hypothesis use in the sentence

How to Use hypothesis in a Sentence

• The results of the experiment did not support his hypothesis .
• Their hypothesis is that watching excessive amounts of television reduces a person's ability to concentrate.
• Other chemists rejected his hypothesis .

Some of these examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'hypothesis.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

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HYPOTHESIS in a Sentence Examples: 21 Ways to Use Hypothesis

Have you ever wondered what a “hypothesis” is and how it fits into the scientific method? A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or educated guess that can be tested through research and experimentation to determine its validity.

In scientific inquiry, a hypothesis serves as the foundation for the study, guiding the direction of the research and helping to form conclusions based on the results. By formulating clear hypotheses, researchers can systematically investigate phenomena and gather evidence to support their claims.

Table of Contents

7 Examples Of Hypothesis Used In a Sentence For Kids

• Hypothesis is a guess we can test.
• We can make a hypothesis about what will happen.
• Our hypothesis will help us learn new things.
• Let’s think of a hypothesis to investigate.
• We can use our hypothesis to solve a problem.
• A good hypothesis can help us understand the world.
• Remember, our hypothesis is just a starting point.

14 Sentences with Hypothesis Examples

• Hypothesis : Students who study for at least 3 hours every day are likely to perform better in their exams.
• It is important for college students to form a hypothesis before conducting any research project.
• Hypothesis : Attending lectures regularly can significantly improve academic performance.
• College students can test their hypothesis through interactive experiments and surveys.
• Hypothesis : Using different study methods can have varied effects on information retention.
• It is necessary for students to critically analyze data to support or reject their hypothesis .
• Hypothesis : Students who engage in extracurricular activities may have a better overall college experience.
• In a scientific study, researchers must clearly define their hypothesis before proceeding with the experiment.
• Hypothesis : Regular exercise can positively impact a student’s mental health and academic performance.
• It is crucial for college students to document their hypothesis and research findings accurately.
• Hypothesis : Students who limit their social media usage may experience improved focus and productivity.
• College projects often require students to brainstorm and formulate a solid hypothesis .
• It is common for students to revise their hypothesis based on new information or research outcomes.
• Hypothesis : Implementing study breaks can enhance retention and understanding of complex subjects.

How To Use Hypothesis in Sentences?

Hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction that can be tested through observation or experimentation. When incorporating this term into a sentence, it is important to clearly identify it so readers can understand its significance.

Here are some tips on how to use hypothesis effectively in a sentence:

Clearly state your hypothesis in a simple and concise manner. For example, “The scientist’s hypothesis is that plants will grow faster with added sunlight.”

Use the word hypothesis to introduce your prediction or expectation before testing it. For instance, “Our hypothesis is that students who study regularly will perform better on the exam.”

Make sure to refer back to your hypothesis when discussing the results of your experiment. For example, “The data supported our initial hypothesis that exercise leads to improved cardiovascular health.”

You can also use the word hypothesis when comparing multiple predictions. For instance, “There are several hypotheses about the cause of the mysterious illness, but more research is needed to determine the correct one.”

By following these guidelines, you can effectively incorporate hypothesis into your writing to communicate your predictions or expectations clearly and accurately.

In conclusion, sentences with the keyword “hypothesis” often express a proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through research or observation. These sentences play a crucial role in scientific inquiry by guiding investigations and exploring relationships between variables. For example, “The researchers formulated a hypothesis to predict the effect of sunlight on plant growth” demonstrates how hypotheses are used to frame a study’s objectives and outcomes.

Clear and concise sentences with hypotheses are essential for building a solid foundation for scientific exploration and discovery. They provide a starting point for experiments, helping researchers to structure their methodologies and draw meaningful conclusions. By carefully crafting hypotheses, scientists can effectively test their theories, gather evidence, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in various fields.

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• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

Published on 6 May 2022 by Shona McCombes .

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables . An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

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Step 1: ask a question.

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2: Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalise more complex constructs.

Step 3: Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

Step 4: Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

Step 5: Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if … then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

Step 6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

A hypothesis is not just a guess. It should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

A research hypothesis is your proposed answer to your research question. The research hypothesis usually includes an explanation (‘ x affects y because …’).

A statistical hypothesis, on the other hand, is a mathematical statement about a population parameter. Statistical hypotheses always come in pairs: the null and alternative hypotheses. In a well-designed study , the statistical hypotheses correspond logically to the research hypothesis.

