research paper on blockchain ieee

An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends

Ieee account.

• Change Username/Password
• Update Address

Purchase Details

• Payment Options
• Order History
• View Purchased Documents

Profile Information

• Communications Preferences
• Profession and Education
• Technical Interests
• US & Canada: +1 800 678 4333
• Worldwide: +1 732 981 0060
• Contact & Support
• About IEEE Xplore
• Accessibility
• Terms of Use
• Nondiscrimination Policy
• Privacy & Opting Out of Cookies

A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. © Copyright 2024 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.

Share this page:

Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications

Submission Deadline: 31 January 2021

IEEE Access invites manuscript submissions in the area of Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications.

Blockchain is a disruptive technology for building consensus and trust in a peer-to-peer network without centralized control. It was first used in bitcoin, the very first cryptocurrency released at the beginning of 2009, to implement a secure ledger of transactions. This secure ledger ensures that once a transaction is placed in the ledger, it cannot be altered without being detected, which is a prerequisite for any digital currency implementation because it must guarantee that no one can double-spend one’s money. After a quiet period, the interest on blockchain has exploded in recent years. The number publications indexed by Web of Science on blockchain increased from 2 in 2013 (the first year in which publications on blockchain started to appear), to 4 in 2014, 21 in 2015, 118 in 2016, 521 in 2017, and 1,080 in 2018.

The research and developmental activities related to blockchain technology can be roughly divided into two areas: (1) The application of the blockchain in various industry sectors, such as fintech, medicine and health, energy and power generation systems, real estate, travel, manufacturing, education, or even government; (2) Fundamental research on blockchain technology itself, such as alternative consensus algorithms that consume less energy, provide better scalability, are more robust to cyberattacks, and are more scalable. In the former area, interesting issues could arise due to the particular needs of an application. For example, blockchain could be used to secure the data produced from a sensor network. However, the amount of data could easily exceed the capacity of any current blockchain platform. For the latter area, we have seen alternative consensus algorithms being proposed, such as proof of stake, that are likely to make blockchains more scalable, secure, and robust in the long term.

This Special Section welcomes original research and review articles on all aspects of blockchain technology.

The topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

• Consensus algorithms
• Cyberattacks on blockchains
• Economic impact on cyberattacks
• Security and trust on permissioned blockchains
• Scalability of blockchains
• Reliability analysis on blockchain-based systems
• Smart contracts
• Visualization of blockchain data
• Blockchain for Banking and Finance
• Blockchain for Supply Chain
• Blockchain for Consumer Products and Retail
• Blockchain for Government
• Blockchain for Automotive
• Blockchain for Medicine and Health Care
• Blockchain for Travel and Transportation
• Blockchain for Internet of Things
• Blockchain for Agriculture

We also highly recommend the submission of multimedia with each article as it significantly increases the visibility and downloads of articles.

Associate Editor: Wenbing Zhao, Cleveland State University, USA

Guest Editors:

• Chunming Rong, University of Stavanger, Norway
• Jun Wu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
• Zhixin Sun, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
• Srinivas Sampalli, Dalhousie University, Canada

Relevant IEEE Access Special Sections:

• Innovation and Application of Internet of Things and Emerging Technologies in Smart Sensing
• Innovation and Application of Intelligent Processing of Data, Information and Knowledge as Resources in Edge Computing
• New Technologies for Smart Farming 4.0: Research Challenges and Opportunities

IEEE Access Editor-in-Chief:   Prof. Derek Abbott, University of Adelaide

Article submission: Contact Associate Editor and submit manuscript to: http://ieee.atyponrex.com/journal/ieee-access

For inquiries regarding this Special Section, please contact: [email protected] .

At a Glance

• Journal: IEEE Access
• Format: Open Access
• Frequency: Continuous
• Submission to Publication: 4-6 weeks (typical)
• Topics: All topics in IEEE
• Average Acceptance Rate: 27%
• Model: Binary Peer Review
• Article Processing Charge: US $1,995

Featured Articles

Accuracy Enhancement of Hand Gesture Recognition Using CNN

View in IEEE Xplore

Novel Universal Power Electronic Interface for Integration of PV Modules and Battery Energy Storages in Residential DC Microgrids

A Flexible Two-Tower Model for Item Cold-Start Recommendation

Submission guidelines.

© 2024 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this website signifies your agreement to the IEEE TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.

AWARD RULES:

NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. A PURCHASE WILL NOT INCREASE YOUR CHANCES OF WINNING.

These rules apply to the “2024 IEEE Access Best Video Award Part 1″ (the “Award”).

• Sponsor: The Sponsor of the Award is The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated (“IEEE”) on behalf of IEEE Access , 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141 USA (“Sponsor”).
• Eligibility: Award is open to residents of the United States of America and other countries, where permitted by local law, who are the age of eighteen (18) and older. Employees of Sponsor, its agents, affiliates and their immediate families are not eligible to enter Award. The Award is subject to all applicable state, local, federal and national laws and regulations. Entrants may be subject to rules imposed by their institution or employer relative to their participation in Awards and should check with their institution or employer for any relevant policies. Void in locations and countries where prohibited by law.
• Agreement to Official Rules : By participating in this Award, entrants agree to abide by the terms and conditions thereof as established by Sponsor. Sponsor reserves the right to alter any of these Official Rules at any time and for any reason.  All decisions made by Sponsor concerning the Award including, but not limited to the cancellation of the Award, shall be final and at its sole discretion. 
• How to Enter: This Award opens on January 1, 2024 at 12:00 AM ET and all entries must be received by 11:59 PM ET on June 30, 2024 (“Promotional Period”).

Entrant must submit a video with an article submission to IEEE Access . The video submission must clearly be relevant to the submitted manuscript.  Only videos that accompany an article that is accepted for publication in IEEE Access will qualify.  The video may be simulations, demonstrations, or interviews with other experts, for example.  Your video file should not exceed 100 MB.

