digital technology essay pdf

Creative Education, Teaching and Learning pp 11–14 Cite as

Introduction to Digital Technology

• Gayle Brewer  
• First Online: 22 November 2018

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The use of digital technologies in education has been widely advocated (Aldrich, 2004; Quinn, 2005), and institutions such as the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (BECTA, 2003) strongly encourage the adoption of information technology in teaching and learning. These technologies are most commonly employed by students, who use digital technologies for both academic learning and entertainment (Tien & Fu, 2008), primarily develop digital literacy skills outside formal education (Ito et al. 2008) and are able to easily use unfamiliar technologies. Prensky (2001) adopted the term ‘digital natives’ to refer to students who have grown up in the realm of digital technologies and are fluent in them. Those who have not grown up in this environment and who may adopt these technologies are referred to as ‘digital immigrants’. The concept is similar to the notion of the ‘Net Generation’ (Tapscott, 1998). This does not, however, preclude other non-native students, often targeted by widening participation schemes, from adopting these technologies. Intergenerational differences in the perceived usefulness and importance of digital technologies are minimal (Salajan, Schonwetter, & Cleghorn, 2010), and some researchers have questioned the assumed divide between digital natives and digital immigrants (Waycott, Bennett, Kennedy, Dalgarno, & Gray, 2010).

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Brewer, G. (2015). Introduction to Digital Technology. In: Brewer, G., Hogarth, R. (eds) Creative Education, Teaching and Learning. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137402141_2

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What the Digital Future Holds : 20 Groundbreaking Essays on How Technology Is Reshaping the Practice of Management

The relationship between management and digital technology: experts present a new agenda for the practice of management.

Digital technology has profoundly affected the ways that businesses design and produce goods, manage internal communication, and connect with customers. But the next phase of the digital revolution raises a new set of questions about the relationship between technology and the practice of management. Managers in the digital era must consider how big data can inform hiring decisions, whether new communication technologies are empowering workers or unleashing organizational chaos, what role algorithms will play in corporate strategy, and even how to give performance feedback to a robot. This collection of short, pithy essays from MIT Sloan Management Review , written by both practitioners and academic experts, explores technology's foundational impact on management.

Much of the conversation around these topics centers on the evolving relationship between humans and cognitive technologies, and the essays reflect this—considering, for example, not only how to manage a bot but how cognitive systems will enhance business decision making, how AI delivers value, and the ethics of algorithms.

Contributors Ajay Agrawal, Robert D. Austin, David H. Autor, Andrew Burgert, Paul R. Daugherty, Thomas H. Davenport, R. Edward Freeman, Joshua S. Gans, Avi Goldfarb, Lynda Gratton, Reid Hoffman, Bala Iyer, Gerald C. Kane, Frieda Klotz, Rita Gunther McGrath, Paul Michelman, Andrew W. Moore, Nicola Morini-Bianzino, Tim O'Reilly, Bidhan L. Parmar, Ginni Rometty, Bernd Schmitt, Alex Tapscott, Don Tapscott, Monideepa Tarafdar, Catherine J. Turco, George Westerman, H. James Wilson, Andrew S. Winston

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What the Digital Future Holds : 20 Groundbreaking Essays on How Technology Is Reshaping the Practice of Management By: MIT Sloan Management Review https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.001.0001 ISBN (electronic): 9780262345354 Publisher: The MIT Press Published: 2018

