monumental achievement, adding to our understanding of the Moon’s geology, its evolution, and potentially even its history of water.

One of the primary goals of Chandrayaan-3 is to deploy a rover on the lunar surface for in-situ exploration. This rover will be equipped with instruments to analyze the composition of the lunar soil, map its surface, and conduct experiments that could provide crucial insights into the Moon’s formation and geological processes. However, the significance of the rover extends beyond its scientific pursuits. It is also a symbol of India’s capability to develop and execute intricate technologies required for space exploration.

A crucial focus of Chandrayaan-3 is the search for water ice deposits on the Moon. Water is a precious resource in space exploration, with the potential to support future lunar bases or serve as a propellant for deeper space missions. The discovery of water ice would not only mark a scientific breakthrough but could also pave the way for more sustainable and extended human missions to the Moon and beyond.

The architecture of Chandrayaan-3 is a masterpiece of engineering and innovation. It comprises three key components: a lander module, a rover, and a propulsion module. The propulsion module carries both the lander and the rover to lunar orbit. Upon reaching the Moon, the lander and rover separate from the propulsion module. The lander, equipped with advanced navigation and landing systems, will execute a gentle landing on the Moon’s surface. This complex sequence of events underscores India’s capability to design, develop, and orchestrate a mission of such intricacy.

Chandrayaan-3 is not merely a standalone mission; it represents India’s overarching vision for space exploration. It is a manifestation of ISRO’s commitment to pushing the boundaries of space technology and contributing meaningfully to the global pursuit of knowledge. The success of this mission would not only enhance India’s reputation as a formidable spacefaring nation but would also serve as an inspiration to countless young minds aspiring to venture into the cosmos.

The broader implications of Chandrayaan-3 extend beyond the realm of scientific discovery. They encompass economic growth, technological innovation, and international collaboration. The development and execution of complex space missions like Chandrayaan-3 require the mobilization of vast resources, the collaboration of experts from diverse fields, and the cultivation of cutting-edge technology. Such endeavors stimulate advancements in engineering, materials science, telecommunications, and numerous other disciplines, fostering a culture of innovation and pushing the envelope of human achievement.

In the face of its growing influence in space exploration, India continues to uphold its commitment to inclusivity and cooperation. ISRO’s missions often carry a significant international component, involving collaboration with space agencies and scientific institutions from around the world. Chandrayaan-3, in this context, is not just an Indian endeavor; it is a global exploration effort aimed at unraveling the mysteries of the Moon and enriching our understanding of the cosmos.

In conclusion, Chandrayaan-3 stands as a testament to India’s dedication to scientific advancement and exploration. Its objectives of soft landing, rover deployment, and water ice discovery reflect the intricate nature of lunar exploration and the significance of these pursuits for future space endeavors. As the mission unfolds, it captures the essence of India’s space ambitions – to explore, to innovate, and to contribute to the global journey of discovery. Chandrayaan-3 embodies not only the dreams of a nation but the aspirations of humanity to reach beyond the Earth and explore the celestial wonders that await us.

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Essay on Chandrayaan 3

Today, we are sharing  Essay on Chandrayaan 3 in English.  This article can help students who are looking for information  about Essay on Chandrayaan 3.  This is straightforward and easy to remember. The level of difficulty is moderate, making it accessible for any student to write on this topic.

Essay on Chandrayaan 3 (150-250 words)

Chandrayaan 3 is the third lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). It was launched on 15 July 2023 and successfully touched down on the Moon’s south pole on 23 August 2023, making India the first country to land on the lunar south pole.

The mission consists of a lander, a rover, and an orbiter. The lander, Vikram, will deploy the rover, Pragyan, which will explore the Moon’s surface. The orbiter will orbit the Moon and collect data about the Moon’s atmosphere, surface, and interior.

The main goal of Chandrayaan 3 is to search for water ice on the Moon. Water ice is a valuable resource for future human exploration of the Moon. It can be used for drinking, growing food, and producing fuel. Chandrayaan 3 will also study the Moon’s geology, history, and environment.

The successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 is a major achievement for India’s space program. It is only the fourth country to successfully land a spacecraft on the Moon, and the first to land on the south pole. This accomplishment is a testament to the hard work and dedication of the ISRO team.