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McCombes, S. (2022, May 06). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 6 May 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/research-methods/hypothesis-writing/

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Examples of “Hypothesis” In A Sentence

The hypothesis is a very important part of doing science and thinking carefully. It is like the strong supporting structure of a building for the process of research. A hypothesis is a clever guess or idea that can be tested to see if it is true or not. It helps us understand things or predict what might happen. In this article, we will look at many examples of ‘hypothesis’ in sentences .

Table of Contents

Sentences with Hypothesis

• Hypothesis : The sun rises in the east.
• They formulated a null hypothesis to compare against the alternative.
• We need to revise the original hypothesis .
• They discussed the hypothesis with colleagues in their field.
• They formulated competing hypotheses to compare and contrast the findings.
• The students generated multiple hypotheses for their investigation.
• The hypothesis was generated from observations.
• The hypothesis is the starting point of scientific investigation.
• The researchers tested the hypothesis using various methodologies.
• We need to investigate the hypothesis
• The hypothesis needs more evidence to be proven.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to flaws in the experimental design.
• They tested the hypothesis using computer simulations.
• The team tested the hypothesis using advanced technology.
• The hypothesis was derived from logical reasoning.
• They conducted surveys to gather data for their hypotheses .
• They proposed alternative hypotheses for further exploration.
• The hypothesis was consistent with data from other studies.
• The hypothesis was based on logical reasoning.
• The hypothesis was supported by the statistical analysis.

Sentences with “Hypothesis”

• The hypothesis was proven incorrect.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to lack of evidence.
• They discussed the hypothesis with their peers.
• The hypothesis was proposed based on logical deductions.
• The hypothesis was validated through rigorous peer review.
• The team discussed potential hypotheses during brainstorming sessions.
• They discussed the limitations of their hypothesis
• The students proposed various hypotheses for the investigation.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by independent replication studies.
• The students formed testable hypotheses for their projects.
• They used a control group to test their hypothesis .
• The hypothesis was formulated as a cause-and-effect relationship.
• The hypothesis was supported by the literature review.
• Scientists test their hypotheses through experiments.
• The hypothesis was proposed based on observations in nature.
• They analyzed the data to validate the hypothesis .
• They designed the experiment to test the hypothesis
• The hypothesis was based on previous research findings.
• They revised the hypothesis based on constructive feedback.
• They presented their hypotheses at a research symposium.
• They conducted experiments to test their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was supported by a large and diverse sample.
• The researchers tested the hypothesis using a variety of methodologies.
• They conducted surveys to gather data that supported their hypothesis .
• The team formulated new hypotheses for future investigations.
• The hypothesis was consistent with experimental results.

“Hypothesis” Use in Sentence

• They discussed the implications of the hypothesis on their field.
• The researchers discussed the implications of their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was derived from careful observation and analysis.
• The team developed alternative hypotheses for further investigation.
• They presented their hypotheses to the research community.
• The hypothesis was based on a comprehensive review of the literature.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong logical reasoning.
• They discussed the implications of their hypothesis for future research.
• The hypothesis was based on a well-established scientific theory.
• The researchers tested their hypotheses using different methodologies.
• The hypothesis was supported by empirical evidence.
• The researchers evaluated their hypotheses
• The hypothesis was disproven by contradictory evidence.
• The researchers discussed the limitations of their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was based on a well-established theory.
• The hypothesis was supported by a large sample size.
• The hypothesis was consistent with patterns observed in nature.
• They proposed new hypotheses for future investigation.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by the results of the study.
• The hypothesis guided the research process.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong scientific consensus.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to methodological limitations.
• The researchers proposed several hypotheses to explain the phenomenon.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by multiple researchers in the field.
• The hypothesis was validated through multiple studies.

Sentences Using “Hypothesis”

• The researchers conducted experiments to test their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was based on observations from nature.
• The hypothesis was supported by a wide range of evidence.
• They formed competing hypotheses to compare.
• Scientists often revise their hypotheses based on new data.
• They conducted experiments to support their hypotheses .
• The team discussed their hypothesis during the meeting.
• The students discussed their hypotheses in class.
• They developed a new hypothesis based on recent findings.
• They discussed the hypothesis with other experts in the field.
• The hypothesis was supported by a significant p-value.
• The hypothesis was generated from real-world observations.
• Mary’s hypothesis was supported by the data.
• They tested their hypotheses across different populations.
• The researchers tested multiple hypotheses to find the answer.
• They presented their hypothesis at a scientific conference.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong evidence.
• They presented their hypotheses in a clear and concise manner.
• The researchers proposed a working hypothesis to start their study.
• The team discussed the hypothesis during the brainstorming session.
• The researchers proposed different hypotheses for the observed behavior.
• The hypothesis is a crucial part of any scientific study.
• The hypothesis was refuted by the experimental results.