Entrants can enter the Award during Promotional Period through the following method:

• The IEEE Author Portal : Entrants can upload their video entries while submitting their article through the IEEE Author Portal submission site .
• Review and Complete the Terms and Conditions: After submitting your manuscript and video through the IEEE Author Portal, entrants should then review and sign the Terms and Conditions .

Entrants who have already submitted a manuscript to IEEE Access without a video can still submit a video for inclusion in this Award so long as the video is submitted within 7 days of the article submission date.  The video can be submitted via email to the article administrator.  All videos must undergo peer review and be accepted along with the article submission.  Videos may not be submitted after an article has already been accepted for publication. 

The criteria for an article to be accepted for publication in IEEE Access are:

• The article must be original writing that enhances the existing body of knowledge in the given subject area. Original review articles and surveys are acceptable even if new data/concepts are not presented.
• Results reported must not have been submitted or published elsewhere (although expanded versions of conference publications are eligible for submission).
• Experiments, statistics, and other analyses must be performed to a high technical standard and are described in sufficient detail.
• Conclusions must be presented in an appropriate fashion and are supported by the data.
• The article must be written in standard English with correct grammar.
• Appropriate references to related prior published works must be included.
• The article must fall within the scope of IEEE Access
• Must be in compliance with the IEEE PSPB Operations Manual.
• Completion of the required IEEE intellectual property documents for publication.
• At the discretion of the IEEE Access Editor-in-Chief.
• Disqualification: The following items will disqualify a video from being considered a valid submission:
• The video is not original work.
• A video that is not accompanied with an article submission.
• The article and/or video is rejected during the peer review process.
• The article and/or video topic does not fit into the scope of IEEE Access .
• The article and/or do not follow the criteria for publication in IEEE Access .
• Videos posted in a comment on IEEE Xplore .
• Content ​is off-topic, offensive, obscene, indecent, abusive or threatening to others.
• Infringes the copyright, trademark or other right of any third party.
• Uploads viruses or other contaminating or destructive features.
• Is in violation of any applicable laws or regulations.
• Is not in English​.
• Is not provided within the designated submission time.
• Entrant does not agree and sign the Terms and Conditions document.

Entries must be original. Entries that copy other entries, or the intellectual property of anyone other than the Entrant, may be removed by Sponsor and the Entrant may be disqualified. Sponsor reserves the right to remove any entry and disqualify any Entrant if the entry is deemed, in Sponsor’s sole discretion, to be inappropriate.

• Entrant’s Warranty and Authorization to Sponsor: By entering the Award, entrants warrant and represent that the Award Entry has been created and submitted by the Entrant. Entrant certifies that they have the ability to use any image, text, video, or other intellectual property they may upload and that Entrant has obtained all necessary permissions. IEEE shall not indemnify Entrant for any infringement, violation of publicity rights, or other civil or criminal violations. Entrant agrees to hold IEEE harmless for all actions related to the submission of an Entry. Entrants further represent and warrant, if they reside outside of the United States of America, that their participation in this Award and acceptance of a prize will not violate their local laws.
• Intellectual Property Rights: Entrant grants Sponsor an irrevocable, worldwide, royalty free license to use, reproduce, distribute, and display the Entry for any lawful purpose in all media whether now known or hereinafter created. This may include, but is not limited to, the IEEE A ccess website, the IEEE Access YouTube channel, the IEEE Access IEEE TV channel, IEEE Access social media sites (LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, IEEE Access Collabratec Community), and the IEEE Access Xplore page. Facebook/Twitter/Microsite usernames will not be used in any promotional and advertising materials without the Entrants’ expressed approval.
• Number of Prizes Available, Prizes, Approximate Retail Value and Odds of winning Prizes: Two (2) promotional prizes of $350 USD Amazon gift cards. One (1) grand prize of a $500 USD Amazon gift card. Prizes will be distributed to the winners after the selection of winners is announced. Odds of winning a prize depend on the number of eligible entries received during the Promotional Period. Only the corresponding author of the submitted manuscript will receive the prize.

The grand prize winner may, at Sponsor’ discretion, have his/her article and video highlighted in media such as the IEEE Access Xplore page and the IEEE Access social media sites.

The prize(s) for the Award are being sponsored by IEEE.  No cash in lieu of prize or substitution of prize permitted, except that Sponsor reserves the right to substitute a prize or prize component of equal or greater value in its sole discretion for any reason at time of award.  Sponsor shall not be responsible for service obligations or warranty (if any) in relation to the prize(s). Prize may not be transferred prior to award. All other expenses associated with use of the prize, including, but not limited to local, state, or federal taxes on the Prize, are the sole responsibility of the winner.  Winner(s) understand that delivery of a prize may be void where prohibited by law and agrees that Sponsor shall have no obligation to substitute an alternate prize when so prohibited. Amazon is not a sponsor or affiliated with this Award.

• Selection of Winners: Promotional prize winners will be selected based on entries received during the Promotional Period. The sponsor will utilize an Editorial Panel to vote on the best video submissions. Editorial Panel members are not eligible to participate in the Award.  Entries will be ranked based on three (3) criteria:
• Presentation of Technical Content
• Quality of Video

Upon selecting a winner, the Sponsor will notify the winner via email. All potential winners will be notified via their email provided to the sponsor. Potential winners will have five (5) business days to respond after receiving initial prize notification or the prize may be forfeited and awarded to an alternate winner. Potential winners may be required to sign an affidavit of eligibility, a liability release, and a publicity release.  If requested, these documents must be completed, signed, and returned within ten (10) business days from the date of issuance or the prize will be forfeited and may be awarded to an alternate winner. If prize or prize notification is returned as undeliverable or in the event of noncompliance with these Official Rules, prize will be forfeited and may be awarded to an alternate winner.