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Table of Contents

• [ Front Matter ] Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0025 Open the PDF Link PDF for [ Front Matter ] in another window
• Series Foreword By Paul Michelman Paul Michelman Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0001 Open the PDF Link PDF for Series Foreword in another window
• Introduction: Tales from the Digital Frontier By Paul Michelman Paul Michelman Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0002 Open the PDF Link PDF for Introduction: Tales from the Digital Frontier in another window
• 1: Managing the Bots That Are Managing the Business By Tim O'Reilly Tim O'Reilly Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0003 Open the PDF Link PDF for 1: Managing the Bots That Are Managing the Business in another window
• 2: Digital Today, Cognitive Tomorrow By Ginni Rometty Ginni Rometty Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0004 Open the PDF Link PDF for 2: Digital Today, Cognitive Tomorrow in another window
• 3: Rise of the Strategy Machines By Thomas H. Davenport Thomas H. Davenport Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0005 Open the PDF Link PDF for 3: Rise of the Strategy Machines in another window
• 4: Predicting a Future Where the Future Is Routinely Predicted By Andrew W. Moore Andrew W. Moore Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0006 Open the PDF Link PDF for 4: Predicting a Future Where the Future Is Routinely Predicted in another window
• 5: Using Artificial Intelligence to Set Information Free By Reid Hoffman Reid Hoffman Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0007 Open the PDF Link PDF for 5: Using Artificial Intelligence to Set Information Free in another window
• 6: What to Expect from Artificial Intelligence Technology By Ajay Agrawal , Ajay Agrawal Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Joshua S. Gans , Joshua S. Gans Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Avi Goldfarb Avi Goldfarb Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0008 Open the PDF Link PDF for 6: What to Expect from Artificial Intelligence Technology in another window
• 7: The Shifts—Great and Small—in Workplace Automation By David H. Autor David H. Autor Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0009 Open the PDF Link PDF for 7: The Shifts—Great and Small—in Workplace Automation in another window
• 8: How Blockchain Will Change Organizations By Don Tapscott , Don Tapscott Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Alex Tapscott Alex Tapscott Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0010 Open the PDF Link PDF for 8: How Blockchain Will Change Organizations in another window
• 9: Is Your Company Ready to Operate as a Market? By Rita Gunther McGrath Rita Gunther McGrath Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0011 Open the PDF Link PDF for 9: Is Your Company Ready to Operate as a Market? in another window
• 10: The End of Corporate Culture as We Know It By Paul Michelman Paul Michelman Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0012 Open the PDF Link PDF for 10: The End of Corporate Culture as We Know It in another window
• 11: Do You Have a Conversational Interface? By Bala Iyer , Bala Iyer Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Andrew Burgert , Andrew Burgert Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Gerald C. Kane Gerald C. Kane Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0013 Open the PDF Link PDF for 11: Do You Have a Conversational Interface? in another window
• 12: Unleashing Creativity with Digital Technology By Robert D. Austin Robert D. Austin Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0014 Open the PDF Link PDF for 12: Unleashing Creativity with Digital Technology in another window
• 13: Rethinking the Manager’s Role By Lynda Gratton Lynda Gratton Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0015 Open the PDF Link PDF for 13: Rethinking the Manager’s Role in another window
• 14: The Three New Skills Managers Need By Monideepa Tarafdar Monideepa Tarafdar Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0016 Open the PDF Link PDF for 14: The Three New Skills Managers Need in another window
• 15: A New Era of Corporate Conversation By Catherine J. Turco Catherine J. Turco Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0017 Open the PDF Link PDF for 15: A New Era of Corporate Conversation in another window
• 16: Ethics and the Algorithm By Bidhan L. Parmar , Bidhan L. Parmar Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar R. Edward Freeman R. Edward Freeman Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0018 Open the PDF Link PDF for 16: Ethics and the Algorithm in another window
• 17: Why Digital Transformation Needs a Heart By George Westerman George Westerman Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0019 Open the PDF Link PDF for 17: Why Digital Transformation Needs a Heart in another window
• 18: The Jobs That Artificial Intelligence Will Create By H. James Wilson , H. James Wilson Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paul R. Daugherty , Paul R. Daugherty Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Nicola Morini-Bianzino Nicola Morini-Bianzino Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0020 Open the PDF Link PDF for 18: The Jobs That Artificial Intelligence Will Create in another window
• 19: Tackling the World’s Challenges with Technology By Andrew S. Winston Andrew S. Winston Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0021 Open the PDF Link PDF for 19: Tackling the World’s Challenges with Technology in another window
• 20: Are You Ready for Robot Colleagues? By Bernd Schmitt , Bernd Schmitt Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Frieda Klotz Frieda Klotz Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0022 Open the PDF Link PDF for 20: Are You Ready for Robot Colleagues? in another window
• Contributors Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0023 Open the PDF Link PDF for Contributors in another window
• Index Doi: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11645.003.0024 Open the PDF Link PDF for Index in another window
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This study aimed to investigate the impact of digital technology on public service delivery and citizen engagement using a survey questionnaire administered to 251 residents of Isabela City, Basilan through Google Forms with snowball sampling technique. The main findings of the study demonstrate the significance of digital technology in improving the accessibility, efficiency, and overall experience of public services for citizens. Results reveal that digital technology has become an indispensable tool for accessing public services, and there is a need to ensure that it is accessible and userfriendly to all citizens. This also highlights the necessity for governments and public service providers to prioritize the development of digital tools and platforms that are responsive to citizens' needs and expectations. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of continuing efforts to improve the accessibility and usability of digital services in public service delivery and citizen engagement. Governments and public service providers need to invest in robust digital infrastructure, prioritize data protection and security, and promote digital literacy initiatives to foster digital inclusion and empower citizens to engage fully in the digital age. The potential of social media platforms, online forums and chatbots, and mobile apps may also be explored to improve citizen engagement with public services. Governments and public service providers need to continue investing in these digital technologies and address any barriers that hinder citizens from engaging fully with public services in the digital age. Valuable recommendations for public service providers to enhance their digital service delivery and citizen engagement form the highlight of this study. By encouraging user feedback, providing training and support, and investing in digital infrastructure and technology, public service providers can promote citizen engagement with public services, build trust and confidence in these services, and advance inclusive and equitable access to public services. In conclusion, the study provides a roadmap for governments and public service providers to leverage the power of digital technology to improve public service delivery and citizen engagement. Implementing the recommendations outlined in this study can create a more inclusive and responsive public service delivery system that meets the needs and expectations of citizens in the digital age.

