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How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

Published on 6 May 2022 by Shona McCombes .

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection.

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables . An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

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Step 1: ask a question.

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2: Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalise more complex constructs.

Step 3: Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

Step 4: Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

The relevant variables
The specific group being studied
The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

Step 5: Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if … then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

Step 6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

A hypothesis is not just a guess. It should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

A research hypothesis is your proposed answer to your research question. The research hypothesis usually includes an explanation (‘ x affects y because …’).

A statistical hypothesis, on the other hand, is a mathematical statement about a population parameter. Statistical hypotheses always come in pairs: the null and alternative hypotheses. In a well-designed study , the statistical hypotheses correspond logically to the research hypothesis.

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Learn How To Write A Hypothesis For Your Next Research Project!

Undoubtedly, research plays a crucial role in substantiating or refuting our assumptions. These assumptions act as potential answers to our questions. Such assumptions, also known as hypotheses, are considered key aspects of research. In this blog, we delve into the significance of hypotheses. And provide insights on how to write them effectively. So, let’s dive in and explore the art of writing hypotheses together.

Table of Contents

What is a Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a crucial starting point in scientific research. It is an educated guess about the relationship between two or more variables. In other words, a hypothesis acts as a foundation for a researcher to build their study.

Here are some examples of well-crafted hypotheses:

Increased exposure to natural sunlight improves sleep quality in adults.

A positive relationship between natural sunlight exposure and sleep quality in adult individuals.

Playing puzzle games on a regular basis enhances problem-solving abilities in children.

Engaging in frequent puzzle gameplay leads to improved problem-solving skills in children.

Students and improved learning hecks.

S tudents using online paper writing service platforms (as a learning tool for receiving personalized feedback and guidance) will demonstrate improved writing skills. (compared to those who do not utilize such platforms).

The use of APA format in research papers.

Using the APA format helps students stay organized when writing research papers. Organized students can focus better on their topics and, as a result, produce better quality work.

The Building Blocks of a Hypothesis

To better understand the concept of a hypothesis, let’s break it down into its basic components:

Variables . A hypothesis involves at least two variables. An independent variable and a dependent variable. The independent variable is the one being changed or manipulated, while the dependent variable is the one being measured or observed.
Relationship : A hypothesis proposes a relationship or connection between the variables. This could be a cause-and-effect relationship or a correlation between them.
Testability : A hypothesis should be testable and falsifiable, meaning it can be proven right or wrong through experimentation or observation.

Types of Hypotheses

When learning how to write a hypothesis, it’s essential to understand its main types. These include; alternative hypotheses and null hypotheses. In the following section, we explore both types of hypotheses with examples.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

This kind of hypothesis suggests a relationship or effect between the variables. It is the main focus of the study. The researcher wants to either prove or disprove it. Many research divides this hypothesis into two subsections:

Directional

This type of H1 predicts a specific outcome. Many researchers use this hypothesis to explore the relationship between variables rather than the groups.

Non-directional

You can take a guess from the name. This type of H1 does not provide a specific prediction for the research outcome.

Here are some examples for your better understanding of how to write a hypothesis.

Consuming caffeine improves cognitive performance. (This hypothesis predicts that there is a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and cognitive performance.)
Aerobic exercise leads to reduced blood pressure. (This hypothesis suggests that engaging in aerobic exercise results in lower blood pressure readings.)
Exposure to nature reduces stress levels among employees. (Here, the hypothesis proposes that employees exposed to natural environments will experience decreased stress levels.)
Listening to classical music while studying increases memory retention. (This hypothesis speculates that studying with classical music playing in the background boosts students’ ability to retain information.)
Early literacy intervention improves reading skills in children. (This hypothesis claims that providing early literacy assistance to children results in enhanced reading abilities.)
Time management in nursing students. ( Students who use a nursing research paper writing service have more time to focus on their studies and can achieve better grades in other subjects. )

Null Hypothesis (H0)

A null hypothesis assumes no relationship or effect between the variables. If the alternative hypothesis is proven to be false, the null hypothesis is considered to be true. Usually a null hypothesis shows no direct correlation between the defined variables.

Here are some of the examples

The consumption of herbal tea has no effect on sleep quality. (This hypothesis assumes that herbal tea consumption does not impact the quality of sleep.)
The number of hours spent playing video games is unrelated to academic performance. (Here, the null hypothesis suggests that no relationship exists between video gameplay duration and academic achievement.)
Implementing flexible work schedules has no influence on employee job satisfaction. (This hypothesis contends that providing flexible schedules does not affect how satisfied employees are with their jobs.)
Writing ability of a 7th grader is not affected by reading editorial example. ( There is no relationship between reading an editorial example and improving a 7th grader’s writing abilities.)
The type of lighting in a room does not affect people’s mood. (In this null hypothesis, there is no connection between the kind of lighting in a room and the mood of those present.)
The use of social media during break time does not impact productivity at work. (This hypothesis proposes that social media usage during breaks has no effect on work productivity.)

As you learn how to write a hypothesis, remember that aiming for clarity, testability, and relevance to your research question is vital. By mastering this skill, you’re well on your way to conducting impactful scientific research. Good luck!

Importance of a Hypothesis in Research

A well-structured hypothesis is a vital part of any research project for several reasons:

It provides clear direction for the study by setting its focus and purpose.
It outlines expectations of the research, making it easier to measure results.
It helps identify any potential limitations in the study, allowing researchers to refine their approach.

In conclusion, a hypothesis plays a fundamental role in the research process. By understanding its concept and constructing a well-thought-out hypothesis, researchers lay the groundwork for a successful, scientifically sound investigation.

How to Write a Hypothesis?

Here are five steps that you can follow to write an effective hypothesis.

Step 1: Identify Your Research Question

The first step in learning how to compose a hypothesis is to clearly define your research question. This question is the central focus of your study and will help you determine the direction of your hypothesis.

Step 2: Determine the Variables

When exploring how to write a hypothesis, it’s crucial to identify the variables involved in your study. You’ll need at least two variables:

Independent variable : The factor you manipulate or change in your experiment.
Dependent variable : The outcome or result you observe or measure, which is influenced by the independent variable.

Step 3: Build the Hypothetical Relationship

In understanding how to compose a hypothesis, constructing the relationship between the variables is key. Based on your research question and variables, predict the expected outcome or connection. This prediction should be specific, testable, and, if possible, expressed in the “If…then” format.

Step 4: Write the Null Hypothesis

When mastering how to write a hypothesis, it’s important to create a null hypothesis as well. The null hypothesis assumes no relationship or effect between the variables, acting as a counterpoint to your primary hypothesis.

Step 5: Review Your Hypothesis

Finally, when learning how to compose a hypothesis, it’s essential to review your hypothesis for clarity, testability, and relevance to your research question. Make any necessary adjustments to ensure it provides a solid basis for your study.

In conclusion, understanding how to write a hypothesis is crucial for conducting successful scientific research. By focusing on your research question and carefully building relationships between variables, you will lay a strong foundation for advancing research and knowledge in your field.

Hypothesis vs. Prediction: What’s the Difference?

Understanding the differences between a hypothesis and a prediction is crucial in scientific research. Often, these terms are used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings and functions. This segment aims to clarify these differences and explain how to compose a hypothesis correctly, helping you improve the quality of your research projects.

Hypothesis: The Foundation of Your Research

A hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between two or more variables. It provides the basis for your research question and is a starting point for an experiment or observational study.

The critical elements for a hypothesis include:

Specificity: A clear and concise statement that describes the relationship between variables.
Testability: The ability to test the hypothesis through experimentation or observation.

To learn how to write a hypothesis, it’s essential to identify your research question first and then predict the relationship between the variables.

Prediction: The Expected Outcome

A prediction is a statement about a specific outcome you expect to see in your experiment or observational study. It’s derived from the hypothesis and provides a measurable way to test the relationship between variables.

Here’s an example of how to write a hypothesis and a related prediction:

Hypothesis: Consuming a high-sugar diet leads to weight gain.
Prediction: People who consume a high-sugar diet for six weeks will gain more weight than those who maintain a low-sugar diet during the same period.

Key Differences Between a Hypothesis and a Prediction

While a hypothesis and prediction are both essential components of scientific research, there are some key differences to keep in mind:

A hypothesis is an educated guess that suggests a relationship between variables, while a prediction is a specific and measurable outcome based on that hypothesis.
A hypothesis can give rise to multiple experiment or observational study predictions.

To conclude, understanding the differences between a hypothesis and a prediction, and learning how to write a hypothesis, are essential steps to form a robust foundation for your research. By creating clear, testable hypotheses along with specific, measurable predictions, you lay the groundwork for scientifically sound investigations.

Here’s a wrap-up for this guide on how to write a hypothesis. We’re confident this article was helpful for many of you. We understand that many students struggle with writing their school research . However, we hope to continue assisting you through our blog tutorial on writing different aspects of academic assignments.

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How to Write a Hypothesis: A Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction

An overview of the research hypothesis, different types of hypotheses, variables in a hypothesis, how to formulate an effective research hypothesis, designing a study around your hypothesis.

The scientific method can derive and test predictions as hypotheses. Empirical research can then provide support (or lack thereof) for the hypotheses. Even failure to find support for a hypothesis still represents a valuable contribution to scientific knowledge. Let's look more closely at the idea of the hypothesis and the role it plays in research.

As much as the term exists in everyday language, there is a detailed development that informs the word "hypothesis" when applied to research. A good research hypothesis is informed by prior research and guides research design and data analysis , so it is important to understand how a hypothesis is defined and understood by researchers.

What is the simple definition of a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about an outcome between two or more variables . It functions as a navigational tool in the research process, directing what you aim to predict and how.

What is the hypothesis for in research?

In research, a hypothesis serves as the cornerstone for your empirical study. It not only lays out what you aim to investigate but also provides a structured approach for your data collection and analysis.

Essentially, it bridges the gap between the theoretical and the empirical, guiding your investigation throughout its course.

What is an example of a hypothesis?

If you are studying the relationship between physical exercise and mental health, a suitable hypothesis could be: "Regular physical exercise leads to improved mental well-being among adults."

This statement constitutes a specific and testable hypothesis that directly relates to the variables you are investigating.

What makes a good hypothesis?

A good hypothesis possesses several key characteristics. Firstly, it must be testable, allowing you to analyze data through empirical means, such as observation or experimentation, to assess if there is significant support for the hypothesis. Secondly, a hypothesis should be specific and unambiguous, giving a clear understanding of the expected relationship between variables. Lastly, it should be grounded in existing research or theoretical frameworks , ensuring its relevance and applicability.

Understanding the types of hypotheses can greatly enhance how you construct and work with hypotheses. While all hypotheses serve the essential function of guiding your study, there are varying purposes among the types of hypotheses. In addition, all hypotheses stand in contrast to the null hypothesis, or the assumption that there is no significant relationship between the variables .

Here, we explore various kinds of hypotheses to provide you with the tools needed to craft effective hypotheses for your specific research needs. Bear in mind that many of these hypothesis types may overlap with one another, and the specific type that is typically used will likely depend on the area of research and methodology you are following.

Null hypothesis

The null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or relationship between the variables being studied. In statistical terms, it serves as the default assumption that any observed differences are due to random chance.

For example, if you're studying the effect of a drug on blood pressure, the null hypothesis might state that the drug has no effect.

Alternative hypothesis

Contrary to the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis suggests that there is a significant relationship or effect between variables.

Using the drug example, the alternative hypothesis would posit that the drug does indeed affect blood pressure. This is what researchers aim to prove.

Simple hypothesis

A simple hypothesis makes a prediction about the relationship between two variables, and only two variables.

For example, "Increased study time results in better exam scores." Here, "study time" and "exam scores" are the only variables involved.

Complex hypothesis

A complex hypothesis, as the name suggests, involves more than two variables. For instance, "Increased study time and access to resources result in better exam scores." Here, "study time," "access to resources," and "exam scores" are all variables.

This hypothesis refers to multiple potential mediating variables. Other hypotheses could also include predictions about variables that moderate the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable .

Directional hypothesis

A directional hypothesis specifies the direction of the expected relationship between variables. For example, "Eating more fruits and vegetables leads to a decrease in heart disease."

Here, the direction of heart disease is explicitly predicted to decrease, due to effects from eating more fruits and vegetables. All hypotheses typically specify the expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable, such that researchers can test if this prediction holds in their data analysis .

Statistical hypothesis

A statistical hypothesis is one that is testable through statistical methods, providing a numerical value that can be analyzed. This is commonly seen in quantitative research .

For example, "There is a statistically significant difference in test scores between students who study for one hour and those who study for two."

Empirical hypothesis

An empirical hypothesis is derived from observations and is tested through empirical methods, often through experimentation or survey data . Empirical hypotheses may also be assessed with statistical analyses.

For example, "Regular exercise is correlated with a lower incidence of depression," could be tested through surveys that measure exercise frequency and depression levels.

Causal hypothesis

A causal hypothesis proposes that one variable causes a change in another. This type of hypothesis is often tested through controlled experiments.

For example, "Smoking causes lung cancer," assumes a direct causal relationship.

Associative hypothesis

Unlike causal hypotheses, associative hypotheses suggest a relationship between variables but do not imply causation.

For instance, "People who smoke are more likely to get lung cancer," notes an association but doesn't claim that smoking causes lung cancer directly.

Relational hypothesis

A relational hypothesis explores the relationship between two or more variables but doesn't specify the nature of the relationship.

For example, "There is a relationship between diet and heart health," leaves the nature of the relationship (causal, associative, etc.) open to interpretation.

Logical hypothesis

A logical hypothesis is based on sound reasoning and logical principles. It's often used in theoretical research to explore abstract concepts, rather than being based on empirical data.

For example, "If all men are mortal and Socrates is a man, then Socrates is mortal," employs logical reasoning to make its point.

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In any research hypothesis, variables play a critical role. These are the elements or factors that the researcher manipulates, controls, or measures. Understanding variables is essential for crafting a clear, testable hypothesis and for the stages of research that follow, such as data collection and analysis.

In the realm of hypotheses, there are generally two types of variables to consider: independent and dependent. Independent variables are what you, as the researcher, manipulate or change in your study. It's considered the cause in the relationship you're investigating. For instance, in a study examining the impact of sleep duration on academic performance, the independent variable would be the amount of sleep participants get.