The landing of Chandrayaan-3 will allow scientists to study the Moon’s south pole in greater detail. This region is thought to be rich in water ice, which could be a valuable resource for future human exploration of the Moon. The data collected by Chandrayaan-3 will also help scientists to better understand the Moon’s geology, history, and environment.

The successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 is a proud moment for India. It is a testament to the country’s growing capabilities in space exploration. This achievement will inspire future generations of Indian scientists and engineers to dream big and reach for the stars.

The mission is expected to last for one year, and it will provide valuable data that will help scientists to better understand the Moon and its potential for future human exploration. The success of Chandrayaan-3 is a major milestone in India’s space program, and it will help the country to become a leading player in the global space race.

essay on chandrayaan 3 (500 Words)

In addition to the scientific goals of Chandrayaan 3, the mission also has a number of technological objectives. These include testing new technologies for landing and navigation, and developing new ways to communicate with spacecraft in deep space. The success of Chandrayaan 3 will help ISRO to develop even more advanced spacecraft in the future.

The successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 is a major step forward for India’s space program. It is a testament to the country’s growing capabilities in space exploration, and it will help India to become a leading player in the global space race.

The mission is also a symbol of India’s commitment to peaceful space exploration. India has always been a responsible spacefaring nation, and Chandrayaan 3 is a continuation of that tradition. The mission will help to promote international cooperation in space exploration, and it will inspire future generations of scientists and engineers around the world.

I hope this essay has given you a better understanding of Chandrayaan 3 and its significance. It is a truly remarkable achievement, and it is a proud moment for India.

essay on chandrayaan 3 (1000 Words)

Here are some of the scientific objectives of Chandrayaan 3:

• To search for water ice on the Moon.
• To study the Moon’s geology and composition.
• To study the Moon’s atmosphere and environment.
• To study the Moon’s history and evolution.
• To develop new technologies for landing and navigation.
• To develop new ways to communicate with spacecraft in deep space.

The success of Chandrayaan 3 will help India to achieve these objectives and make significant contributions to the field of space exploration. It will also help to inspire future generations of Indian scientists and engineers to pursue careers in space exploration.

The mission is a major milestone in India’s space program, and it is a testament to the country’s growing capabilities in space exploration. It is a proud moment for India, and it will inspire future generations of scientists and engineers around the world.

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Chandrayaan-3

  Syllabus: Science and Technology: Space

  Context: Chandrayaan-3 is India’s upcoming lunar mission, which aims to be the world’s first mission to soft-land near the lunar south pole.

What is Chandrayaan-3 Mission?

Chandrayaan-3 is  India’s third moon mission and is a follow-up of Chandrayaan-2 (2019) which aimed to land a rover on the lunar South Pole . The Mission will have three major modules- the

• Propulsion module ( will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit)
• Lander module (capability to soft land and deploy Rover)
• Rover (will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface)

Challenges of landing on the South Pole:

Previous spacecraft have mostly landed near the equatorial region of the Moon, a few degrees latitude north or south of the lunar equator. Landing near the equator is easier and safer due to the hospitable terrain , smooth surface, absence of steep slopes, and ample sunlight for solar-powered instruments.

The lunar south pole, on the other hand, presents a challenging terrain with extreme temperatures and areas that are in permanent shadow, receiving no sunlight .

Why ISRO wants to explore the Moon’s south pole?

• Exploring and confirming the presence of water is essential for future human missions and the potential utilization of lunar resources.
• Scientific Discoveries: The extreme environment and the presence of permanently shadowed regions provide a preserved record of the Moon’s history and the early Solar System .
• By studying the lunar south pole, scientists can gain insights into the materials and conditions that existed during the formation of the Earth-Moon system.
• Global Collaborations : ISRO-NASA successfully confirmed the presence of water from the data taken by Chandrayaan-1. Indo-Japan collaboration, LUPEX aims to send a lander and rover to the Moon’s south pole around 2024.
• Technological Advancements : By undertaking missions to this region, ISRO can develop and demonstrate innovative technologies for soft landing, navigation, resource utilization, and long-duration operations that can be applied in future space missions.