• General Prize Restrictions:  No prize substitutions or transfer of prize permitted, except by the Sponsor. Import/Export taxes, VAT and country taxes on prizes are the sole responsibility of winners. Acceptance of a prize constitutes permission for the Sponsor and its designees to use winner’s name and likeness for advertising, promotional and other purposes in any and all media now and hereafter known without additional compensation unless prohibited by law. Winner acknowledges that neither Sponsor, Award Entities nor their directors, employees, or agents, have made nor are in any manner responsible or liable for any warranty, representation, or guarantee, express or implied, in fact or in law, relative to any prize, including but not limited to its quality, mechanical condition or fitness for a particular purpose. Any and all warranties and/or guarantees on a prize (if any) are subject to the respective manufacturers’ terms therefor, and winners agree to look solely to such manufacturers for any such warranty and/or guarantee.

11.Release, Publicity, and Privacy : By receipt of the Prize and/or, if requested, by signing an affidavit of eligibility and liability/publicity release, the Prize Winner consents to the use of his or her name, likeness, business name and address by Sponsor for advertising and promotional purposes, including but not limited to on Sponsor’s social media pages, without any additional compensation, except where prohibited.  No entries will be returned.  All entries become the property of Sponsor.  The Prize Winner agrees to release and hold harmless Sponsor and its officers, directors, employees, affiliated companies, agents, successors and assigns from and against any claim or cause of action arising out of participation in the Award. 

Sponsor assumes no responsibility for computer system, hardware, software or program malfunctions or other errors, failures, delayed computer transactions or network connections that are human or technical in nature, or for damaged, lost, late, illegible or misdirected entries; technical, hardware, software, electronic or telephone failures of any kind; lost or unavailable network connections; fraudulent, incomplete, garbled or delayed computer transmissions whether caused by Sponsor, the users, or by any of the equipment or programming associated with or utilized in this Award; or by any technical or human error that may occur in the processing of submissions or downloading, that may limit, delay or prevent an entrant’s ability to participate in the Award.

Sponsor reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to cancel or suspend this Award and award a prize from entries received up to the time of termination or suspension should virus, bugs or other causes beyond Sponsor’s control, unauthorized human intervention, malfunction, computer problems, phone line or network hardware or software malfunction, which, in the sole opinion of Sponsor, corrupt, compromise or materially affect the administration, fairness, security or proper play of the Award or proper submission of entries.  Sponsor is not liable for any loss, injury or damage caused, whether directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, from downloading data or otherwise participating in this Award.

Representations and Warranties Regarding Entries: By submitting an Entry, you represent and warrant that your Entry does not and shall not comprise, contain, or describe, as determined in Sponsor’s sole discretion: (A) false statements or any misrepresentations of your affiliation with a person or entity; (B) personally identifying information about you or any other person; (C) statements or other content that is false, deceptive, misleading, scandalous, indecent, obscene, unlawful, defamatory, libelous, fraudulent, tortious, threatening, harassing, hateful, degrading, intimidating, or racially or ethnically offensive; (D) conduct that could be considered a criminal offense, could give rise to criminal or civil liability, or could violate any law; (E) any advertising, promotion or other solicitation, or any third party brand name or trademark; or (F) any virus, worm, Trojan horse, or other harmful code or component. By submitting an Entry, you represent and warrant that you own the full rights to the Entry and have obtained any and all necessary consents, permissions, approvals and licenses to submit the Entry and comply with all of these Official Rules, and that the submitted Entry is your sole original work, has not been previously published, released or distributed, and does not infringe any third-party rights or violate any laws or regulations.

12.Disputes:  EACH ENTRANT AGREES THAT: (1) ANY AND ALL DISPUTES, CLAIMS, AND CAUSES OF ACTION ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AWARD, OR ANY PRIZES AWARDED, SHALL BE RESOLVED INDIVIDUALLY, WITHOUT RESORTING TO ANY FORM OF CLASS ACTION, PURSUANT TO ARBITRATION CONDUCTED UNDER THE COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION RULES OF THE AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION THEN IN EFFECT, (2) ANY AND ALL CLAIMS, JUDGMENTS AND AWARDS SHALL BE LIMITED TO ACTUAL OUT-OF-POCKET COSTS INCURRED, INCLUDING COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH ENTERING THIS AWARD, BUT IN NO EVENT ATTORNEYS’ FEES; AND (3) UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES WILL ANY ENTRANT BE PERMITTED TO OBTAIN AWARDS FOR, AND ENTRANT HEREBY WAIVES ALL RIGHTS TO CLAIM, PUNITIVE, INCIDENTAL, AND CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, AND ANY OTHER DAMAGES, OTHER THAN FOR ACTUAL OUT-OF-POCKET EXPENSES, AND ANY AND ALL RIGHTS TO HAVE DAMAGES MULTIPLIED OR OTHERWISE INCREASED. ALL ISSUES AND QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE CONSTRUCTION, VALIDITY, INTERPRETATION AND ENFORCEABILITY OF THESE OFFICIAL RULES, OR THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF ENTRANT AND SPONSOR IN CONNECTION WITH THE AWARD, SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH, THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY, WITHOUT GIVING EFFECT TO ANY CHOICE OF LAW OR CONFLICT OF LAW, RULES OR PROVISIONS (WHETHER OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY OR ANY OTHER JURISDICTION) THAT WOULD CAUSE THE APPLICATION OF THE LAWS OF ANY JURISDICTION OTHER THAN THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. SPONSOR IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY TYPOGRAPHICAL OR OTHER ERROR IN THE PRINTING OF THE OFFER OR ADMINISTRATION OF THE AWARD OR IN THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE PRIZES.