Conversely, the dependent variable is the outcome you measure to gauge the effect of your manipulation. It's the effect in the cause-and-effect relationship. The dependent variable thus refers to the main outcome of interest in your study. In the same sleep study example, the academic performance, perhaps measured by exam scores or GPA, would be the dependent variable.

Beyond these two primary types, you might also encounter control variables. These are variables that could potentially influence the outcome and are therefore kept constant to isolate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables . For example, in the sleep and academic performance study, control variables could include age, diet, or even the subject of study.

By clearly identifying and understanding the roles of these variables in your hypothesis, you set the stage for a methodologically sound research project. It helps you develop focused research questions, design appropriate experiments or observations, and carry out meaningful data analysis . It's a step that lays the groundwork for the success of your entire study.

Crafting a strong, testable hypothesis is crucial for the success of any research project. It sets the stage for everything from your study design to data collection and analysis . Below are some key considerations to keep in mind when formulating your hypothesis:

Be specific : A vague hypothesis can lead to ambiguous results and interpretations . Clearly define your variables and the expected relationship between them.
Ensure testability : A good hypothesis should be testable through empirical means, whether by observation , experimentation, or other forms of data analysis.
Ground in literature : Before creating your hypothesis, consult existing research and theories. This not only helps you identify gaps in current knowledge but also gives you valuable context and credibility for crafting your hypothesis.
Use simple language : While your hypothesis should be conceptually sound, it doesn't have to be complicated. Aim for clarity and simplicity in your wording.
State direction, if applicable : If your hypothesis involves a directional outcome (e.g., "increase" or "decrease"), make sure to specify this. You also need to think about how you will measure whether or not the outcome moved in the direction you predicted.
Keep it focused : One of the common pitfalls in hypothesis formulation is trying to answer too many questions at once. Keep your hypothesis focused on a specific issue or relationship.
Account for control variables : Identify any variables that could potentially impact the outcome and consider how you will control for them in your study.
Be ethical : Make sure your hypothesis and the methods for testing it comply with ethical standards , particularly if your research involves human or animal subjects.

Designing your study involves multiple key phases that help ensure the rigor and validity of your research. Here we discuss these crucial components in more detail.

Literature review

Starting with a comprehensive literature review is essential. This step allows you to understand the existing body of knowledge related to your hypothesis and helps you identify gaps that your research could fill. Your research should aim to contribute some novel understanding to existing literature, and your hypotheses can reflect this. A literature review also provides valuable insights into how similar research projects were executed, thereby helping you fine-tune your own approach.

Research methods

Choosing the right research methods is critical. Whether it's a survey, an experiment, or observational study, the methodology should be the most appropriate for testing your hypothesis. Your choice of methods will also depend on whether your research is quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods. Make sure the chosen methods align well with the variables you are studying and the type of data you need.

Preliminary research

Before diving into a full-scale study, it’s often beneficial to conduct preliminary research or a pilot study . This allows you to test your research methods on a smaller scale, refine your tools, and identify any potential issues. For instance, a pilot survey can help you determine if your questions are clear and if the survey effectively captures the data you need. This step can save you both time and resources in the long run.

Data analysis

Finally, planning your data analysis in advance is crucial for a successful study. Decide which statistical or analytical tools are most suited for your data type and research questions . For quantitative research, you might opt for t-tests, ANOVA, or regression analyses. For qualitative research , thematic analysis or grounded theory may be more appropriate. This phase is integral for interpreting your results and drawing meaningful conclusions in relation to your research question.

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Education and Communications
Science Writing

How to Write a Hypothesis

Last Updated: May 2, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Bess Ruff, MA . Bess Ruff is a Geography PhD student at Florida State University. She received her MA in Environmental Science and Management from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2016. She has conducted survey work for marine spatial planning projects in the Caribbean and provided research support as a graduate fellow for the Sustainable Fisheries Group. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,032,332 times.

A hypothesis is a description of a pattern in nature or an explanation about some real-world phenomenon that can be tested through observation and experimentation. The most common way a hypothesis is used in scientific research is as a tentative, testable, and falsifiable statement that explains some observed phenomenon in nature. [1] X Research source Many academic fields, from the physical sciences to the life sciences to the social sciences, use hypothesis testing as a means of testing ideas to learn about the world and advance scientific knowledge. Whether you are a beginning scholar or a beginning student taking a class in a science subject, understanding what hypotheses are and being able to generate hypotheses and predictions yourself is very important. These instructions will help get you started.

Preparing to Write a Hypothesis

If you are writing a hypothesis for a school assignment, this step may be taken care of for you.

Focus on academic and scholarly writing. You need to be certain that your information is unbiased, accurate, and comprehensive. Scholarly search databases such as Google Scholar and Web of Science can help you find relevant articles from reputable sources.
You can find information in textbooks, at a library, and online. If you are in school, you can also ask for help from teachers, librarians, and your peers.

For example, if you are interested in the effects of caffeine on the human body, but notice that nobody seems to have explored whether caffeine affects males differently than it does females, this could be something to formulate a hypothesis about. Or, if you are interested in organic farming, you might notice that no one has tested whether organic fertilizer results in different growth rates for plants than non-organic fertilizer.
You can sometimes find holes in the existing literature by looking for statements like “it is unknown” in scientific papers or places where information is clearly missing. You might also find a claim in the literature that seems far-fetched, unlikely, or too good to be true, like that caffeine improves math skills. If the claim is testable, you could provide a great service to scientific knowledge by doing your own investigation. If you confirm the claim, the claim becomes even more credible. If you do not find support for the claim, you are helping with the necessary self-correcting aspect of science.
Examining these types of questions provides an excellent way for you to set yourself apart by filling in important gaps in a field of study.

Following the examples above, you might ask: "How does caffeine affect females as compared to males?" or "How does organic fertilizer affect plant growth compared to non-organic fertilizer?" The rest of your research will be aimed at answering these questions.

Step 5 Look for clues as to what the answer might be.

Following the examples above, if you discover in the literature that there is a pattern that some other types of stimulants seem to affect females more than males, this could be a clue that the same pattern might be true for caffeine. Similarly, if you observe the pattern that organic fertilizer seems to be associated with smaller plants overall, you might explain this pattern with the hypothesis that plants exposed to organic fertilizer grow more slowly than plants exposed to non-organic fertilizer.

Formulating Your Hypothesis

You can think of the independent variable as the one that is causing some kind of difference or effect to occur. In the examples, the independent variable would be biological sex, i.e. whether a person is male or female, and fertilizer type, i.e. whether the fertilizer is organic or non-organically-based.
The dependent variable is what is affected by (i.e. "depends" on) the independent variable. In the examples above, the dependent variable would be the measured impact of caffeine or fertilizer.
Your hypothesis should only suggest one relationship. Most importantly, it should only have one independent variable. If you have more than one, you won't be able to determine which one is actually the source of any effects you might observe.

Don't worry too much at this point about being precise or detailed.
In the examples above, one hypothesis would make a statement about whether a person's biological sex might impact the way the person is affected by caffeine; for example, at this point, your hypothesis might simply be: "a person's biological sex is related to how caffeine affects his or her heart rate." The other hypothesis would make a general statement about plant growth and fertilizer; for example your simple explanatory hypothesis might be "plants given different types of fertilizer are different sizes because they grow at different rates."

Using our example, our non-directional hypotheses would be "there is a relationship between a person's biological sex and how much caffeine increases the person's heart rate," and "there is a relationship between fertilizer type and the speed at which plants grow."
Directional predictions using the same example hypotheses above would be : "Females will experience a greater increase in heart rate after consuming caffeine than will males," and "plants fertilized with non-organic fertilizer will grow faster than those fertilized with organic fertilizer." Indeed, these predictions and the hypotheses that allow for them are very different kinds of statements. More on this distinction below.
If the literature provides any basis for making a directional prediction, it is better to do so, because it provides more information. Especially in the physical sciences, non-directional predictions are often seen as inadequate.

Where necessary, specify the population (i.e. the people or things) about which you hope to uncover new knowledge. For example, if you were only interested the effects of caffeine on elderly people, your prediction might read: "Females over the age of 65 will experience a greater increase in heart rate than will males of the same age." If you were interested only in how fertilizer affects tomato plants, your prediction might read: "Tomato plants treated with non-organic fertilizer will grow faster in the first three months than will tomato plants treated with organic fertilizer."

For example, you would not want to make the hypothesis: "red is the prettiest color." This statement is an opinion and it cannot be tested with an experiment. However, proposing the generalizing hypothesis that red is the most popular color is testable with a simple random survey. If you do indeed confirm that red is the most popular color, your next step may be to ask: Why is red the most popular color? The answer you propose is your explanatory hypothesis .

An easy way to get to the hypothesis for this method and prediction is to ask yourself why you think heart rates will increase if children are given caffeine. Your explanatory hypothesis in this case may be that caffeine is a stimulant. At this point, some scientists write a research hypothesis , a statement that includes the hypothesis, the experiment, and the prediction all in one statement.
For example, If caffeine is a stimulant, and some children are given a drink with caffeine while others are given a drink without caffeine, then the heart rates of those children given a caffeinated drink will increase more than the heart rate of children given a non-caffeinated drink.

Using the above example, if you were to test the effects of caffeine on the heart rates of children, evidence that your hypothesis is not true, sometimes called the null hypothesis , could occur if the heart rates of both the children given the caffeinated drink and the children given the non-caffeinated drink (called the placebo control) did not change, or lowered or raised with the same magnitude, if there was no difference between the two groups of children.
It is important to note here that the null hypothesis actually becomes much more useful when researchers test the significance of their results with statistics. When statistics are used on the results of an experiment, a researcher is testing the idea of the null statistical hypothesis. For example, that there is no relationship between two variables or that there is no difference between two groups. [8] X Research source

Hypothesis Examples

Community Q&A

Remember that science is not necessarily a linear process and can be approached in various ways. [10] X Research source Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
When examining the literature, look for research that is similar to what you want to do, and try to build on the findings of other researchers. But also look for claims that you think are suspicious, and test them yourself. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
Be specific in your hypotheses, but not so specific that your hypothesis can't be applied to anything outside your specific experiment. You definitely want to be clear about the population about which you are interested in drawing conclusions, but nobody (except your roommates) will be interested in reading a paper with the prediction: "my three roommates will each be able to do a different amount of pushups." Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

↑ https://undsci.berkeley.edu/for-educators/prepare-and-plan/correcting-misconceptions/#a4
↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/choosing_a_topic.html
↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_the_social_sciences/writing_in_psychology_experimental_report_writing/experimental_reports_1.html
↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-hypothesis/
↑ https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/for-students-and-parents/how-create-hypothesis.html
↑ https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-2.0/section/1.19/primary/lesson/hypothesis-ms-ps/
↑ https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/preparingtopublish/chapter/goal-1-contextualize-the-studys-methods/
↑ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/NullHypothesis.html
↑ http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/scienceflowchart

About This Article

Before writing a hypothesis, think of what questions are still unanswered about a specific subject and make an educated guess about what the answer could be. Then, determine the variables in your question and write a simple statement about how they might be related. Try to focus on specific predictions and variables, such as age or segment of the population, to make your hypothesis easier to test. For tips on how to test your hypothesis, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How to Write a Hypothesis – Steps & Tips

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 14th, 2021 , Revised On October 26, 2023

What is a Research Hypothesis?

You can test a research statement with the help of experimental or theoretical research, known as a hypothesis.

If you want to find out the similarities, differences, and relationships between variables, you must write a testable hypothesis before compiling the data, performing analysis, and generating results to complete.

The data analysis and findings will help you test the hypothesis and see whether it is true or false. Here is all you need to know about how to write a hypothesis for a dissertation .

Research Hypothesis Definition

Not sure what the meaning of the research hypothesis is?

A research hypothesis predicts an answer to the research question based on existing theoretical knowledge or experimental data.

Some studies may have multiple hypothesis statements depending on the research question(s). A research hypothesis must be based on formulas, facts, and theories. It should be testable by data analysis, observations, experiments, or other scientific methodologies that can refute or support the statement.

Variables in Hypothesis

Developing a hypothesis is easy. Most research studies have two or more variables in the hypothesis, particularly studies involving correlational and experimental research. The researcher can control or change the independent variable(s) while measuring and observing the independent variable(s).

“How long a student sleeps affects test scores.”

In the above statement, the dependent variable is the test score, while the independent variable is the length of time spent in sleep. Developing a hypothesis will be easy if you know your research’s dependent and independent variables.

Once you have developed a thesis statement, questions such as how to write a hypothesis for the dissertation and how to test a research hypothesis become pretty straightforward.

Looking for dissertation help?

Researchprospect to the rescue then.

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Step-by-Step Guide on How to Write a Hypothesis

Here are the steps involved in how to write a hypothesis for a dissertation.

Step 1: Start with a Research Question

Begin by asking a specific question about a topic of interest.
This question should be clear, concise, and researchable.

Example: Does exposure to sunlight affect plant growth?

Step 2: Do Preliminary Research

Before formulating a hypothesis, conduct background research to understand existing knowledge on the topic.
Familiarise yourself with prior studies, theories, or observations related to the research question.

Step 3: Define Variables

Independent Variable (IV): The factor that you change or manipulate in an experiment.
Dependent Variable (DV): The factor that you measure.

Example: IV: Amount of sunlight exposure (e.g., 2 hours/day, 4 hours/day, 8 hours/day) DV: Plant growth (e.g., height in centimetres)

Step 4: Formulate the Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the relationship between variables.
It is often written as an “if-then” statement.

Example: If plants receive more sunlight, then they will grow taller.

Step 5: Ensure it is Testable

A good hypothesis is empirically testable. This means you should be able to design an experiment or observation to test its validity.

Example: You can set up an experiment where plants are exposed to varying amounts of sunlight and then measure their growth over a period of time.

Step 6: Consider Potential Confounding Variables

Confounding variables are factors other than the independent variable that might affect the outcome.
It is important to identify these to ensure that they do not skew your results.

Example: Soil quality, water frequency, or type of plant can all affect growth. Consider keeping these constant in your experiment.

Step 7: Write the Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or no relationship between the variables.
It is what you aim to disprove or reject through your research.