Comparision of  Chandrayaan-1, 2 and 3

About LVM3:

Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3) (previously known as GSLV-MK III) is a  three-stage launch vehicle  consisting of two solid propellants S200 strap-ons on its sides and a core stage comprising L110 liquid stage and C25 cryogenic stage. The vehicle is also dubbed as  one of the heaviest for its ability to carry satellites up to 8,000 kg.

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The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO

• is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
• made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
• made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit Mars in its very first attempt

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

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Essay on Chandrayaan 3

Students are often asked to write an essay on Chandrayaan 3 in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Chandrayaan 3

Introduction.

Chandrayaan 3 is a mission by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) aiming to land and navigate a rover on the moon. It launched in 2023, carrying a lander called Vikram, a rover called Pragyan, and a propulsion module.

Mission Objectives

The main goal is to safely land Vikram and Pragyan near the Moon’s southern pole, a never-before-explored region. The mission will establish India’s end-to-end landing and roving abilities and contribute valuable scientific data.

Interesting Features

The propulsion module, weighing over 2000 kg, brought the lander and rover into lunar orbit. It also doubles as a communication relay satellite.

Significant Achievements

On August 23, 2023, Chandrayaan 3 successfully landed near the lunar south pole. This achievement marked a historic moment for India and global lunar exploration.

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250 Words Essay on Chandrayaan 3

Chandrayaan 3, an ambitious lunar mission by ISRO, symbolizes India’s pioneering ascendance in space science, aiming to further our understanding of the moon.

Components of the Mission

Comprised of a lander/rover and a propulsion module, Chandrayaan 3’s main objective is to demonstrate end-to-end landing and roving capabilities. The Vikram lander, housing the Pragyan rover, carries essential instruments to conduct comprehensive lunar studies.

Scientific Objectives

Key instrumentation like the Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), aims to measure nuanced thermal properties, providing crucial insight about the moon’s physical characteristics. The lander, hosting passive laser reflector from NASA, is prepared for sophisticated lunar ranging studies, with comprehensive scientific objectives.

Mission Profile

Chandrayaan 3 launched in July 2023, painstakingly maneuvered over 40 days to reach the moon. Significant to note is the landing in the south polar region of the Moon on 23rd August 2023, signifying a technological triumph in executing precise lunar missions.

In conclusion, Chandrayaan 3 projects India’s commanding stature in space exploration, aiming to unearth new lunar truths, hence enhancing our understanding of our celestial neighbours.

MISSION COMPONENTS

Chandrayaan-3 encompasses a lander/rover and a propulsion module. Reflective of its predecessor, Vikram lander, it boasts countless evolutionary improvements contrived to secure a successful landing on the moon’s surface. The propulsion module, akin to a relay satellite, will remain in the lunar orbit, supervising communication channels.

SPACECRAFT & SYSTEMS

The lander and rover collectively weigh around 1749.86 kg, capable of generating 738 W power. These modules are loaded with multiple sensors, promising safe touchdown and navigation for accurate lunar exploration. Their propulsion system uses MMH and MON3 bipropellant to guide the spacecraft meticulously around the moon’s polar orbit.

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

Chandrayaan-3 is not merely a technological marvel but a treasure of scientific knowledge. The lander houses instruments like the Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), and Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA), offering analysts a broad spectrum of lunar data. A passive laser retroreflector from NASA also finds a place onboard for lunar ranging studies.

MISSION PROFILE AND OBJECTIVES

Launched on 14th July 2023 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India, the spacecraft has an elaborate mission profile. It was designed for a series of maneuvers to transition from Earth’s orbit to the Moon. The defining moment of the mission was on 23rd August 2023, a significant date, marking the landing of Chandrayaan-3 in the south polar region of the lunar landscape.

Chandrayaan-3 showcases India’s readiness to tackle complex interplanetary missions and harness the potential mysteries of the galaxies. It demonstrates the ability to carry out in-situ scientific experiments, an achievement that shall reserve the name of India in the annals of space exploration. The accomplishments of Chandrayaan-3 are not just technological victories; they lay the foundation stone for future space research, igniting a new era of lunar exploration.

