how to cite a research paper turabian

CITATION QUICK GUIDE

Source citations in the Turabian manual come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography (or simply notes) and (2) author-date. These two systems are also sometimes referred to as Chicago-style citations, because they are the same as the ones presented in The Chicago Manual of Style .

If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. Otherwise, read on.

Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

The  notes and bibliography style is popular in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. This system is very flexible and can easily accommodate a wide variety of sources.

The  author-date style is more common in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each citation in the text matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Aside from the way they cite sources in the text, the two styles are very similar. To compare them, follow the links at the top of this page, where you’ll find examples of the more common source types cited in each style.

If you’re not sure which style you should use, ask your instructor. You will also find more information here .

For a more detailed description of the styles and many more examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of the 9th edition of the Turabian manual for notes style and chapters 18 and 19 for author-date style.

Chicago/Turabian Style Citation Examples

• Books/eBooks
• Letters & Pamphlets
• Gov't/legal
• Social Media
• One Source Quoted in Another
• Ask a Librarian
• Author-Date style

BIBLIOGRAPHY (ONE AUTHOR)

  (Section 17.2., p. 187, 9th edition)

     NOTES (ONE AUTHOR)

        Format:

       1. First Name [ Middle Initial.]  Last Name, "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): page number, URL/DOI .        2. Last Name, "Article Title," page number.

       Example:

      1. Gerda Lerner, "The Grimke Sisters and the Struggle against Race Prejudice,"    The Journal of Negro History  48, no. 4 (October 1993): 278,  https://doi.org/10.2307.2716330.       2.  Lerner , “ The Grimke Sisters ,” 290 .

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAP HY (TWO AUTH ORS)

Last name, First name [ Middle Initial.], and First name Last name. "Article Title." Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication               date): page range. URL/DOI.

Kovan, Seth, and Sonya Michel. "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1076-1108. https://doi.org/10.2307/2163479  .

     NOTES (TWO AUTHORS)

         1 . First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name and First name Last name, "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): number, URL/DOI.          2. Last name and Last name, "Article title," page number.

     Example:

      1.  Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, "Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States," American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1079, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163479.       2.  Koven and Michel, "Womanly Duties," 1077  . _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY (THREE AUTHORS)

Last name, First name [ Middle Initial.], First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name, and First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name . "Article           Title." Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): page range. URL/DOI.

Reddick, Christopher G., Akemi Takeokaand Chatfield, and Patricia A. Jaramillo. " Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs: A Multi-method Approach." Government Information Quarterly 32, no. 2 (April 2015): 129-141.  https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.giq.2015.01.003  .

     NOTES (THREE AUTHORS)

    Format:

      1. First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name,  First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name, and First name [Middle initial.] Last name, "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): number, URL/DOI.      2. Last name, Last name, and Last name, "Article title," page number.

    Example:

      1.  Christopher G. Reddick, Akemi Takeokaand Chatfield, and Patricia A. Jaramillo, " Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs: A Multi-method Approach," Government Information Quarterly 32, no. 2 (April 2015), 130, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.giq.2015.01.003.       2.  Reddick, Chatfield, Jaramillo, " Public Opinion on National Security Agency Surveillance Programs," 141  .

_________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY (FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS)

*Up to ten authors/editors should be included in the bibliography. For sources with more than ten authors/editors, include the first seven authors in the bibliography, followed by et al

Last name, First name [ Middle Initial.], First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name, First name [Middle Initial.]  Last name, and First name           [Middle Initial.]  Last name . "Article Title." Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): page range. URL/DOI.

Bovenschen, Silvia, Jeannine Blackwell , Johanna Moore , and Beth  Weckmueller . “The Contemporary Witch, the Historical Witch and the Witch Myth: The Witch, Subject of the Appropriation of Nature and Object of the Domination of Nature.” New German Critique no. 15, 1978: 83-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/487908  .

     NOTES (FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS)

      *For sources with more than three authors, include the lead author in the note, followed by et al

       1. First name [ Middle Initial.] Last name et al. , "Article Title," Publication title volume number, issue no. (Publication date): number, URL/DOI.       2. Last name et al., "Article title," page number.

      1.  Silvia Bovenschen et al., "The Contemporary Witch, the Historical Witch and the Witch Myth: The Witch, Subject of the Appropriation of Nature and Object of the Domination of Nature," New German Critique no. 15 (1978): 110, https://doi.org/ 10.2307/487908.       2.  Bovenschen et al., "The Contemporary Witch, the Historical Witch and the Witch Myth," 85  .

  NOTES

      1.  Jon Lawrence , "Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence, and Fear of  Brutalization  in Post-World War Britain,"  The Journal of Modern History  75, no. 3 (September 2003): 558 .       2.  Lawrence , “ Forging a Peaceable Kingdom ,” 290 .

BIBLIOGRAPHY (TWO AUTHORS)

(Section 17.3, p. 191, 9th edition)                       

      1.  Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy. “Game of Thrones.” Time , August 3, 2015. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=mih&AN=108557932&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=074-800.       2.  Gibbs and Duffy. “Game of Thrones.”  

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ BIBLIOGRAP HY (ONE AUTH OR, NAME OF COMMERCIAL DATABASE)

Eichenwald, Kurt. “The Shocking Truth: Colin Powell's Emails Don't Matter.” Newsweek , February 8, 2016. Opposing Viewpoints in Contex.

      1.  Kurt Eichenwald. “The Shocking Truth: Colin Powell's Emails Don't Matter,” Newsweek , February 8, 2016,  Opposing Viewpoints in Context.       2.  Eichenwald. “The Shocking Truth.” 

BIBLIOGRAPHY (TWO AUTHORS)

      1. Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy. “Game of Thrones.” U.S. News & World Report 147, no. 11, (September 3, 2010), 37 .       2.  Gibbs and Duffy. “Game of Thrones,”​ 41 .”