Example: There is no difference in plant growth regardless of the amount of sunlight exposure.

Step 8: Test your Hypothesis

Design an experiment or conduct observations to test your hypothesis.

Example: Grow three sets of plants: one set exposed to 2 hours of sunlight daily, another exposed to 4 hours, and a third exposed to 8 hours. Measure and compare their growth after a set period.

Step 9: Analyse the Results

After testing, review your data to determine if it supports your hypothesis.

Step 10: Draw Conclusions

Based on your findings, determine whether you can accept or reject the hypothesis.
Remember, even if you reject your hypothesis, it’s a valuable result. It can guide future research and refine questions.

Three Ways to Phrase a Hypothesis

Try to use “if”… and “then”… to identify the variables. The independent variable should be present in the first part of the hypothesis, while the dependent variable will form the second part of the statement. Consider understanding the below research hypothesis example to create a specific, clear, and concise research hypothesis;

If an obese lady starts attending Zomba fitness classes, her health will improve.

In academic research, you can write the predicted variable relationship directly because most research studies correlate terms.

The number of Zomba fitness classes attended by the obese lady has a positive effect on health.

If your research compares two groups, then you can develop a hypothesis statement on their differences.

An obese lady who attended most Zumba fitness classes will have better health than those who attended a few.

How to Write a Null Hypothesis

If a statistical analysis is involved in your research, then you must create a null hypothesis. If you find any relationship between the variables, then the null hypothesis will be the default position that there is no relationship between them. H0 is the symbol for the null hypothesis, while the hypothesis is represented as H1. The null hypothesis will also answer your question, “How to test the research hypothesis in the dissertation.”

H0: The number of Zumba fitness classes attended by the obese lady does not affect her health.

H1: The number of Zumba fitness classes attended by obese lady positively affects health.

Also see: Your Dissertation in Education

Hypothesis Examples

Research Question: Does the amount of sunlight a plant receives affect its growth? Hypothesis: Plants that receive more sunlight will grow taller than plants that receive less sunlight.

Research Question: Do students who eat breakfast perform better in school exams than those who don’t? Hypothesis: Students who eat a morning breakfast will score higher on school exams compared to students who skip breakfast.

Research Question: Does listening to music while studying impact a student’s ability to retain information? Hypothesis 1 (Directional): Students who listen to music while studying will retain less information than those who study in silence. Hypothesis 2 (Non-directional): There will be a difference in information retention between students who listen to music while studying and those who study in silence.

How can ResearchProspect Help?

If you are unsure about how to rest a research hypothesis in a dissertation or simply unsure about how to develop a hypothesis for your research, then you can take advantage of our dissertation services which cover every tiny aspect of a dissertation project you might need help with including but not limited to setting up a hypothesis and research questions, help with individual chapters , full dissertation writing , statistical analysis , and much more.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the 5 rules for writing a good hypothesis.

Clear Statement: State a clear relationship between variables.
Testable: Ensure it can be investigated and measured.
Specific: Avoid vague terms, be precise in predictions.
Falsifiable: Design to allow potential disproof.
Relevant: Address research question and align with existing knowledge.

What is a hypothesis in simple words?

A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction about something that can be tested. It is a statement that suggests a possible explanation for an event or phenomenon based on prior knowledge or observation. Scientists use hypotheses as a starting point for experiments to discover if they are true or false.

What is the hypothesis and examples?

A hypothesis is a testable prediction or explanation for an observation or phenomenon. For example, if plants are given sunlight, then they will grow. In this case, the hypothesis suggests that sunlight has a positive effect on plant growth. It can be tested by experimenting with plants in varying light conditions.

What is the hypothesis in research definition?

A hypothesis in research is a clear, testable statement predicting the possible outcome of a study based on prior knowledge and observation. It serves as the foundation for conducting experiments or investigations. Researchers test the validity of the hypothesis to draw conclusions and advance knowledge in a particular field.

Why is it called a hypothesis?

The term “hypothesis” originates from the Greek word “hypothesis,” which means “base” or “foundation.” It’s used to describe a foundational statement or proposition that can be tested. In scientific contexts, it denotes a tentative explanation for a phenomenon, serving as a starting point for investigation or experimentation.

How To Write A Hypotheses – Guide For Students

The word “hypothesis” might conjure up images of scientists in white coats, but crafting a solid hypothesis is a crucial skill for students in any field. Whether you are analyzing Shakespeare’s sonnets or conducting a science experiment, a well-defined research hypothesis sets the stage for your dissertation or thesis and fuels your investigation.

Table of Contents

Writing a hypothesis is a crucial step in the research process. A hypothesis serves as the foundation of your research paper because it guides the direction of your study and provides a clear framework for investigation. But how to write a hypothesis? This blog will help you craft one. Let’s get started.

What Is A Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a clear and testable thesis statement or prediction that serves as the foundation of a research study. It is formulated based on existing knowledge, observations, and theoretical frameworks.

A hypothesis articulates the researcher’s expectations regarding the relationship between variables in a study.

Hypothesis Example

Students exposed to multimedia-enhanced teaching methods will demonstrate higher retention of information compared to those taught using traditional methods.

The formulation of a hypothesis is crucial for guiding the research process and providing a clear direction for data collection and analysis. A well-crafted research hypothesis not only makes the research purpose explicit but also sets the stage for drawing meaningful conclusions from the study’s findings.

What Is A Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis

There are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha).

The null hypothesis posits that there is no significant effect or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis suggests the presence of a significant effect or relationship.

For example, in a study investigating the effect of a new drug on blood pressure, the null hypothesis might state that there is no difference in blood pressure between the control group (not receiving the drug) and the experimental group (receiving the drug). The alternative hypothesis, on the other hand, would propose that there is a significant difference in blood pressure between the two groups.

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How To Write A Good Research Hypothesis

Writing a hypothesis involves a systematic process that guides your research and provides a clear and testable statement about the expected relationship between variables. Go through the MLA vs. APA guidelines before writing. Here are the steps to help you how to write a hypothesis:

Step 1: Identify The Research Topic

Clearly define the research topic or question that you want to investigate. Ensure that your research question is specific and focused, providing a clear direction for your study.

Step 2: Conduct A Literature Review

Review existing literature related to your research topic. A thorough literature review helps you understand what is already known in the field, identify gaps, and build a foundation for formulating your hypothesis.

Step 3: Define Variables

Identify the variables involved in your study. The independent variable is the factor you manipulate, and the dependent variable is the one you measure. Clearly define the characteristics or conditions you are studying.

Step 4: Establish The Relationship

Determine the expected relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Will a change in the independent variable lead to a change in the dependent variable? Specify whether you anticipate a positive, negative, or no relationship.

Step 5: Formulate The Null Hypothesis (H0)

The null hypothesis represents the default position, suggesting that there is no significant effect or relationship between the variables you are studying. It serves as the baseline to be tested against. The null hypothesis is often denoted as H0.

Step 6: Formulate The Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha)

The alternative hypothesis articulates the researcher’s expectation about the existence of a significant effect or relationship. It is what you aim to support with your research paper . The alternative hypothesis is denoted as H1 or Ha.

For example, if your research topic is about the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth:

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in plant growth between plants treated with the traditional fertilizer and those treated with the new fertilizer.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference in plant growth between plants treated with the traditional fertilizer and those treated with the new fertilizer.

Step 7: Ensure Testability And Specificity

Confirm that your research hypothesis is testable and can be empirically investigated. Ensure that it is specific, providing a clear and measurable statement that can be validated or refuted through data collection and analysis.

Hypothesis Examples

What makes a good hypothesis.

Clear Statement: A hypothesis should be stated clearly and precisely. It should be easily understandable and convey the expected relationship between variables.
Testability: A hypothesis must be testable through empirical observation or experimentation. This means that there should be a feasible way to collect data and assess whether the expected relationship holds true.
Specificity: The research hypothesis should be specific in terms of the variables involved and the nature of the expected relationship. Vague or ambiguous hypotheses can lead to unclear research outcomes.
Measurability: Variables in a hypothesis should be measurable, meaning they can be quantified or observed objectively. This ensures that the research can be conducted with precision.
Falsifiability: A good research hypothesis should be falsifiable, meaning there should be a possibility of proving it wrong. This concept is fundamental to the scientific method, as hypotheses that cannot be tested or disproven lack scientific validity.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to write a hypothesis.

Clearly state the research question.
Identify the variables involved.
Formulate a clear and testable prediction.
Use specific and measurable terms.
Align the hypothesis with the research question.
Distinguish between the null hypothesis (no effect) and alternative hypothesis (expected effect).
Ensure the hypothesis is falsifiable and subject to empirical testing.

How to write a hypothesis for a lab?

Identify the purpose of the lab.
Clearly state the relationship between variables.
Use concise language and specific terms.
Make the hypothesis testable through experimentation.
Align with the lab’s objectives.
Include an if-then statement to express the expected outcome.
Ensure clarity and relevance to the experimental setup.

What Is A Null Hypothesis?

A null hypothesis is a statement suggesting no effect or relationship between variables in a research study. It serves as the default assumption, stating that any observed differences or effects are due to chance. Researchers aim to reject the null hypothesis based on statistical evidence to support their alternative hypothesis.

How to write a null hypothesis?

State there is no effect, difference, or relationship between variables.
Use clear and specific language.
Frame it in a testable manner.
Align with the research question.
Specify parameters for statistical testing.
Consider it as the default assumption to be tested and potentially rejected in favour of the alternative hypothesis.

What is the p-value of a hypothesis test?

The p-value in a hypothesis test represents the probability of obtaining observed results, or more extreme ones, if the null hypothesis is true. A lower p-value suggests stronger evidence against the null hypothesis, often leading to its rejection. Common significance thresholds include 0.05 or 0.01.

How to write a hypothesis in science?

Clearly state the research question
Identify the variables and their relationship.
Formulate a testable and falsifiable prediction.
Use specific, measurable terms.
Distinguish between the null and alternative hypotheses.
Ensure clarity and relevance to the scientific investigation.

How to write a hypothesis for a research proposal?

Clearly define the research question.
Identify variables and their expected relationship.
Formulate a specific, testable hypothesis.
Align the hypothesis with the proposal’s objectives.
Clearly articulate the null hypothesis.
Use concise language and measurable terms.
Ensure the hypothesis aligns with the proposed research methodology.

How to write a good hypothesis psychology?

Formulate a specific and testable prediction.
Use precise and measurable terms.
Align the hypothesis with psychological theories.
Articulate the null hypothesis.
Ensure the hypothesis guides empirical testing in psychological research.

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How to Write a Great Hypothesis

Hypothesis Format, Examples, and Tips

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist and international bestselling author. Her books, including "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," have been translated into more than 40 languages. Her TEDx talk, "The Secret of Becoming Mentally Strong," is one of the most viewed talks of all time.

Verywell / Alex Dos Diaz

The Scientific Method

Hypothesis Format

Falsifiability of a hypothesis, operational definitions, types of hypotheses, hypotheses examples.

Collecting Data

Frequently Asked Questions

A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study.

One hypothesis example would be a study designed to look at the relationship between sleep deprivation and test performance might have a hypothesis that states: "This study is designed to assess the hypothesis that sleep-deprived people will perform worse on a test than individuals who are not sleep-deprived."

This article explores how a hypothesis is used in psychology research, how to write a good hypothesis, and the different types of hypotheses you might use.

The Hypothesis in the Scientific Method

In the scientific method , whether it involves research in psychology, biology, or some other area, a hypothesis represents what the researchers think will happen in an experiment. The scientific method involves the following steps:

Forming a question
Performing background research
Creating a hypothesis
Designing an experiment
Collecting data
Analyzing the results
Drawing conclusions
Communicating the results

The hypothesis is a prediction, but it involves more than a guess. Most of the time, the hypothesis begins with a question which is then explored through background research. It is only at this point that researchers begin to develop a testable hypothesis. Unless you are creating an exploratory study, your hypothesis should always explain what you expect to happen.

In a study exploring the effects of a particular drug, the hypothesis might be that researchers expect the drug to have some type of effect on the symptoms of a specific illness. In psychology, the hypothesis might focus on how a certain aspect of the environment might influence a particular behavior.

Remember, a hypothesis does not have to be correct. While the hypothesis predicts what the researchers expect to see, the goal of the research is to determine whether this guess is right or wrong. When conducting an experiment, researchers might explore a number of factors to determine which ones might contribute to the ultimate outcome.

In many cases, researchers may find that the results of an experiment do not support the original hypothesis. When writing up these results, the researchers might suggest other options that should be explored in future studies.

In many cases, researchers might draw a hypothesis from a specific theory or build on previous research. For example, prior research has shown that stress can impact the immune system. So a researcher might hypothesize: "People with high-stress levels will be more likely to contract a common cold after being exposed to the virus than people who have low-stress levels."

In other instances, researchers might look at commonly held beliefs or folk wisdom. "Birds of a feather flock together" is one example of folk wisdom that a psychologist might try to investigate. The researcher might pose a specific hypothesis that "People tend to select romantic partners who are similar to them in interests and educational level."

Elements of a Good Hypothesis

So how do you write a good hypothesis? When trying to come up with a hypothesis for your research or experiments, ask yourself the following questions:

Is your hypothesis based on your research on a topic?
Can your hypothesis be tested?
Does your hypothesis include independent and dependent variables?

Before you come up with a specific hypothesis, spend some time doing background research. Once you have completed a literature review, start thinking about potential questions you still have. Pay attention to the discussion section in the journal articles you read . Many authors will suggest questions that still need to be explored.

To form a hypothesis, you should take these steps:

Collect as many observations about a topic or problem as you can.
Evaluate these observations and look for possible causes of the problem.
Create a list of possible explanations that you might want to explore.
After you have developed some possible hypotheses, think of ways that you could confirm or disprove each hypothesis through experimentation. This is known as falsifiability.

In the scientific method , falsifiability is an important part of any valid hypothesis. In order to test a claim scientifically, it must be possible that the claim could be proven false.

Students sometimes confuse the idea of falsifiability with the idea that it means that something is false, which is not the case. What falsifiability means is that if something was false, then it is possible to demonstrate that it is false.

One of the hallmarks of pseudoscience is that it makes claims that cannot be refuted or proven false.

