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Applied Research – Types, Methods and Examples

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Applied Research

Definition:

Applied research is a type of scientific inquiry that focuses on developing practical solutions to real-world problems. It involves the use of existing knowledge, theories, and techniques to address specific problems or challenges in a particular field or industry.

Applied research is often conducted in collaboration with industry or government partners, who provide funding and expertise to support the research. The results of applied research are typically intended to be directly applicable to the real world, and may involve the development of new products, technologies, or processes.

Types of Applied Research

Types of Applied Research are as follows:

Action Research

This type of research is designed to solve specific problems within an organization or community. The research involves collaboration between researchers and stakeholders to develop solutions to issues that affect the organization or community.

Evaluation Research

This type of research is used to assess the effectiveness of a particular program, policy, or intervention. Evaluation research is often used in government, healthcare, and social service settings to determine whether programs are meeting their intended goals.

Developmental Research

This type of research is used to develop new products, technologies, or processes. The research may involve the testing of prototypes or the development of new methods for production or delivery.

Diagnostic Research

This type of research is used to identify the causes of problems or issues. Diagnostic research is often used in healthcare, where researchers may investigate the causes of a particular disease or condition.

Policy Research

This type of research is used to inform policy decisions. Policy research may involve analyzing the impact of existing policies or evaluating the potential outcomes of proposed policies.

Predictive Research

This type of research is used to forecast future trends or events. Predictive research is often used in marketing, where researchers may use data analysis to predict consumer behavior or market trends.

Data Collection Methods

In applied research, data collection methods can be broadly classified into two categories: Quantitative and Qualitative methods:

Quantitative Data Collection

Quantitative research methods involve collecting numerical data that can be analyzed statistically. The most commonly used quantitative data collection methods in applied research include:

• Surveys : Surveys are questionnaires designed to collect data from a large sample of people. Surveys can be conducted face-to-face, over the phone, or online.
• Experiments : Experiments involve manipulating variables to test cause-and-effect relationships. Experiments can be conducted in the lab or in the field.
• Observations : Observations involve watching and recording behaviors or events in a systematic way. Observations can be conducted in the lab or in natural settings.
• Secondary data analysis: Secondary data analysis involves analyzing data that has already been collected by someone else. This can include data from government agencies, research institutes, or other sources.

Qualitative Data Collection

Qualitative research methods involve collecting non-numerical data that can be analyzed for themes and patterns. The most commonly used qualitative data collection methods in applied research include:

• Interviews : Interviews involve asking open-ended questions to individuals or groups. Interviews can be conducted in-person, over the phone, or online.
• Focus groups : Focus groups involve a group of people discussing a topic with a moderator. Focus groups can be conducted in-person or online.
• Case studies : Case studies involve in-depth analysis of a single individual, group, or organization.
• Document analysis : Document analysis involves analyzing written or recorded documents to extract data. This can include analyzing written records, audio recordings, or video recordings.

Data Analysis Methods

In applied research, data analysis methods can be broadly classified into two categories: Quantitative and Qualitative methods:

Quantitative Data Analysis

Quantitative data analysis methods involve analyzing numerical data to identify patterns and trends. The most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods in applied research include:

• Descriptive statistics: Descriptive statistics involve summarizing and presenting data using measures such as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation.
• Inferential statistics : Inferential statistics involve testing hypotheses and making predictions about a population based on a sample of data. This includes methods such as t-tests, ANOVA, regression analysis, and correlation analysis.
• Data mining: Data mining involves analyzing large datasets to identify patterns and relationships using machine learning algorithms.

Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative data analysis methods involve analyzing non-numerical data to identify themes and patterns. The most commonly used qualitative data analysis methods in applied research include:

• Content analysis: Content analysis involves analyzing written or recorded data to identify themes and patterns. This includes methods such as thematic analysis, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.
• Grounded theory: Grounded theory involves developing theories and hypotheses based on the analysis of data.
• Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Interpretative phenomenological analysis involves analyzing data to identify the subjective experiences of individuals.
• Case study analysis: Case study analysis involves analyzing a single individual, group, or organization in-depth to identify patterns and themes.

Applied Research Methodology

Applied research methodology refers to the set of procedures, tools, and techniques used to design, conduct, and analyze research studies aimed at solving practical problems in real-world settings. The general steps involved in applied research methodology include:

• Identifying the research problem: The first step in applied research is to identify the problem to be studied. This involves conducting a literature review to identify existing knowledge and gaps in the literature, and to determine the research question.
• Developing a research design : Once the research question has been identified, the next step is to develop a research design. This involves determining the appropriate research method (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods), selecting the data collection methods, and designing the sampling strategy.
• Collecting data: The third step in applied research is to collect data using the selected data collection methods. This can include surveys, interviews, experiments, observations, or a combination of methods.
• Analyzing data : Once the data has been collected, it needs to be analyzed using appropriate data analysis methods. This can include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, content analysis, or other methods, depending on the type of data collected.
• Interpreting and reporting findings : The final step in applied research is to interpret the findings and report the results. This involves drawing conclusions from the data analysis and presenting the findings in a clear and concise manner.

Applications of Applied Research

Some applications of applied research are as follows:

• Product development: Applied research can help companies develop new products or improve existing ones. For example, a company might conduct research to develop a new type of battery that lasts longer or a new type of software that is more efficient.
• Medical research : Applied research can be used to develop new treatments or drugs for diseases. For example, a pharmaceutical company might conduct research to develop a new cancer treatment.
• Environmental research : Applied research can be used to study and address environmental problems such as pollution and climate change. For example, research might be conducted to develop new technologies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Agriculture : Applied research can be used to improve crop yields, develop new varieties of plants, and study the impact of pests and diseases on crops.
• Education : Applied research can be used to study the effectiveness of teaching methods or to develop new teaching strategies.
• Transportation : Applied research can be used to develop new technologies for transportation, such as electric cars or high-speed trains.
• Communication : Applied research can be used to improve communication technologies, such as developing new methods for wireless communication or improving the quality of video calls.

Examples of Applied Research

Here are some real-time examples of applied research:

• COVID-19 Vaccine Development: The development of COVID-19 vaccines is a prime example of applied research. Researchers applied their knowledge of virology and immunology to develop vaccines that could prevent or reduce the severity of COVID-19.
• Autonomous Vehicles : The development of autonomous vehicles involves applied research in areas such as artificial intelligence, computer vision, and robotics. Companies like Tesla, Waymo, and Uber are conducting extensive research to improve their autonomous vehicle technology.
• Renewable Energy : Research is being conducted on renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro power to improve efficiency and reduce costs. This is an example of applied research that aims to solve environmental problems.
• Precision Agriculture : Applied research is being conducted in the field of precision agriculture, which involves using technology to optimize crop yields and reduce waste. This includes research on crop sensors, drones, and data analysis.
• Telemedicine : Telemedicine involves using technology to deliver healthcare remotely. Applied research is being conducted to improve the quality of telemedicine services, such as developing new technologies for remote diagnosis and treatment.
• Cybersecurity : Applied research is being conducted to improve cybersecurity measures and protect against cyber threats. This includes research on encryption, network security, and data protection.

Purpose of Applied Research

The purpose of applied research is to solve practical problems or improve existing products, technologies, or processes. Applied research is focused on specific goals and objectives and is designed to have direct practical applications in the real world. It seeks to address problems and challenges faced by individuals, organizations, or communities and aims to provide solutions that can be implemented in a practical manner.

The primary purpose of applied research is to generate new knowledge that can be used to solve real-world problems or improve the efficiency and effectiveness of existing products, technologies, or processes. Applied research is often conducted in collaboration with industry, government, or non-profit organizations to address practical problems and create innovative solutions.

Applied research is also used to inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based insights into the effectiveness of specific interventions or programs. By conducting research on the impact of policies and programs, decision-makers can make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and prioritize interventions.

Overall, the purpose of applied research is to improve people’s lives by developing practical solutions to real-world problems. It aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and to ensure that research findings are put into action to achieve tangible benefits.

When to use Applied Research

Here are some specific situations when applied research may be appropriate:

• When there is a need to develop a new product : Applied research can be used to develop new products that meet the needs of consumers. For example, a company may conduct research to develop a new type of smartphone with improved features.
• When there is a need to improve an existing product : Applied research can also be used to improve existing products. For example, a company may conduct research to improve the battery life of an existing product.
• When there is a need to solve a practical problem: Applied research can be used to solve practical problems faced by individuals, organizations, or communities. For example, research may be conducted to find solutions to problems related to healthcare, transportation, or environmental issues.
• When there is a need to inform policy decisions: Applied research can be used to inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based insights into the effectiveness of specific interventions or programs.
• When there is a need to improve efficiency and effectiveness: Applied research can be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of processes or systems. For example, research may be conducted to identify ways to streamline manufacturing processes or to improve the delivery of healthcare services.

Characteristics of Applied Research

The following are some of the characteristics of applied research:

• Focus on solving real-world problems : Applied research focuses on addressing specific problems or needs in a practical setting, with the aim of developing solutions that can be implemented in the real world.
• Goal-oriented: A pplied research is goal-oriented, with a specific aim of solving a particular problem or meeting a specific need. The research is usually designed to achieve a specific outcome, such as developing a new product, improving an existing process, or solving a particular issue.
• Practical and relevant: Applied research is practical and relevant to the needs of the industry or field in which it is conducted. It aims to provide practical solutions that can be implemented to improve processes or solve problems.
• Collaborative : Applied research often involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners, such as engineers, scientists, and business professionals. Collaboration allows for the exchange of knowledge and expertise, which can lead to more effective solutions.
• Data-driven: Applied research is data-driven, relying on empirical evidence to support its findings and recommendations. Data collection and analysis are important components of applied research, as they help to identify patterns and trends that can inform decision-making.
• Results-oriented: Applied research is results-oriented, with an emphasis on achieving measurable outcomes. Research findings are often used to inform decisions about product development, process improvement, or policy changes.
• Time-bound : Applied research is often conducted within a specific timeframe, with deadlines for achieving specific outcomes. This helps to ensure that the research stays focused on its goals and that the results are timely and relevant to the needs of the industry or field.

Advantages of Applied Research

Some of the advantages of applied research are as follows:

• Practical solutions: Applied research is focused on developing practical solutions to real-world problems, making it highly relevant to the needs of the industry or field in which it is conducted. The solutions developed through applied research are often highly effective and can be implemented quickly to address specific issues.
• Improved processes: Applied research can help organizations to improve their processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity. The research can identify areas for improvement, such as bottlenecks or inefficiencies, and provide recommendations for optimizing processes.
• Innovation: Applied research can lead to the development of new products, services, and technologies that can transform industries and create new opportunities for growth and innovation. The research can help organizations to identify unmet needs and develop new solutions to meet them.
• Collaboration : Applied research often involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners, leading to the exchange of knowledge and expertise. Collaboration can result in more effective solutions and can help to build partnerships between academia and industry.
• Increased competitiveness : Applied research can help organizations to stay competitive by enabling them to adapt to changing market conditions and customer needs. The research can provide insights into emerging trends and technologies, helping organizations to stay ahead of the curve.
• Economic growth: Applied research can contribute to economic growth by creating new industries and jobs. The research can lead to the development of new technologies and products that can drive economic growth and create new opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation.

Limitations of Applied Research

Some of the limitations of applied research are as follows:

• Limited generalizability: Applied research often focuses on specific contexts and may not be generalizable to other settings. This means that the findings of applied research may not be applicable to other industries, regions, or populations.
• Time and resource constraints: Applied research is often conducted within a specific timeframe and with limited resources. This can limit the scope and depth of the research and may prevent researchers from exploring all possible avenues.
• Potential for bias: Applied research may be influenced by the interests and perspectives of the organization or industry funding the research. This can lead to a bias in the research and potentially compromise the objectivity and validity of the findings.
• Ethical considerations: Applied research may raise ethical concerns, particularly if it involves human subjects or sensitive issues. Researchers must adhere to ethical standards and ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.
• Limited theoretical development: Applied research tends to focus on practical solutions and may not contribute significantly to theoretical development in a particular field. This can limit the broader impact of the research and may hinder the development of new theories and frameworks.
• Limited focus on long-term impact: Applied research often focuses on short-term outcomes, such as developing a new product or improving a process. This may limit the focus on long-term impacts, such as the sustainability of the solution or its broader implications for the industry or society.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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• What is Applied Research? + [Types, Examples & Method]

Every research begins with a clear delineation of the purpose of the investigation as this goes a long way to determine the research process or methodology adopted. In this sense, a researcher may choose to carry out basic research or applied research. 

Applied research is set on providing answers to specific questions in a bid to provide a solution to a defined problem. In this article, we will outline the features of this method of systematic investigation as well as how it differs from other approaches to research. 

What is Applied Research?

Applied research is a type of research design that seeks to solve a specific problem or provide innovative solutions to issues affecting an individual, group or society. It is often referred to as a scientific method of inquiry or contractual research because it involves the practical application of scientific methods to everyday problems. 

When conducting applied research, the researcher takes extra care to identify a problem, develop a research hypothesis and goes ahead to test these hypotheses via an experiment. In many cases, this research approach employs empirical methods in order to solve practical problems. 

Applied research is sometimes considered to be a non-systematic inquiry because  of its direct approach in  seeking a solution to a problem. It is typically a follow-up research design that further investigates the findings of pure or basic research in order to validate these findings and apply them to create innovative solutions.     

Types of Applied Research

There are 3 types of applied research. These are evaluation research, research and development, and action research.

• Evaluation Research

Evaluation research is a type of applied research that analyses existing information about a research subject to arrive at objective research outcomes or reach informed decisions. This type of applied research is mostly applied in business contexts, for example, an organisation may adopt evaluation research to determine how to cut down  overhead costs.

• Research and Development

Research and development is a type of applied research that is focused on developing new products and services based on the needs of target markets. It focuses on gathering information about marketing needs and finding ways to improve on an existing product or create new products that satisfy the identified needs.

• Action Research

Action research is a type of applied research that is set on providing practical solutions to specific business problems by pointing the business in the right directions. Typically, action research is a process of reflective inquiry that is limited to specific contexts and situational in nature.

Examples of Applied Research 

Applied research is relevant in different fields of study; especially science and social science-related fields. Examples of applied research can be seen in medicine, education, business, engineering, psychology and health, and these would be further explicated below. 

Applied Research Example in Business

Applied research is used in business to build knowledge and develop product solutions. It enables organisations to identify the peculiar needs of target markets and this would help them to create different business strategies that would allow them to satisfy these needs. 

In addition, conducting contractual research would help business owners to get insightful feedback on product gaps that may have, otherwise, been ignored. This is a great way to get first-hand information on target market reactions which can inform brand decisions. 

Applied research also helps employers of labour to identify and address the productivity needs of their workforce. For instance, an organization may carry out applied research in order to measure the effectiveness of its recruitment practices or of its organisational structure. 

• Applied research to improve an organization’s hiring process.
• Applied research to improve workplace efficiency and organizational policies.
• Applied research to bridge skill gaps in the workplace.

Applied Research Examples in Education  

In education, applied research is used to test pedagogic processes in order to discover the best teaching and learning methods. It is also used to test educational policies before implementation and to address different issues associated with teaching paradigms and classroom dynamics for a better learning experience. 

Educational applied research attempts solving a problem by gathering data from primary sources using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. This data serves as empirical evidence which is then subjected to rigorous analysis and description in order to arrive at valid conclusions.

The goal of this research methodology is to determine the applicability of educational theory and principles by way of subjecting hypotheses to experimentation within specific settings. Applied research in education is also more utilitarian as it gathers practical evidence that can inform pragmatic solutions to problems. 

Characteristics of Applied Research in Education 

• It clearly highlights generalizations and hypotheses that inform the research findings.
• It relies on empirical evidence.
• It is set at providing solutions to a defined problem.
• It requires accurate observation and description.
• A study into the way to improve teacher-learner classroom engagements.
• A study into the way to improve a school’s readiness for its students.
• A study to build students’ interests in Mathematics.

Applied Research Example in Science

In itself, applied research is a scientific method of investigation because it applies existing scientific knowledge to practical situations. It is useful in different fields including thermodynamics, physics, material sciences and microbiology. 

Examples of applied research in science include the following: 

• Applied research to improve agricultural crop production
• Applied research to treat or cure a specific disease.

Applied Research Examples in Psychology  

There are different reasons psychologists would make use of applied research in the course of their work. In many cases, industrial-psychologists concerned with workplace behavior, human resources and organisational development combine psychological principles with applied research to proffer solutions. 

Examples of applied research in psychology include:

• Applied research to improve workplace commitment by arriving at practical worker-motivation strategies.
• Investigating treatment and management options for anxiety and panic attacks.
• Investigating factors that improve worker’s productivity.

Applied Research Example in Health   

In health and medical sciences, applied research serves as the background to evidence-based and solution-oriented medicine. It effectively merges scientific knowledge and methods with health experiences in order to arrive at accurate and verifiable results; using empirical research data or evidence. 

The adaptation of applied research to medicine is referred to as applied clinical research . Many health and medical practitioners use applied research to measure the extent to which the findings of basic or pure research can be adopted or modified into a solution-oriented approach.

Examples of applied research in health include:

• An investigation to identify the healing properties of a specific herb.
• An investigation to identify the side effects of using a particular drug.

APPLIED RESEARCH METHODS

Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods are used in applied research to gather empirical evidence that is further subjected to experimentation in order to arrive at valid research outcomes. The following are data collection methods in applied research:

An interview is a qualitative method of data collection that involves having a one-on-one interaction or discussion with the research subjects in order to gather relevant information that can serve as empirical data. It can be conducted with the use of an audio recorder, digital camera or camcorder.