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100, 200, 300, 350 & 400 Word Essay on Chandrayaan-3 in English & Hindi

Table of Contents

Introduction

Chandrayaan-3 is India’s ambitious lunar mission, following in the footsteps of its predecessors, Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2. Chandrayaan-3 is India’s second attempt to land softly on the Moon. It is a project undertaken by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to land on the moon’s surface and deploy a rover to conduct experiments and gather valuable data. The mission studies the moon’s geology, mineralogy, and exosphere. This will contribute to our understanding of the moon’s origin and evolution. 

250 Words Expository Essay on Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3 is the third lunar exploration mission of India’s space program. It is being jointly developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Russian space agency, Roscosmos. The mission was announced in 2020 and is expected to be launched in 2021. The mission’s primary objective is to perform an unmanned soft landing on the Moon.

The mission will be carried out by the GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle and will include an orbiter, a lander, and a rover. The orbiter will map the lunar surface and study its topography, mineralogy, and exosphere. The lander will deploy the rover, which will explore the lunar surface and search for water and other minerals.

The mission will also carry out various experiments, such as a Raman spectrometer to study the lunar surface composition and mineralogy, a mass spectrometer to analyze the atmosphere, and a neutron spectrometer to search for water and ice. In addition, the mission will also conduct a synthetic aperture radar experiment to map the lunar surface and study its composition.

Chandrayaan-3 is expected to provide valuable data for the scientific community. This will help us understand the Moon’s geology, composition, and environment. It will also be used to study the solar system’s evolution and life’s origin.

Chandrayaan-3 is a significant mission, as it marks the first time India has undertaken a Moon mission. This mission will also be a great opportunity for India to demonstrate its space exploration capabilities. The data and information gathered during the mission will also be used to develop new technologies and create new opportunities for space exploration.

300 Words Argumentative Essay on Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3 is India’s third lunar exploration mission, currently under planning. It is set to launch in 2021 following Chandrayaan-2’s success. The mission aims to explore the moon’s south polar region, which has never been studied before. By doing so, it could potentially uncover new information about the moon’s composition, origin, and past.

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is an ambitious undertaking and has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the moon. It will be the first mission to explore the moon’s south polar region, which is largely unexplored. This region is believed to contain a wealth of minerals, including water and ice, which could support future human exploration. Additionally, the mission could uncover new information about the moon’s past, providing valuable insight into its formation and evolution.

On the other hand, there are also some potential drawbacks to the mission. First, Chandrayaan-3 is a costly endeavor, and success is not guaranteed. It is also unclear how much enlightening information the mission will uncover, as the south-polar region has never been studied before. Finally, the mission could be dangerous for astronauts if they are sent to the moon’s surface, as the area is largely unexplored and could contain unknown risks.

In conclusion, Chandrayaan-3 is an ambitious mission that could revolutionize our moon understanding. It has the potential to uncover new information about the moon’s composition, origin, and past, as well as to provide valuable insight into its formation and evolution. However, it is also an expensive and potentially dangerous endeavor, and its success is not guaranteed. It is imperative to weigh the pros and cons carefully before deciding whether or not to pursue the mission.

350 Words persuasive Essay on Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3, India’s third moon mission, is an exciting prospect for space exploration. It is a mission that will explore the lunar surface for the first time since the Chandrayaan-2 mission in 2019. This mission is set to launch in 2021 and will be a major milestone in India’s space exploration goals.

Chandrayaan-3 will be an ambitious mission that explores the lunar surface in greater detail than ever before. This mission will be the first to deploy a rover on the moon’s surface to collect samples and conduct experiments. Additionally, the mission will deploy an orbiter and a lander to the moon. The orbiter will be equipped with a high-resolution camera and a spectrometer to map the lunar surface and observe the moon’s environment. The lander will be equipped with seismometers and other instruments to measure the moon’s internal structure.

The mission will also focus on finding water evidence on the moon. This is a major goal of Chandrayaan-3, as water is a vital resource for humans on the moon. The mission will also search for minerals that could be used for resource extraction.

Chandrayaan-3 is a crucial mission for India’s space exploration efforts. It will provide a wealth of data that can further our understanding of the moon and its environment. Additionally, the mission will provide valuable insight into the moon’s potential as a resource for human exploration and colonization.

The mission will also be a significant step in India’s space exploration ambitions. As India’s space exploration capabilities expand, Chandrayaan-3 will be a major milestone in this process. The mission will demonstrate India’s ability to explore space on its own and serve as a stepping stone for future missions.

