unifac group assignment

UNIFAC Structural Groups and Parameters

For the standard UNIFAC parameter set implemented in the model the sources of values are:

  H. K. Hansen, P. Rasmussen, A. Fredenslund, M. Schiller, and J Gmehling (1991) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 30 , 2352-2355.

  R. Wittig, J. Lohmann, and J. Gmehling (2003) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 , 183-188.

We have also added functional groups and parameters from:

  K. Balslev and J. Abildskov (2002) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 , 2047-205.

In the parameter set modified by C. K. Chan and co-workers (C. Peng, M. N. Chan, and C. K. Chan (2001) Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 , 4495-4501) the following changes are made to values of interaction parameters a(i,j):

In Table 1 below the symbol for each functional group is listed together with the main group number in the first column, the fitted parameters Rk and Qk, and examples of how the groups are used to specify molecular group composition in the model.

Values of the parameters a(i,j) and a(j,i) for main group interactions are listed after the table.

The UNIFAC energy interaction parameters are listed in Table 2 below. Each sub group (for example, the CH3, CH2, CH and C listed for the main group 'alkanes') has the same set of energy interaction parameters. These parameters are referenced by main group number (column 1 from Table 1).

• Documentation /
• COSMO-RS, COSMO-SAC, UNIFAC /
• UNIFAC theory

UNIFAC theory ¶

Below some of the UNIFAC method is explained, but a more complete description can be found in Ref. 1 .

The UNIFAC method is an activity coefficient model derived from the UNIQUAC model. Both UNIFAC and UNIQUAC are thermodynamic models based on local composition theory, which holds that the local environment of a molecule in solution can be used to calculate the probabilities of molecular configurations in the bulk solution. While UNIQUAC requires parameters for every compound in solution and interaction parameters for every pair of compounds, UNIFAC estimates these parameters as functions of the number of occurrences of various molecular substructures, or groups, in a molecule. This means that UNIFAC can be applied to estimate activity coefficients for arbitrary systems, so long as every group is defined and an interaction parameter exists for every pair of groups in the composition.

The UNIFAC method calculates the activity coefficient as a function of two contributions: (1) the residual contribution, meant to account for the interactions of groups in the mixture; and (2) the combinatorial contribution, meant to account for entropic effects due to differences in molecular shape. Using these two components, the activity coefficient for each compound i is calculated as follows:

where \(\ln\gamma_i^R\) corresponds to the residual contribution to the activity coefficient and \(\ln\gamma_i^C\) to the combinatorial contribution.

Residual term ¶

In the UNIFAC method, we first define \(n_i^k\) to be the number of times group k occurs in molecule i . Using this with the mole fraction \(x_i\) of each compound i , we calculate the group mole fraction, \(X_k\) , or the amount of groups of type k as a fraction of the total groups:

We use the \(X_k\) values to then determine the relative surface area each group represents in the mixture. This is done by taking an average of the \(X_k\) values weighted with the surface area contributions, \(Q_k\) , of each group k . We define the result as the area fraction of group k :

the surface area and volume of a molecule is estimated as a linear function of the number and types of groups that are present. Each group k occurs a \(n_i^k\) times in molecule i .

Additionally, between every pair of groups, k and m an interaction energy is defined as \(a_{km}\) . This energy is given in Kelvin and is used to calculate the group interaction paramter \(\Psi_{km}\) :

where T is the temperature of the system in Kelvin. Note that \(\Psi_{km} \neq \Psi_{mk}\) .