Even though it is time-consuming and expensive, interviews allow the researcher to gather the most relevant data which gives him or her in-depth knowledge about the research subjects. An interview may be structured, semi-structured or unstructured; depending on the research purpose. 

• Surveys/Questionnaires

A questionnaire is an instrument that is typically used for quantitative data gathering . It outlines a series of questions relating to the research context and requires the research subjects to choose or provide responses that reflect their knowledge and experiences.

There are different types of questions that can be contained in a questionnaire including rating scale question s, close and open-ended questions and fixed alternatives. You can create and administer your applied research survey using data-collection platforms like Formplus . 

You can also start choosing from our over 200 online survey/questionnaire templates.

Here is a step-by-step guide on  how to create and administer questionnaires for applied research using Formplus

Sign in to Formplus

In the Formplus builder, you can easily create different questionnaires for applied research by dragging and dropping preferred fields into your form. To access the Formplus builder, you will need to create an account on Formplus. 

Once you do this, sign in to your account and click on “Create Form ” to begin.

Edit Form Title

Click on the field provided to input your form title, for example, “Applied Research Questionnaire”.

Click on the edit button to edit the form.

i. Add Fields: Drag and drop preferred form fields into your form in the Formplus builder inputs column. There are several field input options for questionnaires in the Formplus builder. 

ii. Edit fields

iii. Click on “Save”

iv. Preview form. 

Form Customization

With the form customization options in the form builder, you can easily improve on the appearance of your questionnaire and make it more unique and personalized. Formplus allows you to change your form theme, add background images and even change the font according to your needs. 

Multiple Sharing Options

Formplus also provides multiple form sharing options which enables you to easily share your questionnaire with respondents. With the direct social media sharing buttons, you can swiftly share your applied research questionnaire link to your organization’s social media pages. 

You can send out your questionnaire as email invitations to your research subjects too. Formplus also allows you to share your form’s QR code or embed it in your organization’s website for easy access. 

• Data Reporting

The process of gathering useful information about a research subject which can be used for further research. This can be done through not-for-profit reports, newspapers, website articles and hospital records.

It helps you  gather relevant data that results in more insightful decisions.  However, it is susceptible to bias because the information can easily be exaggerated by the individual or group collecting the data. 

• Observation

A type of data gathering method in applied research that requires the researcher to pay close attention to a subject (s) in order to gather useful information about it. Although bias may arise with this method, observation is widely considered as a universally accepted research practice.

Observation helps the researcher to gather empirical data and thus, it is the starting point for the formulation of a hypothesis. There are different techniques for observation including complete observer, complete participant, participant as observer and observer as participant. 

• Focus Groups

A focus group is a type of qualitative data collection process that allows the researcher to gather information about the disposition, feelings and opinions of the research subjects about a specific issue.

Here, the researcher engages a group comprising 6-10 individuals with a range of open-ended questions with the aim of gathering feedback about their emotional disposition to the issue at hand. This method is cost-effective compared to one-on-one interviews, and the information obtained is insightful and detailed. 

How is Applied Research Different from Basic Research?

Applied research and basic research are common methods of inquiry, based on purpose or utility. However, there are key differences between these 2 research approaches and these would be clearly outlined below: 

Applied research is a type of research that is aimed at the practical application of science in order to solve practical problems. On the other hand, basic research is a type of research that is aimed at expanding knowledge rather than solving problems. 

Basic research is theoretical in nature while applied research is practical and descriptive in nature. Basic research explores and generates theories that may be abstract while applied research tests these theories in order to solve a problem. 

Basic research is universal while applied research is limited. Basic research can focus on diverse or multiple contexts while applied research focuses on specific contexts with the aim of providing a solution to an identified problem. 

Applied research is focused on providing answers or solutions to a specific research question while basic research focuses on multiple concepts at the same time in its quest to expand knowledge. 

• Applied research pays attention to external validity while basic research is more focused on internal validity .

Characteristics of Applied Research 

• Applied research is solution-specific and it addresses practical problems. Unlike basic research that is aimed at theorizing and expanding knowledge, applied research focuses on addressing a particular problem using a range of science-based approaches.
• Applied research is descriptive in nature as it arrives at solutions by experimenting on empirical evidence and describing research outcomes.
• Usually, applied research tests theories arrived at by pure research in order to determine the usefulness of these theories in solving practical problems.
• It describes the relationship between research variables by measuring the characteristics of dependent and independent variables.
• Applied research relies on empirical evidence in order to arrive at valid research outcomes.
• It is not theoretical and it is not directly concerned with the expansion of knowledge.
• Applied research is synthetic in nature.
• It is aimed at the cost-effective reduction of social problems.
• Applied research is action-oriented.

Advantages of Applied Research

• Validity: Applied research is unbiased in nature because it tests empirical evidence in order to arrive at valid research outcomes. It employs carefully mapped-out procedures, and this makes it a more valid research approach.
• It is useful in solving specific problems. It helps individuals and organizations to find solutions to specific problems.

Disadvantages of Applied Research 

• It is not flexible in nature as it is restricted to a stipulated deadline.
• Applied research is limited in nature and it cannot be generalized. In other words, the findings from applied research cannot be generalized.

Conclusion 

Applied research is an important research approach because it helps organisations to arrive at practical solutions to specific problems while improving their productivity and output. Unlike basic research that focuses on generating theories that explain phenomena, applied research pays attention to describing empirical evidence with the aim of providing solutions. 

In carrying out applied research, the researcher combines a number of qualitative and quantitative data-gathering methods including questionnaires, observation methods, and interviews. This helps the researcher to gather empirical evidence that is then subjected to experimentation depending on the type of applied research and the overall focus. 

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Applied Research: Definition, Types & Examples

Every research project begins with a clear definition of the investigation’s purpose, which helps to identify the research procedure or approach used. In this sense, a researcher can conduct either basic or applied research.

This research focuses on answering specific questions to solve a specific problem. It tries to identify a solution to a cultural or organizational problem and is often a follow-up research plan for basic or pure research.

In this blog, we will explain the types of applied research and give some examples. But before that, we will go through what it is.

What is applied research?

Applied research is a non-systematic way of finding solutions to specific research problems or issues. These problems or issues can be on an individual, group, or societal level. It is called “non-systematic” because it goes straight to finding solutions.

It is often called a “scientific process” because it uses the available scientific tools and puts them to use to find answers.

Like in regular research, the researcher identifies the problem, makes a hypothesis, and then experiments to test it. It goes deeper into the findings of true or basic research.

LEARN ABOUT:   Research Process Steps

Types of applied research

This research has three types: 

• Evaluation research, 
• Research and Development, and 
• Action research. 

The short versions of each type are explained below:

• Evaluation research

Evaluation research is one type of applied research. It looks at the information on a research subject. This kind of research leads to objective research or helps people make better decisions sooner. Most of the time, evaluation research is used in business settings. 

The organization uses this research to figure out how the overhead costs can be cut down or cut down a lot.

• Research and development

Research and Development is the second type of applied research. Its main goal is to create or design new products, goods, or services that meet the needs of certain markets in society. It finds out what the needs of the market are. It focuses on finding new ways to improve products that already meet an organization’s needs.

• Action research

Action research is the third type of applied research. Action research is a way to learn about things that happen in everyday life and nature. Its goal is to find real-world solutions to business problems by pointing the business in the right direction.

LEARN ABOUT: Action Research

Examples of applied research

Applied study is used in many areas of study and research, from the sciences to the social sciences. We also talk about how it’s used in those fields and give some examples:

• Applied study in business

Applied study in business sectors is fully dependent on their products and services. It helps organizations understand market needs and trends, and then shape their products to fit customers.

Businesses benefit from This research because it allows them to detect gaps in their findings and obtain primary information on target market preferences.

• It can improve hiring.
• It improves work and policy.
• It identifies workplace skill gaps.
• Applied study in education

The applied study is used in the education field to test different ways of teaching and to find better ways of teaching and learning. Before implementing new education policies, they are tested to see how well they work, how they affect teaching, and how the classroom works.

Applied education research uses quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from first-hand sources. This information is then looked at and interpreted differently to generate valuable results or conclusions.

LEARN ABOUT: Qualitative Interview

Most applied research in this field is done to develop and test different ways of doing things by trying them out in different situations. It is based on accurate observations and descriptions of the real world.

• Applied study to understand the reach of online learning initiatives.
• Applied study to promote teacher-student classroom engagement.
• Applied study on the new math program.
• Applied study in science

As already said, applied study is often called a scientific process because it uses the available scientific tools to find answers. It can be used in physics, microbiology, thermodynamics, and other fields.

• The applied study is put into practice to cure a disease.
• The applied study is put into practice to improve agricultural practices.
• The applied study is applied to testing new laboratory equipment.
• Applied study in psychology

Researchers use this research in psychology to figure out how people act at work, how HR works, and how the organization is growing and changing so they can come up with solutions.

It is used a lot in areas where researchers try to figure out how people think and then come up with solutions that fit their behavior best.

• Applied study to figure out new ways to deal with depression.
• Applied study to improve students’ grades by emphasizing practical Education.
• Applied study to create a plan to keep employees coming to work regularly.
• Applied study in health

This research is used to examine new drugs in the medical industry. It combines scientific knowledge and procedures with health experiences to produce evidence-based results.

• Applied study in heart surgery.
• Applied study to determine a drug’s efficacy.
• Applied study on a medicine’s adverse effects.

LEARN ABOUT: Theoretical Research

Applied research is an important way to research because it helps organizations find real-world solutions to specific problems while also increasing their output and productivity. In contrast to basic research, which focuses on making theories that explain things, applied research focuses on describing evidence to find solutions.

In the applied study, the researcher uses qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data, such as questionnaires, interviews, and observation methods. Conducting interviews is one of the examples of qualitative data in education . It helps the researcher collect real-world evidence, which is then tested depending on the type of applied research and the main focus.

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What is Applied Research? Definition, Types, Examples

Appinio Research · 10.01.2024 · 35min read

Ever wondered how groundbreaking solutions to real-world challenges are developed, or how innovations come to life? Applied research holds the key. In this guide, we will delve deep into the world of applied research, uncovering its principles, methodologies, and real-world impact.  From harnessing cutting-edge technology to address healthcare crises to revolutionizing industries through data-driven insights, we'll explore the diverse domains where applied research thrives.

What is Applied Research?

Applied research is a systematic and organized inquiry aimed at solving specific real-world problems or improving existing practices, products, or services. Unlike basic research, which focuses on expanding general knowledge, applied research is all about using existing knowledge to address practical issues.

The primary purpose of applied research is to generate actionable insights and solutions that have a direct impact on practical situations. It seeks to bridge the gap between theory and practice by taking existing knowledge and applying it in real-world contexts. Applied research is driven by the need to address specific challenges, make informed decisions, and drive innovation in various domains.

Importance of Applied Research

Applied research holds immense significance across various fields and industries. Here's a list of reasons why applied research is crucial:

• Problem Solving:  Applied research provides effective solutions to real-world problems, improving processes, products, and services.
• Innovation:  It drives innovation by identifying opportunities for enhancement and developing practical solutions.
• Evidence-Based Decision-Making:  Policymakers and decision-makers rely on applied research findings to make informed choices and shape effective policies.
• Competitive Advantage:  In business, applied research can lead to improved products, increased efficiency, and a competitive edge in the market.
• Social Impact:  Applied research contributes to solving societal issues, from healthcare improvements to environmental sustainability.
• Technological Advancement:  In technology and engineering, it fuels advancements by applying scientific knowledge to practical applications.

Applied Research vs. Basic Research

Applied research differs from basic research in several key ways:

• Objectives:  Applied research aims to address specific practical problems or improve existing processes, while basic research seeks to expand general knowledge.
• Focus:  Applied research focuses on solving real-world challenges, whereas basic research explores fundamental principles and concepts.
• Applicability:  Applied research findings are directly applicable to practical situations, while basic research often lacks immediate practical applications.
• Immediate Impact:  Applied research has a more immediate impact on solving problems and improving practices, whereas basic research may have longer-term or indirect effects on knowledge and innovation.
• Research Questions:  Applied research formulates research questions related to practical issues, while basic research poses questions to explore theoretical or fundamental concepts.

Understanding these distinctions is essential for researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders in various fields, as it guides the choice of research approach and the expected outcomes of a research endeavor.

Types of Applied Research

Applied research encompasses various types, each tailored to specific objectives and domains. Understanding these types is essential for choosing the right approach to address real-world problems effectively. Here are some common types of applied research, each with its distinct focus and methodologies.

Evaluation Research

Purpose:  Evaluation research assesses the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of programs, interventions, or policies. It aims to determine whether these initiatives meet their intended goals and objectives.

Methodology:  Researchers employ a range of quantitative and qualitative methods , including surveys, interviews, observations, and data analysis, to evaluate the outcomes and outcomes of programs or interventions.

Example:  Evaluating the impact of a public health campaign aimed at reducing smoking rates by analyzing pre- and post-campaign survey data on smoking habits and attitudes.

Action Research

Purpose:  Action research focuses on solving practical problems within a specific organizational or community context. It involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners to implement and assess solutions.

Methodology:  Action research is iterative and participatory, with researchers and stakeholders working together to identify problems, develop interventions, and assess their effectiveness. It often involves cycles of planning, action, reflection, and adjustment.

Example:  Teachers collaborating with researchers to improve classroom teaching methods and student outcomes by implementing and refining innovative teaching strategies.

Case Study Research

Purpose:   Case study research investigates a particular individual, organization, or situation in-depth to gain a comprehensive understanding of a specific phenomenon or issue.

Methodology:  Researchers collect and analyze a wealth of data, which may include interviews, documents, observations, and archival records. The goal is to provide a detailed and context-rich description of the case.

Example:  A detailed examination of a successful startup company's growth strategies and challenges, offering insights into factors contributing to its success.

Applied Experimental Research

Purpose:  Applied experimental research seeks to establish causal relationships between variables by manipulating one or more factors and observing their impact on outcomes. It helps determine cause-and-effect relationships in real-world settings.

Methodology:  Researchers conduct controlled experiments, similar to those in basic research, but within practical contexts. They manipulate variables and use statistical analysis to assess their effects on specific outcomes.

Example:  Testing the impact of different website designs on user engagement and conversion rates by randomly assigning visitors to various design versions and measuring their interactions.

Survey Research

Purpose:   Survey research involves collecting data from a sample of individuals or organizations to understand their opinions, attitudes, behaviors, or characteristics. It is commonly used to gather quantitative data on specific topics.

Methodology:  Researchers design surveys with carefully crafted questions and administer them to a representative sample of the target population . Statistical analysis is used to draw conclusions based on survey responses.

Example:  Conducting a national survey to assess public sentiment and preferences on environmental conservation initiatives and policies.

These types of applied research provide a framework for approaching real-world challenges systematically. Researchers can choose the most appropriate type based on their research goals, objectives, and the nature of the problem or phenomenon they seek to address. By selecting the right approach, applied researchers can generate valuable insights and practical solutions in various fields and disciplines.

How to Prepare for Applied Research?

In the preparatory phase of your applied research journey, you'll lay the groundwork for a successful study. This phase involves a series of crucial steps that will shape the direction and ethics of your research project.

Identifying Research Questions

One of the key starting points for any applied research endeavor is identifying the right research questions. Your research questions should be clear, specific, and directly related to the problem or issue you aim to address.

• Engage with Stakeholders:  Reach out to individuals or groups who are affected by or have an interest in the issue you're researching. Their perspectives can help you formulate relevant questions.
• Consider Feasibility:  Ensure that your research questions are feasible within your available resources, including time, budget, and access to data or participants.
• Prioritize Impact:  Focus on questions that have the potential to create meaningful change or provide valuable insights in your chosen field.

Formulating Hypotheses

Hypotheses serve as the guiding stars of your research, providing a clear direction for your investigation. Formulating hypotheses is a critical step that sets the stage for testing and validating your ideas.

• Testable Predictions:  Your hypotheses should be testable and capable of being proven or disproven through empirical research.
• Informed by Literature:  Base your hypotheses on existing knowledge and insights gained from the literature review. They should build upon what is already known and aim to expand that knowledge.
• Clarity and Precision:  Write your hypotheses in a clear and precise manner, specifying the expected relationship or outcome you intend to explore.

Literature Review

Conducting a thorough literature review is like embarking on a treasure hunt through existing knowledge in your field. It's a comprehensive exploration of what other researchers have already discovered and what gaps in knowledge still exist.

• Search Strategies:  Utilize academic databases, journals, books, and credible online sources to search for relevant literature.
• Analyze Existing Research:  Examine the findings, methodologies, and conclusions of previous studies related to your research topic.
• Identify Research Gaps:  Look for areas where current knowledge is insufficient or contradictory. These gaps will be the foundation for your own research.

Data Collection Methods

Selecting the proper data collection methods is crucial to gather the information needed to address your research questions. The choice of methods will depend on the nature of your research and the type of data you require.

• Quantitative vs. Qualitative:  Decide whether you will collect numerical data (quantitative) or focus on descriptive insights and narratives (qualitative).
• Survey Design :  If surveys are part of your data collection plan, carefully design questions that are clear, unbiased, and aligned with your research goals.
• Sampling Strategies:  Determine how you will select participants or data points to ensure representativeness and reliability.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are at the heart of responsible research. Ensuring that your study is conducted ethically and with integrity is paramount.

• Informed Consent:  Obtain informed consent from participants, ensuring they understand the purpose of the research, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time.
• Confidentiality:  Safeguard participants' personal information and ensure their anonymity when reporting findings.
• Minimizing Harm:  Take measures to mitigate any physical or emotional harm that participants may experience during the research process.
• Ethical Reporting:  Accurately represent your research findings, avoiding manipulation or selective reporting that may mislead readers or stakeholders.