A variable is a factor or element that can be changed and manipulated in ways that are observable and measurable. However, the researcher must also define how the variable will be manipulated and measured in the study.

For example, a researcher might operationally define the variable " test anxiety " as the results of a self-report measure of anxiety experienced during an exam. A "study habits" variable might be defined by the amount of studying that actually occurs as measured by time.

These precise descriptions are important because many things can be measured in a number of different ways. One of the basic principles of any type of scientific research is that the results must be replicable. By clearly detailing the specifics of how the variables were measured and manipulated, other researchers can better understand the results and repeat the study if needed.

Some variables are more difficult than others to define. How would you operationally define a variable such as aggression ? For obvious ethical reasons, researchers cannot create a situation in which a person behaves aggressively toward others.

In order to measure this variable, the researcher must devise a measurement that assesses aggressive behavior without harming other people. In this situation, the researcher might utilize a simulated task to measure aggressiveness.

Hypothesis Checklist

Does your hypothesis focus on something that you can actually test?
Does your hypothesis include both an independent and dependent variable?
Can you manipulate the variables?
Can your hypothesis be tested without violating ethical standards?

The hypothesis you use will depend on what you are investigating and hoping to find. Some of the main types of hypotheses that you might use include:

Simple hypothesis : This type of hypothesis suggests that there is a relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable.
Complex hypothesis : This type of hypothesis suggests a relationship between three or more variables, such as two independent variables and a dependent variable.
Null hypothesis : This hypothesis suggests no relationship exists between two or more variables.
Alternative hypothesis : This hypothesis states the opposite of the null hypothesis.
Statistical hypothesis : This hypothesis uses statistical analysis to evaluate a representative sample of the population and then generalizes the findings to the larger group.
Logical hypothesis : This hypothesis assumes a relationship between variables without collecting data or evidence.

A hypothesis often follows a basic format of "If {this happens} then {this will happen}." One way to structure your hypothesis is to describe what will happen to the dependent variable if you change the independent variable .

The basic format might be: "If {these changes are made to a certain independent variable}, then we will observe {a change in a specific dependent variable}."

A few examples of simple hypotheses:

"Students who eat breakfast will perform better on a math exam than students who do not eat breakfast."
Complex hypothesis: "Students who experience test anxiety before an English exam will get lower scores than students who do not experience test anxiety."
"Motorists who talk on the phone while driving will be more likely to make errors on a driving course than those who do not talk on the phone."

Examples of a complex hypothesis include:

"People with high-sugar diets and sedentary activity levels are more likely to develop depression."
"Younger people who are regularly exposed to green, outdoor areas have better subjective well-being than older adults who have limited exposure to green spaces."

Examples of a null hypothesis include:

"Children who receive a new reading intervention will have scores different than students who do not receive the intervention."
"There will be no difference in scores on a memory recall task between children and adults."

Examples of an alternative hypothesis:

"Children who receive a new reading intervention will perform better than students who did not receive the intervention."
"Adults will perform better on a memory task than children."

Collecting Data on Your Hypothesis

Once a researcher has formed a testable hypothesis, the next step is to select a research design and start collecting data. The research method depends largely on exactly what they are studying. There are two basic types of research methods: descriptive research and experimental research.

Descriptive Research Methods

Descriptive research such as case studies , naturalistic observations , and surveys are often used when it would be impossible or difficult to conduct an experiment . These methods are best used to describe different aspects of a behavior or psychological phenomenon.

Once a researcher has collected data using descriptive methods, a correlational study can then be used to look at how the variables are related. This type of research method might be used to investigate a hypothesis that is difficult to test experimentally.

Experimental Research Methods

Experimental methods are used to demonstrate causal relationships between variables. In an experiment, the researcher systematically manipulates a variable of interest (known as the independent variable) and measures the effect on another variable (known as the dependent variable).

Unlike correlational studies, which can only be used to determine if there is a relationship between two variables, experimental methods can be used to determine the actual nature of the relationship—whether changes in one variable actually cause another to change.

A Word From Verywell

The hypothesis is a critical part of any scientific exploration. It represents what researchers expect to find in a study or experiment. In situations where the hypothesis is unsupported by the research, the research still has value. Such research helps us better understand how different aspects of the natural world relate to one another. It also helps us develop new hypotheses that can then be tested in the future.

Some examples of how to write a hypothesis include:

"Staying up late will lead to worse test performance the next day."
"People who consume one apple each day will visit the doctor fewer times each year."
"Breaking study sessions up into three 20-minute sessions will lead to better test results than a single 60-minute study session."

The four parts of a hypothesis are:

The research question
The independent variable (IV)
The dependent variable (DV)
The proposed relationship between the IV and DV

Castillo M. The scientific method: a need for something better? . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(9):1669-71. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3401

Nevid J. Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Wadworth, 2013.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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How to Write a Research Hypothesis- Step-By-Step Guide With Examples

Writing a research hypothesis is a pivotal step in any scientific inquiry, serving as the foundation upon which entire studies are built. Whether you’re delving into the mysteries of particle physics or exploring the intricacies of human behaviour, formulating a clear and concise hypothesis is essential for guiding your research and drawing meaningful conclusions.

In this blog post, we’ll understand how to write a research hypothesis that sets the stage for rigorous investigation. We’ll explore what a hypothesis is, why it’s important, and the key components that make up a well-formed hypothesis. From identifying the variables at play to establishing the direction of your study, we’ll provide practical tips and examples to help you articulate your hypothesis with precision and clarity.

Table of Content

What is a Research Hypothesis?

Difference between a hypothesis and a prediction, types of hypothesis in research, key components of research hypothesis, hypothesis in research methodology, how to write a research hypothesis, effective tips to write a research hypothesis, research hypothesis examples.

A research hypothesis is a statement that proposes a tentative explanation for a phenomenon or relationship that is being investigated in a scientific study. It is an educated guess or prediction about the relationship between variables based on existing knowledge and theory. In essence, the hypothesis serves as a testable proposition that guides the research process by providing a clear direction for inquiry and prediction of expected outcomes.

Here are six types of research hypothesis:

Null Hypothesis (H0): This type suggests that there is no relationship or difference between the variables being studied. It’s like saying, “We don’t expect anything to happen.” Researchers try to disprove or reject the null hypothesis to support their research hypothesis.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): This is the hypothesis researchers really want to prove. It suggests that there is a significant relationship or difference between the variables. It’s like saying, “We expect something specific to happen.”
Directional Hypothesis: It predicts the direction of the expected outcome. For example, “Eating breakfast will improve students’ test scores.” It specifies that one variable will lead to an increase or decrease in the other.
Non-directional Hypothesis: This type doesn’t specify the direction of the expected relationship or difference, just that there is one. For example, “There is a difference in test scores between students who eat breakfast and those who do not.”
Simple Hypothesis: This involves only two variables — one independent and one dependent. It’s straightforward, suggesting a relationship between these two variables only.
Complex Hypothesis: This involves more than two variables, which might include multiple independent and/or dependent variables. It suggests a relationship that includes several factors interacting with each other.

A well-crafted hypothesis provides a clear direction for research, guiding the investigator’s efforts to test specific predictions and draw meaningful conclusions. To create an effective hypothesis, several key components must be carefully considered and articulated. In this discussion, we’ll explore these essential elements in detail.

Variables: Clearly identify the variables involved in the study. These are the factors or characteristics that can change or vary, such as age, gender, temperature, etc.
Relationship: Describe the proposed relationship between the variables. This explains how changes in one variable are expected to affect the other variable.
Directionality: Specify the direction of the expected relationship, if applicable. This indicates whether the relationship is expected to be positive (increases in one variable lead to increases in the other) or negative (increases in one variable lead to decreases in the other).
Testability: Ensure that the hypothesis can be tested through empirical observation or experimentation. It should be possible to collect data that either supports or refutes the hypothesis.
Clarity: Clearly state the hypothesis in a concise and understandable manner. Avoid ambiguity or vague language to ensure that the hypothesis is clearly understood by others.
Falsifiability: Make sure that the hypothesis is falsifiable, meaning that it is possible to prove it wrong. This is essential for scientific inquiry as it allows researchers to test and refine their hypotheses.
Relevance: Ensure that the hypothesis is relevant to the research question or problem being investigated. It should address a gap in knowledge or seek to answer a specific research question.
Guess: It’s like making an educated guess about something you want to find out.
What You Think Will Happen: You’re saying what you believe might be true or might happen based on what you know.
Testing Idea: It’s a statement that suggests what you want to test or explore in your research.
Prediction: You’re saying what you expect to see or find out when you do your research.
Clear Statement: It’s a clear, specific statement that explains what you’re trying to find out or prove.
Based on Prior Knowledge: It’s built on what you already know or what others have found in similar situations.
Can be Proven Wrong: It’s something that can be shown to be false if the research doesn’t support it.
Guides Your Research: It’s like a roadmap for your study, helping you focus on what’s important and what to look for.
Helps Formulate Questions: It leads to questions you can ask and experiments you can conduct to find out if your guess is correct.
Foundation of Research: It forms the basis of your research, giving you a starting point to investigate and learn more about your topic.

Writing a research hypothesis involves several key steps to ensure it is clear, testable, and grounded in existing knowledge. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to write a research hypothesis:

Identify the Research Topic: Begin by clearly defining the research topic or question that you want to investigate. This could be based on your interests, gaps in existing literature, or practical problems that need addressing.
Review Existing Literature: Conduct a thorough review of relevant literature to understand the current state of knowledge in your research area. Identify key theories, concepts, and empirical findings that will inform your hypothesis.
Identify Variables : Determine the variables that are central to your research question. These include the independent variable (IV), which you manipulate or control, and the dependent variable (DV), which you measure or observe.
Formulate a Tentative Relationship: Based on your review of the literature and theoretical framework, hypothesize the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Consider whether you expect a positive, negative, or no relationship between them.
Write the Hypothesis: Craft a clear and concise statement that articulates your research hypothesis. Use specific language to describe the relationship between the variables and the expected direction of the effect, if applicable. Ensure that the hypothesis is testable and falsifiable.
Revise and Refine: Review your hypothesis to ensure it is logical, coherent, and aligned with the research question and objectives. Revise as needed to improve clarity and specificity. Seek feedback from peers or mentors to refine your hypothesis further.
Consider Alternative Hypotheses: Anticipate alternative explanations or competing hypotheses that could account for the observed relationship between variables. Acknowledge these alternative hypotheses and explain why your proposed hypothesis is the most plausible.
Provide Justification: Briefly justify why you believe your hypothesis is reasonable and worth investigating. Draw upon evidence from the literature or theoretical rationale to support your hypothesis.
Review and Finalize: Before proceeding with your research, carefully review your hypothesis to ensure it meets all necessary criteria and accurately reflects your research aims. Make any final adjustments or clarifications as needed.

Here are 10 tips to help you write a research hypothesis effectively:

Start by identifying the key variables or factors of interest in your research question. Clearly define the specific variables that you intend to study and the relationship between them that you will be investigating. A good hypothesis focuses only on a few key, well-defined variables.
Be specific. Operationally define all the key terms and concepts clearly so your measurements and observations directly align with the concepts in your hypothesis. Ambiguous terminology can muddy hypotheses and research. Include explicit descriptions and qualifications so no aspect is open to interpretation.
State the hypothesized relationship between the main variables and the precise outcome you predict will occur. Don’t just identify variables, but propose predictive causal relationships. Frame the relationships and predicted effects in clear, descriptive language that sets up clear testing procedures. Qualify predictions appropriately based on your study parameters.
Make your hypothesis falsifiable through scientific inquiry and testing within the context of your study. A hypothesis must make predictions that have the possibility of being proven incorrect by data. An unfalsifiable hypothesis framed too vaguely can’t be rigorously put to the test.
Frame your hypothesis prediction in definitive, quantitative terms that lend themselves to statistical analysis rather than vague qualifiers. This precision sets you up to gather data that can confirm or contradict the validity of specific predictions and measure the strength of variable relationships.
Keep it simple. Do not include too many variables in your hypothesis. Stick to identifying and making predictions about the effects of two or three key independent variables on the major outcomes. Too many variables make hypotheses diffuse and research investigations unwieldy.
Detail the specific population and context your hypothesis claims apply to rather than making universal claims. Identify upfront meaningful limitations, sample characteristics, contextual qualifiers, potential confounding variables that could impact results, etc to hone the scope of the hypothesis testing.
Check if any key aspects of your hypothesis align with or contradict claims made in prior relevant studies in established literature. Citing a few studies that back parts of your hypothesis can strengthen its plausibility. Outlining contrasts also indicates familiarity with the research landscape.
Align your hypothesis closely with your intended research methods and study design to ensure you gather the appropriate data to adequately test the details of the stated hypothesis. Construct a study with power to validate your specific causal claims.
Scrutinize and thoughtfully revise your initial raw hypothesis draft multiple times to hone precision, clarity, and coherence. An unambiguous hypothesis acts as a roadmap guiding all downstream research, so ensure it is polished.

Comparing your hypothesis to those of your colleagues in the field may be the best way to determine its efficacy. When it comes to crafting an effective research hypothesis, there’s no need to start from scratch. You’ll read other hypotheses while you prepare your own and read them. These can provide you with advice on what should and shouldn’t be included in a compelling research hypothesis. To help you get started, here are a few generic examples:

“After sixty years of age, eating an apple every day will reduce the number of doctor visits.” Customer complaints are more likely to be directed towards budget airlines. An airline that provides fewer amenities and cheaper fares than a conventional full-service airline is known as a budget airline. (Note that the hypothesis uses the term “budget airline.” Employee job satisfaction is higher in companies that provide flexible working hours than in those that have set hours.

The aforementioned examples are all specific, observable, and quantifiable, and standard experimental procedures can be used to either confirm or refute the prediction. However, keep in mind that as your research develops, your hypothesis will frequently change.

Also Read: How to write a Poem? How to Write a Cover Letter in 2023?

How to Write a Research Hypothesis- FAQs

What is a research hypothesis.

A research hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a relationship between variables in a scientific study. It serves as a testable prediction about the expected outcome of the research.

How do I formulate a research hypothesis?

To formulate a research hypothesis, identify the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) in your study, specify the expected relationship between them, and consider existing theory and evidence in your field.

What makes a good research hypothesis?