These parameters are then used to calculate the residual contribution to the activity coefficient for each group k :

Additionally, one must also calculate \(\ln\Gamma_k^{(i)}\) , which follows the same procedure as above for each compound assuming it exists in a pure form, i.e., \(x_i=1\) . Then, the residual contribution to the activity coefficient is calculated as follows:

Combinatorial term ¶

To estimate the combinatorial contribution to the activity coefficient, first the surface area, \(q_i\) , and volume, \(r_i\) , of molecule i are estimated as follows:

where \(Q_k\) is the surface area contribution of group k and \(R_k\) is the volume contribution. Using these parameters we can define the relative surface area and relative volume (also called fractional surface area and fractional volume) corresponding to molecule i in solution. This is simply an average of the surface areas/volumes of each compound weighted by the mole fraction of that compound in solution:

Additionally, we calculate the parameter \(L_i\) :

where z is the coordination number and is usually taken to be equal to 10. All of these parameters are then used to calculate the combinatorial contribution to the activity coefficient:

A. Fredenslund, R.L. Jones, and J.M. Prausnitz, Group-contribution estimation of activity coefficients in nonideal liquid mixtures , AIChE Journal 21, 1086 (1975)

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Extension of Modified UNIFAC to Refrigerant Mixtures

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The prediction of phase equilibria without using experimental data is one of the most difficult things to do in thermodynamics. By the time, group contribution methods generally yield the most trustworthy results. At the moment, the Modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) method has become common standard for VLE, h E and LLE predictions. To apply this method to refrigerants, as it has already been done for the original UNIFAC method, finally 386 adjustable parameters had to be fitted simultaneously.

For fitting the parameters, a conventional gradient method and an Evolutionary Algorithm have been compared. The latter uses the mutation-selection-principle which is well-known from biological evolution. The optimum interplay of different strategies as well as the use of parallel computers resulted in levels well below the local extremes found using a conventional search method.

The results of genuine predictions using the new parameters are satisfactory.

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Anisimov, V. N., Zelesnyi, V. P, Semenjuk, J. V., Cerniak, J. A. (1996) Thermodynamische Eigenschaften des Gemisches FC218—HFC134a (russ.), Inzenernyi fiziceskij zyrnal 69 , 5, 756–760

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Kleiber, M., Axmann, J.K. (1999). Extension of Modified UNIFAC to Refrigerant Mixtures. In: Keil, F., Mackens, W., Voß, H., Werther, J. (eds) Scientific Computing in Chemical Engineering II. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60185-9_10

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The Comprehensive Guide to Moscow Nightlife

• Posted on April 14, 2018 July 26, 2018
• by Kings of Russia
• 8 minute read

Moscow’s nightlife scene is thriving, and arguably one of the best the world has to offer – top-notch Russian women, coupled with a never-ending list of venues, Moscow has a little bit of something for everyone’s taste. Moscow nightlife is not for the faint of heart – and if you’re coming, you better be ready to go Friday and Saturday night into the early morning.

This comprehensive guide to Moscow nightlife will run you through the nuts and bolts of all you need to know about Moscow’s nightclubs and give you a solid blueprint to operate with during your time in Moscow.

What you need to know before hitting Moscow nightclubs

Prices in moscow nightlife.

Before you head out and start gaming all the sexy Moscow girls , we have to talk money first. Bring plenty because in Moscow you can never bring a big enough bankroll. Remember, you’re the man so making a fuzz of not paying a drink here or there will not go down well.

Luckily most Moscow clubs don’t do cover fees. Some electro clubs will charge 15-20$, depending on their lineup. There’s the odd club with a minimum spend of 20-30$, which you’ll drop on drinks easily. By and large, you can scope out the venues for free, which is a big plus.

Bottle service is a great deal in Moscow. At top-tier clubs, it starts at 1,000$. That’ll go a long way with premium vodka at 250$, especially if you have three or four guys chipping in. Not to mention that it’s a massive status boost for getting girls, especially at high-end clubs.

Without bottle service, you should estimate a budget of 100-150$ per night. That is if you drink a lot and hit the top clubs with the hottest girls. Scale down for less alcohol and more basic places.

Dress code & Face control

Door policy in Moscow is called “face control” and it’s always the guy behind the two gorillas that gives the green light if you’re in or out.

In Moscow nightlife there’s only one rule when it comes to dress codes:

You can never be underdressed.