By diligently addressing these aspects of research preparation, you are building a solid foundation for your applied research project, setting the stage for effective data collection and meaningful analysis in the subsequent phases of your study.

How to Design Your Research Study?

When it comes to applied research, the design of your study is paramount. It shapes the entire research process, from data collection to analysis and interpretation. In this section, we will explore the various elements that make up the foundation of your research design.

Research Design Types

Your choice of research design is like selecting the blueprint for your research project. Different research design types offer unique advantages and are suited for different research questions. Here are some common research design types:

• Experimental Design :  In this design, researchers manipulate one or more variables to observe their impact on outcomes. It allows for causal inference but may not always be feasible in applied research due to ethical or practical constraints.
• Descriptive Design:  This design aims to describe a phenomenon or population without manipulating variables. It is often used when researchers want to provide a snapshot of a situation or gain insights into a specific context.
• Correlational Design :  In this design, researchers examine relationships between variables without manipulating them. It helps identify associations but does not establish causation.
• Longitudinal Design :   Longitudinal studies involve collecting data from the same subjects over an extended period. They are valuable for tracking changes or developments over time.
• Cross-Sectional Design :  This design involves data collection from a diverse group of subjects at a single point in time. It's helpful in studying differences or variations among groups.

Sampling Methods

Sampling methods determine who or what will be included in your study. The choice of sampling method has a significant impact on the generalizability of your findings. Here are some standard sampling methods:

• Random Sampling:  This method involves selecting participants or data points entirely at random from the population. It ensures every element has an equal chance of being included, which enhances representativeness .
• Stratified Sampling:  In stratified sampling, the population is divided into subgroups or strata, and then random samples are drawn from each stratum. This method ensures that each subgroup is adequately represented.
• Convenience Sampling:  Researchers choose subjects or data points that are readily available and accessible. While convenient, this method may lead to sampling bias as it may not accurately represent the entire population.
• Purposive Sampling:  In purposive sampling, researchers deliberately select specific individuals or groups based on their expertise, experience, or relevance to the research topic. It is often used when seeking specialized knowledge.

Data Collection Tools

Selecting the right data collection tools is essential to gather accurate and relevant information. Your choice of tools will depend on the research design and objectives. Standard data collection tools include:

• Questionnaires and Surveys:  These structured instruments use standardized questions to gather data from participants. They are suitable for collecting large amounts of quantitative data.
• Interviews:   Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. They provide an opportunity to gather in-depth, qualitative insights from participants.
• Observation:  Direct observation involves systematically watching and recording behaviors or events. It's valuable for studying behaviors or phenomena in their natural context.
• Secondary Data :  Researchers can also utilize existing data sources, such as government reports, databases, or historical records, for their research.

Variables and Measurement

Defining variables and choosing appropriate measurement methods is crucial for ensuring the reliability and validity of your research. Variables are characteristics, phenomena, or factors that can change or vary in your study. They can be categorized into:

• Independent Variables:  These are the variables you manipulate or control in your study to observe their effects on other variables.
• Dependent Variables:  These are the variables you measure to assess the impact of the independent variables.

Choosing the right measurement techniques, scales, or instruments is essential to accurately quantify variables and collect valid data. It's crucial to establish clear operational definitions for each variable to ensure consistency in measurement.

Data Analysis Techniques

Once you have collected your data, the next step is to analyze it effectively. Data analysis involves:

• Data Cleaning:  Removing any errors, inconsistencies, or outliers from your dataset to ensure data quality.
• Statistical Analysis :  Depending on your research design and data type, you may use various statistical techniques such as regression analysis , t-tests, ANOVA, or chi-square tests.
• Qualitative Analysis:  For qualitative data, techniques like thematic analysis, content analysis, or discourse analysis help uncover patterns and themes.
• Data Visualization:  Using graphs, charts, and visual representations to present your data effectively.

Selecting the appropriate analysis techniques depends on your research questions, data type, and objectives. Proper data analysis is crucial for drawing meaningful conclusions and insights from your research.

With a solid understanding of research design, sampling methods, data collection tools, variables, and measurement, you are well-equipped to embark on your applied research journey. These elements lay the groundwork for collecting valuable data and conducting meaningful analyses in the subsequent phases of your study.

How to Conduct Applied Research?

Now that you've prepared and designed your research study, it's time to delve into the practical aspects of conducting applied research. This phase involves the execution of your research plan, from collecting data to drawing meaningful conclusions. Let's explore the critical components in this stage.

Data Collection Phase

The data collection phase is where your research plan comes to life. It's a crucial step that requires precision and attention to detail to ensure the quality and reliability of your data.

• Implement Data Collection Methods:   Execute the data collection methods you've chosen, whether they involve surveys, interviews, observations, or the analysis of existing datasets.
• Maintain Consistency:  Ensure that data collection is carried out consistently according to your research design and protocols. Minimize any variations or deviations that may introduce bias .
• Document the Process:  Keep thorough records of the data collection process. Note any challenges, unexpected occurrences, or deviations from your original plan. Documentation is essential for transparency and replication.
• Quality Assurance:  Continuously monitor the quality of the data you collect. Check for errors, missing information, or outliers. Implement data validation and cleaning procedures to address any issues promptly.
• Participant Engagement:  If your research involves human participants, maintain open and respectful communication with them. Address any questions or concerns and ensure participants' comfort and willingness to participate.

Data Analysis Phase

Once you've collected your data, it's time to make sense of the information you've gathered. The data analysis phase involves transforming raw data into meaningful insights and patterns.

• Data Preparation:  Start by organizing and cleaning your data. This includes dealing with missing values, outliers, and ensuring data consistency.
• Selecting Analysis Methods:  Depending on your research design and data type, choose the appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis methods. Common techniques include regression analysis , content analysis, or thematic coding .
• Conducting Analysis:  Perform the chosen analysis systematically and according to established protocols. Ensure that your analysis is reproducible by documenting every step.
• Interpreting Results:  Interpretation involves making sense of your findings in the context of your research questions and hypotheses. Consider the statistical significance of the results and any practical implications they may have.
• Visualization:  Create visual representations of your data, such as graphs, charts, or tables, to convey your findings effectively. Visualizations make complex data more accessible to a broader audience.

Interpretation of Results

Interpreting research results is a critical step that bridges the gap between data analysis and drawing conclusions. This process involves making sense of the patterns and insights that emerge from your analysis.

• Relate to Hypotheses:  Determine whether your results support or refute your hypotheses. Be prepared to explain any unexpected findings.
• Contextualize Findings:  Consider the broader context in which your research takes place. How do your results fit into the larger body of knowledge in your field?
• Identify Patterns :  Highlight significant trends, correlations, or relationships you've uncovered. Discuss their practical implications and relevance.
• Acknowledge Limitations:  Be transparent about any limitations in your study that may affect the interpretation of results. This includes sample size, data quality, and potential biases.

Drawing Conclusions

Drawing conclusions is the ultimate goal of your research. It involves synthesizing your findings and answering the research questions you initially posed.

• Answer Research Questions:  Explicitly address the research questions you formulated at the beginning of your study. State whether your findings confirm or challenge your initial hypotheses.
• Highlight Insights:  Emphasize the key insights and contributions of your research. Discuss the practical implications of your findings and their relevance to the field.
• Recommend Actions:  Based on your conclusions, suggest practical steps, recommendations, or future research directions. How can your research contribute to addressing the problem or challenge you investigated?
• Consider Implications:  Reflect on the broader implications of your research for stakeholders, policymakers, or practitioners in your field.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

During the data collection, analysis, interpretation, and conclusion-drawing phases, it's essential to be aware of common pitfalls that can affect the quality and integrity of your research.

• Sampling Bias :  Ensure that your sample is representative of the population you intend to study. Address any bias that may have been introduced during data collection.
• Data Manipulation:  Avoid manipulating or selectively reporting data to fit preconceived notions. Maintain transparency in your analysis and reporting.
• Overinterpretation:  Be cautious of drawing overly broad conclusions based on limited data. Acknowledge the limitations of your study.
• Ignoring Ethical Considerations:  Continuously uphold ethical standards in your research, from data collection to reporting. Protect participants' rights and privacy.
• Lack of Validation:  Ensure that the methods and tools you use for data collection and analysis are valid and reliable. Validation helps establish the credibility of your findings.

By navigating the data collection, analysis, interpretation, and conclusion-drawing phases with care and attention to detail, you'll be well-prepared to confidently share your research findings and contribute to advancing knowledge in your field.

How to Report Applied Research Results?

Now that you've conducted your applied research and drawn meaningful conclusions, it's time to share your insights with the world. Effective reporting and communication are crucial to ensure that your research has a real impact and contributes to the broader knowledge base.

Writing Research Reports

Writing a comprehensive research report is the cornerstone of communicating your findings. It provides a detailed account of your research process, results, and conclusions. Here's what you need to consider:

Structure of a Research Report

• Title:  Create a concise, informative title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Abstract:  Summarize your research in a clear and concise manner, highlighting key objectives, methods, results, and conclusions.
• Introduction:  Provide an overview of your research topic, objectives, significance, and research questions.
• Literature Review:  Summarize relevant literature and identify gaps in existing knowledge that your research addresses.
• Methodology:  Describe your research design, sampling methods, data collection tools, and data analysis techniques.
• Results:  Present your findings using tables, charts, and narratives. Be transparent and objective in reporting your results.
• Discussion:  Interpret your results, discuss their implications, and relate them to your research questions and hypotheses.
• Conclusion:  Summarize your main findings, their significance, and the implications for future research or practical applications.
• References:  Cite all sources and studies you referenced in your report using a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

Writing Tips

• Use clear and concise language, avoiding jargon or overly technical terms.
• Organize your report logically, with headings and subheadings for easy navigation.
• Provide evidence and data to support your claims and conclusions.
• Consider your target audience and tailor the report to their level of expertise and interest.

Creating Visualizations

Visualizations are powerful tools for conveying complex data and making your research findings more accessible. Here are some types of visualizations commonly used in research reports:

Charts and Graphs

• Bar Charts:  Ideal for comparing categories or groups.
• Line Charts:  Effective for showing trends or changes over time.
• Pie Charts:  Useful for displaying proportions or percentages.
• Data Tables:  Present numerical data in an organized format.
• Cross-tabulations:  Show relationships between variables.

Diagrams and Maps

• Flowcharts:  Visualize processes or workflows.
• Concept Maps:  Illustrate connections between concepts.
• Geographic Maps:  Display spatial data and patterns.

When creating visualizations:

• Choose the correct type of visualization for your data and research questions.
• Ensure that visualizations are labeled, clear, and easy to understand.
• Provide context and explanations to help readers interpret the visuals.

Presenting Your Research

Presenting your research to an audience is an opportunity to engage, educate, and inspire. Whether it's through a conference presentation, seminar, or webinar, effective communication is vital.

• Know Your Audience:  Tailor your presentation to the interests and expertise of your audience.
• Practice:  Rehearse your presentation to ensure a smooth delivery and confident demeanor.
• Use Visual Aids:  Enhance your presentation with visual aids such as slides, images, or videos.
• Engage with Questions:  Encourage questions and discussions to foster interaction and clarify points.
• Stay within Time Limits:  Respect time constraints and stay on schedule.

Peer Review Process

Before your research is published, it typically undergoes a peer review process. This involves experts in your field evaluating the quality, validity, and significance of your work. The peer review process aims to ensure the integrity and credibility of your research.

• Submission:  Submit your research manuscript to a journal or conference for review.
• Editorial Review:  The editorial team assesses your submission's fit with the journal's scope and may conduct an initial review for quality and compliance.
• Peer Review:  Your manuscript is sent to peer reviewers who evaluate it for methodology, validity, significance, and adherence to ethical standards.
• Feedback and Revision:  Based on reviewers' feedback, you may be asked to revise and improve your research.
• Acceptance or Rejection:  After revisions, the manuscript is reevaluated, and a decision is made regarding publication.

Publishing Your Research

Publishing your research is the final step in sharing your findings with the broader scientific community. It allows others to access and build upon your work. Consider the following when choosing where to publish:

• Journal Selection:  Choose a reputable journal that aligns with your research field and target audience.
• Review Process:  Understand the journal's peer review process and requirements for submission.
• Open Access:  Consider whether you want your research to be open access, freely accessible to all.

Once published, actively promote your research through academic networks, conferences, and social media to maximize its reach and impact.

By effectively reporting and communicating your research findings, you contribute to the advancement of knowledge, inspire others, and ensure that your hard work has a meaningful impact on your field and beyond.

Applied Research Examples

To provide a deeper understanding of applied research's impact and relevance, let's delve into specific real-world examples that demonstrate how this type of research has addressed pressing challenges and improved our lives in tangible ways.

Applied Medical Research: mRNA Vaccines

Example:  mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccine technology, exemplified by the COVID-19 vaccines developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, is a remarkable achievement in the field of applied medical research.

Applied researchers in this domain utilized mRNA technology to create vaccines that provide immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Unlike traditional vaccines, which use weakened or inactivated viruses, mRNA vaccines instruct cells to produce a harmless spike protein found on the virus's surface. The immune system then recognizes this protein and mounts a defense, preparing the body to combat the actual virus.

Impact:  The rapid development and deployment of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic have been groundbreaking. They've played a crucial role in controlling the spread of the virus and saving countless lives worldwide. This example underscores how applied research can revolutionize healthcare and respond swiftly to global health crises.

Environmental Science and Applied Research: Ocean Cleanup

Example:  The Ocean Cleanup Project, founded by Boyan Slat, is an ambitious endeavor rooted in applied research to combat plastic pollution in the world's oceans.

This project employs innovative technology, such as large-scale floating barriers and autonomous systems, to collect and remove plastic debris from the ocean. Applied researchers have played a pivotal role in designing, testing, and optimizing these systems to make them efficient and environmentally friendly.

Impact:  The Ocean Cleanup Project is a testament to the power of applied research in addressing pressing environmental challenges. By removing plastic waste from the oceans, it mitigates harm to marine ecosystems and raises awareness about the urgent need for sustainable waste management.

Business and Applied Research: E-commerce Personalization

Example:   E-commerce giants like Amazon and Netflix use applied research to develop sophisticated personalization algorithms that tailor product recommendations and content to individual users.

Applied researchers in data science and machine learning analyze user behavior, preferences, and historical data to create recommendation systems. These algorithms utilize predictive analytics to suggest products, movies, or shows that align with a user's interests.

Impact:  The application of research-driven personalization has transformed the e-commerce and streaming industries. It enhances user experiences, increases customer engagement, and drives sales by presenting customers with products or content they are more likely to enjoy.

Education and Applied Research: Flipped Classroom Model

Example:  The Flipped Classroom Model is an applied research-based teaching approach that has gained popularity in education.

In this model, instructors leverage technology to deliver instructional content (such as video lectures) outside of class, allowing in-class time for active learning, discussions, and problem-solving. Applied research has informed the design and implementation of this pedagogical approach.

Impact:  The Flipped Classroom Model has shown promise in enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes. It capitalizes on research findings about how students learn best, emphasizing active participation and collaborative learning.

Agriculture and Applied Research: Precision Agriculture

Example:  Precision agriculture employs data-driven technology and applied research to optimize farming practices.

Farmers utilize satellite imagery, sensors, and data analytics to monitor crop conditions, soil health, and weather patterns. Applied research guides the development of precision farming techniques, enabling more efficient resource allocation and reducing environmental impact.

Impact:  Precision agriculture increases crop yields, conserves resources (such as water and fertilizer), and minimizes the ecological footprint of farming. This approach contributes to sustainable and economically viable agriculture.

These real-world examples underscore the versatility and impact of applied research across diverse domains. From healthcare and environmental conservation to business, education, and agriculture, applied research continually drives innovation, addresses critical challenges, and enhances the quality of life for individuals and communities worldwide.

Conclusion for Applied Research

Applied research is a powerful force for solving real-world problems and driving progress. By applying existing knowledge and innovative thinking, we can address healthcare challenges, protect our environment, improve businesses, enhance education, and revolutionize agriculture. Through this guide, you've gained valuable insights into the what, why, and how of applied research, unlocking the potential to make a positive impact in your field. So, go forth, conduct meaningful research, and be part of the solution to the world's most pressing issues. Remember, applied research is not just a concept; it's a practical approach that empowers individuals and teams to create solutions that matter. As you embark on your own applied research endeavors, keep the spirit of inquiry alive, remain open to new ideas, and never underestimate the transformative power of knowledge put into action.

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How Applied Research Is Used in Psychology

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Sean is a fact-checker and researcher with experience in sociology, field research, and data analytics.

Verywell / JR Bee

Basic vs. Applied Research

How it works, potential challenges.

• Real-World Applications

Applied research refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems. This type of research plays an important role in solving everyday problems that can have an impact on life, work, health, and overall well-being. For example, it can be used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies.

There are many different types of psychologists who perform applied research. Human factors or industrial/organizational psychologists often do this type of research.

A few examples of applied research in psychology include:

• Analyzing what type of prompts will inspire people to volunteer their time to charities
• Investigating if background music in a work environment can contribute to greater productivity
• Investigating which treatment approach is the most effective for reducing anxiety
• Researching which strategies work best to motivate workers
• Studying different keyboard designs to determine which is the most efficient and ergonomic

As you may notice, all of these examples explore topics that will address real-world issues. This immediate and practical application of the findings is what distinguishes applied research from basic research , which instead focuses on theoretical concerns.  

Basic research tends to focus on "big picture" topics, such as increasing the scientific knowledge base around a particular topic. Applied research tends to work toward solving specific problems that affect people in the here and now.

For example a social psychologist may perform basic research on how different factors may contribute to violence in general. But if a social psychologist were conducting applied research, they may be tackling the question of what specific programs can be implemented to reduce violence in school settings.