In conclusion, Chandrayaan-3 is an ambitious mission that will explore the moon’s surface and environment in greater detail than ever before. It will be a major milestone in India’s space exploration ambitions and provide valuable data for future missions. The mission will also be a crucial step in India’s space exploration efforts and will demonstrate India’s capabilities in this area

400 Words Descriptive Essay on Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3 is the third mission of India’s lunar exploration program developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The mission is proposed to be launched in 2021 and is expected to land at the Moon’s south pole. This mission is a follow-up mission to Chandrayaan-2 which was launched in July 2019, and will go to the Moon’s surface.

Chandrayaan-3 is designed to land a rover on the lunar surface and explore the region for the mineral and chemical composition of the Moon. The mission will also carry a lander and a rover to the lunar surface. The lander will measure the mineral and chemical composition of the surface. The rover will map the terrain and collect samples for further analysis.

The mission will also be equipped with a variety of instruments and cameras to study the lunar surface and its environment. These instruments will analyze the lunar surface for its composition and characteristics. In addition, they will be used to study the lunar environment and its atmosphere. This data will help us in understanding the origin and evolution of the Moon.

The mission will also carry a variety of payloads including a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), a Lunar Infrared Imaging System (LIRIS), a High-Resolution Camera (HRC), and a Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) system. The SAR will be able to study the Moon’s surface in greater detail and detect the presence of water or ice on the surface. LIRIS will be used to measure the lunar surface temperature and the HRC will be utilized to take high-resolution pictures of the surface. LIBS will analyze the composition of rocks and soils on the lunar surface.

The mission will also conduct experiments on the lunar surface. These experiments will include studies of the lunar environment, the measurement of the Moon’s magnetic field, and the study of the Moon’s gravitational field.

Chandrayaan-3 is an ambitious project and is expected to be a major milestone in India’s space exploration program. The mission is expected to provide valuable data to further understand the Moon’s origin and evolution. The mission will also provide critical data to plan future Moon missions.

Bottom line:

An important development in India’s space exploration program is Chandrayaan-3. The success of Chandrayaan extends beyond scientific breakthroughs to include advantages for the nation’s socioeconomic system. Additionally, it will encourage and inspire the next generation to pursue science and technology.

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Supreme Betrayal

A requiem for Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment

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Produced by ElevenLabs and News Over Audio (NOA) using AI narration.

The Supreme Court of the United States did a grave disservice to both the Constitution and the nation in Trump v. Anderson .

In a stunning disfigurement of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Court impressed upon it an ahistorical misinterpretation that defies both its plain text and its original meaning. Despite disagreement within the Court that led to a 5–4 split among the justices over momentous but tangential issues that it had no need to reach in order to resolve the controversy before it, the Court was disappointingly unanimous in permitting oath-breaking insurrectionists, including former President Donald Trump, to return to power. In doing so, all nine justices denied “We the People” the very power that those who wrote and ratified the Fourteenth Amendment presciently secured to us to save the republic from future insurrectionists—reflecting a lesson hard-learned from the devastation wrought by the Civil War.

Quinta Jurecic: The Supreme Court is not up to the challenge

For a century and a half before the Court’s decision, Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment was the Constitution’s safety net for America’s democracy, promising to automatically disqualify from public office all oath-breaking insurrectionists against the Constitution, deeming them too dangerous to entrust with power unless supermajorities of both houses of Congress formally remove their disability. This provision has been mistakenly described by some as “undemocratic” because it limits who may be elected to particular positions of power. But disqualification is not what is antidemocratic; rather, it is the insurrection that is antidemocratic, as the Constitution emphatically tells us.

In any event, all qualifications for office set by the Constitution limit who may be elected to particular positions of power. And no other of these disqualifications requires congressional legislation to become operative, as the Court now insists this one does. To be sure, the other qualifications—age, residence, natural-born citizenship—appear outside the Fourteenth Amendment, whose fifth section specifically makes congressional action to enforce its provisions available. But no such action is needed to enforce the rights secured to individuals by Section 1 of the same amendment, so deeming congressional action necessary to enforce Section 3 creates a constitutional anomaly in this case that the majority could not and did not explain. For that matter, no other provision of the other two Reconstruction amendments requires congressional enforcement either. As the concurring justices explained, the majority “simply [created] a special rule for the insurrection disability in Section 3.”