People dress A LOT sharper than, say, in the US and that goes for both sexes. For high-end clubs, you definitely want to roll with a sharp blazer and a pocket square, not to mention dress shoes in tip-top condition. Those are the minimum requirements to level the playing field vis a vis with other sharply dressed guys that have a lot more money than you do. Unless you plan to hit explicit electro or underground clubs, which have their own dress code, you are always on the money with that style.

Getting in a Moscow club isn’t as hard as it seems: dress sharp, speak English at the door and look like you’re in the mood to spend all that money that you supposedly have (even if you don’t). That will open almost any door in Moscow’s nightlife for you.

Types of Moscow Nightclubs

In Moscow there are four types of clubs with the accompanying female clientele:

High-end clubs:

These are often crossovers between restaurants and clubs with lots of tables and very little space to dance. Heavy accent on bottle service most of the time but you can work the room from the bar as well. The hottest and most expensive girls in Moscow go there. Bring deep pockets and lots of self-confidence and you have a shot at swooping them.

Regular Mid-level clubs:

They probably resemble more what you’re used to in a nightclub: big dancefloors, stages and more space to roam around. Bottle service will make you stand out more but you can also do well without. You can find all types of girls but most will be in the 6-8 range. Your targets should always be the girls drinking and ideally in pairs. It’s impossible not to swoop if your game is at least half-decent.

Basic clubs/dive bars:

Usually spots with very cheap booze and lax face control. If you’re dressed too sharp and speak no Russian, you might attract the wrong type of attention so be vigilant. If you know the local scene you can swoop 6s and 7s almost at will. Usually students and girls from the suburbs.

Electro/underground clubs:

Home of the hipsters and creatives. Parties there don’t mean meeting girls and getting drunk but doing pills and spacing out to the music. Lots of attractive hipster girls if that is your niche. That is its own scene with a different dress code as well.

What time to go out in Moscow

Moscow nightlife starts late. Don’t show up at bars and preparty spots before 11pm because you’ll feel fairly alone. Peak time is between 1am and 3am. That is also the time of Moscow nightlife’s biggest nuisance: concerts by artists you won’t know and who only distract your girls from drinking and being gamed. From 4am to 6am the regular clubs are emptying out but plenty of people, women included, still hit up one of the many afterparty clubs. Those last till well past 10am.

As far as days go: Fridays and Saturdays are peak days. Thursday is an OK day, all other days are fairly weak and you have to know the right venues.

The Ultimate Moscow Nightclub List

Short disclaimer: I didn’t add basic and electro clubs since you’re coming for the girls, not for the music. This list will give you more options than you’ll be able to handle on a weekend.

Preparty – start here at 11PM

Classic restaurant club with lots of tables and a smallish bar and dancefloor. Come here between 11pm and 12am when the concert is over and they start with the actual party. Even early in the night tons of sexy women here, who lean slightly older (25 and up).

The second floor of the Ugolek restaurant is an extra bar with dim lights and house music tunes. Very small and cozy with a slight hipster vibe but generally draws plenty of attractive women too. A bit slower vibe than Valenok.

Very cool, spread-out venue that has a modern library theme. Not always full with people but when it is, it’s brimming with top-tier women. Slow vibe here and better for grabbing contacts and moving on.

High-end: err on the side of being too early rather than too late because of face control.

Secret Room

Probably the top venue at the moment in Moscow . Very small but wildly popular club, which is crammed with tables but always packed. They do parties on Thursdays and Sundays as well. This club has a hip-hop/high-end theme, meaning most girls are gold diggers, IG models, and tattooed hip hop chicks. Very unfavorable logistics because there is almost no room no move inside the club but the party vibe makes it worth it. Strict face control.

Close to Secret Room and with a much more favorable and spacious three-part layout. This place attracts very hot women but also lots of ball busters and fakes that will leave you blue-balled. Come early because after 4am it starts getting empty fast. Electronic music.