However, basic research and applied research are actually closely intertwined. The information learned from basic research often builds the basis on which applied research is formed.

Basic research often informs applied research, and applied research often helps basic researchers refine their theories.

Applied research usually starts by identifying a problem that exists in the real world. Then psychologists begin to conduct research in order to identify a solution.

The type of research used depends on a variety of factors. This includes unique characteristics of the situation and the kind of problem psychologists are looking to solve.

Researchers might opt to use naturalistic observation to see the problem as it occurs in a real-world setting. They may then conduct experiments to determine why the problem occurs and to explore different solutions that may solve it.

As with any type of research, challenges can arise when conducting applied research in psychology. Some potential problems that researchers may face include:

Ethical Challenges

When conducting applied research in a naturalistic setting, researchers have to avoid ethical issues, which can make research more difficult. For example, they may come across concerns about privacy and informed consent.

In some cases, such as in workplace studies conducted by industrial-organizational psychologists, participants may feel pressured or even coerced into participating as a condition of their employment. Such factors sometimes impact the result of research studies.

Problems With Validity

Since applied research often takes place in the field, it can be difficult for researchers to maintain complete control over all of the variables . Extraneous variables can also exert a subtle influence that experimenters may not even consider could have an effect on the results.

In many cases, researchers are forced to strike a balance between a study's ecological validity (which is usually quite high in applied research) and the study's internal validity .  

Since applied research focuses on taking the results of scientific research and applying it to real-world situations, those who work in this line of research tend to be more concerned with the external validity of their work.

External validity refers to the extent that scientific findings can be generalized to other populations.

Researchers don't just want to know if the results of their experiments apply to the participants in their studies, rather they want these results to also apply to larger populations outside of the lab.

External validity is often of particular importance in applied research. Researchers want to know that their findings can be applied to real people in real settings.

How It's Used in the Real-World

Here are some examples of how applied research is used to solve real-world problems:

• A hospital may conduct applied research to figure out how to best prepare patients for certain types of surgical procedures.
• A business may hire an applied psychologist to assess how to design a workplace console to maximize efficiency and productivity while minimizing worker fatigue and error.
• An organization may hire an applied researcher to determine how to select employees that are best suited for certain positions within the company.

Applied research is an important tool in the process of understanding the human mind and behavior. Thanks to much of this research, psychologists are able to investigate problems that affect people's daily lives. This kind of research specifically targets real-world issues, however it also contributes to knowledge about how people think and behave.

National Science Foundation. Definitions of research and development: An annotated compilation of official sources .

CDC. Evaluation briefs .

Helmchen H. Ethical issues in naturalistic versus controlled trials .  Dialogues Clin Neurosci . 2011;13(2):173‐182.

Truijens FL, Cornelis S, Desmet M, De Smet MM, Meganck R. Validity beyond measurement: Why psychometric validity is insufficient for valid psychotherapy research .  Front Psychol . 2019;10:532. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00532

 McBride D.  The Process Of Research In Psychology . SAGE Publications; 2018.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Basic vs. applied research: what’s the difference?

Last updated

27 February 2023

Reviewed by

Cathy Heath

Research can be used to learn new facts, create new products, and solve various problems. Yet, there are different ways to undertake research to meet a desired goal. 

The method you choose to conduct research will most likely be based on what question you want to answer, plus other factors that will help you accurately get the answer you need. 

Research falls into two main categories: basic research and applied research. Both types of research have distinct purposes and varied benefits. 

This guide will help you understand the differences and similarities between basic and applied research and how they're used. It also answers common questions about the two types of research, including:

Why is it called basic research?

What is more important, basic research or applied research?

What are examples of pure (basic) research and applied research?

Analyze basic and applied research

Dovetail streamlines analysis to help you uncover and share actionable insights

• What is basic research?

Basic research (sometimes called fundamental or pure) advances scientific knowledge to completely understand a subject, topic, or phenomenon. It's conducted to satisfy curiosity or develop a full body of knowledge on a specific subject.

Basic research is used to bring about a fundamental understanding of the world, different behaviors, and is the foundation of knowledge in the scientific disciplines. It is usually conducted based on developing and testing theories.

While there is no apparent commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research, it is the foundation of research used for other projects like developing solutions to solve problems. 

Examples of basic research

Basic research has always been used to give humans a better understanding of all branches of science and knowledge. However, it's not specifically based on identifying new things about the universe.

Basic research has a wide range of uses, as shown in the following examples:

Investigation into how the universe began

A study searching for the causes of cancer

Understanding the components that make up human DNA

An examination into whether a vegetarian diet is healthier than one with meat

A study to learn more about which areas in the world get the most precipitation

Benefits of conducting basic research

Called basic research because it is performed without an immediate or obvious benefit, this type of research often leads to vital solutions in the future. While basic research isn't technically solution-driven, it develops the underlying knowledge used for additional learning and research. 

There are many benefits derived from basic research, including:

Gaining an understanding of living systems and the environment

Gathering information that can help society prepare for the future

Expanding knowledge that can lead to medical advances

Providing a foundation for applied research

• What is applied research?

Applied research studies particular circumstances to apply the information to real-life situations. It helps improve the human condition by finding practical solutions for existing problems.

Applied research builds off facts derived from basic research and other data to address challenges in all facets of life. Instead of exploring theories of the unknown, applied research requires researchers to use existing knowledge, facts, and discoveries to generate new knowledge. 

Solutions derived from applied research are used in situations ranging from medical treatments or product development to new laws or regulations.

Examples of applied research

Applied research is designed to solve practical problems that exist under current conditions. However, it's not only used for consumer-based products and decisions.

Applied research can be used in a variety of ways, as illustrated by the following examples:

The investigation of ways to improve agricultural crop production

A study to improve methods to market products for Gen Z consumers

Examination of how technology can t make car tires last longer

Exploration of how to cook healthy meals with a limited budget

A study on how to treat patients with insomnia

Benefits of using applied research

Although applied research expands upon a foundation of existing knowledge, it also brings about new ideas. Applied research provides many benefits in various circumstances, including:

Designing new products and services

Creating new objectives

Providing unbiased data through the testing of verifiable evidence

• Basic research vs. applied research: the differences

Both basic and applied research are tactics for discovering specific information. However, they differ significantly in the way research is conducted and the objectives they achieve. 

Some of the most notable differences between basic and applied research include the following:

Research outcomes: curiosity-driven vs. solution-driven

Basic research is generally conducted to learn more about a specific subject. It is usually self-initiated to gain knowledge to satisfy curiosity or confirm a theory. 

Conversely, applied knowledge is directed toward finding a solution to a specific problem. It is often conducted to assist a client in improving products, services, or issues.

Research scope: universal scope vs. specific scope

Basic research uses a broad scope to apply various concepts to gain more knowledge. Research methods may include studying different subjects to add more information that connects evidence points in a greater body of data.

Meanwhile, applied research depends on a specific or narrow scope to gather specific evidence to address a certain problem.

Research approaches: expanding existing knowledge vs. finding new knowledge

Researchers conduct basic research to fill in gaps between existing information points. Basic knowledge is an expansion of existing knowledge to gain a deeper understanding. It is often based on how, what, or why something is the way it is. Although applied research may be based on information derived from basic research, it's not designed to expand the knowledge. Instead, the research is conducted to find new knowledge, usually in the form of a solution.

Research commercialization: Informational vs. commercial gain

The main basis of product development is to solve a problem for consumers.

Basic research might lead to solutions and commercial products in the future to help with this. Since applied research is used to develop solutions, it's often used for commercial gain.

Theory formulation: theoretical vs. practical nature

Basic research is usually based on a theory about a specific subject. Researchers may develop a theory that grows and changes as more information is discovered during the research process. Conversely, applied research is practical in nature since the goal is to solve a specific problem.

• Are there similarities between applied and basic research?

While some obvious differences exist, applied and basic research methods have similarities. For example, researchers may use the same methods to collect data (like interviews, surveys , and focus groups ) for both types of research. 

Both types of research require researchers to use inductive and deductive reasoning to develop and prove hypotheses . The two types of research frequently intersect when basic research serves as the foundation for applied research.

While applied research is solution-based, basic research is equally important because it yields information used to develop solutions to many types of problems. 

• Methods used in basic research and applied research

While basic and applied research have different approaches and goals, they require researchers or scientists to gather data. Basic and applied research makes use of many of the same methods to gather and study information, including the following:

Observations: Studying research subjects for an extended time allows researchers to gather information about how subjects behave under different conditions.

Interviews: Surveys and one-to-one discussions help researchers gain information from other subjects and validate data.

Experiments: Researchers conduct experiments to prove or disprove certain hypotheses based on information that has been gathered.

Questionnaires: A series of questions related to the research context helps researchers gather quantitative information applicable to both basic and applied research.

• How do you determine when to use basic research vs. applied research?

Basic and applied research are both helpful in obtaining knowledge. However, they aren't usually used in the same settings or under the same circumstances. 

When you're trying to determine which type of research to use for a particular project, it's essential to consider your product goals. Basic research seeks answers to universal, theoretical questions. While it works to uncover specific knowledge, it's generally not used to develop a solution. Conversely, applied research discovers answers to specific questions. It should be used to find out new knowledge to solve a problem.

• Bottom line

Both basic and applied research are methods used to gather information and analyze facts that help build knowledge around a subject. However, basic research is used to gain understanding and satisfy curiosity, while applied research is used to solve specific problems. Both types of research depend on gathering information to prove a hypothesis or create a product, service, or valuable process. 

By learning more about the similarities and differences between basic and applied research, you'll be prepared to gather and use data efficiently to meet your needs.

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Applied Research

Applied research “aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society, or an industrial/business organisation, whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory” [1] . Applied research is considered to be non-systematic inquiry and it is usually launched by a company, agency or an individual in order to address a specific problem. [2]

   Applied research can be divided into the following three categories:

1. Evaluation research . This type of research focuses on analysing existing information about the phenomenon in order to generate objective research outcomes. A study into the ways of reducing supply-chain costs can be mentioned as an example for an evaluation research.

2. Research and Development . It is a type of applied research that focuses on the development of new products and services to satisfy needs and wants of target customer segment. This type of applied research is the least relevant to a business dissertation.

3. Action research . This type of study aims to tackle specific business problems. For example, a research into the ways of restoring Starbucks brand image in UK after the tax scandal can be classified as an action research.

Differences between Applied Research and Fundamental (Basic) Research

The difference between applied and  fundamental or basic research  is straightforward – findings of applied research can be applied to resolve problems, whereas fundamental studies are used simply to explore certain issues and elements. Applied research can be a follow-up to the findings of a fundamental research.

Moreover, differences between applied and basic research can be summarized into three points:

1. Differences in purpose . Purpose of applied studies is closely associated with the solution of specific problems, while the purpose of fundamental studies relate to creation of new knowledge or expansion of the current knowledge without any concerns to applicability.

2. Differences in context . In applied studies, research objectives are set by clients or sponsors as a solution to specific problems they are facing. Fundamental studies, on the other hand, are usually self-initiated in order to expand the levels of knowledge in certain areas.

3. Differences in methods .  Research validity is an important point to be addressed in all types of studies. Nevertheless, applied studies are usually more concerned with external validity, whereas internal validity can be specified as the main point of concern for fundamental researchers.

Examples of Applied Research

The following are examples for applied research. You can notice that each of these studies aim to resolve a specific and an immediate problem.

• A study into marketing strategies to appeal to the aspirations of millenials in China
• An investigation into the ways of improving employee motivation in Marriot Hotel, Hyde Park
• Development of strategies to introduce change in Starbucks global supply-chain management with the view on cost reduction
• A study into the ways of fostering creative deviance amongst employees without compromising respect for authority.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Applied Research

The advantages and disadvantages of applied and fundamental research mirror and contrast each other. On the positive side, applied research can be helpful in solving specific problems in business and other settings.

On the negative side, findings of applied research cannot be usually generalized. In other words, applicability of the new knowledge generated as a result of this type of research is limited to the research problem. Moreover, applied studies usually have tight deadlines which are not flexible.

You need to specify the type of your research in the earlier part of the research methodology chapter in about one short paragraph. Also, in this paragraph you will have to justify your choice of research type.

My e-book,  The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance   contains discussions of research types and application of research methods in practice. The e-book also explains all stages of the  research process  starting from the  selection of the research area  to writing personal reflection. Important elements of dissertations such as  research philosophy ,  research approach ,  research design ,  methods of data collection  and  data analysis , sampling and others are explained in this e-book in simple words.

John Dudovskiy

[1] Kothari, C.R. (2008) “Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques” New Age International

[2] Bajpai, N. (2011) “Business Research Methods” Pearson Education India

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Applied Research: Definition, Types and Examples

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Every research project begins with a clear definition of the research purpose, which helps determine the research procedure or approach used. In this sense, a researcher can Applied research operate.

This research focuses on answering specific questions to solve a particular problem. It aims to find a solution to a cultural or organizational problem and is usually a research plan following basic or pure research.

In this article we explain the characteristics and types of applied research and provide some examples.

• 1 What is applied research?
• 2 Main areas of application of applied research
• 3.1 Applied research solves specific problems
• 3.2 Increased collaboration between academia and the business sector
• 3.3 Contribute to the economy
• 3.4 Improving quality of life through applied research
• 3.5 Advance knowledge
• 4.1 Evaluative research
• 4.2 Research and Development
• 4.3 Action research
• 5 How to conduct applied research?
• 6.1 Applied research in economics
• 6.2 Applied Research in Education
• 6.3 Applied Research in Science
• 6.4 Applied research in psychology
• 6.5 Applied research in healthcare
• 7 Conclusion
• 8 1:1 Live Online Presentation: QUESTIONPRO MARKET RESEARCH SOFTWARE
• 9 Try software for market research and experience management now for 10 days free of charge!

What is applied research?

Applied research is a non-systematic way to find solutions to specific problems or questions. These problems or questions can be at an individual, group or societal level. It is called “unsystematic” because it goes straight to finding solutions.

It is often called the “scientific process” because it takes the available scientific tools and puts them into practice to find answers.

As in normal research, the researcher identifies the problem, formulates a hypothesis, and then conducts experiments to test it.

Applied research aims to use the results of scientific research to improve the quality of life of people, promote economic and social development and solve specific social problems.

Main areas of application of applied research

Applied research is used to solve practical problems and improve the effectiveness of existing processes and technologies in a variety of areas, such as: B. in medicine, engineering, education, psychology, sociology and many other areas. Here are some examples of their most important areas of use:

• Development of new products and technologies : This research is used to develop new products and technologies to meet the needs of the market. For example, it can be used to develop new technologies in electronics, renewable energy, autonomous vehicles, etc.
• Improving the quality and efficiency of processes : Applied research is used to improve the quality and efficiency of existing processes in a variety of areas. For example, to optimize production and reduce costs.
• Development of policies and corporate strategies : It is used to develop policies and corporate strategies. Thus, governments can use applied research to develop policies to solve social and economic problems, while companies can use it to develop marketing strategies and plan business expansion.
• Development of educational programs: It is used to develop educational programs that are more effective for students. For example, it is used to improve teaching techniques and develop more personalized education programs.

Benefits of applied research

Some benefits of applied research are:

Applied research solves specific problems

Applied research focuses on solving specific problems that affect people and society. Therefore, this research can help find concrete and practical solutions to problems in areas such as health, education, technology and others.

Increased collaboration between academia and the business sector

Applied research can be a way to combine the efforts of universities and companies to develop new products, processes and services that benefit society. This can lead to greater collaboration between sectors and more innovation.

Contribute to the economy

Applied research can help create new economic opportunities through the development of innovative products and services that can create jobs and wealth.

Improving quality of life through applied research

It can improve people's quality of life by providing practical and effective solutions to important problems. For example, applied research in health can lead to the development of new medical treatments and therapies that can improve people's health.

Advance knowledge

Applied research can help expand knowledge in a specific area by testing theories and concepts in real-world situations. In this way, she can help make new discoveries that can have a significant impact on society.

Types of applied research

There are three types of applied research:

• evaluative research,
• Research and development and
• Action research.

The individual types are briefly explained below:

Evaluative research

Evaluative research is one of the types of research that is applied. It examines information on a research topic. These types of research lead to objective research or help people make better decisions. Most often, evaluative research is used in companies.

The organization uses this research to figure out how to reduce overhead costs.

Research and Development

Research and development is the second type of applied research. Their main goal is to create or design new products, goods or services that meet the needs of specific markets in society. She finds out what the needs of the market are. She focuses on finding new ways to improve products that already meet an organization's needs.

Action research

Action research is the third type of applied research. Action research is a method of researching things that occur in everyday life and in nature. It aims to find real solutions to business problems by providing the right direction.

How to conduct applied research?

Here are the steps to conduct applied research:

• Identify the problem : The first step is to clearly identify the problem to be solved. The problem must be clearly and specifically defined.
• Review of the topic : The existing literature on the identified problem should be reviewed. This makes it possible to know the progress made in solving the problem, the methods used and the results achieved.
• Formulation of the hypothesis: After reviewing the literature, a hypothesis must be formulated that explains the problem and the proposed solution.
• Research design : To test the hypothesis, a research design needs to be created. This includes defining the sample, selecting the variables to be measured and choosing the analysis methods.
• data collection : The data necessary to carry out the investigation must be collected. This may include interviews, surveys, observations or experiments.
• Intelligent Data Analysis : The data collected needs to be analysed to determine whether the hypothesis is valid or not. Statistical methods should be used to analyse the data.
• Interpretation of the results : Interpret the results of data analysis and determine whether the hypothesis is valid or not.
• Drawing conclusions : Conclusions must be drawn from the results obtained to determine whether the problem posed has been solved.
• Communication of results: The results of the research should be communicated. This may include presenting the results at conferences or publishing the results in scientific journals.