(Section 17.4, p. 192, 9th edition)

      1.  Howard LaFranchi, “Amid Brutal Crackdown, Syria Poised to Join UN Human Rights Council,” Christian Science Monitor , April 26, 2011. https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2011/0426/Amid-brutal-crackdown-Syria-poised-to-join-UN-Human-Rights-Council.

      2. LaFranchi, “Amid Brutal Crackdown.” ​

  ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Commercial Database Example) *use of this style should only be used with a DOI, perma/persistent link, or suitably short, direct URL is not available

               Erlanger, Steven .  “ E.U. Sees Real  Brexit  Talks at Last - and Real Dangers,”     New York Times ,   August 20, 2018. Nexis Uni.

     NOTES

      1.  Steven Erlanger, “E.U. Sees Real Brexit  Talks at Last - and Real Dangers,”  New York Times , August 20, 2018, Nexis Uni .       2.  Erlanger, “‘ E.U. Sees Real Brexit   Talks . ”

      1. Valentine Pop, “EU Ministers Fail to Agree on How to Redistribute Migrants More Equitably,” Wall Street Journal , September 15, 2015.       2. Pop, “EU Ministers Fail to Agree.  ” ​

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Citation Guide: Turabian

• Legal Citation
• Government Publications
• Engineering citation styles
• Other Styles

Turabian: An Introduction

Named after its author, Kate Turabian, the Turabian citation style is very similar to Chicago with a few slight differences. The 6th edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , the guide for the Turabian style, can be found in the Reference area of the library at all three UT Tyler campuses.

Creating a Research Paper Using Turabian

• Turabian Quick Guide From the University of Chicago Press
• How to Cite References Using the Turabian Style From the University of Wisconsin-Parkside Library
• Formatting the Paper from The University of Richmond's Writing Center .
• Citing Within the Paper and Bibliography Published by the University of Georgia.

Other Web Resources

• Using the Turabian Format published by Texas A&M Libraries.
• Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations Published by UC Berkley, this printable guide citation examples for both Turabian and Chicago Styles.
• A Guide to Chicago or Turabian Documentation Style--University of Wisconsin Madison
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MERRIMACK COLLEGE MCQUADE LIBRARY

How to cite sources.

• MLA (8th Edition)
• APA (7th edition)
• Chicago (CMS)

Turabian Manual

Bibliography / reference list examples.

• Citation Tools
• Writing Help

Help with Turabian Style

The 7th edition is the most recent version of the Turabian style of writing.   It is based on the Chicago Manual style of writing and offers two styles of writing:

• Notes-Bibligraphy system (bibliography style) - commonly used in literature, history, and the arts, and presents bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes, and usually a bibliography.
• Parenthetical citations-Reference list system (reference list style) - more concise, commonly used in the physical, natural, and social sciences, and presents sources briefly cited in parenthesis in the text by the author's last name and date of publication. Full bibliography information is also provided in a reference list.
• Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Disserations The official website with examples from the 7th edition.
• Turabian Style Citations (Notes-Bibliography Style) A printable .pdf document providing basic guidelines and examples for citing sources using the 7th ed. Turabian style. ~Coates Library, Trinity University
• Turabian Style Citations (Author-Date Style) A printable. pdf document providing basic guidelines and examples for the 7th ed. Turabian style guide. ~ Coates Library, Trinity University

Turabian style is commonly used style to cite sources for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations. 

Use the Notes-Bibliography system for literature, history and the arts .  Use the Author-date system for the sciences .

In addition to the examples to the left, see these sections of the  Turabian Manual for how to cite other sources in Turabian style:

• Interviews and Personal Communications (Section 17.6.3, pg. 195-6, & Section 19.6.3, pg. 261)
• Visual Sources (Section 17.8.1, pg. 200-1, & Section 19.8.1, pg. 265-6 )
• Legal Cases (Section 17.9.7, pg. 210-11, & Section 19.9.7, pg. 276)

For a more detailed explanation of how to use Turabian style, see A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Disseertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers .

Based on A Manual for Writers by Kate Turabian, 7th Edition, 2007

Notes-Bibliography System

For use in literature, history, and the arts, parenthetical citations-reference list, for use in the physical, natural, and social sciences.

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Turabian Writing Guide: Home

• Bibliography
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What is Turabian?

All of Liberty University's programs of study that use Turabian formatting use one set of Turabian formatting resources.  Separate templates are provided for assignments that do not require subheadings (in most cases, papers with less than ten pages in the body), as well as those that do require subheadings (recommended for most papers with more than ten pages in the body, and required in papers with more than twenty pages in the body).  Students will use and follow the respective template based on their specific assignment’s requirements.

The Liberty University Writing Center's   Turabian Guide provides detailed instructions, templates, and tutorials on using Turabian. There is also citation help and direction through the Turabian Citation Quick Guide (Chicago Style Manual Of Style Online). The Turabian writing style is taken from Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research papers, Theses, and Dissertations . Turabian is the student version of the Chicago Manual of Style.

It's important to note that Turabian has two different formatting approaches, the Notes-Bibliography style and the Author-Date style . The Notes-Bibliography style is also called Chicago/Turabian: Humanities style located in chapters 16 and 17 of the Turabian manual. Chapters 18 and 19 give examples for the Author-Date style.

Copies of the Kate Turabian's  A Manual for Writers  are available for check out at the front desk of the Jerry Falwell Library. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is also available to answer citation and formatting questions.

Citation Help

Keeping track of citation styles changes doesn't have to be difficult. The Jerry Falwell Library offers RefWorks to help you keep track of the references you are using and to assist you with citing your sources.  

RefWorks can output your paper's reference list in many citation styles, including Turabian. It is important to verify that your reference list is in the correct format, so be sure to make sure the citation is correct in RefWorks. A short video tutorial on using RefWorks is included below to assist in getting started.