“Hypothesis” Sentences Examples

• We need to gather more data to test the hypothesis .
• The hypothesis was consistent with existing theories.
• The hypothesis was supported by a strong theoretical framework.
• The hypothesis was based on previous studies.
• They formulated a null hypothesis as the default assumption.
• The hypothesis was consistent with theoretical predictions.
• The hypothesis was based on prior knowledge.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong experimental data.
• The team formed a new hypothesis after analyzing the data.
• The hypothesis was consistent with the findings of previous studies.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to methodological flaws.
• The hypothesis was proven right after extensive testing.
• The hypothesis was consistent with real-world observations.
• The team tested their hypothesis in different conditions.
• The hypothesis was consistent with the predictions.
• The students generated their hypotheses for the experiment.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by multiple independent studies.
• The hypothesis was tested using a randomized controlled trial.
• They formulated a null hypothesis to compare against.
• The hypothesis was based on inductive reasoning.
• The hypothesis was validated through repeated experiments.
• The hypothesis guided the design of the experiment.
• They used statistical analysis to validate the hypothesis .
• The researchers discussed the implications of their hypothesis on society.
• They revised the hypothesis based on feedback from experts.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by expert analysis.
• Hypotheses are essential in the scientific method.
• Lisa proposed an interesting hypothesis for her project.
• They analyzed the data to support their hypothesis .
• The hypothesis was supported by compelling arguments.
• They conducted interviews to explore their hypotheses .

Use “Hypothesis” In A Sentence

• Sarah formulated a new hypothesis for her research.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by the experiment.
• The hypothesis was generated from prior observations.
• They conducted surveys to test their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was supported by well-documented experimental results.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong correlations.
• The hypothesis was proposed after reviewing the literature.
• They proposed a working hypothesis to guide their study.
• The hypothesis was consistent with the observed results.
• They proposed alternative hypotheses for future exploration.
• The hypothesis was validated through rigorous statistical methods.
• The researchers tested their hypotheses
• John’s hypothesis led to groundbreaking discoveries.
• The hypothesis was supported by statistical significance.
• The researchers formulated a null hypothesis to compare against.
• The hypothesis was supported by theoretical predictions.
• They formed competing hypotheses to compare and contrast.
• The hypothesis was consistent with historical data.
• The hypothesis was supported by multiple lines of evidence.
• The hypothesis was revised based on feedback from reviewers.
• The scientists formulated a specific hypothesis to test.
• The hypothesis was based on empirical data.

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Hypothesis in a Sentence  🔊

Definition of Hypothesis

a proposed explanation or theory that is studied through scientific testing

Examples of Hypothesis in a sentence

The scientist’s hypothesis did not stand up, since research data was inconsistent with his guess.  🔊

Each student gave a hypothesis and theorized which plant would grow the tallest during the study.  🔊

A hypothesis was presented by the panel, giving a likely explanation for why the trial medicine didn’t seem to have much of an effect on the patients.  🔊

During the study, the researcher changed her hypothesis to a new assumption that fit with current data.  🔊

To confirm his hypothesis on why the dolphin wasn’t eating, the marine biologists did several tests over a week’s time.  🔊

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5.3.1: Conditional/Hypothetical Sentences

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• Don Bissonnette
• South Seattle Community College

Conditional/Hypothetical Sentences

       All conditional / hypothetical sentences consist of a dependent clause beginning with if (or other adverbials of condition) and an independent clause which is a result of the condition or hypothesis. A conditional sentence is one that is real or possibly can happen; a hypothetical sentence is one that is only imaginary - it either will not happen or did not happen.

Class One: Conditional

A.   Present or future situation: True and Real or Possible

If + present tense verb,     will or future implied verb ( c an, might, want, need, etc.)

          Examples:

If my sister visits Seattle, I will take her to Mount Rainier.

If we go there, I want to take a picnic lunch.

B.   General Truth situations, not for a specific time, something is always true and never changes.  It is True and Real or Possible

If + present tense verb,     present tense verb

         Examples:

If plants have good soil and get enough sunlight and water, they always grow well.

If a car runs out of gas, it stops.

C.  Past Situations: True and Completed Actions in the Past

Form:    

If + past tense,   past tense

If my father caught fish, he was happy.