That the disqualification clause has not previously been invoked to keep traitors against the Constitution from having a second opportunity to fracture the framework of our republic reflects not its declining relevance but its success at deterring the most dangerous assaults on our government until now. Put simply, far from what some irresponsibly dismiss as an “obscure, almost discarded provision” of our legal and political system, this section of our Constitution has long been among its mightiest pillars, one that the Supreme Court itself has now all but destroyed.

What ought to have been, as a matter of the Constitution’s design and purpose, the climax of the struggle for the survival of America’s democracy and the rule of law instead turned out to be its nadir, delivered by a Court unwilling to perform its duty to interpret the Constitution as written. Desperate to assuage the growing sense that it is but a political instrument, the Court instead cemented that image into history. It did so at what could be the most perilous constitutional and political moment in our country’s history, when the nation and the Constitution needed the Court most—to adjudicate not the politics of law, but the law of the politics that is poisoning the lifeblood of America.

The issues before the Court were not difficult ones under the Constitution. As Chief Justice John Marshall once wrote of a considerably more challenging question, that of the Court’s own role in reviewing the constitutionality of government decisions, this was indeed “a question deeply interesting to the United States; but, happily, not of an intricacy proportional to its interest.” As the extraordinary array of amicus briefs filed in Trump v. Anderson made clear, the voluminous historical scholarship exploring the origins of the disqualification clause and its intended operation left no genuine doubt that the Colorado Supreme Court got it exactly right in its decision explaining why the former president was ineligible to “hold any office, civil or military, under the United States,” certainly including the presidency.

Perhaps some of the justices were untroubled by the consequences of disregarding both that scholarship and the plain language of the disqualification clause. Joining fully in the Court’s anonymous per curiam opinion that states cannot enforce the clause against federal (as opposed to state) officeholders and candidates would presumably have caused those justices no personal discomfort—apart, perhaps, from that of being seen as trying to square the ruling with their ostensible fidelity to textualism and their supposed belief in the binding force of original meaning.

Adam Serwer: The Supreme Court reveals once again the fraud of originalism

For Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, and Ketanji Brown Jackson—who wrote a separate concurrence that in parts read more like a dissent—we can only surmise that any discomfort they felt was outweighed by the extra-constitutional allure of going along with the other justices on the decision’s bottom line and thus enabling the nation’s electorate to work its will, rather than the Constitution’s. Those three justices took the opportunity to distance themselves from at least part of what the Court’s majority did by criticizing its “attempts to insulate all alleged insurrectionists from future challenges to their holding federal office.” Sotomayor, Kagan, and Jackson convincingly dispatched as “inadequately supported as they are gratuitous” the majority’s unnecessary holdings that only Congress can enforce the disqualification clause and that Congress’s implementing legislation must satisfy the majority’s made-up insistence upon “congruence and proportionality.” Those three justices left in tatters much that all the other justices, with the exception of Amy Coney Barrett, wrote about the operation of the disqualification clause against federal officeholders, making plain that the majority’s “musings” simply cannot be reconciled with the Fourteenth Amendment’s language, structure, and history.

For her part, Justice Barrett lectured the country about the “message Americans should take home” from the decision, criticizing the majority for needlessly addressing “the complicated question whether federal legislation is the exclusive vehicle through which Section 3 can be enforced,” while simultaneously criticizing her three separately concurring colleagues for supposedly amplifying “disagreement with stridency,” despite the absence of a single strident word in their clarion warning.

What, then, accounted for the unanimous outcome in this case? All nine justices were persuaded by the appeal of a fatuous argument featured prominently in the briefs supporting the former president—the argument that no single state should be able to disqualify a candidate for the presidency.

But that argument, despite its prominence in many public discussions of this decision, was always utterly empty of constitutional substance. Anyone who knows anything about the United States Constitution and the way the judicial system operates—and that surely includes all nine Supreme Court justices—has to know that a single state could never have rendered a disqualification ruling that would bind the other 49 states, an admittedly untenable result. Here’s how Jason Murray, a counsel for the challengers, put the constitutional answer to that argument when he was pressed on this very question by Justice Kagan:

Ultimately, it’s this Court that’s going to decide that question of federal constitutional eligibility and settle the issue for the nation. And, certainly, it’s not unusual that questions of national importance come up through different states.