• Limitation of Liability:  The Sponsor, Award Entities and their respective parents, affiliates, divisions, licensees, subsidiaries, and advertising and promotion agencies, and each of the foregoing entities’ respective employees, officers, directors, shareholders and agents (the “Released Parties”) are not responsible for incorrect or inaccurate transfer of entry information, human error, technical malfunction, lost/delayed data transmissions, omission, interruption, deletion, defect, line failures of any telephone network, computer equipment, software or any combination thereof, inability to access web sites, damage to a user’s computer system (hardware and/or software) due to participation in this Award or any other problem or error that may occur. By entering, participants agree to release and hold harmless the Released Parties from and against any and all claims, actions and/or liability for injuries, loss or damage of any kind arising from or in connection with participation in and/or liability for injuries, loss or damage of any kind, to person or property, arising from or in connection with participation in and/or entry into this Award, participation is any Award-related activity or use of any prize won. Entry materials that have been tampered with or altered are void. If for any reason this Award is not capable of running as planned, or if this Award or any website associated therewith (or any portion thereof) becomes corrupted or does not allow the proper playing of this Award and processing of entries per these rules, or if infection by computer virus, bugs, tampering, unauthorized intervention, affect the administration, security, fairness, integrity, or proper conduct of this Award, Sponsor reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to disqualify any individual implicated in such action, and/or to cancel, terminate, modify or suspend this Award or any portion thereof, or to amend these rules without notice. In the event of a dispute as to who submitted an online entry, the entry will be deemed submitted by the authorized account holder the email address submitted at the time of entry. “Authorized Account Holder” is defined as the person assigned to an email address by an Internet access provider, online service provider or other organization responsible for assigning email addresses for the domain associated with the email address in question. Any attempt by an entrant or any other individual to deliberately damage any web site or undermine the legitimate operation of the Award is a violation of criminal and civil laws and should such an attempt be made, the Sponsor reserves the right to seek damages and other remedies from any such person to the fullest extent permitted by law. This Award is governed by the laws of the State of New Jersey and all entrants hereby submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of federal or state courts located in the State of New Jersey for the resolution of all claims and disputes. Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, G+, YouTube, IEEE Xplore , and IEEE TV are not sponsors nor affiliated with this Award.
• Award Results and Official Rules: To obtain the identity of the prize winner and/or a copy of these Official Rules, send a self-addressed stamped envelope to Kimberly Rybczynski, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141 USA.

• IEEE Xplore Digital Library
• IEEE Standards
• IEEE Spectrum

A More Reliable Way of Using Blockchain for Cloud Storage

As industries around the globe turn to blockchain-based solutions for cloud storage, both reliability and data integrity remain a primary concern. Now, a team of IEEE researchers introduce a secure data storage and recovery scheme for blockchain-based networks to address these challenges.

Read more at IEEE Xplore

Community Spotlight

Get Involved Today! Join Our Local Groups

New Local Groups Formed:

Find an IEEE Blockchain Local Group near you!

Event Highlights

Watch Recorded Content from Our Events

2023 Ukrainian Distributed Ledger Technology Forum (UADLTF)

2023 IEEE India Blockchain Forum

See more in  Past Events

Feature Article

IEEE Blockchain Tech Briefs 2023 Issue Now Available

Blockchain technology is an exciting technology with many controversies. It is commonly accepted that it has the potential to transform existing technologies to a higher ground. Realizing this potential, however, would require overcoming some significant hurdles. The Editorial Board showcases four such challenges in this year’s publication.

Read the latest issue

Scalability of blockchain: a comprehensive review and future research direction

• Published: 16 February 2024

Cite this article

• Iqra Sadia Rao 1 ,
• M. L. Mat Kiah 1 ,
• M. Muzaffar Hameed 2 &
• Zain Anwer Memon 3  

279 Accesses

Explore all metrics

This comprehensive review paper examines the challenges faced by blockchain technology in terms of scalability and proposes potential solutions and future research directions. Scalability poses a significant hurdle for Bitcoin and Ethereum, manifesting as low throughput, extended transaction delays, and excessive energy consumption, thereby compromising efficiency. The current state of blockchain scalability is analyzed, encompassing the limitations of existing solutions such as Sharding and off-chain scaling. Various proposed remedies, including layer 2 scaling solutions, consensus mechanisms, and alternative approaches, are investigated. The paper also explores the impact of scalability on diverse blockchain applications and identifies potential future research directions by integrating data science techniques with blockchain technology. Notably, nearly 110 primary research papers from reputable scientific databases like Scopus, IEEE Explore, Science Direct, and Web of Science were reviewed, demonstrating scalability in blockchain comprising several elements. Transaction throughput and network latency emerge as the most prominent concerns. Consequently, this review offers future research avenues to address scalability challenges by leveraging data science techniques like distributed computing and parallel processing to divide and process vast datasets across multiple machines. The synergy between data science and blockchain holds promise as an optimal solution. Overall, this up-to-date understanding of blockchain scalability is invaluable to researchers, practitioners, and policy makers engaged in this domain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

An Empirical Investigation of Blockchain Scalability

Survey on Blockchain Scalability Addressing Techniques

A Systematic Review of Blockchain Technology to Find Current Scalability Issues and Solutions

Data availability.

Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.

Wood, G., et al.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Proj. Yellow Pap. 151 (2014), 1–32 (2014)

Google Scholar  

Chauhan, A. et al.: Blockchain and scalability. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C), pp. 122–128. IEEE (2018)

Ochôa, I.S. et al.: Experimental analysis of the scalability of ethereum blockchain in a private network. In: Anais do II Workshop em Blockchain: Teoria, Tecnologia e Aplicações. SBC (2019)

Zmaznev, E.: Bitcoin and ethereum evolution. PhD thesis. Centria University of Applied Sciences (2017). https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/141520/Thesis.pdf

Buterin, V. et al.: Ethereum white paper: a next generation smart contract & decentralized application platform. First version 53 (2014)

Shahbazi, Z., Byun, Y.-C.: Integration of blockchain, IoT and machine learning for multistage quality control and enhancing security in smart manufacturing. Sensors 21 (4), 1467 (2021)