A good research hypothesis is specific, testable, and grounded in existing knowledge or theory. It should be clear, concise, and capable of being either supported or refuted through empirical research.

Should I state the direction of the relationship in my hypothesis?

Depending on the nature of your research question, it may be appropriate to specify the expected direction of the relationship between variables (positive, negative, or non-directional) in your hypothesis to provide clarity and guidance.

Why is it important to write a research hypothesis?

Writing a research hypothesis is essential for guiding the research process, formulating testable predictions, and drawing meaningful conclusions. It helps researchers focus their efforts and ensures that their studies contribute to advancing knowledge in their field.

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Each academic research revolves around specific statement or problem — a research hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a suggested prediction for a phenomenon or observed event, based on prior knowledge or research. It is a tentative statement that can be tested through further investigation and analysis. A hypothesis usually takes the form of a statement that suggests a relationship between two or more variables.

Every research project, be it a a term paper, research paper or a dissertation, should begin with defining a hypothesis. While this may seem simple, in reality beginners face a lot of problems. This includes difficulty with formulating a hypothesis accurately and capturing the main idea. In this blog post, we will tell you how to write a hypothesis so it is accurate and correct.

What Is a Research Hypothesis: Expanded Definition

A research hypothesis is a statement or assumption that answers a question you asked earlier but haven't tested yet. In fact, this is basis of your work which you use to prove or reject your assumption. Major research projects most often deal with several hypotheses. These relate to various aspects of an issue under study. Thus, you will divide assumptions by research sectors and study them in a segmented manner. When making an assignment, one must work based on an existing theory and gained knowledge. One must also take into account that it must be testable. That is, it can be rejected or confirmed with methods of scientific research. Hypothesis example may look like this:

In your work, you must prove or reject this hypothesis by providing survey results. Show some statistical analysis , study of reports and other processed data.

Remeber that you can hire a paper writer who will integrate survey outcomes and conduct statistical analysis in your research paper hypothesis.

Variables in Hypotheses

To make a qualitative guess, you should consider variables in your hypothesis. They can be divided into independent and dependent ones. In fact, you must establish causal relationship between two or more variables. Independent ( confounding variable ) is what researcher can control or change, i.e. initial condition. Dependent ( extraneous variable ) is what researcher studies. It is observed in created conditions. Before you start learning how to write an assignment with independent and dependent variables, you should define the main idea of your work. For example, you take an assumption that eating hedgehog meat reduces risk of cardiovascular disease. Independent variable is hedgehog meat consumption, which is cause. Improvement in cardiovascular health is a dependent variable – an intended effect.

How to Write a Hypothesis: 5 Simple Writing Steps

Novice researchers most frequently ask how to write a hypothesis statement. This is a complex process that includes compilation of laconic predictions. These are based on conducted experiments. We can support you in this task. We have developed 5 steps for researchers so they can write a high-quality and comprehensive assignment.

Step 1. Generate a Question Before Writing Your Hypothesis

At the first stage of writing a hypothesis for a research paper you must define a research question that you need to answer. It should be focused on particular problem. Try to make it specific and yet suitable for research within framework of your project. To write quality assignment, you must use 6 classic statements. Thus, you must clarify: who, what, where, when, why and how. You must make question understandable in terms of positioning problem. Example of correct hypothesis:

Step 2. Gather Preliminary Research for Your Hypothesis

Before writing a research hypothesis, conduct some preliminary research to find out if your assumption is working and can be proved. You will get the key insights through observations or experiments. You can also use results of your colleagues who have already studied this issue. Thus, you will build a concept with formulated variables. You will study them and identify relationships between them.

Step 3. Write a Strong Hypothesis

With results of preliminary preparation and research questions, you can study how to write a strong hypothesis . First of all, highlight the main testing problem. You must formulate it as briefly as possible. Try to avoid stretching statements in an attempt to make paper longer. Be as clear as possible, avoid vague judgments. For example:

This is not good option. It is better to apply hypothesis in the form of:

This is a clear sentence that is devoid of unnecessary details. It allows you to immediately see an expected effect. Get practical help in writing research paper if you wish for more quality.

Step 4. Refine Your Research Hypothesis

Make sure a hypothesis for a research proposal formulated correctly. You must check if it has following elements:

Dependent and independent variables.
An object or phenomenon for testing.
Expected outcome of study that you plan to work through. This must be part of an experiment or an observation.

This way, you will specify question under study. You also will be able to verify it if needed. That is, you will move from general to particular.

Step 5. Write a Null Hypothesis

You may need to write a null hypothesis. Why and when, you may ask? When you use this method for processing specific statistics. You should specify if you plan to prove your point on its basis. In fact, it is clear position that doesn’t establish links between variables. For example, this statement is null hypothesis:

It is basis for presenting one's own opinion. It allows to build an evidence base stemming from researcher's evidence.

What Is the Difference Between a Null Hypothesis and an Alternative Hypothesis

To better understand how to write null and alternative hypothesis that will form backbone of study, examine testable statements. Based on results, null hypothesis is prepared. It is a statement with no connection between variables. At the same time, scientists usually work with an alternative hypothesis. Here, they have already found a connection between phenomena. Ever considered custom research paper writing service ? So, the above statement about frequency of doctor visits can be modified to research of:

Hypothesis Examples

Quite often, researchers find it difficult to formulate basis for writing a research paper . Therefore, some examples of hypothesis will be useful for them. This will correspond to if-then connections. With their help you will also briefly outline the main part of current research. We will help you in formulating an assignment and offer several working options:

Tips on Writing a Hypothesis

It’s difficult to start writing a hypothesis for a research proposal. Especially for aspiring academics! After all, it is important that an assignment is clear and specific. It must also be viable for further development. Here are some tips to help you formulate your statement:

Analyze interesting aspects. Review current studies and problems on the selected topic. Highlight what you wanted to explore, perhaps it will be a concept close to your previous works.
Clarify the details. Spend time on preliminary analysis. You must also highlight controversial aspects and contemporary issues. Sometimes, even well-researched phenomena can be promising.
Focus on your own work. It’s always easier to continue than to start anew. At the same time, you might not have considered all the theses in the previous study.
Make the variables clear. Avoid ambiguous statements.

Sounds a bit difficult? College paper help is there for you.

How to Write a Scientific Hypothesis: Final Thoughts

So, if you've come this far, you should already know how to how to write a hypothesis step by step. Before starting writing, analyze the problem and the topic. You should highlight the thesis that can be developed further. We recommend going through the following steps:

Define the question you expect to receive an answer to.
Do some preliminary research.
Write it strongly.
Refine it with variables, subject and phenomenon, and expected result.
Make a null hypothesis and consider a different option.

Let our assistants write your hypothesis for you! Choose a paper writer to your liking, send them your requirements and get a great paper in no-time!

Frequently Asked Questions About Writing a Good Hypothesis

1. how can i improve my hypothesis.

To make the hypothesis working and of high quality, be sure you select both independent and dependent variables and add them to the statement. Examine the relationships of these elements. Think if you can prove them and explain them in further research.

2. Is there a maximum number of hypotheses that is allowed in one research paper?

You can write as many hypotheses as you want for your paper, because it all depends on your view on the topic and the desire to develop it in several directions. The main thing is that your project shouldn't be overloaded with too many hypotheses and that you pay enough attention to each of them.

3. How do I test my hypothesis?

It’s easy to test the statement before you write a hypothesis for a research proposal. Do an experiment: ask your question and try answering it. If you succeed, this assignment can be used for more detailed study.

4. How long is a hypothesis?

While writing the hypothesis, you must make it as direct as possible and, at the same time, clear it of extraneous judgments. Typically, it's 20 words long. We don’t recommend exceeding this volume, so as not to face difficulties in interpretation.

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HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS

Writing a hypothesis

Frequently, when we hear the word ‘hypothesis’, we immediately think of an investigation in the form of a science experiment. This is not surprising, as science is the subject area where we are usually first introduced to the term.

However, the term hypothesis also applies to investigations and research in many diverse areas and branches of learning, leaving us wondering how to write a hypothesis in statistics and how to write a hypothesis in sociology alongside how to write a hypothesis in a lab report.

We can find hypotheses at work in areas as wide-ranging as history, psychology, technology, engineering, literature, design, and economics. With such a vast array of uses, hypothesis writing is an essential skill for our students to develop.

What Is a Hypothesis?

how to write a hypothesis | Hypothesis definition | HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS | literacyideas.com

A hypothesis is a proposed or predicted answer to a question. The purpose of writing a hypothesis is to follow it up by testing that answer. This test can take the form of an investigation, experiment, or writing a research paper that will ideally prove or disprove the hypothesis’s prediction.

Despite this element of the unknown, a hypothesis is not the same thing as a guess. Though the hypothesis writer typically has some uncertainty, the creation of the hypothesis is generally based on some background knowledge and research of the topic. The writer believes in the likelihood of a specific outcome, but further investigation will be required to validate or falsify the claim made in their hypothesis.

In this regard, a hypothesis is more along the lines of an ‘educated guess’ that has been based on observation and/or background knowledge.

A hypothesis should:

Make a prediction
Provide reasons for that prediction
Specifies a relationship between two or more variables
Be testable
Be falsifiable
Be expressed simply and concisely
Serves as the starting point for an investigation, an experiment, or another form of testing

A COMPLETE TEACHING UNIT ON WRITING PROCEDURAL TEXTS

how to write a hypothesis | procedural text writing unit 1 | HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS | literacyideas.com

This HUGE BUNDLE offers 97 PAGES of hands-on, printable, and digital media resources. Your students will be WRITING procedures with STRUCTURE, INSIGHT AND KNOWLEDGE like never before.

Hypothesis Examples for Students and Teachers

If students listen to classical music while studying, they will retain more information.

Mold growth is affected by the level of moisture in the air.

Students who sleep for longer at night retain more information at school.

Employees who work more than 40 hours per week show higher instances of clinical depression.

Time spent on social media is negatively correlated to the length of the average attention span.

People who spend time exercising regularly are less likely to develop a cardiovascular illness.

If people are shorter, then they are more likely to live longer.

What are Variables in a Hypothesis?

Variables are an essential aspect of any hypothesis. But what exactly do we mean by this term?

Variables are changeable factors or characteristics that may affect the outcome of an investigation. Things like age, weight, the height of participants, length of time, the difficulty of reading material, etc., could all be considered variables.

Usually, an investigation or experiment will focus on how different variables affect each other. So, it is vital to define the variables clearly if you are to measure the effect they have on each other accurately.

There are three main types of variables to consider in a hypothesis. These are:

Independent Variables
Dependent Variables

The Independent Variable

The independent variable is unaffected by any of the other variables in the hypothesis. We can think of the independent variable as the assumed cause .

The Dependent Variable

The dependent variable is affected by the other variables in the hypothesis. It is what is being tested or measured. We can think of the dependent variable as the assumed effect .

For example, let’s investigate the correlation between test scores across different age groups. The age groups will be the independent variable, and the test scores will be the dependent variable .

Now that we know what variables are let’s look at how they work in the various types of hypotheses.

Types of Hypotheses

There are many different types of hypotheses, and it is helpful to know the most common of these if the student selects the most suitable tool for their specific job.

The most frequently used types of hypotheses are:

The Simple Hypothesis

The complex hypothesis, the empirical hypothesis, the null hypothesis, the directional hypothesis, the non-directional hypothesis.

This straightforward hypothesis type predicts the relationship between an independent and dependent variable.

Example: Eating too much sugar causes weight gain.

This type of hypothesis is based on the relationship between multiple independent and/or dependent variables.

Example: Overeating sugar causes weight gain and poor cardiovascular health.

Also called a working hypothesis, an empirical hypothesis is tested through observation and experimentation. An empirical hypothesis is produced through investigation and trial and error. As a result, the empirical hypothesis may change its independent variables in the process.

Example: Exposure to sunlight helps lettuces grow faster.

This hypothesis states that there is no significant or meaningful relationship between specific variables.

Example: Exposure to sunlight does not affect the rate of a plant’s growth.

This type of hypothesis predicts the direction of an effect between variables, i.e., positive or negative.

Example: A high-quality education will result in a greater number of career opportunities.

Similar to the directional hypothesis, this type of hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect but not the direction that effect will go in.

Example: A high-quality education will affect the number of available career opportunities.

How to Write a Hypothesis : A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE

Ask a Question

The starting point for any hypothesis is asking a question. This is often called the research question . The research question is the student’s jumping-off point to developing their hypothesis. This question should be specific and answerable. The hypothesis will be the point where the research question is transformed into a declarative statement.

Ideally, the questions the students develop should be relational, i.e., they should look at how two or more variables relate to each other as described above. For example, what effect does sunlight have on the growth rate of lettuce?

Research the Question

The research is an essential part of the process of developing a hypothesis. Students will need to examine the ideas and studies that are out there on the topic already. By examining the literature already out there on their topic, they can begin to refine their questions on the subject and begin to form predictions based on their studies.

Remember, a hypothesis can be defined as an ‘educated’ guess. This is the part of the process where the student educates themself on the subject before making their ‘guess.’

Define Your Variables

By now, your students should be ready to form their preliminary hypotheses. To do this, they should first focus on defining their independent and dependent variables. Now may be an excellent opportunity to remind students that the independent variables are the only variables that they have complete control over, while dependent variables are what is tested or measured.

Develop Your Preliminary Hypotheses

With variables defined, students can now work on a draft of their hypothesis. To do this, they can begin by examining their variables and the available data and then making a statement about the relationship between these variables. Students must brainstorm and reflect on what they expect to happen in their investigation before making a prediction upon which to base their hypothesis. It’s worth noting, too, that hypotheses are typically, though not exclusively, written in the present tense.

Students revisit the different types of hypotheses described earlier in this article. Students select three types of hypotheses and frame their preliminary hypotheses according to each criteria. Which works best? Which type is the least suitable for the student’s hypothesis?

Finalize the Phrasing

By now, students will have made a decision on which type of hypothesis suits their needs best, and it will now be time to finalize the wording of their hypotheses. There are various ways that students can choose to frame their hypothesis, but below, we will examine the three most common ways.

The If/Then Phrasing

This is the most common type of hypothesis and perhaps the easiest to write for students. It follows a simple ‘ If x, then y ’ formula that makes a prediction that forms the basis of a subsequent investigation.