If my grandmother cooked dinner when I was a boy, I always ate a lot.

D.  Alternate Form for the Present and Future Situations : Should

       We can use should in Class One conditional sentences in the present and future when we are not sure of the condition . Only if the condition happens will the result happen. It gives a feeling of uncertainty (not sure of something).

         Examples:

If you should receive a letter from John, please tell me. Should you receive a letter from John, please let me know.  

If you should get stopped by a policeman, you must have your driver's license with you or you will get a ticket.

Should you get stopped by a policeman, you must have your driver's license with you or you will get a ticket.

Class Two: Hypothetical

A.   Present or Future Situations - will not or are not very likely to occur- Not Real, Not Possible,                                                                                                            Only Imaginary

If + past tense verb,     would or could   + verb stem

          Examples:

If I had a million dollars, I would go on a long vacation.

If I played professional baseball, I could make a lot of money.

B.  Verb To Be: Were

In Class Two Conditionals, when you need to use the verb To Be , always use were after if . (This is called the subjunctive.)

If + subject + were ,     would or could + verb stem.

If I were a bird, I could fly.

If she were my daughter, I would love her.

C.  Alternate Form for Present Hypothetical Situations: Were    

      Were may be used in place of if to form the Class Two Conditionals; however, this is usually only done in very formal situations.

Were + noun,     would or could + verb stem

                                           or    

Were + subject + infinitive,     would or could + verb stem

Examples:    

If you were an American, you would not take ESL classes. Were you an American, you would not take ESL classes.

If I were a woman, I could have a baby. Were I a woman, I could have a baby.

If I bought a new car, my wife would be happy. Were I to buy a new car, my wife would be happy.

If I went to Russia, I would visit Moscow. Were I to go to Russia, I would visit Moscow.

Class Three: Hypothetical

    A.  Past Situations - Did Not Happen, Not Real, Imaginary

If + past perfect tense, past tense modal (would have, could have, might have, should have + past participle of verb)

 Examples:

If I had won the lottery last week, I would have bought a new car.

If you had grown up in America, you could have learned English as a child.

B.  Alternate Form with Had

The meaning is the same using this form; however, it has a more elegant sound to it.

Had + subject + past participle of verb, past tense modal.

If I had known your address, I would have visited you. Had I known your address, I would have visited you.

If you had stayed in your native country, you would not have had me as your teacher. Had you stayed in your native country, you would not have had me as your teacher.  

       Please note that with this alternate form that the negative is formed by making the past participle negative.

If I hadn't prepared this handout, this lesson would have been more difficult for you to understand.

Had I not prepared this handout, this lesson would have been more difficult to understand.

If I hadn't gone to Tunisia, I might not have learned to speak French. Had I not gone to Tunisia, I might not have learned to speak French.

If I hadn’t prepared this handout yesterday, we wouldn’t have studied it today.

Had I not prepared this handout yesterday, we wouldn’t have studied it today.

Class Four: Mixed Hypothetical - Past Influences the Present or Future

    Both situations are imaginary. Neither one is a fact.

    A past hypothetical situation (imaginary, did not happen, or is contrary to fact) influences a present or future hypothetical situation. This is actually a combination of a Class Three Conditional and a Class Two Conditional.

Form:      

If + past perfect tense,     would or could + verb stem.

    If my grandmother had taught me to speak Italian when I was a little boy, I would speak Italian as well as a native speaker of Italian now.  However, she didn’t teach me to speak Italian.

    If you had stayed in your native country, you could not attend this school.  However, you didn’t stay in your native country.  You came to America and to my class.  

Class Five: Mixed Hypothetical - Past Possible Influences the Present or Future

    The condition might have happened.  If it did, we know the results.

    A past situation - possibly real, possibly happened, but you do not know or are not sure - influences a real present or future situation.  This is actually a combination of a  Class One, Past Real Conditional, and a Class One, Present/Future Conditional.

If + past tense,     present tense or future tense.

If my sister won yesterday's lottery, she is definitely happy today.

If he fixed his car this morning, he will come to the party tonight.

We don’t know if the condition is real (or if it did happen), but we do know that if it is in fact true, then the result is for sure real.

Exercise 11:  Answer the following questions about hypothetical situations in the past that did not happen, please.