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Turabian Style

• Cite: Why? When?
• Books or Ebooks
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Most academic writing cites others' ideas and research, for several reasons:

• Sources that support your ideas give your paper authority and credibility
• Shows you have researched your topic thoroughly
• Crediting sources protects you from plagiarism
• A list of sources can be a useful record for further research

Different academic disciplines prefer different citation styles. In addition to Turabian,  APA and MLA are common at UWW. 

Besides these styles, there are  Chicago ,  AAA ,  AP , and many others. You should only use the most current edition of the citation style unless told otherwise.

Ask your instructor which citation style he/she wants you to use for assignments.

When to Cite?

To avoid plagiarism, provide a citation for ideas that are not your own:

• Direct quotation
• Paraphrasing of a quotation, passage, or idea
• Summary of another's idea or research
• Specific reference to a fact, figure, or phrase

You do not need to cite common knowledge (ex. George Washington was the first President of the United States.) or proverbs unless you are using a direct quotation. When in doubt, cite your source.

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How to Cite Sources in Turabian 9th ed. and Format Papers: Commentaries

• Citing the Bible
• Commentaries
• Theses, Dissertations, and Projects
• Reference Works (Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Lexicons, etc.)
• Journal Article
• Motion Pictures/Videos
• Lecture or Live Performance
• Formats for Paper
• Formats for Presentations or Websites

Single Titled and Numbered Volume, part of a Named Set - Turabian 9th ed - 17.1.4

Dahood, Mitchell. Psalms I, 1-50 . Vol. 16,  Anchor Bible . Garden City: Double Day, 1965.

15 Mitchell Dahood, Psalms I, 1-50 , vol. 16, Anchor Bible . (Garden City: Double Day, 1965), 44.

23 Dahood, Psalms I, 1-50 , 55.

Single Titled and Unnumbered Volume, Part of a Named Set - Turabian 9th ed - 17.1.4.1

Bock, Darrell L. Acts . Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament , edited by Robert W. Yarbrough and Robert H. Stein. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2007.

8 Darrell L. Bock, Acts , Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament , eds. Robert W. Yarbrough and Robert H. Stein (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2007), 423.

12 Bock, Acts , 441.

Chapter in Single Volume, not part of Series / Set - Turabian 9th ed - 17.1.1.1 / 17.1.8.2

Berkowitz, Miriam Carey. "Nitzavim." In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions , edited by Elyse Goldstein, 377-383. Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Lights, 2000.

13. Miriam Carey Berkowitz, "Nitzavim," in The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions , ed. Elyse Goldstein (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Lights, 1995), 377-383.

18. Berkowitz, "Nitzavim," 379.

Compendium-style Commentary (ACCS or RCS) - Turabian 9th ed - 17.9.3 / 17.1.8.3

Cyril of Alexandria. "Not How Many Are Saved," quoted in Luke . Vol 3. In Ancient Christian Commentary Series: New Testament , edited by Arthur A. Just Jr., 229. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000.

22. Cyril of Alexandria, "Not How Many Are Saved," quoted in Luke , vol. 3, Ancient Christian Commentary Series: New Testament , ed. Arthur A Just Jr. (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 229.

24. Cyril of Alexandria, "Not How Many," 229.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Report in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Report in Chicago/Turabian

Reports are a commonly cited type of resource and are usually published by government agencies, non-profit organizations, or corporations. In Chicago style, citations for reports are similar to citations for books, although their formatting may change slightly depending on the type of information available for a report. This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for print and online reports using the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style .

Guide Overview

• Citing an online report
• Citing a print report
• Citing a report with the same author and publisher

Citing an Online Report

Chicago style online report citation structure:.

• First name Last name, Title of Work (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication), URL.

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. Title of Work . Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication. URL.

Chicago Style Online Report Citation Example:

• Yulia Gorbunova, Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society After Putin’s Return to the Presidency (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2013), https://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/24/laws-attrition.

Gorbunova, Yulia. Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society After Putin’s Return to the Presidency. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2013. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/24/laws-attrition.

Note:  With this source, the report only specifies a publication country. To find the city of publication and other bibliographic data, search for the ISBN or publication title on a website like WorldCat.org (in this case, it is New York).

Citing a Print Report

Chicago style print report citation structure:.

• First name Last name, Title of Work (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication).

Last name, First name. Title of Work . Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication.

Chicago Style Print Report Citation Example:

The main difference between the citation for an online report and a print report is that a URL will not be included for a print report.

• Turnitin, What’s Wrong with Wikipedia?: Evaluating the Sources Used by Students (Oakland: iParadigms, LLC, 2013).

Turnitin. What’s Wrong with Wikipedia?: Evaluating the Sources Used by Students . Oakland: iParadigms, LLC, 2013.

Citing a Report with the Same Author and Publisher

Often, for reports published by organizations, corporations, or government agencies, a specific author is not named. In this instance, you can usually treat the author and the publisher as the same entity. When citing a report where the author and the publisher are the same, the publisher’s name can be used in the author slot in addition to the publisher slot.

Chicago Style Report Citation Structure:

• Organization/Company Name, Title of Report , (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication), URL.

Organization/Company name. Title of Report. Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication. URL.

Chicago Style Report Citation Example :

• Microsoft, Annual Report 2021 , (Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2021), https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar21/index.html.

Microsoft. Annual Report 2021 . Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2021. https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar21/index.html.

Note:  If the report was not written by the publisher and an author name still cannot be found, omit the author field and begin the citation with the title of the report instead. 