If I eat more calories, then I will gain weight.

Correlation Phrasing

Another way to phrase a hypothesis is to focus on the correlation between the variables. This typically takes the form of a statement that defines that relationship positively or negatively.

The more calories that are eaten beyond the daily recommended requirements, the greater the weight gain will be.

Comparison Phrasing

This form of phrasing is applicable when comparing two groups and focuses on the differences that the investigation is expected to reveal between those two groups.

Those who eat more calories will gain more weight than those who eat fewer calories.

Questions to ask during this process include:

What tense is the hypothesis written in?
Does the hypothesis contain both independent and dependent variables?
Is the hypothesis framed using the if/then, correlation, or comparison framework (or other similar suitable structure)?
Is the hypothesis worded clearly and concisely?
Does the hypothesis make a prediction?
Is the prediction specific?
Is the hypothesis testable?
Gather Data to Support/Disprove Your Hypothesis

If the purpose of a hypothesis is to provide a reason to pursue an investigation, then the student will need to gather related information together to fuel that investigation.

While, by definition, a hypothesis leans towards a specific outcome, the student shouldn’t worry if their investigations or experiments ultimately disprove their hypothesis. The hypothesis is the starting point; the destination is not preordained. This is the very essence of the scientific method. Students should trust the results of their investigation to speak for themselves. Either way, the outcome is valuable information.

TOP 10 TIPS FOR WRITING A STRONG HYPOTHESIS

Begin by asking a clear and compelling question. Your hypothesis is a response to the inquiry you are eager to explore.
Keep it simple and straightforward. Avoid using complex phrases or making multiple predictions in one hypothesis.
Use the right format. A strong hypothesis is often written in the form of an “if-then” statement.
Ensure that your hypothesis is testable. Your hypothesis should be something that can be verified through experimentation or observation.
Stay objective. Your hypothesis should be based on facts and evidence, not personal opinions or prejudices.
Examine different possibilities. Don’t limit yourself to just one hypothesis. Consider alternative explanations for your observations.
Stay open to the possibility of being wrong. Your hypothesis is just a prediction, and it may not always be correct.
Search for evidence to support your hypothesis. Investigate existing literature and gather data that supports your hypothesis.
Make sure that your hypothesis is pertinent. Your hypothesis should be relevant to the question you are trying to investigate.
Revise your hypothesis as necessary. If new evidence arises that contradicts your hypothesis, you may need to adjust it accordingly.

HYPOTHESIS TEACHING STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES

When teaching young scientists and writers, it’s essential to remember that the process of formulating a hypothesis is not always straightforward. It’s easy to make mistakes along the way, but with a bit of guidance, you can ensure your students avoid some of the most common pitfalls like these.

Don’t let your students be too vague. Remind them that when formulating a hypothesis, it’s essential to be specific and avoid using overly general language. Make sure their hypothesis is clear and easy to understand.
Being swayed by personal biases will impact their hypothesis negatively. It’s important to stay objective when formulating a hypothesis, so avoid letting personal biases or opinions get in the way.
Not starting with a clear question is the number one stumbling block for students, so before forming a hypothesis, you need to reinforce the need for a clear understanding of the question they’re trying to answer. Start with a question that is specific and relevant.

Hypothesis Warmup Activity: First, organize students into small working groups of four or five. Then, set each group to collect a list of hypotheses. They can find these by searching on the Internet or finding examples in textbooks . When students have gathered together a suitable list of hypotheses, have them identify the independent and dependent variables in each case. They can underline each of these in different colors.

It may be helpful for students to examine each hypothesis to identify the ‘cause’ elements and the ‘effect’ elements. When students have finished, they can present their findings to the class.

Task 1: Set your students the task of coming up with an investigation-worthy question on a topic that interests them. This activity works particularly well for groups.

Task 2: Students search for existing information and theories on their topic on the Internet or in the library. They should take notes where necessary and begin to form an assumption or prediction based on their reading and research that they can investigate further.

Task 3: When working with a talking partner, can students identify which of their partner’s independent and dependent variables? If not, then one partner will need to revisit the definitions for the two types of variables as outlined earlier.

Task 4: Organize students into smaller groups and task them with presenting their hypotheses to each other. Students can then provide feedback before the final wording of each hypothesis is finalized.

Perhaps due to their short length, learning how to create a well-written hypothesis is not typically afforded much time in the curriculum.

However, though they are brief in length, they are complex enough to warrant focused learning and practice in class, particularly given their importance across many curriculum areas.

Learning how to write a hypothesis works well as a standalone writing skill. It can also form part of a more comprehensive academic or scientific writing study that focuses on how to write a research question, develop a theory, etc.

As with any text type, practice improves performance. By following the processes outlined above, students will be well on their way to writing their own hypotheses competently in no time.

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Research Paper Hypothesis

Last updated on: Mar 27, 2024

How To Write A Hypothesis In A Research Paper - A Simple Guide

By: Barbara P.

Reviewed By:

Published on: Mar 6, 2024

how to write a hypothesis for a research paper

Writing a good hypothesis can be tricky, especially for new researchers. If your hypothesis isn't clear, your research paper might confuse readers about what you're studying and what are the anticipated outcomes of your study.

This confusion not only makes your research less trustworthy but also makes it harder for others to repeat or build on your work.

This blog post is here to help you understand how to state a hypothesis in a research paper. We'll go through it step by step, so you can learn to craft the important parts, like how you identify variables and formulate a clear hypothesis.

With these skills, you can make sure your hypothesis is clear and can be tested. So, get ready to craft a strong hypothesis!

On this Page

What is a Hypothesis in Research?

A hypothesis in research paper is a clear and testable statement or prediction that proposes a relationship between two or more variables.

It serves as a foundation for scientific investigations, guiding researchers in designing experiments and collecting data to either support or refute the hypothesis.

Research Question vs. Hypothesis vs. Thesis Statement

Research Question, Hypothesis, and Thesis Statement are three distinct elements in the research process, each serving a specific purpose.

Here's a breakdown of their differences:

Components of a Hypothesis

If you are wondering what to write in a research hypothesis, here is the breakdown:

Different Types of Hypothesis

Hypotheses come in various forms, each tailored to address different aspects of research.

Simple Hypothesis

This hypothesis proposes a straightforward relationship between two variables. For example, "Increasing sunlight will lead to increased plant growth."

Complex Hypothesis

In contrast, a complex hypothesis involves multiple variables and intricate relationships. An example could be "The interaction of sunlight, soil quality, and water availability collectively influences plant growth."

Directional Hypothesis

A directional hypothesis predicts a specific outcome. For instance, "Higher levels of education will result in increased job satisfaction."

Non-directional Hypothesis

Conversely, a non-directional hypothesis suggests a relationship without specifying the expected direction. An example is "There is a correlation between exercise and weight loss."

Associative Hypothesis

This type suggests a relationship between variables without implying causation. For example, "There is an association between ice cream sales and drowning incidents."

Causal Hypothesis

Unlike associative hypotheses, causal hypotheses propose a cause-and-effect relationship. For instance, "Increasing water intake causes improvements in skin hydration."

Null Hypothesis (H0)

The null hypothesis assumes no effect or relationship between variables. An example is, "There is no significant difference in test scores between students who receive extra tutoring and those who do not."

Alternative Hypothesis

The alternative hypothesis suggests a specific effect or relationship. It contrasts with the null hypothesis. For instance, "There is a significant difference in test scores between students who receive extra tutoring and those who do not."

5 Steps of Writing a Strong Hypothesis

A strong hypothesis gives the reader a clear view of your research. In this section, we will explore the steps of writing a strong hypothesis in detail:

Step 1: Understand the Research Question

Before diving into hypothesis crafting, take time to comprehend your research problem . Break it down into its core components.

For instance, if your research question is,

"How does caffeine consumption affect students' test performance?":

Identify the Main Focus: Clearly pinpoint the main aspect of the research question. In this case, it's the impact of caffeine consumption.
Define Variables : Recognize the key variables involved. In our example, the independent variable is "caffeine consumption," and the dependent variable is "students' test performance."
Refine the Question: Ask yourself what specific information you want to uncover. Is it the overall effect, a comparison between different levels of caffeine intake, or perhaps the timing of consumption? This refinement sets the stage for a more focused hypothesis.

Step 2: Identify the Variables

Understanding the variables of your research is crucial for defining the key roles and what changes you're anticipating.

They are the backbone of your hypothesis and create a focused and meaningful research approach.

Independent Variable (The What You Tweak): Pinpoint the factor you're going to manipulate. For instance, if you're exploring the impact of fertilizer on plant growth, fertilizer becomes your independent variable.
Dependent Variable (The What You Measure): Identify the factor you're measuring, the one expected to change due to the manipulation. In the plant growth example, it could be the height of the plants after a specific period—this is your dependent variable.

Step 3: Formulate a Clear Statement

Precision is the key to shaping a concise and strong hypothesis. To create a well-structured hypothesis, condense your thoughts into a single, easy-to-follow sentence.

Also, do not forget to clearly express the expected connection between your independent and dependent variables.

Step 4: Consider the Type of Hypothesis

In this step, you decide on the type of your hypothesis—whether it's giving a specific prediction or leaving room for surprises.

Example of Directional Hypothesis: "Increasing product advertising will result in higher sales."
Example of Non-Directional Hypothesis: "There is a significant correlation between stress levels and job performance."

Step 5: Predict the Outcome

Predicting the outcome is like offering a sneak peek into the conclusion of your research narrative.

By following these five steps, you'll be well-equipped to create a strong and effective hypothesis, providing a solid foundation for your research.

Check out this example of hypothesis for a research paper for better understanding:

Example Of Hypothesis In Research Proposal PDF

How to Write a Null Hypothesis In A Research Paper

Writing a null hypothesis in a research paper involves stating a proposition that there is no significant difference or effect.

Here are some tips for writing a null hypothesis:

Reverse the Statement: Formulate the null hypothesis by reversing the statement of the research hypothesis to suggest no significant difference or effect.
Use Equality Sign: Express the null hypothesis using an equality sign, such as "equals" or "is not significantly different from."
Be Specific and Testable: Make the null hypothesis specific and testable, ensuring it can be evaluated through data analysis.
Consider the Context: Ensure that the null hypothesis is appropriate for the context of your research.

Here is an example of a null hypothesis:

How to Write an Alternative Hypothesis?

Writing an alternative hypothesis, also known as the research hypothesis, involves stating a proposition that suggests a significant difference or effect between variables.

Here are some tips for writing an alternative hypothesis:

Formulate a Prediction: Formulate a clear prediction or expectation regarding the relationship or effect between the variables.
Express the Relationship: Clearly express the anticipated relationship or effect using specific terms, such as "greater than," "less than," or "different from."
Use Inequality Sign: Utilize an inequality sign (>, <, ?) to represent the direction of the expected difference or effect.

Here's a PDF example for an alternative hypothesis:

How to Write an Alternative Hypothesis

In a nutshell, hypotheses aren't just words; they guide us in discovering new things. So, as you dive into your own research, use clear hypotheses to represent yours to illuminate your research question.

But if you face any problem in creating a meaningful hypothesis or any section of your research paper, get help from the top paper writing service online .

Our expert writers will help you in creating an outstanding research paper that will show your command over the topic.

So, don’t waste time! Get your research papers from experts today!

Barbara has a Ph.D. in public health from an Ivy League university and extensive experience working in the medical field. With her practical experience conducting research on various health issues, she is skilled in writing innovative papers on healthcare. Her many works have been published in multiple publications.

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How to Write a Hypothesis: A Step-by-Step Guide

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction that seeks to answer a research question. It is a statement that can be tested through empirical observation and analysis. When developing a hypothesis, it is important to have a clear understanding of its role in the research process.

Imagine a group of scientists seeking to understand the effects of a new drug on a specific medical condition. Without a hypothesis, their research would lack focus and purpose. However, with a carefully crafted hypothesis, they can set clear objectives and design experiments that will yield meaningful results. The hypothesis acts as a roadmap, guiding them through the intricate maze of data collection and analysis, ultimately leading to a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Key Elements of a Strong Hypothesis

Constructing a hypothesis requires careful consideration of several key elements. These elements ensure that the hypothesis is robust and capable of withstanding the rigors of scientific scrutiny:

Clarity: A hypothesis should leave no room for ambiguity or vagueness. It must clearly articulate the expected relationship between variables, allowing for accurate interpretation of results. By providing a precise explanation or prediction, researchers can avoid misinterpretation and ensure that their findings are reliable.
Testability: A hypothesis must be testable through empirical observation or experimentation. It should be possible to collect data that can either support or refute the proposed explanation or prediction. Without testability, a hypothesis becomes nothing more than an abstract concept, devoid of practical value.
Falsifiability: A hallmark of scientific hypotheses is their potential to be proven false. By allowing for the possibility of rejection, hypotheses encourage critical thinking and the pursuit of knowledge. It is through the process of testing and potentially refuting hypotheses that scientific understanding evolves and expands.

By incorporating these key elements into the construction of a hypothesis, researchers can ensure that their work is grounded in scientific rigor. A strong hypothesis sets the stage for meaningful research, paving the way for new discoveries and advancements in our understanding of the world.

Preparing to Write Your Hypothesis

Before diving into the actual formulation of your hypothesis, there are several preparatory steps you should take.

One important step in preparing to write your hypothesis is identifying your research question. This step is crucial because it helps you clearly define what you are seeking to investigate. By asking yourself what specific phenomenon or relationship you are interested in exploring, you lay the foundation for a focused and meaningful hypothesis.

For example, if you are studying the effects of caffeine on memory, your research question might be “Does caffeine enhance memory performance?” This question provides a clear direction for your hypothesis.

Another crucial step in preparing to write your hypothesis is conducting preliminary research. Before formulating your hypothesis, it is important to gather as much information as possible about your topic. This involves reviewing relevant literature, examining existing theories and findings, and familiarizing yourself with the current state of knowledge in your field. By conducting thorough preliminary research, you gain valuable insights that will inform the development of your hypothesis.

For example, you might come across studies that have already investigated the effects of caffeine on memory and have found mixed results. This information will help you refine your research question and develop a hypothesis that addresses the gaps in existing knowledge.