Article   ADS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Guangjun, W., et al.: Privacy-preserved electronic medical record exchanging and sharing: a blockchain-based smart healthcare system. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 26 (5), 1917–1927 (2021)

Sanka, A.I., Cheung, R.C.C.: A systematic review of blockchain scalability: issues, solutions, analysis and future research. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 195 , 103232 (2021)

Article   Google Scholar  

Hafid, A., Hafid, A.S., Samih, M.: Scaling blockchains: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Access 8 , 125244–125262 (2020)

Ferretti, S., D’Angelo, G.: On the ethereum blockchain structure: a complex networks theory perspective. Concurr. Comput.: Pract. Exp. 32 (12), e5493 (2020)

Wang, Z., Hu, Q.: Blockchain-based federated learning: a comprehensive survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.02182 (2021)

Bez, M., Fornari, G., Vardanega, T.: The scalability challenge of ethereum: an initial quantitative analysis. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Service-Oriented System Engineering (SOSE), pp. 167–176. IEEE (2019)

Jabbar, A., Dani, S.: Investigating the link between transaction and computational costs in a blockchain environment. Int. J. Prod. Res. 58 (11), 3423–3436 (2020)

Rondelet, A.: Zecale: reconciling privacy and scalability on ethereum. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.05958 (2020)

Ramanan, P., Nakayama, K.: Baffle: blockchain based aggregator free federated learning. In: IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain), pp. 72–81. IEEE (2020)

Drungilas, V., et al.: Towards blockchain-based federated machine learning: smart contract for model inference. Appl. Sci. 11 (3), 1010 (2021)

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Harris, J.D., Waggoner, B.: Decentralized and collaborative AI on blockchain. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain), pp. 368–375. IEEE (2019)

Awoke, T. et al.: Bitcoin price prediction and analysis using deep learning models. In: Communication Software and Networks: Proceedings of INDIA 2019, pp. 631–640. Springer (2020)

Liu, Y., et al.: Blockchain and machine learning for communications and networking systems. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 22 (2), 1392–1431 (2020)

Simpson, T. et al.: Fetch: Technical introduction. A decentralized digital world for the future economy (2018). https://fetch.ai

Van Otterlo, M.: A machine learning view on profiling. In: Privacy, Due Process and the Computational Turn-Philosophers of Law Meet Philosophers of Technology, pp. 41–64. Routledge, Abingdon (2013)

Hutchins, P.: Polygon Lightpaper. (2018). https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/10/02/creating-scalability-on-ethereum/#6eeefb575226

Harm, J., Obregon, J., Stubbendick, J.: Ethereum vs. bitcoin. www.economist.com (2016)

Kim, H., et al.: Blockchained on-device federated learning. IEEE Commun. Lett. 24 (6), 1279–1283 (2019)

Mohammed, A.H., Abdulateef, A.A., Abdulateef, I.A.: Hyperledger, Ethereum and blockchain technology: a short overview. In: 2021 3rd International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2021)

Tun, M.T., Nyaung, D.E., Phyu, M.P.: Performance evaluation of intrusion detection streaming transactions using apache kafka and spark streaming. In: 2019 International Conference on Advanced Information Technologies (ICAIT), pp. 25–30. IEEE (2019)

Nie, JY.: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and IEEE Computer Society. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data: proceedings, pp. 11–14 (2017)

Jani, S.: An overview of ethereum & its comparison with bitcoin. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res. 10 (8), 1–6 (2017)

CAS   Google Scholar  

Toyoda, K., et al.: Function-level bottleneck analysis of private proof-of authority ethereum blockchain. IEEE Access 8 , 141611–141621 (2020)

Zhang, L. et al.: Evaluation of ethereum end-to-end transaction latency. In: 2021 11th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), pp. 1–5. IEEE (2021)

Gencer, A.E.: On scalability of blockchain technologies. PhD thesis. Cornell University (2017). https://search.proquest.com/docview/1964277559

Kanani, J. et al.: Polygon Lightpaper (2021). https://www.proquest.com/docview/1964277559

Croman, K. et al.: On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains Initiative for CryptoCurrencies and Contracts (IC3). http://fc16.ifca.ai/bitcoin/papers/CDE+16.pdf

Mahmood, Z., Jusas, V.: Implementation framework for a blockchainbased federated learning model for classification problems. Symmetry 13 (7), 1116 (2021)

Article   ADS   Google Scholar  

Guangsheng, Y., et al.: Survey: sharding in blockchains. IEEE Access 8 , 14155–14181 (2020)

Chen, X. et al.: When machine learning meets blockchain: a decentralized, privacy-preserving and secure design. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), pp. 1178–1187. IEEE (2018)

Khalil, R. et al.: Commit-chains: secure, scalable off-chain payments. In: Cryptology ePrint Archive (2018). https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/642.pdf

Schäffer, M., Di Angelo, M., Salzer, G.: Performance and scalability of private Ethereum blockchains. In: Business Process Management: Blockchain and Central and Eastern Europe Forum: BPM 2019 Blockchain and CEE Forum, Vienna, Austria, September 1–6, 2019. Proceedings 17, pp. 103–118. Springer (2019)

Zhou, Q., et al.: Solutions to scalability of blockchain: a survey. IEEE Access 8 , 16440–16455 (2020)

Vujičić, D., Jagodić, D., Ranđić, S.: Blockchain technology, bitcoin, and Ethereum: a brief overview. In: 17th International Symposium Infoteh-Jahorina (infoteh), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2018)

Khan, D., Jung, L.T., Hashmani, M.A.: Systematic literature review of challenges in blockchain scalability. Appl. Sci. 11 (20), 9372 (2021)

Swathi, P., Venkatesan, M.: Scalability improvement and analysis of permissioned-blockchain. ICT Express 7 (3), 283–289 (2021)

Oliva, G.A., Hassan, A.E., Jiang, Z.M.: An exploratory study of smart contracts in the Ethereum blockchain platform. Empir. Softw. Eng. 25 , 1864–1904 (2020)