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Musical Recording

Citation Examples

• Thesis or Dissertation
• Encyclopedia
• Sheet Music
• YouTube Video

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Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style

Table of Contents: Books E-books Journal Articles (Print) Journal Articles (Online) Magazine Articles (Print) Magazine Articles (Online) Newspaper Articles Review Articles Websites For More Help

The examples in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (seventh edition) .  Kate Turabian created her first "manual" in 1937 as a means of simplifying for students The Chicago Manual of Style ; the seventh edition of Turabian is based on the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual . For types of resources not covered in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further detail and examples, please consult the websites listed at the end of this guide, the handbook itself or a reference librarian .

Whenever you refer to or use another's words, facts or ideas in your paper, you are required to cite the source. Traditionally, disciplines in the humanities (art, history, music, religion, theology) require the use of bibliographic footnotes or endnotes in conjunction with a bibliography to cite sources used in research papers and dissertations. For the parenthetical reference (author-date) system (commonly used in the sciences and social sciences), please refer to the separate guide Turabian Parenthetical/Reference List Style . It is best to consult with your professor to determine the preferred citation style.

Indicate notes in the text of your paper by using consecutive superscript numbers (as demonstrated below). The actual note is indented and can occur either as a footnote at the bottom of the page or as an endnote at the end of the paper. To create notes, type the note number followed by a period on the same line as the note itself. This method should always be used for endnotes; it is the preferred method for footnotes. However, superscript numbers are acceptable for footnotes, and many word processing programs can generate footnotes with superscript numbers for you.

When citing books, the following are elements you may need to include in your bibliographic citation for your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author or editor; 2. Title; 3. Compiler, translator or editor (if an editor is listed in addition to an author); 4. Edition; 5. Name of series, including volume or number used; 6. Place of publication, publisher and date of publication; 7. Page numbers of citation (for footnote or endnote).

Books with One Author or Corporate Author

Author: Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840. 1

Editor: Human beings are the sources of "all international politics"; even though the holders of political power may change, this remains the same. 1

Corporate Author: Children of Central and Eastern Europe have not escaped the nutritional ramifications of iron deficiency, a worldwide problem. 1

First footnote:

1 Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

1 Valerie M. Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997), 5.

1 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , edited by Alexander Zouev (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 44.

Note the different treatment of an editor's name depending on whether the editor takes the place of an author (second example) or is listed in addition to the author (third example). 

Subsequent footnotes:

       Method A: Include the author or editor's last name, the title (or an abbreviated title) and the page number cited.

2 Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy, 10.

2 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy, 48.

       Method B: Include only the author or editor's last name and the page number, leaving out the title.  

2 Twyman, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., 10.

2 UNICEF, 48.

Use Method A if you need to cite more than one reference by the same author.

1. Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850  (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

Ibid., short for ibidem, means "in the same place."  Use ibid. if you cite the same page of the same work in succession without a different reference intervening.  If you need to cite a different page of the same work, include the page number.  For example:   2 Ibid., 50.

Bibliography:

Hudson, Valerie, N., ed. Culture and Foreign Policy . Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997.

Twyman, Michael. Lithography 1800-1850 . London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

UNICEF.  Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the             Former Soviet Union . Edited by Alexander Zouev. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.

Books with Two or More Authors or Editors

1 Russell Keat and John Urry, Social Theory as Science, 2d ed. (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982), 196.

1 Toyoma Hitomi, "The Era of Dandy Beauties," in Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  eds. Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker ( Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 157.

For references with more than three authors, cite the first named author followed by "et al." Cite all the authors in the bibliography.

1 Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56.

2 Keat and Urry, Social Theory as Science , 200.

2 Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , 90.

Keat, Russell, and John Urry. Social Theory as Science , 2d. ed. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982.

Hitomi, Toyoma. "The Era of Dandy Beauties." In Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  edited by Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker, 153-165.   Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.

Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style . Edited by Berel Lang.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.  

Electronic Books

Follow the guidelines for print books, above, but include the collection (if there is one), URL and the date you accessed the material.

1 John Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy (Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834), in The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

2 Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy .

Rae, John.  Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy. Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834. In The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

For periodical (magazine, journal, newspaper, etc.) articles, include some or all of the following elements in your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author; 2. Article title; 3. Periodical title; 4. Volume or Issue number (or both); 5. Publication date; 6. Page numbers.

For online periodicals   , add: 7. URL and date of access; or 8. Database name, URL and date of access. (If available, include database publisher and city of publication.)

For an article available in more than one format (print, online, etc.), cite whichever version you used.

Journal Articles (Print)

1 Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 52.

Here you are citing page 52.  In the bibliography (see below) you would include the full page range: 39-56.

If a journal has continuous pagination within a volume, you do not need to include the issue number:

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 520.

Subsequent footnotes :

2 Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," 49.   

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 545.

Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict."   Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 39-56.

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor."  American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 517-554.  

Journal Articles (Online)

Cite as above, but include the URL and the date of access of the article.

On the Free Web

1 Molly Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Through a Subscription Database

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

1 Michael Moon, et al., "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 32, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Subsequent Footnotes:

2 Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia."

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 527. 

2 Moon, "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," 34. 

Shea, Molly. "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Moon, Michael, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Benjamin Gianni, and Scott Weir. "Queers in (Single-Family) Space." Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 30-7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Magazine Articles (Print)

Monthly or Bimonthly

           1 Paul Goldberger, "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile," Architectural Digest, October 1996, 82.

1 Steven Levy and Brad Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," Newsweek , March 25, 2002, 45.

          2 Goldberger, "Machines for Living," 82.

          2 Levy and Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," 46.

Goldberger, Paul.  "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile." Architectural Digest, October 1996.

Levy, Steven, and Brad Stone. "Silicon Valley Reboots." Newsweek , March 25, 2002.

Magazine Articles (Online)

Follow the guidelines for print magazine articles, adding the URL and date accessed.

1 Bill Wyman, "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble," Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

1 Sasha Frere-Jones, "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Wyman, Bill. "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble." Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

Frere-Jones, Sasha. "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Newspaper Articles

In most cases, you will cite newspaper articles only in notes, not in your bibliography. Follow the general pattern for citing magazine articles, although you may omit page numbers.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition, in LexisNexis Academic (accessed June 27, 2009).