Additionally, conducting preliminary research allows you to ensure the relevance and novelty of your hypothesis. By familiarizing yourself with the current state of knowledge, you can identify gaps or inconsistencies in the existing literature. These gaps or inconsistencies can serve as the basis for your hypothesis, allowing you to contribute new insights to your field of study. For example, if previous studies have focused on the short-term effects of caffeine on memory, you might decide to investigate the long-term effects, thus adding a novel perspective to the existing body of research.

In conclusion, before formulating your hypothesis, it is important to take preparatory steps such as identifying your research question and conducting preliminary research. These steps help you define the scope of your investigation, gather relevant information, and ensure the relevance and novelty of your hypothesis. By investing time and effort into these preparatory steps, you set yourself up for a successful and impactful research project.

Crafting Your Hypothesis

With a solid understanding of the basics and having completed the necessary preparations, it is now time to craft your hypothesis.

When formulating your initial hypothesis, it is important to consider the variables involved in your study. Variables are the factors or characteristics that can change or vary. You need to identify the independent variable , which is the factor that you manipulate or control, and the dependent variable, which is the factor that you measure or observe to see if it changes in response to the independent variable.

Formulating an Initial Hypothesis

Your initial hypothesis should be based on a logical and informed understanding of the topic you are studying. It should be a clear and concise statement that predicts the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. By formulating a hypothesis, you are making a prediction about what you expect to find in your research.

For example, if you are studying the effects of caffeine on memory, your initial hypothesis might be: “Consuming caffeine will improve memory performance compared to a control group that does not consume caffeine.”

Remember, your hypothesis is not a random guess. It should be informed by previous research, theories, or observations. It is essential to review the existing literature and scientific studies related to your topic to ensure that your hypothesis is grounded in evidence.

Refining Your Hypothesis for Clarity

After formulating your initial hypothesis, it is crucial to refine it further to ensure clarity and precision. This involves eliminating any ambiguities or imprecise language that could lead to misunderstandings. A well-refined hypothesis allows for a more accurate interpretation of results and facilitates the testing process.

One way to refine your hypothesis is to make it more specific. Instead of making a general prediction, try to narrow down your focus and specify the conditions or variables involved. This will make your hypothesis more testable and increase the precision of your research.

Additionally, it is important to avoid biased language or assumptions in your hypothesis. Your hypothesis should be objective and unbiased, reflecting a neutral stance. This ensures that your research is conducted in a fair and unbiased manner, allowing for reliable and valid results.

Refining your hypothesis also involves considering alternative explanations or variables that could influence your results. By acknowledging potential confounding factors or alternative hypotheses, you demonstrate a thorough understanding of your research topic and strengthen the validity of your study.

Overall, crafting a hypothesis is a critical step in the research process. It allows you to make an informed prediction about the relationship between variables and provides a framework for your investigation. By formulating and refining your hypothesis, you set the stage for a well-designed and meaningful research study.

Testing Your Hypothesis

Once you have crafted your hypothesis, the next step is to test it through empirical observation or experimentation. This phase involves the design and implementation of a study aimed at collecting data that can either support or refute your hypothesis.

Designing an Experiment

If your research question lends itself to experimental investigation, designing a controlled experiment is often the most effective approach to test your hypothesis. Careful consideration should be given to selecting appropriate variables, determining the sample size, and ensuring validity and reliability.

Analyzing the Results

Once you have collected the necessary data, the next step is to analyze and interpret your findings. Statistical methods and data analysis techniques can help identify patterns, correlations, or significant differences between variables. The results will either support or reject your hypothesis, leading to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.

Ready to take your hypothesis from concept to completion? Dissertation by Design is here to support you every step of the way. Whether you need help refining your research proposal, analyzing qualitative data, navigating statistical complexities, or polishing your dissertation with expert editing, our team of experienced academic coaches is ready to guide you. Don’t navigate the dissertation process alone— schedule a free consultation with us today and move forward with confidence.

Author: Jessica Parker, EdD

Crafting Your Research: How to Write a Hypothesis

At the outset of conducting any study, one of the initial steps must be formulating a hypothesis. A hypothesis serves as an educated guess or prediction regarding what may happen during research. Hypotheses are essential in any research project as they serve as the cornerstone for meaningful insights and reveal relationships among variables. A well-crafted hypothesis will set direction and help define your study’s objectives, providing direction that guides its goals and helps direct its approach. In this article, we’ll go into depth on what a hypothesis is and its purpose. From students to seasoned researchers alike, this guide can assist them with creating impactful research results with powerful hypotheses that set off successful projects.

A hypothesis is at the core of every scientific investigation or research paper – they form its base and serve to direct its focus. Crafting an eye-catching hypothesis that stands up under scrutiny is integral to successful scientific exploration; without one, research projects would fail utterly! But creating one requires crafting clear, testable hypotheses with effective conclusions. With this guide as your companion, however, writing such hypotheses is easier than ever! This comprehensive guide offers step-by-step assistance so that your hypothesis aims are met for any given research project.

Table of Contents

Definition of Hypothesis

Before delving into how-to aspects of hypothesis formulation, it’s crucial that one has an understanding of its definition. A hypothesis can be defined as any statement suggesting an expected relationship among variables or expected outcome from a research study, an experimental prediction that can be empirically tested or disproven through experimentation, observation, or analysis.

Hypothesis Is an Essential Component in Academic Work

An influential hypothesis helps significantly:.

Establish clear directions and objectives for your research
Define the scope and depth of your investigation
Determine an objective standard against which to measure conclusions
Stimulate scientific curiosity and promote discussion
Foster logical thinking and critical evaluation.

Step-By-Step Guide on How to Write a Hypothesis

Now that we understand what a hypothesis is and its importance let’s dive deeper into its creation for your research project. Here are the steps involved with devising your hypothesis.

Step One Identify the Problem or Research Question (Research Question)

The first step to creating a hypothesis is identifying the issue or research question you want to tackle in your study. Begin by conducting an in-depth literature review, knowledge gaps analysis, and areas of potential interest within your field of study; ask yourself which questions need answering, which problems need to be solved, and connections made – then develop your hypothesis from there!

Step Two: Conduct an In-Depth Literature Review

Understanding existing knowledge and research on any topic is paramount for creating valid hypotheses that don’t contradict existing findings and research. Conduct a comprehensive literature review focused on relevant studies, theories, and findings relevant to your research question; this will not only give an in-depth knowledge of the issue at hand but will help uncover any unexplored variables or relationships which haven’t yet been investigated.

Step Three: Tentative Hypothesis

Utilizing your literature review and understanding of the topic, you can now develop a tentative hypothesis. Keep in mind that an effective hypothesis must be testable, specific, and concise – clearly outlining expected relationships among variables or outcomes from research studies or any potential impacts or challenges to this study. Also, keep in mind that its purpose should be falsifiability, so there should be plausible circumstances under which your hypothesis could be disproven or disproven by reality testing or data-gathering methods.

Step Four: Improve Your Hypothesis

As your research unfolds, new evidence may come to light that can help refine your hypothesis. Be sure that it remains specific, testable, and falsifiable while being open to revision to reflect new knowledge or address specific nuances within your research question.

Step Five : Testing Hypothesis

After creating and validating a hypothesis, the next step should be designing experiments, surveys, or other forms of research methodologies to put your hypothesis through its paces. Make sure your design fits with its nature and carefully consider any ethical implications related to conducting such an endeavor. Formulating an original, testable hypothesis is of critical importance in any research project. By following the steps outlined herein, not only can you lay a strong foundation for your investigation, but you will also effectively define its focus, scope, and purpose. A well-crafted hypothesis stimulates scientific curiosity while stimulating critical thought – ultimately opening doors to groundbreaking discoveries within your field of study!

Frequently Asked Questions About Writing a Hypothesis

Q: What is a hypothesis? A: A hypothesis is an assertion or assumption which provides potential solutions or predictions to address an observed phenomenon or scientific inquiry. Q: Why Is Writing Hypotheses Necessary? A: Formulating a hypothesis is crucial as it provides a testable statement that guides scientific investigations and helps assess whether proposed explanations or predictions hold up under scrutiny. Q: What are the characteristics of an effective hypothesis? A: A successful hypothesis should be specific, testable, and falsifiable, as well as founded in prior knowledge or observations. How Can One Formulate a Hypothesis (Kyle S. and Paul N.) In order to formulate a hypothesis, begin by identifying your research question, reviewing existing literature, making observations, and proposing an explanation or prediction that can be tested. Q: Can a hypothesis be proved true with absolute certainty? A: No. However, evidence obtained through experimentation or further research can support or refute its validity. Q: What are the differences between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis? A: A null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no meaningful relationship or effect among variables, while an alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha) asserts the presence of such relationships or effects. Q: How long should a hypothesis be? A: Hypotheses should be brief and direct. Usually composed of one or two sentences that clearly enumerate their explanation or prediction, they should make for easy reading and are best presented without unnecessary words and lengthy paragraphs. Q: Should a hypothesis include personal opinions? A: No. A hypothesis should be developed using objective observations, existing knowledge, or theoretical frameworks rather than personal bias or opinions. Q: Should my hypothesis be founded solely on one observation? A: For best results, your hypothesis should not rely solely on one single observation – rather, it should be supported by existing literature, research findings, and multiple observations. Q: Can my hypothesis change during the research process? A: Absolutely; revising or changing a hypothesis during research can often occur as new evidence comes to light or the initial theory proves inadequate or unsupportable. Q: Are There Different Kinds of Hypotheses? A: Yes, there are numerous kinds of hypotheses which include directional (predicting a specific relationship), non-directional ( predicting an association without specifying its nature), and null hypotheses ( predicting no relationships). Q: Should Hypotheses Be Formulated Before or After Research? A: Hypotheses should generally be written prior to conducting research as they serve as an important guiding statement that helps focus the investigation and form the basis for designing experiments or collecting data. Q: Can Hypotheses Be Tested Through Qualitative Research Methods? A: Absolutely, hypotheses can be tested through qualitative research methods. Although quantitative methods tend to be associated with this task, qualitative methods can also help explore, support, or refine hypotheses. Question: If I reject a hypothesis, what will happen? A: Rejecting a hypothesis signifies that evidence collected during research does not support its proposed explanation or prediction, prompting revision or formulation of new hypotheses for further exploration. Q: Can Hypotheses Be Proved False? A: Yes, hypotheses can be proved false through rigorous experimentation or research which provides evidence contrary to proposed explanations or predictions.

In short, having an effective hypothesis is integral to any research project. It provides direction and focuses for their investigation while giving researchers an opportunity to test out ideas against evidence and determine whether their theories hold up against reality or not. Before writing a hypothesis, it is crucial that researchers carefully consider their research question, the prevailing literature and theories, the variables involved, and possible solutions. A good hypothesis should be testable with both independent and dependent variables present – be sure to note this distinction! As part of formulating a hypothesis, researchers should carefully consider potential limitations and alternative explanations when developing their hypothesis. By following these guidelines, scientists can create hypotheses more likely to produce accurate and meaningful results, leading to deeper insight and advancement within their field of research.

About the Author

CJ grew up admiring books. His family owned a small bookstore throughout his early childhood, and he would spend weekends flipping through book after book, always sure to read the ones that looked the most interesting. Not much has changed since then, except now some of those interesting books he picks off the shelf were designed by his company!

How to Write a Directional Hypothesis: A Step-by-Step Guide

In research, hypotheses play a crucial role in guiding investigations and making predictions about relationships between variables.

One type of hypothesis that researchers often encounter is the directional hypothesis, also known as a one-tailed hypothesis.

In this blog post, we’ll explore what a directional hypothesis is, why it’s important, and provide a step-by-step guide on how to write one effectively.

Table of Contents

What is a Directional Hypothesis?

A directional hypothesis is a statement that predicts the direction of the relationship between two variables. Unlike non-directional hypotheses, which simply state that there is a relationship between variables without specifying the direction, directional hypotheses make a clear prediction about the expected outcome.

For example, a directional hypothesis might predict that an increase in one variable will lead to a decrease in another.

Examples of Directional Hypotheses

Increasing the amount of sunlight exposure will lead to higher levels of vitamin D in the body.
Decreasing the amount of sugar consumption will result in lower body weight among participants.
Introducing mindfulness meditation techniques will reduce symptoms of anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

Why to Write a Directional Hypothesis?

Directional hypotheses offer several advantages in research. They provide researchers with a more focused prediction, allowing them to test specific hypotheses rather than exploring all possible relationships between variables.

This can help streamline research efforts and increase the likelihood of finding meaningful results. Additionally, directional hypotheses are often used in experimental research, where researchers manipulate variables to observe their effects on outcomes.

Step 1: Identify the Variables

Start by identifying the independent variable (the variable you are manipulating) and the dependent variable (the variable you are measuring). Understanding the relationship between these variables is essential for writing a directional hypothesis.

Step 2: Predict the Direction

Based on your understanding of the relationship between the variables, predict the direction of the effect.

Will an increase in the independent variable lead to an increase or decrease in the dependent variable?

Be specific in your prediction.

Step 3: Use Clear Language

Write your directional hypothesis using clear and concise language. Avoid technical jargon or terms that may be difficult for readers to understand. Your hypothesis should be easily understood by both researchers and non-experts.

Step 4: Ensure Testability

Ensure that your hypothesis is testable by collecting data and conducting statistical analysis. You should be able to measure the variables and determine whether the observed results support or refute your hypothesis.

Step 5: Revise and Refine

Review your directional hypothesis to ensure that it accurately reflects your research question and predictions. Make any necessary revisions to improve clarity and specificity.

Writing a directional hypothesis is an essential skill for researchers conducting experiments and investigations.

By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can effectively formulate hypotheses that make clear predictions about the relationship between variables.

Whether you’re a researcher or just starting out in the field, mastering the art of writing directional hypotheses will enhance the quality and rigor of your research endeavors.

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How to clip and trim YouTube videos: A beginner’s guide

YouTube is a hub of great content—but it doesn’t have to live on the platform exclusively. The video sharing site allows creators to clip their content and share the video clip elsewhere, be that TikTok, Instagram, or Facebook. It’s a great way to maximize the mileage of your original video and get more views from a single piece of content.