Examples of applied research

Applied research is used in many areas of study and research. Let's look at how it is used and what examples there are:

Applied research in economics

Applied research in business depends entirely on its products and services. It helps companies understand market needs and trends and design their products to meet customer needs.

Companies benefit from this research because it allows them to uncover gaps in their performance and gain primary information about the preferences of the target market.

• It can improve recruitment.
• Improving work and politics.
• Identifying skills gaps in the workplace.

Applied Research in Education

Applied research is used in education to test different teaching methods and find better teaching and learning methods. Before new education policies are introduced, they are tested to see how they work and what impact they have on teaching and performance in the classroom.

Applied educational research uses quantitative and qualitative methods to collect first-hand data. This information is then examined and interpreted in different ways to produce valuable insights or conclusions.

Most research in this area is designed to develop and test different approaches and try them out in different situations. It is based on accurate observations and descriptions of the real world.

• Applied study to understand the scope of online learning initiatives.
• Applied study to promote engagement between teachers and learners in the classroom.
• Applied study of the new mathematics curriculum.

Applied Research in Science

As previously mentioned, applied research uses the scientific tools available to find answers. It can be used in physics, microbiology, thermodynamics and other fields.

• Applied research is put into practice to cure a disease.
• It is used to improve agricultural practices.
• Applied research is used to test new laboratory equipment.

Applied research in psychology

Researchers use applied research in psychology to find out how people behave in the workplace, how human resources work, and how the organization develops and changes to find solutions.

It is often used in areas where researchers are trying to understand how people think and then develop solutions that best fit their behavior.

• Applied study to find new ways to treat depression.
• Study to improve students' grades by emphasizing practical training.
• Applied research to create a plan that keeps workers coming to work regularly.

Applied research in healthcare

This research is used to investigate new drugs in the medical industry. It combines scientific knowledge and procedures with healthcare experience to achieve evidence-based results.

• Applied study in cardiac surgery.
• Applied research to determine the effectiveness of a drug.
• Studying the undesirable effects of a drug.

Applied research is an important form of research because it helps organizations find real-world solutions to specific problems while improving their performance and productivity.

Unlike basic research, which focuses on developing theories to explain things, applied research focuses on describing facts to find solutions.

In applied research, the researcher uses qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data such as: b. Questionnaires, interviews and observation methods.

At QuestionPro we offer researchers access to data collection tools such as: B. our survey software.

To conduct applied research with QuestionPro, it is important that you are clear about the goal you want to achieve. You can design your questionnaire on our platform, making sure it contains clear and concise questions that will give you the data you need to achieve your research goal.

If you already know who you want to interview and how you want to reach them, that's perfect. Remember that QuestionPro can also help you select your research sample through our audience service, and you can send your surveys via email, social media, a link on your website, etc.

Once you have designed your questionnaire and selected your sample, it is time to conduct the survey. In QuestionPro you can see the results of your survey in real time and know how many people responded, how many questions they answered, etc.

The tool also gives you a variety of tools to analyse your survey data, from graphs and tables to text analysis and statistical comparisons. Use the results of your survey to make informed decisions and improve your company, product or service.

Remember that QuestionPro is a very useful tool for conducting applied research, but it is always important to have a clear and precise methodology to achieve the best results. Create a free account or request a demo to learn more.

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FURTHER KEYWORDS

Types of research | Empirical research | Research design

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KEYWORDS OF THIS BLOG POST

Applied research | Research  | Applied

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Basic vs. applied research

• Coding qualitative data for valuable insights

What is the difference between applied research and basic research?

Examples of basic research vs. applied research, basic vs. applied research: a comparative analysis, the interplay between basic and applied research, introduction.

Basic and applied research look at existing knowledge and create new knowledge in different ways. They share the same basic principles of contributing to knowledge through research findings, but their aims and objectives are distinctly different.

In the vast realm of scientific inquiry, research stands as the cornerstone for advancement, driving our understanding of the world and fostering innovation. At its core, research can be bifurcated into two primary types: applied and basic research . While both serve pivotal roles in contributing to our collective knowledge, they operate with distinct objectives and outcomes.

Any approach that is called basic research delves into the foundational principles and theories of science. It is driven by a researcher's curiosity and the aspiration to expand the frontiers of understanding. The primary goal isn't to solve an immediate problem but to garner knowledge for the sake of understanding.

On the other hand, applied research focuses on analysis intended to solve practical problems. Conducting applied research means seeking solutions to specific, tangible challenges that society or industries face. Using the principles derived from basic research, applied research aims to bring about real-world impact and deliver pragmatic solutions.

Basic research

Basic research, often called "pure" or "fundamental" research, is characterized by its intrinsic quest to unravel the mysteries of nature and society. It is an investigation into the very core of phenomena, aiming to discover new principles, theories, or facts without an immediate application in mind. This kind of research is often propelled by the researcher's curiosity, a thirst to understand the "why" and "how" of things, rather than the "what can we do with it."

Basic research has a relatively broad scope and aims to enhance the existing body of knowledge in a particular field. It's not about creating a new product, improving a process, or solving a current societal problem. Instead, it's about laying the groundwork for future investigations, paving the way for applied research to build upon. Basic research poses questions like, "What are the fundamental principles of this phenomenon?" or "How does this process work at different levels?"

Such goals provide the essential framework upon which much of our modern understanding and technological advancement rests. Without the exploratory and explanatory nature of basic research, the foundational knowledge needed to drive innovation would be missing.

Applied research

While basic research focuses on curiosity and the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, applied research takes a different approach by examining how real-world phenomena or outcomes can be altered. At its core, applied research is oriented towards identifying practical solutions to specific problems. Its primary objective is not just to add to the existing knowledge base but to leverage that knowledge to develop solutions, innovations, or interventions that can be directly applied in the real world.

Applied research is deeply rooted in real-world issues. Whether it's finding a cure for a specific disease, developing a new technological solution for environmental challenges, or creating strategies to improve education in underprivileged communities, the primary goal is to generate practical outcomes that can be directly implemented. Its relevance is often immediately apparent, as it's tailored to answer particular challenges faced by society, industries, or organizations.

The line between basic and applied research can sometimes blur, especially when foundational discoveries from basic research lead directly to tangible applications. However, the main distinction lies in the intent: while basic research seeks to understand the fundamental nature of phenomena, applied research aims to harness that understanding for tangible benefits.

Applied research is invaluable as it accelerates the transition of theoretical knowledge into practical, impactful solutions. Through applied research, the abstract findings of basic research are transformed into actionable insights, tools, and technologies that shape our daily lives and address pressing challenges.

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Research in the social sciences encompasses a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from understanding human behavior and societal structures to exploring the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. Basic and applied research methods in the social sciences offer unique insights into these areas. Let's delve into some examples to understand their distinct approaches.

Basic research examples

The social construction of reality

A classic area of investigation in sociology is understanding how societies construct reality. This kind of research delves deep into the ways cultures, languages, and institutions shape our understanding of the world. It doesn't immediately aim to solve societal problems but provides essential insights into how perceptions and beliefs are formed. Research methods often used for this type of study include in-depth interviews , participant observations , and ethnographic studies .

Attachment theory in psychology

Attachment theory seeks to understand the deep emotional and physical attachment between a child and at least one primary caregiver. It delves into the nature of attachment and its implications for personal development. The research often involves longitudinal studies that observe behaviors over extended periods.

Applied research examples

Interventions for at-risk youth

Applied researchers might design programs or interventions to help at-risk youth, building on the foundational knowledge of psychology, sociology, and education. The research might involve evaluating the effectiveness of a particular program, using methods like surveys , focus groups , and pre-and-post assessments.

Communication strategies for public health

Understanding human behavior is crucial for successful public health campaigns. Researchers might study the best ways to communicate vital health information to various populations, especially in times of crisis like pandemics. Methods often include A/B testing of messages, surveys to assess message efficacy, and observational studies to gauge real-world behavior following communication campaigns.

The distinction between basic and applied research is not just a matter of intent or outcome; it also encompasses differences in methodologies , scopes, and approaches. Let's undertake a comparative analysis to illuminate these distinctions further, particularly in the context of the social sciences.

Purpose and motivation

Basic research is motivated by the quest for knowledge. It seeks to answer fundamental questions about human behavior, societal structures, and the interplay between various social factors. The driving force here is curiosity. In contrast, applied research is driven by the need to address specific societal or practical problems. Its purpose is to take the theoretical knowledge derived from basic research and convert it into actionable solutions.

Methodological approaches

It's important to acknowledge that there is no one universal research method that can address all potential research inquiries. Moreover, the same research methods, such as conducting interviews or engaging in inductive and deductive reasoning , can be utilized in basic and applied research, but they will differ in their scope and objectives. While applied research is more experimental or confirmatory, a basic research approach is often exploratory or explanatory in nature. Basic research methods include ethnography , in-depth interviews , or longitudinal studies to gain a deep understanding of a topic. The focus is on generating theories and understanding patterns.

Applied research, on the other hand, often employs more structured and targeted methodologies. Surveys , experiments, and evaluations are commonly used to verify propositions, assess the efficacy of interventions, or gauge public opinion. The approach is more pragmatic, seeking results that can inform decisions and guide actions.

Outcomes and results

Basic research outcomes are usually theoretical contributions: new concepts, theories, or insights into existing phenomena. The results expand the academic literature and provide a foundation for future studies.

Applied research results in tangible solutions or recommendations. The outcomes might include a new social program, policy recommendations, interventions, or communication strategies. The results are geared towards immediate implementation and often have direct implications for organizations, governments, or communities.

The discourse on basic and applied research often sets them apart, emphasizing their distinct objectives and methodologies. However, it's crucial to recognize that these research types aren't isolated from each other. They coexist in a symbiotic relationship, where the findings from basic research often provide the foundational knowledge for applied research, and the results of applied research can inspire further basic investigations.

The transition of knowledge

One of the most notable instances of the interplay is how basic research's findings become the bedrock for applied research projects. For example, a basic research study on cognitive development in children might reveal specific patterns or stages. An applied researcher, recognizing the implications of these findings, could then design educational interventions tailored to these developmental stages.

How one complements the other

Basic research pushes the boundaries of our understanding, expanding the horizon of what we know. Applied research, on the other hand, can reframe this expansive knowledge and make it relevant and actionable for society's immediate needs.

But the relationship is reciprocal. Applied research can also highlight gaps in our understanding, pointing out areas where basic research is needed. For instance, if an intervention designed based on current knowledge fails to achieve its intended results, it signals to basic researchers that there might be underlying factors or dynamics not yet understood.

The dynamic continuum

Instead of viewing basic and applied research as two separate entities, it's more accurate to see them as points on a continuum. The knowledge generated by basic research flows towards applied projects, which in turn can inspire further basic investigations. This dynamic loop ensures that research in the social sciences remains both grounded in fundamental understanding and relevant to real-world challenges.

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Assessment of Department of Defense Basic Research (2005)

Chapter: appendix d definitions of basic, applied, and fundamental research, appendix d definitions of basic, applied, and fundamental research.

This appendix contains definitions of basic, applied, and fundamental research quoted from various sources.

BASIC RESEARCH

DOD Financial Management Regulation, DOD 7000.14-R, Vol. 2B, Ch. 5: Basic research is systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind. It includes all scientific study and experimentation directed toward increasing fundamental knowledge and understanding in those fields of the physical, engineering, environmental, and life sciences related to long-term national security needs. It is farsighted high payoff research that provides the basis for technological progress. Basic research may lead to: (a) subsequent applied research and advanced technology developments in Defense-related technologies, and (b) new and improved military functional capabilities in areas such as communications, detection, tracking, surveillance, propulsion, mobility, guidance and control, navigation, energy conversion, materials and structures, and personnel support. Program elements in this category involve pre-Milestone A efforts. Available online at http://www.dod.mil/comptroller/fmr/02b/Chapter05.pdf . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

The objective of basic research is to gain more comprehensive knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, without specific applications in mind. In industry, basic research is defined as research that advances scientific knowledge but does not have specific immediate commercial objectives, although it

may be in fields of present or potential commercial interest. [National Science Foundation, Directorate for Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences, US definitions for resource surveys, 1996.] Available online at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind96/ch4_defn.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Scientific efforts that seek to gain more comprehensive knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, without specific applications or commercial objectives in mind. Available online at http://energytrends.pnl.gov/glosn_z.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Basic research analyzes properties, structures, and relationships toward formulating and testing hypotheses, theories, or laws. As used in this survey, industrial basic research is the pursuit of new scientific knowledge or understanding that does not have specific immediate commercial objectives, although it may be in fields of present or potential commercial interest. Available online at http://caspar.nsf.gov/nsf/srs/IndRD/glossary.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

The investigation of the natural phenomena as contrasted with applied research. Available online at http://www.onlineethics.org/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind. [OMB Circular A-11, June 1996.] See Conduct of Research and Development. Available online at https://radius.rand.org/radius/demo/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Fundamental scientific inquiry to understand the unknown and contribute to improved general knowledge (cf. with applied research). Available online at http://www.ipmrc.com/lib/glossary.shtml . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Research done to further knowledge for knowledge’s sake. Available online at http://www.modernhumanorigins.com/b.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Fundamental research; it often produces a wide range of applications, but the output of basic research itself usually is not of direct commercial value. The output is knowledge, rather than a product; it typically cannot be patented. Available online at http://www.wwnorton.com/stiglitzwalsh/economics/glossary.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Research aimed at expanding knowledge rather than solving a specific, pragmatic problem. Available online at https://www.quirks.com/resources/glossary.asp . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Focused, systematic study and investigation undertaken to discover new knowledge or interpretations and establish facts or principles in a particular field. See Research. Available online at http://www.siu.edu/orda/general/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Fundamental research; it often produces a wide range of applications, but the output of basic research itself usually is not of direct commercial value; the output is knowledge, rather than a product; the output of basic research typically cannot be patented. Available online at http://wellspring.isinj.com/sample/econ/micro/glossb.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Research emphasizing the solution of theoretical problems. Binomial probability distribution: The probabilities associated with every possible outcome of an experiment involving n independent trials and a success or failure on each trial. Bivariate analysis: The analysis of relationships among pairs of variables. Available online at http://www.prm.nau.edu/prm447/definitions.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Basic research is research undertaken to advance the knowledge of methodologies and techniques of research. (Compare applied research.) Available online at http://www.rigneyassoc.com/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Research that is directed at the growth of scientific knowledge, without any near-term expectations of commercial applications. Available online at http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072443901/student_view0/chapter4/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Research which adds something new to the body of knowledge of a particular field. Available online at http://researchoffice.astate.edu/glossary_of_proposal_terms.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Designed to test and refine theory. The purpose is to increase our knowledge about communication phenomena by testing, refining, and elaborating theory. Available online at http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/cohort/define.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

The purpose is to increase knowledge without concern for practical application. Available online at http://www.ied.edu.hk/csnsie/ar/chap1/1_glossary.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

In basic research the objective of the sponsoring agency is to gain more complete knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts, without specific applications toward processes or products in mind. Available online at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/fedfunds/glossary/def.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

NSF Definition of Basic Research: Basic research is defined as systematic study directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind. (In Bill Berry’s presentation, Meeting 1, Committee on Department of Defense Basic Research.)

In basic research the objective of the sponsoring agency is to gain fuller knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications toward processes or products in mind. Available online at http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/pne/pubs/regrep/alaska/appendices.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

OMB (Circular A-11, 2003): Basic research is defined as systematic study directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind.

Research directed toward the increase of knowledge, the primary aim being a greater knowledge or understanding of the subject under study. Available online at http://usmilitary.about.com/library/glossary/b/bldef00823.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Commission of the European Communities: While there is no strict, unanimously accepted definition of what constitutes basic research, in practice one can identify and distinguish from other types of research, those which are carried out with no direct link to a given application and, if not exclusively, in any case and above all with the objective of progressing knowledge. Available online at http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/press/2004/pdf/acte_en_version_final_15janv_04.pdf . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

APPLIED RESEARCH

OMB (Circular A-11, 2003): Applied research is defined as systematic study to gain knowledge or understanding necessary to determine the means by which a recognized and specific need may be met.