Note: In the example above, there was no stable URL for the article in LexisNexis, so the name of the database was given rather than a URL.

Review Articles

Follow the pattern below for review articles in any kind of periodical.

1 Alanna Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard," review of Basket Case, by Carl Hiassen, New York Times , February 3, 2002, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=105338185&sid=2&Fmt=6&clientId=5604&RQT=309&VName=PQD (accessed June 26, 2009).  

1 David Denby, "Killing Joke," review of No Country for Old Men , directed by Ethan and Joel Coen,  New Yorker, February 25, 2008, 72-73, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fah&AN=30033248&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009). 

Second footnote:

2 Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard."

2 Denby, "Killing Joke."

In most cases, you will be citing something smaller than an entire website. If you are citing an article from a website, for example, follow the guidelines for articles above. You can usually refer to an entire website in running text without including it in your reference list, e.g.: "According to its website, the Financial Accounting Standards Board requires ...".

If you need to cite an entire website in your bibliography, include some or all of the following elements, in this order:

1. Author or editor of the website (if known) 2. Title of the website 3. URL 4. Date of access

Financial Accounting Standards Board .  http://www.fasb.org  (accessed April 29, 2009).

FOR MORE HELP

Following are links to sites that have additional information and further examples:

Turabian Quick Guide (University of Chicago Press)

Chicago Manual of Style Online

RefWorks Once you have created an account, go to Tools/Preview Output Style to see examples of Turabian style.

Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) Excellent source for research, writing and citation tips.

Citing Sources Duke University's guide to citing sources. The site offers comparison citation tables with examples from APA , Chicago , MLA and Turabian for both print and electronic works.

How to Cite Electronic Sources From the Library of Congress. Provides MLA and Turabian examples of citing formats like films, photographs, maps and recorded sound that are accessed electronically.

Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications The examples in this excellent guide from the University of Memphis are based on the Chicago Manual of Style and Kate Turabian's Manual .

Introduction to Turabian Citation Style

• Turabian: Journal Article Citation
• Turabian: Book Citation
• Turabian: eBook Citation
• Turabian: Figure/Image Citation
• Video Tutorials on Turabian Citations

Figures and Turabian Style

Figure is a broad term used in Turabian to describe images and illustrations you reference in your research. Figures include:

• Photographs
• Drawings, diagrams, and analytical graphics
• Tables and charts
• Paintings, sculptures, and other works of art.

Figures can be original images, reproductions printed in books and journal articles, or images accessed online via a website or database. All figures, including your own, need a citation.

The Turabian approach to citing figures is to write a caption. Instead of a footnote, write a caption to go underneath each figure in your paper. And instead of including figures in a bibliography, Turabian style recommends separating them into their own list of figures . 

Ask your instructor about their preferences before you begin citing figures.

Citing a Figure

Cite a figure in a  caption . A figure caption should be single-spaced, left-aligned, and immediately below the figure it describes. Use the same font type and size as the main body of your paper.

There are important pieces of source information you will want to include in a caption. Recommended format for figure captions:

Figure #. Figure title. Credit line, a brief statement that identifies the creator, date, and location of the figure. URL for figures accessed online. 

In general, when writing the credit line in a figure caption, you can default to the source’s recommended note format.

Examples: Citing Figures in Figure Captions

Figure from a book Figure 1. Isometric diagram of the atrium of the Museum of Modern Art, New York City. Drawing by Eric J. Jenkins in Drawn to Design: Analyzing Architecture Through Freehand Drawing (Basel, Switzerland: De Gruyter, 2013), 143.

Figure from an image database Figure 2. Exterior of The New Museum of Contemporary Art. Designed by Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa, commissioned 2002, opened 2007. Photograph by Ralph Lieberman, 2008. New York City. https://library-artstor-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/asset/ALIEBERMANIG_10312255001.

Figure from a journal article Figure 3. Table: “Visions of agglomerated Paris.” From Theresa E. Enright, “Illuminating the Path to Grand Pari(s): Architecture and Urban Transformation in an Era of Neoliberalization,” Antipode 46, no. 2 (2014), 392.

Figure from a website Figure 4. A Vermont window, also called a “witch window.” Photograph by Larry Lamsa, July 13, 2012. Craftsbury, Vermont. https://flic.kr/p/cB3nyG.

Browse theses and dissertations from the School of Architecture, Planning & Preservation in the Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (DRUM) for more examples of figure captions.

Creating a List of Figures

This list usually follows a table of contents but precedes the main body of your paper. Title your list “Figures” or “Illustrations.”

List all figures in the order they appear in your paper. Include the number you assigned to the figure, its title, and the page number on which it appears in your paper. All individual list items should be single-spaced. Leave a blank line between each list item.

A list of figures is not meant to replace figure captions. All figures included in your paper must also be named and credited within a caption on the page they first appear. 

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• Last Updated: Oct 21, 2022 3:31 PM
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Turabian Citation Style Guide 9th Edition: F. Government Publications

• General Guidelines
• A. One Author
• B. Two or Three Authors
• C. More than Three Authors
• D. Chapter in an Edited Book with Multiple Authors
• E. Volume with a Specific Title in a Multi-Volume Work
• F. Organization Author
• G. No Author
• I. Reference Book
• J. Edition other than the First
• A. Basic Journal Article
• B. Journal Article from Online Periodical
• C. Journal Article from Article Database
• D. Magazine Article
• E. Magazine Article from Online Magazine
• F. Newspaper Article
• G. Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
• A. Basic Web Page
• B. Web Page No Author
• C. Blog Entries and Comments
• A. Motion Picture
• B. Television and Radio Programs
• A. Image from Electronic Source
• B. Published Photograph
• A. Interviews & Personal Communications
• B. Lectures
• C. Pamphlets, Brochures, & Reports
• D. Scriptural References
• E. Secondary Sources
• F. Government Publications

About Citing Other Items

For each type of source in this guide, the general form and specific examples will be provided for both the Notes-Bibliography and the Author-Date style options of Turabian.