Benčić, F.M., Hrga, A., Žarko, I.P.: Aurora: a robust and trustless verification and synchronization algorithm for distributed ledgers. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain), pp. 332–338. IEEE (2019)

Abbas, K., et al.: A blockchain and machine learning-based drug supply chain management and recommendation system for smart pharmaceutical industry. Electronics 9 (5), 852 (2020)

Chen, S. et al.: A comparative testing on performance of blockchain and relational database: foundation for applying smart technology into current business systems. In: Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions: Understanding Humans: 6th International Conference, DAPI 2018, Held as Part of HCI International 2018, Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 15–20, 2018, Proceedings, Part I 6, pp. 21–34. Springer (2018)

Singh, S.K., Rathore, S., Park, J.H.: Blockiotintelligence: a blockchain-enabled intelligent IoT architecture with artificial intelligence. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 110 , 721–743 (2020)

Frahat, R.T., Monowar, M.M., Buhari, S.M.: Secure and scalable trust management model for IoT P2P network. In: 2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2019)

Safana, M.A., Arafa, Y., Ma, J.: Improving the performance of the proof-of-work consensus protocol using machine learning. In: 2020 Second International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA), pp. 16–21. IEEE (2020)

Liu, X., Farahani, B., Firouzi, F.: Distributed ledger technology. Intelligent Internet of Things: From Device to Fog and Cloud, pp. 393–431 (2020)

Dobbelaere, P., Esmaili, K.S.: Kafka versus RabbitMQ: a comparative study of two industry reference publish/subscribe implementations: industry paper. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-Based Systems, pp. 227–238 (2017)

Borrero, J.D., Mariscal, J.: A case study of a digital data platform for the agricultural sector: a valuable decision support system for small farmers. Agriculture 12 (6), 767 (2022)

General Data Protection Regulation. General data protection regulation (GDPR). In: Intersoft Consulting. Accessed in October 24 (1) (2018)

Estupiñán, A.: Analysis of Modern Blockchain Networks Using Graph Databases. PhD thesis. Master’s thesis, Technische Universitat Berlin (2020)

Choi, W., Hong, J.W.-K.: Performance evaluation of ethereum private and testnet networks using hyperledger caliper. In: 2021 22nd Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), pp. 325–329. IEEE (2021)

Dabbagh, M. et al.: Performance analysis of blockchain platforms: empirical evaluation of hyperledger fabric and ethereum. In: 2020 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Engineering and Technology (IICAIET), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2020)

Iqbal, R., et al.: An experimental study of classification algorithms for crime prediction. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 6 (3), 4219–4225 (2013)

Venkatesan, N.J., et al.: Analysis of real-time data with spark streaming. J. Adv. Technol. Eng. Res. 3 (4), 108–116 (2017)

Mazlan, A.A., et al.: Scalability challenges in healthcare blockchain system—a systematic review. IEEE Access 8 , 23663–23673 (2020)

Schäffer, M., Di Angelo, M., Salzer, G.: Performance and scalability of private Ethereum blockchains. In: Business Process Management: Blockchain and Central and Eastern Europe Forum: BPM 2019 Blockchain and CEE Forum, Vienna, Austria, September 1–6, 2019, Proceedings 17, pp. 103–118. Springer (2019)

Chris, D.: Introducing Ethereum and Solidity Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners. Apress, New York (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2535-6

Book   Google Scholar  

Lewis, A.: Blockchain explained. In: Blockchain Technol. (2015). http://www.blockchaintechnologies.com/blockchain-definition

Ng, W.Y., et al.: Blockchain applications in health care for COVID-19 and beyond: a systematic review. Lancet Digit. Health 3 (12), e819–e829 (2021)

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Chukwu, E., Garg, L.: A systematic review of blockchain in healthcare: frameworks, prototypes, and implementations. IEEE Access 8 , 21196–21214 (2020)

Xie, J., et al.: A survey on the scalability of blockchain systems. IEEE Netw. 33 (5), 166–173 (2019)

Rouhani, S., Deters, R.: Performance analysis of ethereum transactions in private blockchain. In: 2017 8th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), pp. 70–74. IEEE (2017)

Memon, R.A., Li, J.P., Ahmed, J.: Simulation model for blockchain systems using queuing theory. Electronics 8 (2), 234 (2019)

Memon, R.A., et al.: Cloud-based vs. blockchain-based IoT: a comparative survey and way forward. Front. Inf. Technol. Electron. Eng. 21 (4), 563–586 (2020)

Memon, R.A., et al.: DualFog-IoT: additional fog layer for solving blockchain integration problem in Internet of Things. IEEE Access 7 , 169073–169093 (2019)

Memon, R.A. et al.: Modeling of blockchain based systems using queuing theory simulation. In: 2018 15th International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP), pp. 107–111. IEEE (2018)

Donawa, A., Orukari, I., Baker, C.E.: Scaling blockchains to support electronic health records for hospital systems. In: 2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), pp. 0550–0556. IEEE (2019)

Gao, Z. et al.: Scalable blockchain based smart contract execution. In: 2017 IEEE 23Rd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), pp. 352–359. IEEE (2017)

Blanchard, P. et al.: Machine learning with adversaries: Byzantine tolerant gradient descent. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 30 (2017)

Singla, K., Bose, J., Katariya, S.: Machine learning for secure device personalization using blockchain. In: 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), pp. 67–73. IEEE (2018)

Mugunthan, V., Rahman, R., Kagal, L.: Blockflow: an accountable and privacy-preserving solution for federated learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.03856 (2020)

Li, Y., et al.: A blockchain-based decentralized federated learning framework with committee consensus. IEEE Netw. 35 (1), 234–241 (2020)

Nagar, A.: Privacy-preserving blockchain based federated learning with differential data sharing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.04859 (2019)