1.  What would you have done for a living if you had stayed in your native country?

2.  Would you have had me for a teacher if you had gone to a different college?

3.  What would you have done today if you had stayed home and not come to class?

4.  Would you have learned English if you had not come to America?

5.  What kind of restaurant would you have gone to last weekend if you had decided to eat out instead of eating in?

6.  How would your life have been different if you had learned English very well before you came to the United States?

7.  What kind of clothes would you have worn to school if it had snowed last night?

8.  What would you have done differently if you had been smarter as a younger person?

9.  If your teacher hadn’t come to class today, what would you have done?

10.  What would you have done if there had been a fire in your house last night?

11.  What might you have bought last week if you had had extra money?

12.  If you had already learned English perfectly before you came to America, what would you have studied at university?

13.  If you had won a million dollars in the lottery in your country, would you have come to America?

Exercise 12:  Complete the following past hypothetical (unreal) sentences, using the correct verb tenses, please.

1.  My father and mother would have graduated from university if

2.  If I had been in Japan during the earthquake and tsunami,

3.  If I had been born in America,

4.  I would have learned English as a child if

5.  I could have stayed in my native country if

6.  If my friend hadn’t smoked all her life,

7.  If there had been class on Friday afternoon,

8.  If I had studied harder as a young student,

9.  My friend’s wife might have learned how to swim if

10.  I could have gone to the party last weekend if

11.  If I had known that the restaurant was so expensive,

12.  If I had been arrested last night,

13.  If America hadn’t gotten into a war with Iraq,

14.  My son might have bought a car last weekend if

Exercise 13:  Complete these sentences, please.  Be careful to use the correct verb tenses.

1.  If it rains tomorrow,

2.  If I saw a tiger running loose in Seattle,

3.  If I had had more money,

4.  If my mother wants to make some tea,

5.  If I had ten children,

6.  If I had lived a thousand years ago,

7.  If people always did what they were supposed to do,

8.  If your teacher had gone to jail for twenty years,

9.  If it is sunny tomorrow,

10.  If my friend asked me to do him a favor,

11.  If my teacher hadn’t given me this homework assignment,

12.  If I weren’t an ESL student,

13.  If I graduate from college,

14.  If I had looked at this handout,

15.  If this were not the last sentence in this homework assignment,

Exercise 14:  Answer these questions, please.  Make sure to use the correct verb tenses.

1.  If you were a teacher, would you give a lot of homework to students?

2.  Should you run into me during the weekend, will you say hello?

3.  Were you to win the lottery, would you give some of the money away?

4.  Had you been President Bush, would you have gone to war with Iraq?

5.  If you get a high-paying job, will you buy a house?

6.  Had you stayed in your country, what would you be doing right now?

7.  If your mother cooked food for you as a child, did you eat it?

8.  Were your teacher to assign a composition for homework, would you do it?

9.  Had you been born the opposite sex, would your name still be the same as it is now?

10.  Might you have learned English had you stayed in your native country?

11.  Could you study English if you were an elephant?

12.  If you weighed as much as an elephant, could you buy your clothes in a regular store?

13.  Had you gone on a two-week vacation last Friday, would you be in class today?

14.  If I had married your mother, what would your relationship to me be?

15.  Were you ten years younger, where would you be right now?

Exercise 15:  Complete the following sentences, please.

1.  If I hadn’t completed my homework assignment before I came to class,

2.  My friend would come for a visit to Seattle if

3.  Some people steal

4.  Had I known a long time ago what I know now,

5.  I would love to spend a lot of time traveling around the world

6.  If I knew how to cook as well as my friend,

7.  Were I to become injured in an accident,

8.  If I lost my job,

9.  If I wake up early tomorrow morning,

10.  Should I get a ticket for speeding,

11.  Had I won last week’s lottery,

12.  If my parents were alive,

13.  I would have gone to the cinema on Saturday evening if

14.  Had I received a raise in pay last week,

15.  Were this not the last sentence in this exercise,

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Word of the day

Word of the Day: accolade

This word has appeared in 26 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?

By The Learning Network

accolade \ ˈækəleɪd \ noun

1. a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction 2. a remark or act that expresses praise and admiration

Listen to the pronunciation.

The word accolade has appeared in 26 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year, including on Oct. 4 in “ Chemistry Nobel Prize Revealed in Media Hours Early ” by Aaron Boxerman and Emma Bubola:

Nobel laureates’ names have slipped out prematurely before. In 2019, the poet Katarina Frostenson, a member of the Swedish Academy, which awards the Nobel Prize in Literature, left after an investigation found that her husband had repeatedly leaked the names of winners. This year’s chemistry Nobel laureates — Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov — were selected for their discovery and development of quantum dots, used in LED lights and television screens and to help guide surgeons as they remove cancer tissue. At least one of the recipients still described the accolade as unexpected.