This information and several of the examples were drawn from A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations (9th edition). Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in the manual.

For further information, please ask your instructor or refer to the Turabian manual.

Government Publications

The general format below refers to an item published by a governmental department or agency. These can include reports, bulletins, circulars, and other items from executive deparments, bureaus, and other agencies. Italicize the title and inlcude the author(s) names after the title (pp. 210; 273). See the Manual   for many other examples of government documents.

General Format

(US Department of the Treasury 2007)

• Turabian Quick Guide Examples for the publisher's website.
• Purdue Owl Chicago Style Information and examples from Purdues Online Writing Lab.
• University of Wisconsin's Writing Center Chicago/Turabian information and examples.
• Turabian Style Guidelines Summary of guidelines provided by the MSUB Academic Support Center.
• Sample Paper Sample of a Turabian-style paper provided by the Academic Support Center at MSUB.
• << Previous: E. Secondary Sources
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• Last Updated: Apr 2, 2024 11:08 AM
• URL: https://libguides.msubillings.edu/turabian

Chicago Manual of Style Format

Table of contents

• 1.1 Are Chicago Manual and Turabian the same?
• 2 What Are Two Primary Systems of the Chicago Manual of Style?
• 3 Citation Style Guide: General Formatting Rules in Chicago Manual Style
• 4.1 Style Guide on How to Apply Full and Shortened Footnotes
• 4.2 How to Cite Common Resources in the Chicago Manual?
• 5.1 The Importance of Using the Chicago Manual of Style in Academic Achievement

There are plenty of citation styles in an academic environment, but today, we will concentrate on the Chicago Style format. It is a widely used citation and formatting style, also known as the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). This citation style was first published in 1906 to help people to make their texts more readable and structured. University students primarily used the Chicago writing style, but the system was later used in other areas as well. Commonly, it is used to create the right humanities, history, and social sciences format. In this article, we will provide you with an effective Chicago manual of style guide. We’ll also examine this system’s key features and applications in different science sections and discuss the main Chicago style rules.

History of Chicago Style in Academic Writing

The Chicago Manual of Style was developed by the University of Chicago Press. The material provides clear advice on how to format research articles, cite sources, and compile bibliography entries (Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition). One of the features of the Chicago manuscript style is its universal flexibility. Generally, recommendations developed by experts can be used in absolutely different fields of science. An example of how to cite (Chicago style) a source in a research paper:

• Dan Brown, The DaVinci Code (New York: Scholastic, 2004), 17-19.

This structuring (ibid Chicago style) has created an unspoken system of standards over time. Thus, students, teachers, and scholars worldwide can easily share their printed work thanks to the same formatting. At the same time, thanks to the use of a unified Chicago citation system, the papers have a clear and understandable structure. As the popularity of this approach grew, so did the changes in computer software. For example, the creators of Microsoft Office automated several guidelines, making it possible to use Chicago style citation with simple keyboard shortcuts in MS word.

Are Chicago Manual and Turabian the same?

Both citation styles adhere to the same principles of academic writing and citation. In fact, Chicago and Turabian style are similar, but they are not the same. Turabian originated as a variation of the Chicago style. It was named after Kate Turabian, who developed a simplified version of the Chicago style.

What Are Two Primary Systems of the Chicago Manual of Style?

The Chicago manual of style (CMOS) uses two systems for citing sources and formatting academic papers.

• “Author-date” system is particularly used in the natural and social sciences. According to Chicago style citations, one citation consists of the author’s surname and the year of publication. Example: Walkley, 2022.

The reference list is submitted at the end of the document. On the Chicago reference page sources are listed alphabetically by author’s surname. Each entry in the reference list includes full publication details such as the author’s name, title of the work, and publication information.

• The Notes-Bibliography system (Chicago bibliography) is mainly used in the humanities (literature, history, philosophy, art). Using this system, authors cite sources using full footnotes or endnotes, which appear in the text as superscript number or numbers.

The first citation of each particular source includes full publication details, and subsequent parenthetical citations may be abbreviated. According to the Chicago style bibliography entry, source details are filed, including the author’s name, the work’s title, publication information, and other important words or information. You should also understand what a bibliography in APA is.

By applying the Chicago style sources approach, multiple authors of research papers and other academic works create quality work without additional effort. Thanks to standardization, the material becomes easy to read and use. In addition, universities often give additional points for competent design.

Citation Style Guide: General Formatting Rules in Chicago Manual Style

The most common question is: what is Chicago style in text citation? However, the Chicago style title is just as important as the formatting of the entire document. Accordingly, the Chicago style guide applies to parenthetical citations, headings, font, and spacing. Below, we describe a few of the most important principles.

• Page Specifications. According to the Chicago format, page numbers should have margins (1 inch).
• Styling the document: Font and Space Bar. The Chicago Manual of Style doesn’t require a specific font or font size, so Times New Roman is usually used (size 12). The Chicago writing format also requires that all pages be numbered (top or bottom, usually in the upper right corner). The initial page can be numbered in an “invisible” font. Meanwhile, the main text should include double space, and each new paragraph should begin with a ½ inch indent. Each footnote and bibliography must be single spaced. You can also use a blank line in any part of your text if required.
• The Title Page should be an informative part of the entire document.

The title page (Chicago style) or the first page of the paper contains the student’s first and last name, the title of the academic paper, the teacher’s first and last name, the title of the topic, and the year. This information for the cover page may vary depending on the educational institution’s rules.