The investigation of some phenomena to discover whether its properties are appropriate to a particular need or want. In contrast, basic research investigates phenomena without reference to particular human needs and wants. Available online at http://www.onlineethics.org/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Aimed at gaining knowledge or understanding to determine the means by which a specific, recognized need may be met. In industry, applied research includes investigations oriented to discovering new scientific knowledge that has specific commercial objectives with respect to products, processes, or services. [National Science Foundation, Directorate for Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences, US definitions for resource surveys, 1996.] Available online at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind96/ch4_defn.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Applied research is undertaken either to determine possible uses for the findings of basic research or to determine new ways of achieving some specific, predetermined objectives. As used in this survey, industrial applied research is investigation that may use findings of basic research toward discovering new scientific knowledge that has specific commercial objectives with respect to new products, services, processes, or methods. Available online at http://www.caspar.nsf.gov/nsf/srs/IndRD/glossary.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Inquiry aimed at gaining the knowledge or understanding to meet a specific, recognized need of a practical nature, especially needs to achieve specific commercial objectives with respect to products, processes, or services. Available online at http://energytrends.pnl.gov/glosn_z.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Any research which is used to answer a specific question, determine why something failed or succeeded, solve a specific, pragmatic problem, or to gain better understanding. Available online at https://www.quirks.com/resources/glossary.asp . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Focused, systematic study and investigation undertaken to discover the applications and uses of theories, knowledge, and principles in actual work or in solving problems. See Research. Available online at http://www.siu.edu/orda/general/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Systematic study to gain knowledge or understanding necessary to determine the means by which a recognized and specific need may be met. [OMB Circular A-11, June 1996.] See also Conduct of Research and Development. Available online at https://radius.rand.org/radius/demo/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

The investigation of some phenomena to discover whether its properties are appropriate to a particular need or want. In contrast, basic research investigates phenomena without reference to particular human needs and wants. Available online at http://www.unmc.edu/ethics/words.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake. Available online at http://ventureline.com/glossary_A.asp . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Research designed for the purpose of producing results that may be applied to real world situations. Topic areas: Accountability and Evaluation. Available online at http://www.nonprofitbasics.org/SearchEntireSite.aspx?Source=2&SiteSearchText=research&PW=No&PreviousWord=research&C0=178&C4=1&C3=4&C5=36&C6=18&C1=92&C2=1 . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Research that studies the relationship or applicability for theories or principles of a particular field to a particular problem. Available online at http://researchoffice.astate.edu/glossary_of_proposal_terms.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Research done with the intent of applying results to a specific problem. Evaluation is a form of applied research. This can be conducted as part of an action research approach. Available online at http://www.sachru.sa.gov.au/pew/glossary.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Research aimed at improving the quality of life and solving practical problems. Available online at http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072358327/student_view0/chapter1/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

The aim is to address an immediate problem. The purpose is to try ideas in the context of educational (classroom) settings. Available online at http://www.ied.edu.hk/csnsie/ar/chap1/1_glossary.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Applied research is that effort that (1) normally follows basic research, but may not be severable from the related basic research, (2) attempts to determine and exploit the potential of scientific discoveries or improvements in technology, materials, processes, methods, devices, or techniques, and (3) attempts to advance the state of the art. Applied research does not include efforts whose principal aim is design, development, or test of specific items or services to be considered for sale; these efforts are within the definition of the term development. Available online at http://www-agecon.ag.ohio-state.edu/class/AEDE601/glossary/glossa.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Conducted to solve particular problems or answer specific questions. Available online at http://www.nelson.com/nelson/hmcanada/ob/glossary.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

In applied research the objective of the sponsoring agency is to gain knowledge or understanding necessary to determine how a recognized need may be met. Available online at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/sfsucni/method99/help/glossary.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Utilizing pure research to develop real-world products. Available online at http://www.investorwords.com/236/applied_research.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

As opposed to basic research, applied research is the type of research which is conducted to solve practical problems, find cures to illnesses, develop therapies with the purpose of helping people, and other similar types of practical problem-solving research. Available online at http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.cfm?term=Applied%20Research . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH

National Security Decision Directives: “Fundamental research” means basic and applied research in science and engineering, the results of which ordinarily are published and shared broadly within the scientific community, as distinguished from proprietary research and from industrial development, design, production, and product utilization, the results of which ordinarily are restricted for proprietary or national security reasons. Available online at http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-189.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Fundamental research is basic and applied research in science and engineering where the resulting information is ordinarily published and shared broadly within the scientific community. It is distinguished from proprietary research and from industrial development, design, production, and product utilizations, the results of which ordinarily are restricted for proprietary and/or specific national secu-

rity reasons. Normally, the results of “fundamental research.” are published in scientific literature, thus making it publicly available. Research which is intended for publication, whether it is ever accepted by scientific journals or not, is considered to be “fundamental research.” A large segment of academic research is considered “fundamental research”. Because any information, technological or otherwise, that is publicly available is not subject to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) (except for encryption object code and source code in electronic form or media) and thus does not require a license, ‘fundamental research’ is not subject to the EAR and does not require a license. Available online at http://www.umbi.umd.edu/rcc/fundamentalresearch.pdf . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

National Security Decision Directive 189: Fundamental Research defined: basic and applied research in science and engineering, the results of which are available to interested scientific community. National Policy: No restriction may be placed upon the conduct or reporting of federally funded Fundamental Research that has not received national security classification. This is reflected in ITAR at 22 CFRR 120.11(8). Executive Order 12356 (1985). Available online at http://www.epic.org/open_gov/eo_12356.html . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Federal Acquisition Regulation 27.404 (g) (2): In contracts for basic or applied research universities or colleges, no restrictions may be placed upon the conduct of or reporting on the results of unclassified basic or applied research, except as provided in applicable U.S. Statutes. Available online at http://supply.lanl.gov/Property/ecco/History/2004/presentations2004/default.shtml . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

DoD Supplement to the FAR: It is DOD policy … to allow the publication and public presentation of unclassified contracted fundamental research results. The mechanism for control of information generated by DOT funded contracted fundamental research … is security classification. Available online at http://supply.lanl.gov/Property/ecco/History/2004/presentations2004/default.shtml . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

Defense of Basic Research by Joseph Henry: In 1852, Henry defended basic research. It was “profitable,” he said, when that word was defined properly. “The true, the beautiful, as well as the immediately practical, are all entitled to a share of attention. All knowledge is profitable; profitable in its ennobling effect on the character, in the pleasure it imparts in its acquisition, as well as in the power it gives over the operations of mind and matter. All knowledge is useful; every part of this complex system of nature is connected with every other. Nothing is isolated. The discovery of to-day, which appears unconnected with any useful process, may, in the course of a few years, become the fruitful source of a thousand inventions.” Available online at http://www.si.edu/archives/ihd/jhp/joseph04.htm . Last accessed on November 16, 2004.

The Department of Defense (DOD) supports basic research to advance fundamental knowledge in fields important to national defense. Over the past six years, however, several groups have raised concern about whether the nature of DOD-funded basic research is changing. The concerns include these: Funds are being spent for research that does not fall under DOD's definition of basic research; reporting requirements have become cumbersome and onerous; and basic research is handled differently by the three services. To explore these concerns, the Congress directed DOD to request a study from the National Research Council (NRC) about the nature of basic research now being funded by the Department. Specifically the NRC was to determine if the programs in the DOD basic research portfolio are consistent with the DOD definition of basic research and with the characteristics associated with fundamental research.

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Applied Research: Definition, Examples

The pursuit of information that can be directly applied to practice is aptly known as applied research. Applied research aims to determine the applicability of theory and principles by testing hypotheses within specific settings.

Table of Contents

What is applied research.

Researchers in this field try to find immediate solutions to problems facing society, an industrial or business organization.

The approach is much more useful as it strives to find information that will directly influence practice.

People cannot foresee the future well enough to predict what will develop from basic research. If we only did apply research, we would still be making better spears.

The needs of social action inspire applied research. It aims at finding a practical solution for an immediate problem of the society making optimal use of the available resources.

The problem-solving nature of applied research is conducted to reveal answers to specific questions related to action, performance, or policy needs.

In contrast to pure research, applied research entails large-scale studies with subsequent data collection problems.

Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake.

One might legitimately say that applied research aims to improve human conditions. For example, applied researchers may investigate ways and means to:

• Improve agricultural crop production;
• Treat or cure a specific disease;
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation;
• Suggest innovative and modified methods of measurement in any specific investigation.

Some scientists feel that the time has come for a shift in emphasis away from purely basic research toward applied research for the sake of the human population.

This trend, they feel, is necessitated by the problems resulting from global overpopulation, pollution, and the overuse of the earth’s natural resources.

In recent years, applied research, under the banner of operations research, has extensive applications in health and family planning programs to identify problems and design and evaluate policies and programs that will deliver the most significant benefit at an affordable cost.

In social sciences, research is often a mixture of both basic and applied ; some stages of a study may have a basic flavor, while others may be more applied.

Examples of Applied Research

Eclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality in Bangladesh.

From the clinical observations in Bangladesh and elsewhere, it is observed that the early cesarean section may nullify the violent effect of this grave disease.

To date, no such study has been undertaken in our country. It is proposed that a comparative study between Caesarean section and Vaginal delivery in Eclamsia be undertaken.

The study will help to reduce maternal and prenatal mortality considerably and thus improve our health status.

It has been observed that in Bangladesh, the proportion of women who are delivered through Caesarean section is very high.

It is suspected that a small height is one of the risk factors for difficult deliveries. A study may, therefore, be conducted to verify if this proposition is true.

Ethnic minority businesses are in existence in many parts of the world. Their effort to enter business is often explained as an essential alternative to earning and maintaining their livelihood.

Afro-Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi settlers in Britain comprise a majority of the ethnic business communities.

These ethnic business entrepreneurs face various problems that inhibit their business development and activities.

Many organizations and services were developed to redress the small enterprise sectors in Britain.

Hakim (1994) undertook a study to identify the awareness and uses of different kinds of services by Bangladeshi ethnic entrepreneurs covering available advisory services and sources of assistance in Britain.

Based on his study findings, the author concluded that Bangladeshi ethnic entrepreneurs were not sufficiently aware of the advisory services and assistance provided by different organizations.

Those who were aware did not fully utilize these services. The author then made several recommendations for favorable action by the concerned authority.

In the adventure travel survey in a US county, the managers of a group of county river basin outfitters wanted to know how to increase customers’ satisfaction and repeat business for their multi-day river trips.

They wanted to make their business more predictable and profitable.

To achieve their goals, they applied consumer research with several river­outfitting companies to help answer questions of interest to managers.

Traditionally, basic research was considered an activity that preceded applied research, which preceded development into practical applications .

Recently, these distinctions have become much less clear-cut, and it is sometimes the case that all stages will intermix.

This is particularly the case in fields such as biotechnology and electronics, where fundamental discoveries may be made alongside work intended to develop new products, and in areas where public and private sector partners collaborate to develop greater insight into key areas of interest.

Basic Research vs. Applied Research

How does applied research differ from basic research in terms of its application.

While basic research gathers knowledge for the sake of knowledge and is driven by a scientist’s curiosity, applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world and has direct practical applications.

How does applied research contribute to the business sector?

In the business sector, applied research can help identify entrepreneurs’ awareness and usage of different services. For instance, a study was conducted to determine the awareness of advisory services among Bangladeshi ethnic entrepreneurs in Britain.

How is applied typically conducted in terms of its scale and data collection?

Applied research often entails large-scale studies, which can lead to subsequent data collection challenges.

After discussing applied research, you need to know about other types of research. Check out our comprehensive resource for further clarity with the in-depth Research and Research Methodology Concepts resources .

Applied research aims to determine the applicability of theory and principles by testing hypotheses within specific settings, focusing on finding immediate solutions to societal or organizational problems.

The driving goal of applied research is to have practical payoffs or use of results, ensuring that the findings are used by sponsors or clients in decision-making.

Applied research is inspired by the need for social action, aiming to find practical solutions for immediate societal problems while using available resources optimistically.

Applied Research for Students

What is Applied Research?

• How to Conduct a Literature Review
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Applied research produces results that actively try to solve a real-world problem. The focus is on an actionable outcome.

• How can nurses improve their basic wound care?
• How can early childhood settings better educate children about racial injustice?
• How can local long term care facilities encourage people with arthritis to attend the aquatic therapy program?
• How can XYZ night safety phone app appeal more to new college students to increase downloads of the app?

As students, the majority of research you may have done up until now is basic research (also called "pure" or "fundamental" research). 

Basic / Pure research  is different from applied research. It is used to expand theoretical knowledge on a topic. 

• How did South Sudan respond to the cholera outbreak?
• What do early childhood settings teach about racial injustice?
• How effective is aquatic therapy in reducing the pain and immobility associated with arthritis?
• How does alcohol and drug use on campus affect the safety of college students?

When you take on an applied research project, the focus of your question and answer is more practical. 

Five-Step Framework for the Applied Research Process

• Why am I doing this research? (i.e. problem, need, opportunity) 
• What is the goal of this research?

• What is known about this situation?
• What don't we know about this situation?
• What questions do I need to answer to meet the research goal?

• What information do I need?
• How will I get it in order to reach my research goals?

• How do I collect data with maximum efficiency and effectiveness?
• How do I make sense of the data?
• How do I draw practical recommendations for the client?
• How do I best organize the information?

• How do I present, revise, and submit my findings?

from p.18 of PDF  

Knowledge Check:

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• Last Updated: Apr 24, 2024 3:22 PM
• URL: https://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/appliedresearch

• Getting Started

What is Applied Research?

• How to Conduct a Literature Review
• Search Tools
• Scholarly & Peer Reviewed Articles
• Grey Literature
• Research Methods & Data Collection
• Writing the Research Paper
• Sharing Your Research
• SLC Research Sites
• Other Helpful Tutorials & Guides

Applied research  produces results that actively try to solve a real-world problem. The focus is on an actionable outcome.

• How can nurses improve their basic wound care?
• How can early childhood settings better educate children about racial injustice?
• How can local long term care facilities encourage people with arthritis to attend the aquatic therapy program?
• How can XYZ night safety phone app appeal more to new college students to increase downloads of the app?

As students, the majority of research you may have done up until now is basic research (also called "pure" or "fundamental" research). 

Basic / Pure research  is different from applied research. It is used to expand theoretical knowledge on a topic. 

• How did South Sudan respond to the cholera outbreak?
• What do early childhood settings teach about racial injustice?
• How effective is aquatic therapy in reducing the pain and immobility associated with arthritis?
• How does alcohol and drug use on campus affect the safety of college students?

When you take on an applied research project, the focus of your question and answer is more practical. 

Five-Step Framework for the Applied Research Process

Clarify your research focus

• Why am I doing this research? (i.e. problem, need, opportunity) 
• What is the goal of this research?

Scan existing information

• What is known about this situation?
• What don't we know about this situation?
• What questions do I need to answer to meet the research goal?

Plan your research tasks and methods

• What information do I need?
• How will I get it in order to reach my research goals?

Collect , analyze and interpret data

• How do I collect data with maximum efficiency and effectiveness?
• How do I make sense of the data?
• How do I draw practical recommendations for the client?
• How do I best organize the information?

Share your work

• How do I present, revise, and submit my findings?
• << Previous: Getting Started
• Next: How to Conduct a Literature Review >>

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What Is Applied Research and Why Is It Important?

Our team of experts explain how applied research has a direct effect on businesses and organizations by answering specific questions using scientific methods.

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What is applied research anyway?

Revista de Gestão

ISSN : 2177-8736

Article publication date: 5 December 2019

Issue publication date: 5 December 2019

Marotti de Mello, A. and Wood Jr, T. (2019), "What is applied research anyway?", Revista de Gestão , Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 338-339. https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-10-2019-128

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019, Adriana Marotti de Mello and Thomaz Wood Jr

Published in Revista de Gestão . Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

The above-mentioned question brings no huge mystery. The respected Frascati Manual has a good answer for it. Applied research is original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge; it is, however, directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective ( OECD, 2015 ). It is about using the existing stock knowledge with the appropriate methodology towards a specific objective, which is usually related to the resolution of a practical problem.

It all would be simple, were it not for the unrestrained creativity of scientists to appropriate, interpret, (re)signify and transmute concepts. This is how the above-mentioned question tends to get different answers, which are influenced by the perspective and personal interest of respondents.

Many scholars advocate that every research in Administration is applied; after all, this is an essentially practical field. It does not mean, however, that executives and entrepreneurs will look forward to the latest edition of Academy of Management Journal or of RAUSP to solve their problems. There is a time and place for everything. It is expected that the significant amount of published articles in good scientific journals contribute for the advance of the administrative science. In some point, the accurate accumulated knowledge will serve as a basis for books, popular articles, lectures and consulting projects, reaching therefore its final destination.

However, there is an increasing unease regarding the functioning of the massive machine that generates such knowledge. Renowned researchers and academic leaders from several areas and places have been criticizing the system for two decades. They affirm that this powerful machine became wicked, too expensive, inefficient, obsessed with precision and focused only on its self-interests, ignoring the real world. There has been several propositions of diagnosis for a structural reform, which involved scientific journals, business schools, academic associations and certification and regulation entities. In short, it is necessary to redirect the system towards its original noble aim: to help managers facing challenges and building a better world.

Institutional changes are always difficult and time-consuming. It is necessary to overcome the interests of established groups and the inertia of embedded practices. Still, several initiatives towards the construction of bridges between theory and practice have been emerging, such as events that gather academics and practitioners, academic journals focused on managers and professional master and doctorate programs. Important agents, such as the Academy of Management , Academy of Management Journal and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) have been showing clear signs of alignment with new times.

Considering the context of change, it is important to invite all the readers of this special edition to consider an important aspect: the differentiation between applicable and applied research. Both are important. An applicable research can contribute to the transformation of reality in different ways. It can bring an original explanation of a new phenomenon or a new explanation for an already known phenomenon. It can still offer a new model to help organizations to solve problems or to benefit from business opportunities.

However, the current scenario seems to ask for the accomplishment of real applied research; i.e. the research that follows Mode 2 production of knowledge (observed by Michael Gibbons and his peers Gibbons et al. (1994) a quarter of century ago): it emerges from a relevant practical issue; it is developed collectively in a multidisciplinary or transdisciplinary way; it results in an effectively implemented solution; and whose quality is evaluated by groups composed of researchers and managers. In short, a research that is demonstrably relevant and accurate.

The conduction of real applied research is a significant challenge. It implies leaving the academia shelter in order to interact with players that have different mindsets, developing the ability to translate scientific knowledge to these players, and, specially, being open to learn from this practice. This is the path we started to follow.

Aligned with this idea, REGE has been accepting applied research papers since 2018. This special issue intends to contribute to the dissemination and development of applied research.

We have received more than 30 papers for this special issue, from Brazil and Latin America. After a careful process of double blind review, six were accepted, bringing a broad view of production in applied research in management, with articles from different regions, countries and research areas.

Gibbons , M. , Limoges , C. , Nowotny , H. , Schwartzman , S. , Scott , P. and Trow , M. ( 1994 ), The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies , Sage , London .