A slightly kitsch restaurant club that plays Russian pop and is full of gold diggers, semi-pros, and men from the Caucasus republics. Thursday is the strongest night but that dynamic might be changing since Secret Room opened its doors. You can swoop here but it will be a struggle.

Mid-level: your sweet spot in terms of ease and attractiveness of girls for an average budget.

Started going downwards in 2018 due to lax face control and this might get even worse with the World Cup. In terms of layout one of the best Moscow nightclubs because it’s very big and bottle service gives you a good edge here. Still attracts lots of cute girls with loose morals but plenty of provincial girls (and guys) as well. Swooping is fairly easy here.

I haven’t been at this place in over a year, ever since it started becoming ground zero for drunken teenagers. Similar clientele to Icon but less chic, younger and drunker. Decent mainstream music that attracts plenty of tourists. Girls are easy here as well.

Sort of a Coyote Ugly (the real one in Moscow sucks) with party music and lots of drunken people licking each others’ faces. Very entertaining with the right amount of alcohol and very easy to pull in there. Don’t think about staying sober in here, you’ll hate it.

Artel Bessonitsa/Shakti Terrace

Electronic music club that is sort of a high-end place with an underground clientele and located between the teenager clubs Icon and Gipsy. Very good music but a bit all over the place with their vibe and their branding. You can swoop almost any type of girl here from high-heeled beauty to coked-up hipsters, provided they’re not too sober.

Afterparty: if by 5AM  you haven’t pulled, it’s time to move here.

Best afterparty spot in terms of trying to get girls. Pretty much no one is sober in there and savage gorilla game goes a long way. Lots of very hot and slutty-looking girls but it can be hard to tell apart who is looking for dick and who is just on drugs but not interested. If by 9-10am you haven’t pulled, it is probably better to surrender.

The hipster alternative for afterparties, where even more drugs are in play. Plenty of attractive girls there but you have to know how to work this type of club. A nicer atmosphere and better music but if you’re desperate to pull, you’ll probably go to Miks.

Weekday jokers: if you’re on the hunt for some sexy Russian girls during the week, here are two tips to make your life easier.

Chesterfield

Ladies night on Wednesdays means this place gets pretty packed with smashed teenagers and 6s and 7s. Don’t pull out the three-piece suit in here because it’s a “simpler” crowd. Definitely your best shot on Wednesdays.

If you haven’t pulled at Chesterfield, you can throw a Hail Mary and hit up Garage’s Black Music Wednesdays. Fills up really late but there are some cute Black Music groupies in here. Very small club. Thursday through Saturday they do afterparties and you have an excellent shot and swooping girls that are probably high.

Shishas Sferum

This is pretty much your only shot on Mondays and Tuesdays because they offer free or almost free drinks for women. A fairly low-class club where you should watch your drinks. As always the case in Moscow, there will be cute girls here on any day of the week but it’s nowhere near as good as on the weekend.

In a nutshell, that is all you need to know about where to meet Moscow girls in nightlife. There are tons of options, and it all depends on what best fits your style, based on the type of girls that you’re looking for.

Related Topics

• moscow girls
• moscow nightlife

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FEIG ELECTRONIC: Moscow-City Skyscrapers Streamline Parking Access and Control with Secure RFID

Feig electronic partners with isbc group to deploy ucode dna rfid security and parking access control solution in moscow business district.

Weilburg, Germany  — December 3,  2019  —  FEIG ELECTRONIC , a leading global supplier of radio frequency identification (RFID) readers and antennas with fifty years of industry experience, announces deployment of the UCODE DNA RFID security and parking contactless identification solution in the Moscow International Business Center, known as Moscow-City, one of the world’s largest business district projects.

The management of Moscow-City not only selected long-range, passive UHF RFID to implement in its controlled parking areas, it also chose to implement UCODE DNA , the highest form of secure RAIN RFID technology, developed by NXP Semiconductors.