Chen, P., et al.: Research on scalability of blockchain technology: problems and methods. J. Comput. Res. Dev. 55 (10), 2099–2110 (2018)

ADS   Google Scholar  

Bouoiyour, J., Selmi, R.: Ether: bitcoin’s competitor or ally? arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.07977 (2017). http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.07977

Antwi, M.S., et al.: The case of HyperLedger Fabric as a blockchain solution for healthcare applications. Blockchain: Res. Appl. 2 (1), 100012 (2021)

Saudi Computer Society. In: 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS’ 2019). Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (2019)

Gurusamy, V., Kannan, S., Nandhini, K.: The real time big data processing framework: advantages and limitations. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 5 (12), 305–312 (2017)

Roehrs, A., et al.: Analyzing the performance of a blockchain-based personal health record implementation. J. Biomed. Inform. 92 , 103140 (2019)

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Omar, I.A., et al.: Supply chain inventory sharing using ethereum blockchain and smart contracts. IEEE Access 10 , 2345–2356 (2021)

Rubin, J.: Btcspark: scalable analysis of the bitcoin blockchain using spark. Dec 16 , 1–14 (2015)

Wang, K., et al.: Securing data with blockchain and AI. IEEE Access 7 , 77981–77989 (2019)

Singh, S., Hosen, A.S.M.S., Yoon, B.: Blockchain security attacks, challenges, and solutions for the future distributed iot network. IEEE Access 9 , 13938–13959 (2021)

Blockchain-based security management of IoT infrastructure

Zhang, Z., et al.: Recent advances in blockchain and artificial intelligence integration: feasibility analysis, research issues, applications, challenges, and future work. Secur. Commun. Netw. 2021 , 1–15 (2021)

Bao, X. et al.: Flchain: a blockchain for auditable federated learning with trust and incentive. In: 2019 5th International Conference on Big Data Computing and Communications (BIGCOM), pp. 151–159. IEEE (2019)

Thibault, L.T., Sarry, T., Hafid, A.S.: Blockchain scaling using rollups: a comprehensive survey. In: IEEE Access (2022)

Wang, Z., Cui, B., Hou, W.: A dynamic load balancing scheme based on network Sharding in private Ethereum blockchain. In: 2022 IEEE 46th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), pp. 362–367. IEEE (2022)

Dhulavvagol, P.M., Bhajantri, V.H., Totad, S.G.: Blockchain ethereum clients performance analysis considering E-voting application. Procedia Comput. Sci. 167 , 2506–2515 (2020)

Johnson, S., Robinson, P., Brainard, J.: Sidechains and interoperability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.04077 (2019)

Cao, L.: Data science: a comprehensive overview. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 50 (3), 1–42 (2017)

Yoo, Y.: The tables have turned: how can the information systems field contribute to technology and innovation management research? J. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 14 (5), 227 (2013)

Dinh, T.T.A. et al.: Blockbench: a framework for analyzing private blockchains. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 1085–1100 (2017)

Sandner, P., Gross, J., Richter, R.: Convergence of blockchain, IoT, and AI. Front. Blockchain 3 , 522600 (2020)

Kurtulmus, A.B., Daniel, K.: Trustless machine learning contracts; evaluating and exchanging machine learning models on the ethereum blockchain. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.10185 (2018)

Kim, H. et al.: On-device federated learning via blockchain and its latency analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.03949 (2018)

Thein, K.M.M.: Apache kafka: next generation distributed messaging system. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. Res. 3 (47), 9478–9483 (2014)

Bandara, E. et al.: Mystiko—blockchain meets big data. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), pp. 3024–3032. IEEE (2018)

Bandara, E., et al.: Rahasak-scalable blockchain architecture for enterprise applications. J. Syst. Archit. 116 , 102061 (2021)

Rondelet, A.: Zecale: reconciling privacy and scalability on ethereum. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.05958 (2020). http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.05958

Roy, M., Singh, M., Radhakrishnan, B.: Blockchain scalability: solutions, challenges and future possibilities. In: International Conference on Signal & Data Processing, pp. 133–149. Springer (2022)

Chan, W., Olmsted, A.: Ethereum transaction graph analysis. In: 2017 12th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST), pp. 498–500. IEEE (2017)

Zheng, Z., et al.: Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey. Int. J. Web Grid Serv. 14 (4), 352–375 (2018)

Article   MathSciNet   Google Scholar  

Chen, F., et al.: Machine learning in/for blockchain: future and challenges. Can. J. Stat. 49 (4), 1364–1382 (2021)

Article   ADS   MathSciNet   Google Scholar  

Lee, H.-A., et al.: An architecture and management platform for blockchainbased personal health record exchange: development and usability study. J. Med. Internet Res. 22 (6), e16748 (2020)

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Choi, Y., et al.: Development of a mobile personal health record application designed for emergency care in Korea; integrated information from multicenter electronic medical records. Appl. Sci. 10 (19), 6711 (2020)

Hussien, H.M., et al.: Blockchain technology in the healthcare industry: trends and opportunities. J. Ind. Inf. Integr. 22 , 100217 (2021)

MathSciNet   Google Scholar  

Zhuang, Y., et al.: Generalizable layered blockchain architecture for health care applications: development, case studies, and evaluation. J. Med. Internet Res. 22 (7), e19029 (2020)

Roehrs, A., Da Costa, C.A., da Rosa Righi, R.: OmniPHR: a distributed architecture model to integrate personal health records. J. Biomed. Inform. 71 , 70–81 (2017)

Chang, R.-I., et al.: Blockchain for bounded-error-pruned content protection. ICT Express 7 (3), 295–299 (2021)

Balistri, E., et al.: BlockHealth: blockchain-based secure and peer-to-peer health information sharing with data protection and right to be forgotten. ICT Express 7 (3), 308–315 (2021)

Wang, Z. et al.: Kafka and its using in high-throughput and reliable message distribution. In: 2015 8th International Conference on Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems (ICINIS), pp. 117–120. IEEE (2015)