OECD ( 2015 ), “ Frascati manual 2015: guidelines for collecting and reporting data on research and experimental development ”, available at: www.conicyt.cl/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Manual-Frascati-2015.pdf (accessed June 1, 2019) .

Acknowledgements

  REGE would like to thank all the researchers that placed their trust in the journal and submitted their work for the evaluation. The guest editors would also like to thank all reviewers that contributed to this special issue with their precious time and knowledge.

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Applied Research Examples: Empowering Real-World Solutions

Understand the meaning of ‘ibid’ and its usage in academic and legal writing. Explore citation practices and raise your referencing skills.

Applied research plays a crucial role in various fields, providing practical solutions to real-world problems and driving advancements in technology, healthcare, business, and more. It bridges the gap between theory and practice by translating scientific knowledge into tangible outcomes that positively impact individuals, organizations, communities, or industries. Applied research enables us to develop innovative solutions, refine existing practices, and make informed decisions based on evidence. By focusing on practical applications, applied research contributes to advancements in various fields, ultimately leading to societal progress and improvement. It serves as a driving force for innovation, economic growth, and the overall betterment of individuals and communities. 

What is Applied Research and its purposes?

Applied research is a systematic and practical approach to investigating real-world problems and finding practical solutions. It makes application of scientific methods and techniques to gather and analyze data, conduct experiments, and make evidence-based recommendations. The primary purpose of applied research is to address specific issues or challenges in various fields. It aims to make better-existing practices, processes, or products, validate the effectiveness of interventions or programs, inform policy decisions, and contribute to the development and implementation of evidence-based strategies. 

When using Applied Research

Some common applications of applied research include:

Business and Marketing

Through the utilization of applied research, organizations can gain valuable insights into consumer behavior, evaluate marketing strategies, assess market trends, and identify opportunities for product development and innovation.

Healthcare and Medicine

Applied research is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of medical treatments, interventions, and healthcare policies. It helps in the advancement of patient outcomes, optimizes healthcare delivery systems, and informs evidence-based medical practices.

In education, applied research informs curriculum development, evaluates program effectiveness, guides evidence-based instruction, informs policy decisions, supports professional development, and optimizes student assessment and evaluation.

Public Policy and Governance

Policymakers can leverage data-driven insights to inform decision-making, evaluate program effectiveness, and enhance governance practices. This approach fosters evidence-based policymaking, promotes transparency, and facilitates effective and equitable governance.

Environmental Studies

Applied research is used to address environmental challenges, such as climate change, pollution, and natural resource management. It helps develop sustainable practices, assess the environmental impact of policies and projects, and guide conservation efforts.

Technology and Engineering

Optimizing efficiency and advancing technology, applied research in technological and engineering fields develops and upgrades products, systems, and processes, addressing practical problems with innovative solutions.

Agriculture and Food Science

Applied research is conducted to raise agricultural practices and crop yields, ensure food safety, and develop sustainable farming methods. It addresses challenges related to food production, distribution, and environmental impact.

Types of Applied Research

Applied research includes various types tailored to address specific practical issues and inform decision-making. Some common types of applied research are:

Evaluation Research

This type of research focuses on assessing the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of programs, interventions, policies, or initiatives. It measures outcomes, identifies strengths and weaknesses, and provides recommendations for improvement.

Action Research

Action research involves collaborative inquiry and problem-solving in real-world settings. It emphasizes the active participation of stakeholders to identify and address practical challenges, often leading to immediate changes or interventions.

Research and Development

R&D is a type of applied research with the objective to create innovative products and services to meet market needs. It requires gathering market information, improving existing products, and developing new ones to fulfill customer demands and enhance organizational effectiveness.

Policy Research

Generating evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, policy research plays a crucial role in informing policy development, implementation, and evaluation. By analyzing existing policies and identifying areas for improvement, it aims to shape effective and informed decision-making processes.

Data Collection Methods

Data collection methods refer to the techniques and approaches used to gather information or data for research purposes. These methods vary depending on the nature of the research question, the type of data needed, and the resources available. Here are some common data collection methods:

This collects data through structured questionnaires or interviews. They can be administered in person, over the phone, through mail, or online. Surveys are useful for gathering information from a large number of participants and obtaining self-reported data on attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or demographics.

Interviews conduct one-on-one or group conversations with participants to gather detailed information. Interviews can be structured (with predetermined questions), semi-structured (with a set of guiding questions), or unstructured (allowing for open-ended discussion). Interviews are useful for exploring complex topics, capturing in-depth insights, and understanding participants’ perspectives.

Observations

The method of observation watches and records behaviors, actions, or events in their natural settings. Researchers can be participant observers (actively participating in the observed context) or non-participant observers (observing from a distance). Observations are valuable for studying social interactions, behaviors, and patterns in real-life contexts.

Experiments

Experiments manipulate variables under controlled conditions to determine cause-and-effect relationships. Participants are assigned to different experimental conditions, and data is collected to assess the impact of the manipulated variables. Experiments allow researchers to study causal relationships and test hypotheses.

Data Analysis Methods

Data analysis methods are the techniques and procedures used to analyze and interpret data collected during a research study. These methods help researchers make sense of the data, identify patterns, draw conclusions, and answer research questions. Data analysis plays a crucial role in research as it transforms raw data into meaningful insights and supports evidence-based decision-making. Some common data analysis methods are:

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the main characteristics of the data. They include measures such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and frequency distributions. Descriptive statistics provide a snapshot of the data’s central tendency, dispersion, and distribution.

Inferential Statistics

Inferential statistics make inferences or draw conclusions about a population based on a sample. These methods help researchers test hypotheses, determine statistical significance, and make generalizations. Examples of inferential statistics include t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, and chi-square tests.

Data Mining

Data mining uses computational algorithms to discover patterns, trends, and relationships within large datasets. It helps identify hidden insights and generate predictive models. Data mining techniques include association rule mining, classification, clustering, and anomaly detection.

Applied Research Methodology

Applied research methodology refers to the systematic approach used to conduct applied research studies. It is a series of steps and procedures designed to gather relevant data, analyze it, and draw meaningful conclusions to address real-world problems or provide practical solutions. The methodology for applied research typically includes the following key components:

Problem Identification

Clearly defining and understanding the specific problem or issue to be addressed is the first step in applied research methodology. Conducting a thorough literature review, consulting with experts, and engaging stakeholders are essential steps to gain insights into the problem’s context, scope, and potential impact.

Research Design

Developing a research design involves determining the appropriate research approach, such as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods, based on the research objectives and the nature of the problem. It also includes selecting the appropriate data collection methods, sampling techniques, and data analysis procedures.

Data Collection

Data collection methods are chosen based on the research design and the type of data required. Common data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, case studies, and document analysis. Rigorous data collection techniques ensure the collection of accurate and reliable data relevant to the research problem.

Data Analysis

Data analysis is about processing, organizing, and interpreting the collected data to derive meaningful insights. Depending on the nature of the data, quantitative analysis techniques such as statistical analysis, regression analysis, or data mining may be used. Qualitative analysis techniques, such as thematic analysis or content analysis, can be employed for textual or qualitative data.

Results and Conclusion

The analyzed data is used to draw conclusions, identify patterns, and make inferences related to the research problem. The results are presented in a clear and concise manner, often through tables, charts, or visualizations. Conclusions should be supported by evidence from the data analysis and aligned with the research objectives.

Examples of Applied Research

The applied research examples illustrate how this addresses real-world issues and aims to provide practical solutions that can be implemented and make a meaningful impact in various domains. Here are some applied research examples across different fields:

In healthcare, the focus is finding practical solutions to improve patient care and outcomes. For example, a study investigating the effectiveness of a new medical treatment or therapy for a specific condition would be considered applied research.

The primary objective is to increase teaching methods, curriculum development, and student learning outcomes. This involves evaluating the effectiveness of various instructional approaches and designing interventions to foster improved student engagement and achievement.

In the domain of business and marketing, the emphasis is on tackling practical issues encountered by organizations. This can include analyzing consumer behavior to devise impactful marketing strategies or conducting market research to evaluate the viability of introducing a new product. Such endeavors align with the principles of applied research.

Environmental Science

The objective is to devise practical solutions for addressing environmental challenges. This can encompass studying the effects of pollution on ecosystems, formulating sustainable practices, or assessing the efficacy of conservation initiatives. These pursuits align with the principles of applied research.

Engineering and Technology

The emphasis of applied research on engineering and technology is to create inventive solutions for real-world problems. This could entail research endeavors aimed at enhancing energy efficiency, refining manufacturing techniques, or pioneering novel materials.

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The Meaning of Applied Research

| Alex Usher

Time was – say, for the thirty years or so after Vannevar Bush wrote Science: The Endless Frontier – everyone had a pretty good understanding of what was meant by the term “research”.  Basically, it was the stuff that pointy-headed people did in labs and was the opposite of “development”.

Figure 1: Ancient Understanding of Research

But then, people on the development end got a bit snippy.  They, too, did research, it just had a more focused sense of practical use than did the work of the lab-eggheads.  And so, we ended up with a slightly altered understanding of research, shown below.

Figure 2: Slightly Less Ancient Understanding of Research

Figure 2 reflects how policymakers in Canada think about research.  There is the curiosity-driven stuff on the left, and the use-driven stuff on the right and – from the policy perspective – the question is how to get the balance between these two right so that the line continues into “product development/innovation” and then “productivity/middle-class jobs”.  Yes, it’s a worldview which completely ignores process innovation and disastrously conflates science policy, innovation policy and growth policy (all of which should be conceptually separate), but it’s what we’ve got.

Much of the rest of the world moved on to another definition in the 1990s to a theory known as “Pasteur’s Quadrant”, after the book of the same name by the late Donald Stokes.  The quadrants are based on Stokes’ insight that research needed to be plotted along two axes: a quest for fundamental understanding, and consideration of final use.  This gives you three potential research types: Basic Research, like that of theoretical physicists like Niels Bohr, Applied Research close to industrial applications like that of inventors like Thomas Edison, and a third group known as “use-inspired basic research” like that of French microbiologist Louis Pasteur.

Figure 3: The Quadrants

In truth, Stokes’ typology is less helpful as it applies to individual research projects than it is to clarify the differences in how various scientific fields approach basic research.  Cosmologists are looking for “fundamental understanding” when they do research, but for fields like Engineering and Medicine, considerations of use are never far away and much of their work ends up in the Pasteur quadrant almost as a matter of course.

But in the past couple of decades, a new and completely different meaning of Applied Research has drifted into general usage resulting from the advance of research activities in colleges and polytechnics.  Originally, the term was used to denote the work these institutions did with local businesses to help them improve industrial processes – very much the definition of “applied research” in figure 2.  But over time, I can’t help but notice that these institutions have broadened the use of this phrase to cover almost anything they do which isn’t traditional teaching.

This isn’t just a Canadian thing – I was at the annual conference of the World Federation of Colleges and Polytechnics in Spain this past June, and virtually everyone was doing it. Capstone projects for graduating students?  Well, it is research, and it has an application, so it must be “applied research”.  Simulation training for cyber-security professionals?  Well, the simulation is an application of research, right?  So, it must be applied research.    

In fact, the main way that colleges/polytechnics seem to talk about “applied research” these days has more to do with innovative methods of training than actual discovery.  “Applied research” often means advanced simulation techniques and more life-like teaching settings (for instance, check out the Victorian Tunnelling Centre at Holmesglen College in Melbourne – amazing stuff and one can only imagine how much better life in Toronto would have been if we’d one of these before extending the Downsview line or starting the  Eglinton LRT).  Sometimes it simply includes advanced training for industry, or co-located facilities which double-up as both centres for applied research for students and training facilities for industry (for example, Red River College’s Stevenson Campus ). 

I suspect this shift has something to do with the politics of funding.  In Canada, the federal government spends about $6 billion on a year on transfers to institutions (i.e. not including the Canada Social Transfer Post-Secondary Allocation or the Canada Student Financial Assistance Program), 92% of which goes to universities rather than colleges.  Because most of this money is for research, colleges figure they will have an easier time trying to get funding out of Ottawa if they describe everything they do as some form of research rather than the hodge-podge of activities it is.  That and all the “parity of esteem” stuff.

But here’s a thought: why not just call a lot of these initiatives what they are, that is, advanced technical skills development?  As we head into a few decades where the unemployment rate is likely to be 5% or less and businesses complain incessantly about skill shortages, the need for advanced skills training facilities is blatantly obvious.  Historically, all our training efforts have been about creating more skilled workers – but in our current demographic dilemma, that’s just not on.  What we need are much better workers.  And that means better training and better training facilities infrastructure, something Ottawa could choose to fund on a permanent basis on a basis much like the Knowledge Infrastructure Program or the Strategic Infrastructure Fund, if it chose to do so. 

In other words: ending the linguistic creep of Applied Research isn’t just good for the English language, it’s also very good policy.

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25 Applied Research Examples

Applied research is research intended to solve specific and practical problems faced by the researcher and their shareholders.

Grimsgaard (2023) defines it below:

“Applied research tends to drill down more toward solving specific problems that affect people in the here and now.”

It is contrasted to basic research , which is research for its own sake. Bentley, Gulbrandsen and Kyvik (2015) define basic research as “research undertaken with a primary purpose of the advancement of knowledge for its own sake.”

The key benefit of applied research is that it helps solve problems in the real world – it is the embodiment of the concept of ‘invention is the mother of invention. But if we only did applied research, we wouldn’t achieve any of the blue skies breakthroughs that are achieved through basis research.

In fact, applied research often follows up from basic research, finding ways to apply that basic research to real-life needs in society.

Applied Research Examples

• Medicine: Development of a new vaccine to combat a specific viral strain.
• Computer Science: Creating an algorithm to enhance image recognition in smartphones.
• Agriculture: Introducing a genetically modified crop variety to improve yield and pest resistance.
• Psychology: Implementing cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques to treat anxiety disorders.
• Environmental Science: Designing a method to purify water using solar energy in remote areas.
• Engineering: Developing a more efficient and lightweight battery for electric cars.
• Education: Evaluating the effectiveness of online teaching methods on student performance.
• Economics: Assessing the impact of a new taxation policy on consumer spending.
• Sociology: Creating community programs based on studies of urban youth engagement.
• Architecture: Designing earthquake-resistant buildings based on geological research.
• Nutrition: Formulating a diet plan to mitigate the effects of type 2 diabetes.
• Linguistics: Developing language learning apps based on cognitive linguistics research.
• Sports Science: Designing a training regimen to enhance the performance of long-distance runners.
• Marketing: Analyzing consumer behavior to optimize product placement in retail stores.
• Geology: Creating risk assessment tools for communities near active volcanoes.
• Transportation: Designing an urban transportation system based on traffic flow research.
• Marine Biology: Establishing sustainable fishing guidelines based on studies of fish populations.
• Chemistry: Developing a new drug formulation for faster pain relief.
• Physics: Creating more efficient solar panels based on the study of photovoltaic materials.
• Communication Studies: Implementing crisis communication strategies for corporations based on media research.
• Aerospace Engineering: Designing a new airplane wing for reduced fuel consumption.
• Biotechnology: Producing biofuels from algae after studying their growth and energy properties.
• Musicology: Enhancing acoustics in concert halls based on sound wave research.
• Pharmacology: Testing a new drug to treat a rare form of cancer.
• Urban Planning: Designing green spaces in cities based on studies of residents’ mental well-being.

Case Studies

1. the invention of the internet.

One of the most celebrated examples of applied research leading to a groundbreaking invention is the development of the World Wide Web by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Tim Berners-Lee, a British engineer and computer scientist, was working at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. His task was to find a way to allow scientists to share data and research results efficiently across the world. The challenge was significant because, at that time, there were no universally accepted and easy-to-use methods for data sharing and retrieval across different computer networks and platforms.

In solving this problem, Berners-Lee developed the three fundamental technologies that remain the foundation of today’s Web (and which you may recognize!):

• HTML : HyperText Markup Language
• URI : Uniform Resource Identifier
• HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol

These technologies enabled the creation and retrieval of linked documents and multimedia across a network of computers. Berners-Lee also created the first web browser and web server to demonstrate and utilize these technologies.

The invention of the World Wide Web has had a profound and transformative impact on society, affecting almost every aspect of our daily lives, including communication, education, business, and entertainment. Berners-Lee’s applied research, initially aimed at solving a specific problem related to scientific data sharing, ended up unleashing a revolutionary tool that reshaped the world.

2. The Discovery of Penicillin

The discovery and development of penicillin, an antibiotic, by Alexander Fleming and its subsequent mass production shows how applied research can lead to revolutionary inventions.

In 1928, Alexander Fleming, a Scottish bacteriologist, observed that a mold called Penicillium notatum was able to kill bacteria in a petri dish. This discovery was quite accidental and came while Fleming was researching staphylococci, a type of bacteria. At this point, it was just basic research .

But in 1939, Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain took Fleming’s discovery from a useful laboratory finding to a life-saving drug through extensive research and development. They conducted systematic, applied research to figure out how to mass-produce and purify penicillin.

By 1941, the team had successfully treated its first patient with penicillin, marking a major milestone in medicinal history.

But it was in the years of World War II that penicillin really became a life safer – literally. During World War II, the production of penicillin was scaled up massively to treat wounded soldiers, saving countless lives that might have been lost to bacterial infections.

Fleming’s initial discovery and the subsequent applied research by Florey, Chain, and their team transformed penicillin into a practical, widely available antibiotic.

The development and mass production of penicillin marked the beginning of the antibiotic era, fundamentally altering medicine by providing an effective treatment for bacterial infections.

Applied vs Basic Research

Unlike applied research, basic research seeks to expand knowledge and understanding of fundamental principles and theories without immediate application in mind (Abeysekera, 2019; Bentley, Gulbrandsen & Kyvik, 2015).