Panoramic view of Moscow city and Moskva River at sunset. New modern futuristic skyscrapers of Moscow-City – International Business Center, toned

“Underscoring NXP’s innovation and leadership in developing advanced RAIN RFID technologies, our UCODE DNA was chosen to be incorporated with the FEIG and ISBC implementation of the contactless identification system in the prestigious Moscow-City,” said Mahdi Mekic, marketing director for RAIN RFID with NXP Semiconductors. “This exciting project represents yet another successful deployment of NXP’s contactless portfolio, and showcases our continued ability to meet the high-security requirements of highly demanding applications without compromising user convenience.”

“UCODE DNA is considered the only identification technology to match the physical protection of a barrier with the cybersecurity necessary to truly protect entrances from unauthorized access,” said Manuel Haertlé, senior product manager for FEIG Electronic. “As a respected contactless payment technology company, FEIG applies security know-how from its payment terminals, which are fully certified according to the latest high-class security standards, into our RFID systems. FEIG vehicle access control RFID readers incorporate advanced secure key storage elements, supporting various methods for secure key injection.”

FEIG’s partner ISBC Group provided the knowledge and support for this successful implementation using  FEIG’s long-range UHF RFID . The resulting system enables authorized vehicle entry into areas reserved for private residential use or corporate tenants, while also allowing availability of temporary, fee-based visitor parking. Thanks to the cryptographic authentication of UCODE DNA, both the tag and reader must go through an authentication procedure before the reader will validate the data from the tag, which is transmitted wirelessly. This level of authentication is typically used in the most secure data communication networks.

“The system’s two-step authentication means that only authorized equipment can handle the secure protocol and the data exchange with the UCODE DNA based tag. Without the required cryptographic secrets, other readers would query the tag in vain, because the tag’s response cannot be interpreted or understood,” said Andrey Krasovskiy, director of the RFID department at ISBC Group. “On top of this, each data exchange in the authentication process is unique, so even if a malicious actor were to intercept the communication, the transmission is only good for a single exchange and the tag’s unique identity is protected from cloning.”

Established in 1992 and still growing, Moscow-City is the revitalization and transformation of an industrial riverfront into a new, modern, vibrant and upscale business and residential district. A mix of residential, hotel, office, retail and entertainment facilities, it is located about four kilometers west of Red Square along the Moscow River. Twelve of the twenty-three planned facilities have already been completed, with seven currently under construction. Six skyscrapers in Moscow-City reach a height of at least 300 meters, including Europe’s tallest building, Federation Tower, which rises more than 100 stories.

Partnering with ISBC and deploying FEIG Electronic RFID solutions, the Moscow International Business Center is delivering security and access control to its city center today, as it grows into the city of tomorrow.

About FEIG ELECTRONIC

FEIG ELECTRONIC GmbH, a leading global supplier of RFID readers and antennas is one of the few suppliers worldwide offering RFID readers and antennas for all standard operating frequencies: LF (125 kHz), HF (13.56 MHz), UHF (860-960 MHz). A trusted pioneer in RFID with more than 50 years of industry experience, FEIG ELECTRONIC delivers unrivaled data collection, authentication, and identification solutions, as well as secure contactless payment systems. Readers from FEIG ELECTRONIC, which are available for plug-in, desktop, and handheld applications, support next-generation contactless credit cards, debit cards, smart cards, NFC and access control credentials to enable fast, accurate, reliable and secure transactions. For more information, visit:  www.feig.de/en

Founded in Moscow in 2002, ISBC Group provides knowledge and support to integrators for their successful implementation of RFID and smart card-based solutions. The company specializes in the distribution of smart card equipment, contact and contactless card manufacturing, smart card and RFID personalization services, and information security.  Its Research and Design Center is focused specifically on RFID, primarily HF and UHF solutions with NXP tags, and software development for the smart card industry. For more information visit:  https://isbc-cards.com/

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