Whether it’s a funny moment that you want to capture from a livestream or an insight that’d perform great on TikTok, there are multiple ways to clip a YouTube video on PC or mobile. This guide shares two easy step-by-step tutorials on how to clip YouTube videos, complete with tips on how to protect your own content against clipping.

Can you clip or trim YouTube videos?

YouTube allows anyone to clip content on the platform—provided the original creator hasn’t turned off clipping permissions.

The YouTube clip feature works by saving a specific portion of a full video, such as an interesting tip the creator has shared. Anyone who’s made the clip can share the link with their friends. Clips can be up to 60 seconds long and are saved to your own clip library, which you can find under the Your Clips tab in the YouTube sidebar. They’re played on a loop, similar to YouTube Shorts.

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How to clip YouTube videos on PC

Step 1. find the youtube video you want to clip.

First, head to the YouTube website and sign into your account. Find the video that you want to clip either by searching your channel page or filtering videos in your YouTube Studio .

Step 2. Start a new clip

YouTube’s clipping feature is automatically turned on for all channels, so once you’ve found the full video you want to clip, go to Menu (which appears as three vertical dots) and choose Clip . Give your snippet a new name—one that’s easy to find when searching your video clip library.

Step 3. Drag the sliders

Use the sliders to confirm which part of the video you want to create clips from. There’s a minimum length of 5 seconds and a maximum of 60 seconds. Play around with these timestamps to make sure you don’t cut the video off unintentionally.

Step 4. Save the YouTube clip

Confirm the timing settings and press the Share clip button. You’ve got a few options to choose from here:

Share the YouTube clip via email
Get a shareable link to share the clip anywhere
Embed the YouTube video clip on your website or blog
Promote the YouTube clip on other social media platforms (note that this won’t share the actual video—it’ll share a link to divert people back to your YouTube channel)

Bonus: Create longer clips with Descript

YouTube’s clipping feature allows you to save video clips up to 5-60 seconds in length. If you want to create snippets that are longer than this (like a clip of you live streaming a game, for example), you’ll need a professional video editor like Descript.

Descript is also the better option if you want to share YouTube clips elsewhere, such as TikTok or Instagram Reels, rather than simply sharing a link to your channel.

‎How to clip YouTube videos on mobile

Step 1. use your device’s screen recorder.

Unfortunately, YouTube’s clipping tool doesn’t work on mobile. You’ll need an external trimming tool to clip YouTube videos from your smartphone. Luckily, most devices have built-in screen recording features to help you do so.

For simplicity’s sake, we’ll do this demonstration on an Apple iPhone or iPad:

Open the Settings app
Go to Control Center
Drag Screen Recording up to the Included Controls section

If you’re recording on any other device (like a Google Phone or Android device), follow this quickstart guide to enable screen recording .

Step 2. Open the video you want to clip

Next, open the YouTube video you want to clip. It’s easier to do this through the YouTube app, but you can open YouTube in your browser and record from there.

Step 3. Start screen recording

It’s now time to start clipping. Scrub to the section of the video you want to record, then drag down from the bottom of your screen to find the screen recording button. Remember to turn on Do Not Disturb so that your video clip isn’t interrupted by notifications.

Once you’ve finished recording your clip, press the End recording button. This will look different on every device, but on iPhone, it’s the red timing button in the top right corner.

Step 4. Rewatch the YouTube video clip

Most smartphone operating systems save screen recordings to the device’s Photos app. To find yours, go to Photos and filter by videos (though it should be the most recent file). From here, you can watch it later, edit, or share your clipped YouTube video.

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How to trim or clip a YouTube video that is not yours

Step 1. check whether the creator allows clipping.

On YouTube, creators can decide whether they give permission to have their videos clipped. If the original creator has this setting turned on, open the video and go to Menu and select Clip . Drag the sliders to choose which portion of the video you want to clip, give the video a name, then press Share clip .

Step 2. Choose a clipping tool

If the creator hasn’t given permission to clip their YouTube video, there is a workaround—but we want to preface this with one thing: only use the video clip for personal use (like saving it to reference in the future). It’s unethical to create clips from a YouTuber who doesn’t want their content to be clipped.

If you’re clipping the video for personal use, find a screen recording tool like Descript. Open a new video project, press the Record button, and start recording your screen as the YouTube video plays.

Step 3. Trim your clipped video

Descript will automatically save your screen recording footage in the dashboard, ready for you to start video editing . Play around with the different features here, such as:

Trimming tools to cut down the video
Studio Sound to improve audio quality
Captions or subtitles to make the video easier to reference
Automated transcript to turn the video into written text
AI Summarizer to condense the content into a simple summary

How to stop people from clipping your YouTube videos

What happens if you’re on the other side and you’re a content creator who’s posting video content to your own YouTube channel? You can stop from clipping your video, which is useful if you don’t want your content to be repurposed or manipulated by anyone else.

To prevent people from clipping your own YouTube videos:

Go to your YouTube Studio
Choose Settings from the left-hand sidebar
Go to Channel
Click Advanced settings
Untick the Allow viewers to clip my content box

An AI-powered tool to clip YouTube videos effortlessly

YouTube has a wealth of features that make it easier for creators to produce video content. If you want to take your content to the next level and repurpose YouTube videos into shorter clips you can share online, you need Descript.

Descript is the best video editor for modern content creators because it offers:

YouTube Cutter to trim and cut YouTube videos
YouTube Description , which uses generative AI to write your video description for you
Find Good Clips , which uses AI to clip the most interesting parts of your video
Social Post Writer , which suggests captions to share alongside your repurposed videos
Turn Into Blog Post , which turns your video content into written text

Thousands of creators are already using Descript’s AI-powered video editor. Join them today by signing up for your free plan .

‎How to clip a YouTube video FAQs

Why can't i trim a youtube video.

YouTube gives creators control over who can clip their video. If the clipping feature is unavailable, there’s a good chance that the creator disabled others from clipping their video.

How can I cut a part of a YouTube video?

Select Content from the sidebar
Choose the video you want to cut
Select Editor
Choose Trim & cut
Drag the timestamps to cut your YouTube video

How do you snip a video?

Download the Descript app
Start a new video project
Import your footage
Drag the sliders in the project toolbar
Add stickers, transitions, or music
Preview your snipped video
Export and share the video file

Is there an app to clip YouTube videos?

The Descript app for Mac and Windows allows you to clip YouTube videos. Import your file to start trimming, or use its screen recording features to record a video and edit it in Descript.

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How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

Published on April 8, 2022 by Courtney Gahan and Jack Caulfield. Revised on June 1, 2023.

Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. Paraphrasing a source involves changing the wording while preserving the original meaning.

Paraphrasing is an alternative to quoting (copying someone’s exact words and putting them in quotation marks ). In academic writing, it’s usually better to integrate sources by paraphrasing instead of quoting. It shows that you have understood the source, reads more smoothly, and keeps your own voice front and center.

Every time you paraphrase, it’s important to cite the source . Also take care not to use wording that is too similar to the original. Otherwise, you could be at risk of committing plagiarism .

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How to paraphrase in five easy steps, how to paraphrase correctly, examples of paraphrasing, how to cite a paraphrase, paraphrasing vs. quoting, paraphrasing vs. summarizing, avoiding plagiarism when you paraphrase, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about paraphrasing.

If you’re struggling to get to grips with the process of paraphrasing, check out our easy step-by-step guide in the video below.

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Putting an idea into your own words can be easier said than done. Let’s say you want to paraphrase the text below, about population decline in a particular species of sea snails.

Incorrect paraphrasing

You might make a first attempt to paraphrase it by swapping out a few words for synonyms .

Like other sea creatures inhabiting the vicinity of highly populated coasts, horse conchs have lost substantial territory to advancement and contamination , including preferred breeding grounds along mud flats and seagrass beds. Their Gulf home is also heating up due to global warming , which scientists think further puts pressure on the creatures , predicated upon the harmful effects extra warmth has on other large mollusks (Barnett, 2022).

This attempt at paraphrasing doesn’t change the sentence structure or order of information, only some of the word choices. And the synonyms chosen are poor:

“Advancement and contamination” doesn’t really convey the same meaning as “development and pollution.”
Sometimes the changes make the tone less academic: “home” for “habitat” and “sea creatures” for “marine animals.”
Adding phrases like “inhabiting the vicinity of” and “puts pressure on” makes the text needlessly long-winded.
Global warming is related to climate change, but they don’t mean exactly the same thing.

Because of this, the text reads awkwardly, is longer than it needs to be, and remains too close to the original phrasing. This means you risk being accused of plagiarism .

Correct paraphrasing

Let’s look at a more effective way of paraphrasing the same text.

Here, we’ve:

Only included the information that’s relevant to our argument (note that the paraphrase is shorter than the original)
Introduced the information with the signal phrase “Scientists believe that …”
Retained key terms like “development and pollution,” since changing them could alter the meaning
Structured sentences in our own way instead of copying the structure of the original
Started from a different point, presenting information in a different order

Because of this, we’re able to clearly convey the relevant information from the source without sticking too close to the original phrasing.

Explore the tabs below to see examples of paraphrasing in action.

Journal article
Newspaper article
Magazine article

Once you have your perfectly paraphrased text, you need to ensure you credit the original author. You’ll always paraphrase sources in the same way, but you’ll have to use a different type of in-text citation depending on what citation style you follow.

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It’s a good idea to paraphrase instead of quoting in most cases because:

Paraphrasing shows that you fully understand the meaning of a text
Your own voice remains dominant throughout your paper
Quotes reduce the readability of your text

But that doesn’t mean you should never quote. Quotes are appropriate when:

Giving a precise definition
Saying something about the author’s language or style (e.g., in a literary analysis paper)
Providing evidence in support of an argument
Critiquing or analyzing a specific claim

A paraphrase puts a specific passage into your own words. It’s typically a similar length to the original text, or slightly shorter.

When you boil a longer piece of writing down to the key points, so that the result is a lot shorter than the original, this is called summarizing .

Paraphrasing and quoting are important tools for presenting specific information from sources. But if the information you want to include is more general (e.g., the overarching argument of a whole article), summarizing is more appropriate.

When paraphrasing, you have to be careful to avoid accidental plagiarism .

This can happen if the paraphrase is too similar to the original quote, with phrases or whole sentences that are identical (and should therefore be in quotation marks). It can also happen if you fail to properly cite the source.

Paraphrasing tools are widely used by students, and can be especially useful for non-native speakers who may find academic writing particularly challenging. While these can be helpful for a bit of extra inspiration, use these tools sparingly, keeping academic integrity in mind.

To make sure you’ve properly paraphrased and cited all your sources, you could elect to run a plagiarism check before submitting your paper. And of course, always be sure to read your source material yourself and take the first stab at paraphrasing on your own.

If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

ChatGPT vs human editor
ChatGPT citations
Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
Using ChatGPT for your studies
What is ChatGPT?
Chicago style
Critical thinking

Plagiarism

Types of plagiarism
Self-plagiarism
Avoiding plagiarism
Academic integrity
Consequences of plagiarism
Common knowledge

To paraphrase effectively, don’t just take the original sentence and swap out some of the words for synonyms. Instead, try:

Reformulating the sentence (e.g., change active to passive , or start from a different point)
Combining information from multiple sentences into one
Leaving out information from the original that isn’t relevant to your point
Using synonyms where they don’t distort the meaning

The main point is to ensure you don’t just copy the structure of the original text, but instead reformulate the idea in your own words.

Paraphrasing without crediting the original author is a form of plagiarism , because you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.

However, paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you correctly cite the source . This means including an in-text citation and a full reference, formatted according to your required citation style .

As well as citing, make sure that any paraphrased text is completely rewritten in your own words.

Plagiarism means using someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own. Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s ideas in your own words.

So when does paraphrasing count as plagiarism?

Paraphrasing is plagiarism if you don’t properly credit the original author.
Paraphrasing is plagiarism if your text is too close to the original wording (even if you cite the source). If you directly copy a sentence or phrase, you should quote it instead.
Paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you put the author’s ideas completely in your own words and properly cite the source .

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To present information from other sources in academic writing , it’s best to paraphrase in most cases. This shows that you’ve understood the ideas you’re discussing and incorporates them into your text smoothly.

It’s appropriate to quote when:

Changing the phrasing would distort the meaning of the original text
You want to discuss the author’s language choices (e.g., in literary analysis )
You’re presenting a precise definition
You’re looking in depth at a specific claim

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Gahan, C. & Caulfield, J. (2023, June 01). How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/how-to-paraphrase/

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How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

Table of contents

Variables in hypotheses

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

Step 2: Do some preliminary research

Step 3: Formulate your hypothesis

Step 4: Refine your hypothesis

Step 5: Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

Step 6. Write a null hypothesis

Cite this Scribbr article

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Learn How To Write A Hypothesis For Your Next Research Project!

What is a Hypothesis?

The Building Blocks of a Hypothesis

Types of Hypotheses

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

Null Hypothesis (H0)

Importance of a Hypothesis in Research

How to Write a Hypothesis?

Step 1: Identify Your Research Question

Step 2: Determine the Variables

Step 3: Build the Hypothetical Relationship

Step 4: Write the Null Hypothesis

Step 5: Review Your Hypothesis

Hypothesis vs. Prediction: What’s the Difference?

Hypothesis: The Foundation of Your Research

Prediction: The Expected Outcome

Key Differences Between a Hypothesis and a Prediction

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How to Write a Hypothesis: A Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction

What is the simple definition of a hypothesis?

What is the hypothesis for in research?

What is an example of a hypothesis?

What makes a good hypothesis?

Null hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis

Simple hypothesis

Complex hypothesis

Directional hypothesis

Statistical hypothesis

Empirical hypothesis

Causal hypothesis

Associative hypothesis

Relational hypothesis

Logical hypothesis

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Literature review

Research methods

Preliminary research

Data analysis

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How to Write a Hypothesis

Preparing to Write a Hypothesis

Formulating Your Hypothesis

Hypothesis Examples

Community Q&A

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How to Write a Hypothesis – Steps & Tips

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Step-by-Step Guide on How to Write a Hypothesis

Step 1: Start with a Research Question

Step 2: Do Preliminary Research

Step 3: Define Variables

Step 4: Formulate the Hypothesis

Step 5: Ensure it is Testable

Step 6: Consider Potential Confounding Variables

Step 7: Write the Null Hypothesis

Step 8: Test your Hypothesis