Although no justice mentioned this response, nobody should doubt that a state court’s determination of a federal constitutional question—such as Colorado’s that the former president had “engaged in an insurrection or rebellion” against the U.S. Constitution—is subject to review by the Supreme Court. If the Court upholds the state’s disqualification decision, then it will be binding nationwide, in the manner and to the extent decided by the Court. If the state’s disqualification is held to be invalid, then it will be invalid in that state, as well as nationwide. It’s as simple as that.

Nothing about letting an individual state initiate the disqualification process ever threatened to create what the unanimous Court called a “patchwork” of divergent state resolutions of the controlling federal questions of what constitutes a disqualifying “insurrection” and whether the former president had “engaged” in one. From the outset, the hand-wringing about how no state should be empowered to rule over its sister states on the national question as to who might run for president was all smoke and mirrors, manifestly predicated on a demonstrably false premise about the way our judicial system works.

So it’s little surprise that, built on that false premise, the opinion that emerged from the Court’s constitutional confusion was a muddled, nameless per curiam decree palpably contrary to the text, history, and purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment.

For no apparent reason other than to create the impression that it was leaving open the possibility that the former president might yet be disqualified pursuant to congressional legislation, the per curiam opinion went out of its way to mention that Congress, in legislation whose enactment predated Section 3, had indeed “effectively provided an additional procedure for enforcing disqualification” by making “engaging in insurrection or rebellion … a federal crime punishable by disqualification from holding office under the United States”; the opinion also noted that a “successor” to that legislation “remains on the books today.”

Many will no doubt catch the transparent implication that, if the former president or other future insurrectionists permanently escape disqualification, that result will be attributable to whoever controls the Justice Department at any given time, not to any action by the Court. But that intended implication overlooks the point that, were that statute all that mattered, a simple majority of Congress could remove the disqualification penalty from that criminal statute, leaving Section 3 unenforceable again. It also conveniently ignores the fact—not denied even by this majority—that Section 3 was specifically intended and written to make criminal conviction unnecessary for disqualifying an insurrectionist from seeking or holding office in the future.

There is, of course, no possibility whatsoever that the statute, 18 U.S. Code § 2383, will play any role in the former president’s eligibility in this election cycle. And the difficulty of enacting legislation of the sort the majority declared essential makes it exceedingly unlikely that anyone who engages in an insurrection against the U.S. Constitution after taking an oath as an officer to support it will ever be disqualified under the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus, as concurring Justices Sotomayor, Kagan, and Jackson damningly noted, the majority’s gratuitous resolution of “novel constitutional questions” about how Section 3 could be enforced in the future was plainly intended “to insulate this Court and [Trump] from future controversy” while insulating “all alleged insurrectionists from future challenges to their holding federal office.”

George T. Conway III: The Court’s Colorado decision wasn’t about the law

The five-justice majority came to its constitutionally unsupported view that states can disqualify insurrectionists from state, but not federal, office by pronouncing incongruous a conclusion that would find—nestled within a constitutional amendment that generally expanded “‘federal power at the expense of state autonomy’”—anything that would “give States new powers to determine who may hold the Presidency” or indeed any other federal office.

But, as many amicus briefs conclusively demonstrated, the Court’s description of how the Fourteenth Amendment altered the intricate relationship of state and federal powers was an absurdly oversimplified and ahistorical caricature. Among the Court’s most basic errors was that it described this state action to enforce Section 3 as a “new power” requiring an affirmative “delegation”—an explicit assignment of authority—elsewhere in the Constitution. If the Court had to identify such a delegation, which it did not, it need have looked no further than the elections and electors clauses of Articles I and II, respectively, which indisputably assign the determination of presidential qualification and disqualification to the states, at least in the first instance. Instead, the Court dismissed that constitutional assignment out of hand by asserting, with no explanation, that “there is little reason to think that these Clauses implicitly authorize the States to enforce Section 3 against federal officeholders and candidates.” Of course, no explanation could have sufficed, which is why none was offered. Under the Constitution, there is every reason to believe that these clauses in fact do authorize the states to enforce Section 3 against federal officeholders and candidates.