Eyal, I. et al.: Bitcoin-NG: a scalable blockchain protocol. In: 13th USENIX symposium on networked systems design and implementation (NSDI 16), pp. 45–59 (2016)

De Vries, A.: Bitcoin’s growing energy problem. Joule 2 (5), 801–805 (2018)

Moser, M.: Anonymity of bitcoin transactions (2013)

Clack, C.D.: Smart contract templates: legal semantics and code validation. J. Digit. Bank. 2 (4), 338–352 (2018)

Fan, C. et al.: Towards a scalable DAG-based distributed ledger for smart communities. In: 2019 IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things (WFIoT), pp. 177–182. IEEE (2019)

Gangwani, P., et al.: Securing environmental IoT data using masked authentication messaging protocol in a DAG-based blockchain: IOTA tangle. Future Internet 13 (12), 312 (2021)

Wang, Q., et al.: Sok: Dag-based blockchain systems. ACM Comput. Surv. 55 (12), 1–38 (2023)

Download references

Acknowledgements

The work is supported financially by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia via Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2019/ICT05/UM/01/1).

“This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia via Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2019/ICT05/UM/01/1).

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Computer System & Technology, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia, Kaula Lampur, 50603, Malaysia

Iqra Sadia Rao & M. L. Mat Kiah

Department of Computer Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

M. Muzaffar Hameed

Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

Zain Anwer Memon

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

Rao: Drafted the manuscript, including the introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections. Also, reviewed and revised the paper. M.K.: Provided supervision and guidance throughout the research process, and the content and paper were thoroughly discussed with her. MMH: Reviewed the paper and provided guidance in the results and discussion chapters. ZAM: Prepared the initial draft, worked on the journal's template, and created figures and tables.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Iqra Sadia Rao or M. L. Mat Kiah .

Ethics declarations

Confilict of interest.

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The results and conclusions of this research are solely those of the authors and do not represent the views or endorsement of any other individuals or organizations.

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix A: Section title of first appendix

An appendix contains supplementary information that is not an essential part of the text itself but which may be helpful in providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem or it is information that is too cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Rao, I.S., Kiah, M.L.M., Hameed, M.M. et al. Scalability of blockchain: a comprehensive review and future research direction. Cluster Comput (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-023-04257-7

Download citation

Received : 03 September 2023

Revised : 20 November 2023

Accepted : 21 December 2023

Published : 16 February 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-023-04257-7

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Data science
• Apache Kafka
• Scalability
• Machine learning
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

• Call for Papers
• Call for Workshops
• Call for Tutorial
• Organizing Committee
• Program Committee
• Congress Keynotes
• Workshops and Symposia
• Special Sessions
• --> Special Issues
• Paper Submission
• --> Accepted Paper List
• --> Final Paper Instruction
• --> Registration
• --> Venue & Hotels
• --> Visa & Travel
• iThings 2023
• CPSCom 2023
• GreenCom 2023
• SmartData 2023
• ICPADS 2023

• IEEE Xplore Digital Library
• IEEE Standards
• IEEE Spectrum Online
• More IEEE Sites

Call for Symposium Papers

IEEE Future Networks World Forum is proud to announce that the IEEE FNWF'24 will be hosting a series of symposiums on emerging topics in future networking technologies. These symposiums will provide an excellent opportunity for those who wish to showcase their work and get recognized for their work. They will provide a platform to discuss the latest advances and explore new ideas to develop and deploy future-generation communication networks. The IEEE FNWF'24 welcomes participation from all over the world, and the symposiums intend to bring the latest future network technologies to the forefront.

Paper submission guidelines are  here .

IMPORTANT DATES

Paper Submission:  16 June 2024 Paper Acceptance Notification:  28 July  2024 Camera-Ready Submission:  11 August 2024

The following symposiums are open for paper submissions. 

SYMPOSIUM ON FUTURE MOBILE NETWORKS

• Latif Ladid , IPv6 Forum

SYMPOSIUM ON AI/ML-DRIVEN COMMUNICATIONS IN FUTURE NETWORKS 

Symposium on blockchain for future networks  [ more details  |  submit ], symposium on digital twins for future networks , symposium on economics in future networking, symposium on future networks for connected and automated mobility [ more details  |  submit ].

• Jorge Pereira , Principal Scientific Officer, European Commission

SYMPOSIUM ON FUTURE NETWORKS TO ENABLE METAVERSE

Symposium on future optical networks and communications [ more details  | submit].

• Dan Kilper , CONNECT Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
• Lena Wosinska , Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
• Zuqing Zhu , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China

SYMPOSIUM ON NON-TERRESTRIAL COMMUNICATIONS IN FUTURE NETWORKS 

Symposium on quantum computing and communications in future networks, symposium on security in future networks [ more details  | submit ].

• Antonio Skarmeta , Universidad de Murcia, Spain

SYMPOSIUM ON SEMANTIC COMMUNICATIONS IN FUTURE NETWORKS

Symposium on spectrum management in future networks, symposium on system optimization in future networks, symposium on terahertz communications for future networks, symposium on future ran architecture [ more details | submit ].

• Mohammad Asif Habibi , University of Kaiserslautern (RPTU), Germany
• Bin Han, University of Kaiserslautern (RPTU), Germany
• Ashutosh Dutta, Johns Hopkins University, USA 
• Xavier Costa-Pérez, NEC Laboratories Europe, Germany; i2CAT Research Center, Spain
• Mithun Mukherjee, Khalifa University, UAE
• Hans D. Schotten, University of Kaiserslautern (RPTU), Germany, Germany; German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Germany 

SYMPOSIUM CO-CHAIRS

Periklis Chatzimisios , International Hellenic University, Greece Ahmed Abdelgawad , Central Michigan University, Michigan, USA Moayad Aloqaily , MBZUAI, Abu Dhabi, UAE