Basic research is exploratory and often driven by curiosity or the academic interests of the researcher. The results may not have immediate practical implications but can form the foundation for future applied research (Grimsgaard, 2023).

Applied research , on the other hand, is aimed at addressing specific problems or questions, with the intent of applying the findings to practical solutions or actions (Abeysekera, 2019; Baimyrzaeva, 2018).

It is more structured, systematic, and focused on practical problem-solving or enhancing existing methods. The results are typically intended for immediate application, with direct, observable implications.

Benefits and Limitations of Applied Research

Applied research is specifically designed to address immediate problems, which is one of its greatest advantages.

It helps businesses, industries and policy makers improve operations, products, services or policies, thereby providing practical and immediate solutions (Baimyrzaeva, 2018).

Moreover, its impact can be quantified, making it easier to secure funding. However, the main disadvantage is that it is narrowly focused and its findings may not be universally applicable.

However, the desire for quick, practical results can constrain the methodology, perhaps limiting creativity or ignoring broader implications (Baimyrzaeva, 2018; Marotti de Mello & Wood 2019).

The pressure for immediate usability can also drive researchers towards safe, predictable projects rather than innovative or risky ones.

Abeysekera, A. (2019). Basic research and applied research.  Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka ,  47 (3).

Baimyrzaeva, M. (2018). Beginners’ guide for applied research process: What is it, and why and how to do it.  University of Central Asia ,  4 (8).

Bentley, P. J., Gulbrandsen, M., & Kyvik, S. (2015). The relationship between basic and applied research in universities.  Higher Education ,  70 , 689-709. ( Source )

Dunn, D. S. (2012). Research Methods for Social Psychology (2nd ed.). Wiley Global Education.

Grimsgaard, W. (2023). Design and strategy: a step by step guide . New York: Taylor & Francis.

Marotti de Mello, A., & Wood Jr, T. (2019). What is applied research anyway?.  Revista de Gestão ,  26 (4), 338-339. ( Source )

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• Published: 05 April 2024

A 5′ UTR language model for decoding untranslated regions of mRNA and function predictions

• Yanyi Chu 1 , 2   na1 ,
• Dan Yu 3   na1 ,
• Yupeng Li 4 ,
• Kaixuan Huang 1 ,
• Yue Shen 3 ,
• Le Cong 2 ,
• Jason Zhang 4 &
• Mengdi Wang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2101-9507 1  

Nature Machine Intelligence volume  6 ,  pages 449–460 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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• Computational models
• Gene expression
• Gene regulation
• Machine learning

A preprint version of the article is available at bioRxiv.

The 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a regulatory region at the beginning of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, plays a crucial role in regulating the translation process and affects the protein expression level. Language models have showcased their effectiveness in decoding the functions of protein and genome sequences. Here, we introduce a language model for 5′ UTR, which we refer to as the UTR-LM. The UTR-LM is pretrained on endogenous 5′ UTRs from multiple species and is further augmented with supervised information including secondary structure and minimum free energy. We fine-tuned the UTR-LM in a variety of downstream tasks. The model outperformed the best known benchmark by up to 5% for predicting the mean ribosome loading, and by up to 8% for predicting the translation efficiency and the mRNA expression level. The model was also applied to identifying unannotated internal ribosome entry sites within the untranslated region and improved the area under the precision–recall curve from 0.37 to 0.52 compared to the best baseline. Further, we designed a library of 211 new 5′ UTRs with high predicted values of translation efficiency and evaluated them via a wet-laboratory assay. Experiment results confirmed that our top designs achieved a 32.5% increase in protein production level relative to well-established 5′ UTRs optimized for therapeutics.

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Data availability.

The datasets are available and can be downloaded at https://codeocean.com/capsule/6711822 (ref. 39 ). This link includes training data for the pretrained model as well as datasets for various downstream tasks. Detailed statistics for these datasets are provided in Supplementary Discussion A . Source data are provided with this paper.

Code availability

The code is freely available at https://github.com/a96123155/UTR-LM (ref. 40 ) under the GNU General Public Licence Version 3 and the implemented demo can be found at https://codeocean.com/capsule/6711822 (ref. 39 ).

Araujo, P. R. et al. Before it gets started: regulating translation at the 5′ UTR. Comp. Funct. Genomics 2012 , 475731 (2012).

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Acknowledgements

This paper is partially supported by National Science Foundation grant no. 1953686 and partially supported by RVAC Medicines.

Author information

These authors contributed equally: Yanyi Chu, Dan Yu.

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

Yanyi Chu, Kaixuan Huang & Mengdi Wang

Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Yanyi Chu & Le Cong

RVAC Medicines, Waltham, MA, USA

Dan Yu & Yue Shen

Zipcode Bio, Weston, MA, USA

Yupeng Li & Jason Zhang

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Contributions

Y.C. developed the UTR-LM model. D.Y. performed experimental validation. Y.L. produced in-house data. K.H. reviewed both the code and manuscript. Y.S. developed the web server. L.C. contributed to manuscript preparation. J.Z. initiated the experimental part of the project. M.W. led the entire project. All authors contributed to manuscript preparation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mengdi Wang .

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RVAC Medicines has submitted patent applications related to the designed UTR sequences. D.Y., Y.L. and Y.S. are affiliated with RVAC Medicines. J.Z. is affiliated with Zipcode Bio. Other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

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The computation flow of identifying patterns in 5′ UTR sequences based on attention scores .

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Chu, Y., Yu, D., Li, Y. et al. A 5′ UTR language model for decoding untranslated regions of mRNA and function predictions. Nat Mach Intell 6 , 449–460 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00823-9

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00823-9

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Plants can communicate and respond to touch. Does that mean they're intelligent?

Tonya Mosley

"The primary way plants communicate with each other is through a language, so to speak, of chemical gasses," journalist Zoë Schlanger says. Mohd Rasfan/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

"The primary way plants communicate with each other is through a language, so to speak, of chemical gasses," journalist Zoë Schlanger says.

In the 1960s and '70s, a series of questionable experiments claimed to prove that plants could behave like humans, that they had feelings, responded to music and could even take a polygraph test .

Though most of those claims have since been debunked, climate journalist Zoë Schlanger says a new wave of research suggests that plants are indeed "intelligent" in complex ways that challenge our understanding of agency and consciousness.

"Agency is this effect of having ... an active stake in the outcome of your life," Schlanger says. "And when I was looking at plants and speaking to botanists, it became very clear to me that plants have this."

In her new book, The Light Eaters: How the Unseen World of Plant Intelligence Offers a New Understanding of Life on Earth , Schlanger, a staff reporter at The Atlantic, writes about how plants use information from the environment, and from the past, to make "choices" for the future.

Happy Arbor Day! These 20 books will change the way you think about trees

Schlanger notes that some tomato plants, when being eaten by caterpillars, fill their leaves with a chemical that makes them so unappetizing that the caterpillars start eating each other instead. Corn plants have been known to sample the saliva of predator caterpillars — and then use that information to emit a chemical to attract a parasitic wasp that will attack the caterpillar.

Stop overwatering your houseplants, and other things plant experts want you to know

Schlanger acknowledges that our understanding of plants is still developing — as are the definitions of "intelligence" and "consciousness." "Science is there [for] observation and to experiment, but it can't answer questions about this ineffable, squishy concept of intelligence and consciousness," she says.

But, she adds, "part of me feels like it almost doesn't matter, because what we see plants doing — what we now understand they can do — simply brings them into this realm of alert, active processing beings, which is a huge step from how many of us were raised to view them, which is more like ornaments in our world or this decorative backdrop for our our lives."

Interview highlights

On the concept of plant "intelligence"

Intelligence is this thing that's loaded with so much human meaning. It's too muddled up sometimes with academic notions of intelligence. ... Is this even something we want to layer on to plants? And that's something that I hear a lot of plant scientists talk about. They recognize more than anyone that plants are not little humans. They don't want their subjects to be reduced in a way to human tropes or human standards of either of those things.

On the debate over if plants have nervous systems

I was able to go to a lab in Wisconsin where there [were] plants that had ... been engineered to glow, but only to glow when they've been touched. So I used tweezers to pinch a plant on its vein, ... the kind of mid-rib of a leaf. And I got to watch this glowing green signal emanate from the point where I pinch the plant out to the whole rest of the plant. Within two minutes, the whole plant had received a signal of my touch, of my "assault," so to speak, with these tweezers. And research like that is leading people within the plant sciences, but also people who work on neurobiology in people to question whether or not it's time to expand the notion of a nervous system.

On if plants feel pain

TED Radio Hour

Plants don't have brains — but they sure act smart.

We have nothing at the moment to suggest that plants feel pain, but do they sense being touched, or sense being eaten, and respond with a flurry of defensive chemicals that suggest that they really want to prevent whatever's going on from continuing? Absolutely. So this is where we get into tricky territory. Do we ascribe human concepts like pain ... to a plant, even though it has no brain? And we can't ask it if it feels pain. We have not found pain receptors in a plant. But then again, I mean, the devil's advocate view here is that we only found the mechanoreceptors for pain in humans, like, fairly recently. But we do know plants are receiving inputs all the time. They know when a caterpillar is chewing on them, and they will respond with aggressive defensiveness. They will do wild things to keep that caterpillar from destroying them further.

On how plants communicate with each other

Zoë Schlanger is a staff writer at The Atlantic. Heather Sten/Harper Collins hide caption

Zoë Schlanger is a staff writer at The Atlantic.

The primary way plants communicate with each other is through a language, so to speak, of chemical gasses. ... And there's little pores on plants that are microscopic. And under the microscope, they look like little fish lips. ... And they open to release these gasses. And those gasses contain information. So when a plant is being eaten or knocked over by an animal or hit by wind too hard, it will release an alarm call that other plants in the area can pick up on. And this alarm call can travel pretty long distances, and the plants that receive it will prime their immune systems and their defense systems to be ready for this invasion, for this group of chewing animals before they even arrive. So it's a way of saving themselves, and it makes evolutionary sense. If you're a plant, you don't want to be standing out in a field alone, so to speak. It's not good for reproductive fitness. It's not good for attracting pollinators. It's often in the interest of plants to warn their neighbors of attacks like this.

On plant "memory"

Research News

Orangutan in the wild applied medicinal plant to heal its own injury, biologists say.

There's one concept that I think is very beautiful, called the "memory of winter." And that's this thing where many plants, most of our fruit trees, for example, have to have the "memory," so to speak, of a certain number of days of cold in the winter in order to bloom in the spring. It's not enough that the warm weather comes. They have to get this profound cold period as well, which means to some extent they're counting. They're counting the elapsed days of cold and then the elapsed days of warmth to make sure they're also not necessarily emerging in a freak warm spell in February. This does sometimes happen, of course. We hear stories about farmers losing their crops to freak warm spells. But there is evidence to suggest there's parts of plants physiology that helps them record this information. But much like in people, we don't quite know the substrate of that memory. We can't quite locate where or how it's possibly being recorded.

On not anthropomorphizing plants

What's interesting is that scientists and botany journals will do somersaults to avoid using human language for plants. And I totally get why. But when you go meet them in their labs, they are willing to anthropomorphize the heck out of their study subjects. They'll say things like, "Oh, the plants hate when I do that." Or, "They really like this when I do this or they like this treatment." I once heard a scientist talk about, "We're going to go torture the plant again." So they're perfectly willing to do that in private. And the reason for that is not because they're holding some secret about how plants are actually just little humans. It's that they've already resolved that complexity in their mind. They trust themselves to not be reducing their subjects to human, simplistic human tropes. And that's going to be a task for all of us to somehow come to that place.

It's a real challenge for me. So much of what I was learning while doing research for this book was super intangible. You can't see a plant communicating, you can't watch a plant priming its immune system or manipulating an insect. A lot of these things are happening in invisible ways. ... Now when I go into a park, I feel totally surrounded by little aliens. I know that there is immense plant drama happening all over the place around me.

Sam Briger and Susan Nyakundi produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Bridget Bentz and Molly Seavy-Nesper adapted it for the web.

Orangutan in the wild applied medicinal plant to heal its own injury, biologists say

Researchers in a rainforest in Indonesia spotted an injury on the face of a male orangutan they named Rakus. They were stunned to watch him treat his wound with a medicinal plant.

Armas / Suaq Project

When a wild orangutan in Indonesia suffered a painful wound to his cheek, he did something that stunned researchers: He chewed plant leaves known to have pain-relieving and healing properties, rubbed the juice on the open wound — and then used the leaves as a poultice to cover his injury.

"This case represents the first known case of active wound treatment in a wild animal with a medical plant," biologist Isabelle Laumer, the first author of a paper about the revelation, told NPR.

She says she was "very excited" about the orangutan's seeming innovation, which was documented at the Suaq Balimbing research site in the Gunung Leuser National Park in northwest Sumatra, where some 150 orangutans live in a protected rainforest.

The orangutan is named Rakus. Laumer says he might have picked up the large wound in a fight with a rival male. A few days later, he was seen using a plant to treat his injury. The wound then healed, seemingly without any infection.

Laumer and another researcher, Caroline Schuppli, led a team of cognitive and evolutionary biologists from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior in Germany and Universitas Nasional in Indonesia.

What happened?

Around a month after applying medicine to his wound, Rakus has fully healed, with only a slightly noticeable scar. This photo was taken roughly two months after the injury was first spotted.

Safruddin / Suaq Project

Rakus was spotted with the new wound on June 22, 2022. Three days later, he started eating the stem and leaves of a liana — a vine that researchers say the orangutan population in Suaq rarely eats. From there, his behavior grew increasingly intentional and specific.

Rakus spent 13 minutes eating the plant, and then he spent seven minutes chewing the leaves and not swallowing, instead daubing the plant's juices onto his wound. When flies began landing on his wound, Rakus fully covered it with leaf material and went back to eating the plant.

Within five days, the wound had closed. And by July 19 — around a month after the injury was likely sustained — "the wound appeared to have fully healed and only a faint scar remained," the biologists said in their paper, published Thursday in Scientific Reports .

If Rakus was acting as his own nurse, he also seems to have been a good patient: the day after he initially applied the leaves, the orangutan found the plant once again and ate more leaves. He also rested much more than usual, which researchers say likely gave his body a better chance to heal.

What plant was used as medicine?

Pictures of Fibraurea tinctoria leaves, left. At right, Rakus is seen eating more of the leaves one day after applying a plant mesh to his wound.

Saidi Agam / Suaq Project

Its common name is Akar Kuning ( Fibraurea tinctoria ). It's a type of liana — a vine that climbs into tree canopies to reach sunshine. The plant has analgesic, antipyretic and diuretic effects; in traditional medicine in the region, it's used to treat diseases from dysentery and diabetes to malaria.

Analysis of the plant's chemical compounds has found "the presence of furanoditerpenoids and protoberberine alkaloids, which are known to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antioxidant, and other biological activities of relevance to wound healing," according to the researchers' paper.

"It also contains jatrorrhizine (antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, anticancer, and hypolipidemic properties... and palmatine (anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral properties," the paper said.

So, what does the plant taste like? We asked Laumer if she herself has ever tried it.

"No I have not," she said. "It's rarely eaten by the orangutans at Suaq (in only 0.3% of all ca. 390,000 feeding scans)."

Who is Rakus?

Rakus is a male Sumatran orangutan who is believed to be born in the late 1980s, meaning he was around 32 years old when he was seen applying leaves to his wound. He was first observed in the area in March of 2009.

His self-treatment is exceedingly rare: Researchers say that "in 21 years and 28,000 observation hours," observers at the research station have never seen orangutans using leaves to treat their wounds.

Rakus isn't from the forest where he was seen caring for his injury.

"Orangutan males disperse from their natal area during or after puberty over long distances to either establish a new home range in another area or are moving between other's home ranges," Schuppli said in a news release about the findings.

"Therefore, it is possible that the behavior is shown by more individuals in his natal population outside the Suaq research area."

Nearly two years after his injury, Rakus is thriving.

"He is now one of the dominant males in the research area," Laumer told NPR.

What is 'ointment behavior' and what does it mean?

Rakus chewed leaves and applied them to a wound on his cheek, giving himself medical care. His injury healed without infection, leaving a barely noticeable scar.

Rakus' seemingly innovative behavior suggests that "medical wound treatment may have arisen in a common ancestor shared by humans and orangutans," according to the paper.

It's possible that treating a wound with Fibraurea tinctoria began as a fortunate accident, the researchers say, noting that the plant has potent pain-relieving effects and adding that by applying a poultice, the orangutan's main goal may have been to protect his wound from flies.

But because orangutans are believed to keep adding skills into adulthood through social learning, the paper adds, it's possible that the treatment strategy could "also spread socially from individual to individual."

Might Rakus share his medical know-how with other orangutans? That gets into the social question of culture. In the past, orangutans in Sumatra have shown a skill for sharing innovative ideas , with popular behaviors spreading until they reach a natural boundary, like a river.

The findings could lead to new insights into the evolution of self-care and medicine in primates.

Great apes, humans' closest extant relatives, have been documented eating certain plants for therapeutic or anti-parasitic benefits. The researchers also note that in Gabon, chimpanzees have been seen applying small insects to wounds, although, they note, "the efficiency of this behavior is still unknown."

"The treatment of human wounds was most likely first mentioned in a medical manuscript that dates back to 2200 BC, which included cleaning, plastering, and bandaging of wounds with certain wound care substances," Schuppli said in the news release.

Noting that taking action to treat a wound is seen in humans as well as in African and Asian great apes, she added, "it is possible that there exists a common underlying mechanism for the recognition and application of substances with medical or functional properties to wounds and that our last common ancestor already showed similar forms of ointment behavior."

Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

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