In the end, without even trying to address the compelling analysis of the three-justice concurrence, the majority violated the precept rightly insisted on by Chief Justice John Roberts in objecting to how far the Court had gone in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization two years earlier, which stated that, when “it is not necessary to decide more to dispose of a case, then it is necessary not to decide more.” The three justices—objecting that the Court had departed from that “vital principle” by “deciding not just this case, but challenges that might arise in the future”—quoted Justice Stephen Breyer’s dissent in Bush v. Gore : “What it does today, the Court should have left undone.” “In a sensitive case crying out for judicial restraint,” the concurring justices wrote , the majority simply “abandoned” all restraint.

But whatever praise the three justices deserve for distancing themselves from the majority’s extraordinary overreach, they cannot be excused for joining the majority in holding—wrongly, in light of the Supreme Court’s obvious power and responsibility to ensure uniformity—that the Court’s decision to disempower Colorado from playing its part in the ultimate determination was somehow necessary to prevent the emergence of “a chaotic state-by-state patchwork, at odds with our Nation’s federalism principles.” By insisting that states have no role to play in initiating the disqualification of insurrectionists from federal office even with the Supreme Court sitting to review what each state does so as to ensure nationwide consistency, all nine justices stood federalism on its head.

Whether born of a steeled determination not to disqualify the presumptive Republican nominee from the presidency, or of a debilitating fear of even deciding whether the Constitution disqualifies the presumptive Republican nominee precisely because he is the presumptive Republican nominee, this step that all nine justices took represents a constitutionally unforgivable departure from the fundamental truth of our republic that “no man is above the law.”

Nor can their action be explained, much less justified, by the converse truth that neither is any man beneath the law. If the process Colorado had followed to determine Trump’s disqualification could have been deemed constitutionally inadequate as a foundation for the Supreme Court to have affirmed the ruling of the state’s highest court and applied it to him nationwide, this would be a different case altogether. But nothing any of the justices said even hinted at such inadequacy. On the contrary, the week-long trial by the Colorado state court, which had indisputable jurisdiction to consider the matter, undoubtedly more than satisfied the constitutional requirements for disqualifying the former president under Section 3. At that trial, he was afforded every opportunity to defend himself against the charge that he had personally “engaged” in an “insurrection or rebellion” against the Constitution. Not a single justice suggested that the process was less than what the former president was due. That trial ended in a finding by “clear and convincing evidence” that he had not only engaged in that insurrection but had orchestrated the entire months-long effort to obstruct the joint session’s official proceeding, preventing the peaceful transfer of power for the first time in American history. Not a single justice suggested that a more stringent standard of proof was required or that the courts below applied an insufficiently rigorous definition of insurrection . No justice suggested that the First Amendment or anything else in the Constitution shielded the former president from the reach of Section 3.

Mark A. Graber: Of course presidents are officers of the United States

Nor did any justice offer any other reason to doubt the correctness of the conclusion by both courts below that the former president’s conduct was indeed the paradigm of an insurrection or a rebellion against the Constitution, disqualifying him from the presidency ever again. Nor, finally, is it easy to imagine a more thoroughgoing misinterpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment and scrambling of the division of responsibilities that the amendment carefully assigns. In supposedly following the blueprint of the amendment, which specifically provides a method for oath-breaking insurrectionists to be exempted from Section 3’s disqualification by joint action on the part of two-thirds of both houses of Congress, the Court’s majority decreed that mere inaction by Congress would suffice to lift that disqualification. Thus, by effectively flipping on its head the congressional power to remove disqualification, the Court seized for itself the role that the Fourteenth Amendment expressly and deliberately left to Congress—that of deciding whether a particular oath-breaking insurrectionist poses too little danger to the republic to be permanently barred from holding or seeking public office.

Far from preventing what it sought to depict as state usurpation of a federal responsibility, the Supreme Court itself usurped a congressional responsibility, and it did so in the name of protecting a congressional prerogative, that of enacting enforcement legislation under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Our highest court dramatically and dangerously betrayed its obligation to enforce what once was the Constitution’s safety net for America’s democracy. The Supreme Court has now rendered that safety net a dead letter, effectively rescinding it as if it had never been enacted.