Daily Word Challenge

Can you correctly use the word accolade in a sentence?

Based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s Word of the Day and share it as a comment on this article. It is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun.

If you want a better idea of how accolade can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on Vocabulary.com . You can also visit this guide to learn how to use IPA symbols to show how different words are pronounced.

If you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes .

Students ages 13 and older in the United States and the United Kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff.

The Word of the Day is provided by Vocabulary.com . Learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the Vocabulary.com Dictionary . See every Word of the Day in this column .

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Self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorder.

[This is the second part of a series that explores the relationship between mental illnesses and substance abuse a means of self-medicating the illness.}

The theory that some people with mental health issues use substances for the purpose of finding relief from those issues is not new.

An article titled The Self-medication Hypothesis of Substance Use Disorders: A Reconsideration and Recent Applications, by psychiatrist Edward J. Khantzian, published in 1997, wrote that:

“Persons with substance use disorders suffer in the extreme with their feelings, either being overwhelmed with painful affects or seeming not to feel their emotions at all. Substances of abuse help such individuals to relieve painful affects or to experience or control emotions when they are absent or confusing.”

Nearly 26 years after Khantzian’s article, Columbia University’s Department of Psychiatry published Substance Use Disorder and Mental Illness Often Go Hand in Hand. Both Must Be Addressed, in September 2023.

The article reported that in 2021, 46.3 million people aged 12 and older (or 16.5% of the population) reported a substance use disorder in the past year, while nearly 19.4 million had both a substance use disorder and mental health condition, such as depression, acute anxiety, or bipolar disorder.

In other words, as the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration states, mental health problems can sometimes lead to alcohol or drug use, as some people with a mental health problem may misuse these substances as a form of self-medication. Mental health and substance use disorders share some underlying causes, including changes in brain composition, genetic vulnerabilities, and early exposure to stress or trauma.

“When you have both a substance abuse problem and a mental health issue such as depression, bipolar disorder, or anxiety, it is called a co-occurring disorder or dual diagnosis. Dealing with substance abuse, alcoholism, or drug addiction is never easy, and it’s even more difficult when you’re also struggling with mental health problems,” wrote co-authors Lawrence Robinson, Melinda Smith, M.A. and Jeanne Segal, Ph.D. in the HelpGuide.org article The Link Between Substance Abuse and Mental Health.

In co-occurring disorders, the article says, both the mental health issue and the drug or alcohol addiction have their own unique symptoms that may get in the way of your ability to function at work or school, maintain a stable home life, handle life’s difficulties and relate to others. To make the situation more complicated, the co-occurring disorders also affect each other. When a mental health problem goes untreated, the substance abuse problem usually gets worse. And when alcohol or drug abuse increases, mental health problems usually increase too.

According to a report in the Journal of the American

Medical Association (JAMA):

• Roughly 50 percent of individuals with severe mental disorders are affected by some form of substance abuse or dependence.

• Thirty-seven percent of people who are dependent upon or abuse alcohol and 53 percent of people who are dependent upon or abuse street drugs also have at least one serious mental illness.

Those with untreated co-occurring disorders have a greater likelihood of violence, failure to respond to treatment and higher risk of illness, homelessness, incarceration and death.

Having co-occurring disorders can impact all aspects of daily life and over all functioning by causing problems with memory, attention and decision making. It can also affect all the organs in the human body.

Because of the stigma surrounding both mental illness and substance use disorder, however, many of those most in need of medical care neither seek it or receive it.

Mental health stigma prevents two-thirds of people from getting the help they truly need, says Granite Mountain Behavioral Health Care, of Arizona. For those with mental illness and addiction, mental disorders are often the part that is left undiagnosed, which is not only dangerous, but can result in severe complications, including coma, overdose, or death.

“People who experience stigma regarding their substance use disorder or mental health condition are less likely to seek treatment due to the fear of being associated with something that is viewed negatively by society,” wrote Maria Senecal-Reilly for the Onondaga County, NY Health Department.

“Having a substance use disorder or mental health condition often goes along with never feeling comfortable with who you are,” Senecal-Reilly wrote. “This could mean that a person feels that there is something that makes them feel less than, different or set-apart from ‘normal’ people. Or perhaps they feel disappointed at things they have not accomplished. As a result, the ordinary facets of life that are happy and satisfying to most people do not feel that way to someone with a mental health condition or a substance use disorder.'”

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