• Headline style and subheadings are also governed by the Chicago citation guidelines.

The heading is constructed according to the following principle: headline style capitalization is applied to the first and last words. The same applies to nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives. For subheadings, only the first word or proper nouns are capitalized.

• Formatting of names and numbers. In Chicago style formatting, author date style mentions, and source titles are used as they appear in the source.
• Quotation. In the Chicago Manual of Style put quotes in quotation marks. Place a block quotation of at least several lines (4-5) in the block format without quotation marks.
• Reference List. Start a reference list on the new page and list references alphabetically.

The names of books, magazines, and newspapers are italicized. Dates are given in this order: month, day, and year (11-01-2020). Numbers from 1 to 99 are written in numerals, and from 99 onwards, in letters.

To summarize, what is Chicago style representing is a set of clear and simple rules. All of them are recommendatory. Nevertheless, students, teachers, and scientists point out the obvious advantages of using a standardized system.

Citing Different Types of Sources

Citing different types of sources in the Chicago manual style, particularly in the Notes and Bibliography style (NB) system, requires attention to detail and consistency. Here are some important points to consider when following the Chicago formatting style.

Style Guide on How to Apply Full and Shortened Footnotes

Footnote ─ additional information is added at the bottom of the page. The footnote usually includes the author’s name, publication title, publication information, date of publication, and page number(s) if it is the first time the source is being used. It is a really important part of academic writing, especially in CMS.

There are two concepts in Chicago style footnotes. When citing a source for the first time, complete information is usually given in the footnote. In this case, in addition to giving the authorship, you must provide additional information we mentioned before. However, the subsequent quotation can appear in the shortened footnotes (author, title, year).

How to Cite Common Resources in the Chicago Manual?

Chicago style writing eliminates the option of not citing multiple sources. Thus, every pro essay writer should indicate where they got this information and then format it according to accepted standards. Here are some footnote examples so it becomes more clear for you how to cite in CMS:

Full Note: Author’s First Name Last Name, Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Numbers.

Shortened Citation: Last Name, Shortened Title, Page Number.

Extra: When a specific chapter (or other titled part of a book) is cited in the notes in the Chicago Manual of Style, the author’s name is followed by the chapter title (or other part), followed by a period, followed by the book title.

• Journal Articles:

Full Note: Author’s First Name, Last Name, “Title of Journal Article,” Title of Journal, Volume Number, Issue Number (Year): Page Range.

Shortened Form: Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Numbers.

Note: In other styles, the access date for digital documents must also be mentioned. However, it is not recommended in Chicago style unless the source’s publication date or last revision can be located.

Full Note: Author’s First Name Last Name (if available), “The Website Name,” Title of Website or Publisher, Publication Date or Revision Date, digital object identifier (URL).

Short Note: Last Name (or the site’s name), “Shortened Title”.

• Newspaper Articles:

Full Note: Author’s First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Newspaper, Volume and Issue Numbers (Month Day, Year) of an Article.

Short Note: Last Name, “Shortened Title”.

• Encyclopedia Entries:

Full Note: Author’s First Name Last Name, “Title of Entry,” Title of Encyclopedia, Edition (Year), s.v. “Entry Title.”

Short Note: Last Name, “Shortened Title,” s.v. “Entry Title”.

• Interviews:

Full Note: Interviewee’s First Name Last Name, Interviewer’s First Name Last Name, Date of Interview.

• Films or Videos:

Full Note: Title of Film or Video, Director’s First Name Last Name (Year; City: Publisher, Format).

Short Note: Shortened Title.

• Social Media Posts:

Full Note: Author’s First Name Last Name, “Content of Post,” Social Media Platform, Date, URL.

Short Note: Last Name, “Shortened Title.”

• Lectures or Presentations:

Full Note: Speaker’s First Name Last Name, “Title of Lecture,” Event, Location, Date.

Full Note: Artist’s First Name Last Name, Title of Artwork, Year, Medium, Location.

That is what Chicago style works cited templates look like. Sometimes, you also might need to use atypical sources. For example, you use an audio recording of a conversation with someone you know. In such a case, the full citation principle involves providing as much information about the same source as possible.

However, to cite it in a shorter version or mention it in the footnote at the bottom of the page is not really recommended in this case.

Extended Citation Style: Formatting Tables and Figures

In the Chicago style manual, you will also find information on how to work with tables and shapes. Such objects are also an important source of data transfer. Each table should have its name, specified by the principle of headings in Chicago style. Each column should have titles, any figure number should be also mentioned and any footnote citation should be placed below the table. If it is necessary to refer to a table, the name of the table and the page on which it is placed should also be mentioned.

Drawings and pictures (any images) are also subject to Chicago referencing. The author should indicate where this or that picture was taken. In general, citation of textual materials extends to visual objects. In the Chicago Manual of Style, tables and figures should be placed as close as possible to the text where they are referenced, either on the same page or the following page.

The Importance of Using the Chicago Manual of Style in Academic Achievement

Each academic paper benefits from adhering to Chicago style endnotes, ensuring parenthetical citation and scholarly credibility. Moreover, Chicago style annotation enhances understanding and research thoroughness, contributing to each paper’s quality. Sometimes, students perceive this approach as “too difficult.”

However, working with the Chicago Manual of style is worth trying at least once. And you will see from your example how much easier it becomes to work with large volumes of information. Thanks to CMS, everything in your work, from the title page to the reference list, will look structured and organized. As a result, your academic papers will become really deep and valuable from a scientific point of view.

Remember: not only the cover page (Chicago style) has a matter. Following Chicago manual style page formatting guidelines ensures consistency and readability in each document, fostering your academic success.

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CSWR Resource Guide

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• Home (Start Here!)
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• Archival Research Introduction
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• UNM University Libraries Catalog
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Citing Archival Materials

Conducting ethical and effective research requires citing source material. Not only do thorough and accurate citations ensure that writers give credit for their source materials, they also help other researchers to identify and track down potentially useful sources in their own work. 