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The Impact of Digital Technologies

Technologies can help make our world fairer, more peaceful, and more just. Digital advances can support and accelerate achievement of each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals – from ending extreme poverty to reducing maternal and infant mortality, promoting sustainable farming and decent work, and achieving universal literacy. But technologies can also threaten privacy, erode security and fuel inequality. They have implications for human rights and human agency. Like generations before, we – governments, businesses and individuals – have a choice to make in how we harness and manage new technologies.

A DIGITAL FUTURE FOR ALL?

Digital technologies have advanced more rapidly than any innovation in our history – reaching around 50 per cent of the developing world’s population in only two decades and transforming societies. By enhancing connectivity, financial inclusion, access to trade and public services, technology can be a great equaliser.

In the health sector, for instance, AI-enabled frontier technologies are helping to save lives, diagnose diseases and extend life expectancy. In education, virtual learning environments and distance learning have opened up programmes to students who would otherwise be excluded. Public services are also becoming more accessible and accountable through blockchain-powered systems, and less bureaucratically burdensome as a result of AI assistance.Big data can also support more responsive and accurate policies and programmes.

However, those yet to be connected remain cut off from the benefits of this new era and remain further behind. Many of the people left behind are women, the elderly, persons with disabilities or from ethnic or linguistic minorities, indigenous groups and residents of poor or remote areas. The pace of connectivity is slowing, even reversing, among some constituencies. For example, globally, the proportion of women using the internet is 12 per cent lower than that of men. While this gap narrowed in most regions between 2013 and 2017, it widened in the least developed countries from 30 per cent to 33 per cent.

The use of algorithms can replicate and even amplify human and systemic bias where they function on the basis of data which is not adequately diverse. Lack of diversity in the technology sector can mean that this challenge is not adequately addressed.

THE FUTURE OF WORK

Throughout history, technological revolutions have changed the labour force: creating new forms and patterns of work, making others obsolete, and leading to wider societal changes. This current wave of change is likely to have profound impacts. For example, the International Labour Organization estimates that the shift to a greener economy could create 24 million new jobs globally by 2030 through the adoption of sustainable practices in the energy sector, the use of electric vehicles and increasing energy efficiency in existing and future buildings.

Meanwhile, reports by groups such as McKinsey suggest that 800 million people could lose their jobs to automation by 2030 , while polls reveal that the majority of all employees worry that they do not have the necessary training or skills to get a well-paid job.

There is broad agreement that managing these trends will require changes in our approach to education, for instance, by placing more emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and maths; by teaching soft skills, and resilience; and by ensuring that people can re-skill and up-skill throughout their lifetimes. Unpaid work, for example childcare and elderly care in the home, will need to be better supported, especially as with the shifting age profile of global populations, the demands on these tasks are likely to increase.

THE FUTURE OF DATA

Today, digital technologies such as data pooling and AI are used to track and diagnose issues in agriculture, health, and the environment, or to perform daily tasks such as navigating traffic or paying a bill. They can be used to defend and exercise human rights – but they can also be used to violate them, for example, by monitoring our movements, purchases, conversations and behaviours. Governments and businesses increasingly have the tools to mine and exploit data for financial and other purposes.

However, personal data would become an asset to a person, if there were a formula for better regulation of personal data ownership. Data-powered technology has the potential to empower individuals, improve human welfare, and promote universal rights, depending on the type of protections put in place.

THE FUTURE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

Social media connects almost half of the entire global population . It enables people to make their voices heard and to talk to people across the world in real time. However, it can also reinforce prejudices and sow discord, by giving hate speech and misinformation a platform, or by amplifying echo chambers.

In this way, social media algorithms can fuel the fragmentation of societies around the world. And yet they also have the potential to do the opposite.

THE FUTURE OF CYBERSPACE

How to manage these developments is the subject of much discussion – nationally and internationally – at a time when geopolitical tensions are on the rise. The UN Secretary-General has warned of a ‘great fracture’ between world powers, each with their own internet and AI strategy, as well as dominant currency, trade and financial rules and contradictory geopolitical and military views. Such a divide could establish a digital Berlin Wall. Increasingly, digital cooperation between states – and a universal cyberspace that reflects global standards for peace and security, human rights and sustainable development – is seen as crucial to ensuring a united world. A ‘global commitment for digital cooperation’ is a key recommendation by the Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation .

FOR MORE INFORMATION

The Sustainable Development Goals

The Age of Digital Interdependence: Report of the UN Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation

ILO | Global Commission on the Future of Work

Secretary General’s Address to the 74th Session of the UN General Assembly

Secretary General’s Strategy on New Technology

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