Many different citation styles exist. This guide does not include exhaustive guidance on all of them, but only for the three most commonly used citation formats in American academic research: Chicago/Turabian, MLA, and APA formats. 

While every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this guide is accurate (as of March 2024), researchers and students should nonetheless make sure to carry out their own due diligence before submitting their work. 

Citing archival materials can present challenges because of the wide variety of materials found in archival collections. Researchers might need to cite an unpublished manuscript of a book chapter, a postcard, a photo in an album, a hand-written receipt marking the sale of a painting, historical documents that have been photocopied, etc. Because of this variety, researchers should approach citing archival materials carefully and avoid using citation generating software. While automatic citation generators can be helpful for recently published material, they often get archival materials quite wrong. 

This guide will indicate when citation styles require specific formats for different kinds of materials housed in archival collections. 

Basic information to include in citations of archival sources:

1. Description and date of item, if available

- If the object has a title, for example "Self-portrait, 1999," include that. Otherwise, describe the item. For example, "Letter from Josephine Baker to Mark Baker, April 26, 1970." 

- Since archival collections are not always described down to the item level, the researcher will often need to provide a description of items without titles. In this case, be sure to create descriptions consistently. 

2. Name and number (identifier) of the collection

- Each CSWR collection has a name/title, as well as a unique identifier. Example: Maclovia Sanchez de Zamora Papers (MSS-898-BC). 

- The collection name and identifier is necessary to find the collection again. 

3. Box and folder or item number

- Archival collections often consist of multiple boxes of material, each containing multiple folders housing different materials. 

- Including the folder number is vital to creating a thorough citation. Without it, even if a reader has the collection name and identifier they will have difficulty finding the original document again without knowing which folder it should be in. 

- Note: some items in CSWR collect, especially in pictorial collections, will also include 10- or 11-digit item numbers. Include these numbers if they are there. 

4. Repository information

- Center for Southwest Research and Special Collections, University Libraries, University of New Mexico

Citation Information and Resources

Note: Access to the MLA and Chicago online handbooks requires accessing them from a computer on campus at UNM or logging in to the library system if off campus. 

• APA Style Guide at the American Psychological Association Used primarily in the social sciences, APA style is managed by the American Psychological Association.
• The Chicago Manual of Style Online Chicago Style is the standard in historical studies. The author-date form of Chicago style is also sometimes used in the physical sciences.
• Modern Language Association MLA Handbook The Modern Language Association (MLA) citation style is used in literature and other humanistic fields. The most recent version, MLA 9, introduces a new "container/contained" logic that helps to better articulate why and how citations are formatted the way they are.
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Title: phi-3 technical report: a highly capable language model locally on your phone.

Abstract: We introduce phi-3-mini, a 3.8 billion parameter language model trained on 3.3 trillion tokens, whose overall performance, as measured by both academic benchmarks and internal testing, rivals that of models such as Mixtral 8x7B and GPT-3.5 (e.g., phi-3-mini achieves 69% on MMLU and 8.38 on MT-bench), despite being small enough to be deployed on a phone. The innovation lies entirely in our dataset for training, a scaled-up version of the one used for phi-2, composed of heavily filtered web data and synthetic data. The model is also further aligned for robustness, safety, and chat format. We also provide some initial parameter-scaling results with a 7B and 14B models trained for 4.8T tokens, called phi-3-small and phi-3-medium, both significantly more capable than phi-3-mini (e.g., respectively 75% and 78% on MMLU, and 8.7 and 8.9 on MT-bench).

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The experience of citizenship in a segregated school system: Curricular experiences in citizenship of young people who studied in Chilean schools of different dependencies and modalities

This paper presents the results of a qualitative research with a biographical approach that delved into the curricular experiences in citizenship of young people who completed their secondary education in Chile, within schools of different dependencies and modalities, in different socioeconomic contexts, and during a period of important student mobilizations (2015-2020). To document these experiences, five workshops were held to exchange curricular experiences in citizenship, one for each dependency (public, private-subsidized, and private schools) and modality (oriented to work and higher education). A total of 56 young people between the ages of 20 and 25 participated in these workshops. The information produced was analyzed through a collaborative analysis of qualitative data to describe and compare the curricular experiences in citizenship of those who graduated from these different types of schools. The results show that different types of establishments promote different types of citizenship with different conceptions of citizenship and its exercise. These differences are related to socioeconomic and ideological elements.

Author Biographies

Renato gazmuri-stein, universidad diego portales.

Licenciado en Historia, Universidad Católica de Chile. Máster y Doctor en Didáctica de la Historia y las Ciencias Sociales por la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Profesor asociado Facultad de Educación, Universidad Diego Portales.

María Toledo-Jofré, Universidad Diego Portales

Antropóloga y Licenciada en Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Doctora en Ciencias de la Educación por la Universidad Católica de Lovaina, Bélgica. Profesora titular de la Escuela de Psicología, Coordinadora Programa Estudios Psicosociales en Contextos Educativos de la Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales.

Gabriel Villalón-Gálvez, Universidad de Chile

Profesor de Historia, Geografía y Educación Cívica, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación y Doctor en Didáctica de la Historia y las Ciencias Sociales por la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Profesor Asistente Departamento de Estudios Pedagógicos de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad de Chile.

Eliana Moraleda-Albornoz, Universidad Alberto Hurtado

Profesor de Historia y Geografía, Universidad de Tarapacá. Magister en Currículum, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Profesional, Universidad Alberto Hurtado.

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Copyright (c) 2024 Renato Gazmuri-Stein, María Toledo-Jofré, Gabriel Villalón-Gálvez, Eliana Moraleda-Albornoz

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License .

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