conclusion for transportation essay

151 Transportation Essay Topics & Writing Tips

Have you ever thought about the importance of transportation? Every day we see cars, trucks, planes, and ships and never wonder what exactly they are doing. In fact, these vehicles not only transport people from one place to another. They also form a vast system that plays a vital role in any country.

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This is what transportation essays are devoted to. This article by Custom-Writing.org team will help you with writing your paper. Here, you will find:

• a list of 151 excellent topics;
• a step-by-step writing guide;
• a public transportation essay sample.
• 🔄 Before You Start
• ✈️ Transportation Topics
• ✍️ Outline & Guide
• 📑 Essay Sample

🔗 References

🔄 essays on transportation: before you start.

First of all, we want to explain the two essential things you should consider before writing an essay. These are narrowing down the scope and planning .

STEP#1: Narrow down the scope.

Needless to say, transportation is a field that offers hundreds of issues to consider. You can start by determining what aspects of transportation interest you the most and using them as a starting point for your essay.

STEP#2: Plan your paper.

After you’ve collected plenty of material for the essay, the next step is to think what specific points you want to highlight and what particular sources will be necessary. An effective way to do it is to make note cards while researching your topic:

• On every note card, write down the point that you want to include in your paper.
• Look through your cards and choose ideas that will finally make up your transportation essay.

✈️ Transportation Essay Topics

Now you’re ready to choose a perfect topic. Below you’ll find various exciting ideas that you’ll enjoy writing about.

Transportation Essay Topics: Top 10

• Public transport in rural areas.
• Road transport’s economy.
• The future of public transport.
• How to start a car
• Gender inequality in driving
• Family cars: pros and cons
• American vs. British driving
• Peculiarities of building bridges
• My first driving experience
• Preventing road accidents.

Topics for an Essay on Transportation in the Past and Present

Transport plays an integral part in human history . Its development facilitated the expansion of territories and allowed different nations to collaborate. Explore these fascinating transportation topics in your essay:

• Importance of mobility: then and now. The role of transport has changed dramatically over time. Are you interested in studying differences in vehicle use between the past and present? This topic is for you.  
• Transportation modes before and after the Industrial Revolution . Choose several vehicles from the past. Then, compare them to some modern ones. Which of the old transportation modes have survived to this day?
• Animal-powered transport: past to present. With this topic, consider the earliest methods of transit. You can focus on horses , camels, or llamas. It’s also interesting to look into the current use of animals for transportation.
• How did transport influence expansion? Assess the role of vehicles during the Age of Exploration . How did they facilitate competition between countries?
• National Road: connecting the US through the first highway . The National Road was vital for America’s expansion. Write about its past and present impact in your essay.  
• From the Appian Way to the Silk Road . Compare these two historic roads. Which of their features caused trade to boost? Can we trace present-day trade globalization to them?
• Interstate Highway System and its legacy. The Interstate Highway System is a perfect transportation topic. Your essay might address its role in the US transit development. How does it connect America’s past with its present?
• Challenges of transport in the past and present. Comparing past issues to the present ones can provide you with a perspective. This topic requires thorough historical analysis. For instance, you may focus on infrastructure development vs. environmental concerns. 
• From horse-drawn carriages to gasoline cars . The invention of the first automobiles is an exciting essay idea. Describe the significance of this innovation. How did it influence people’s lives?
• Air travel : a revolution in the transportation industry. This exciting topic will take you on a journey through history. Describe the invention of a plane starting with the earliest attempts. What makes it a crucial step in global development?
• Transport in the military . Vehicles help to accomplish critical tasks in the army. In your essay, explore inventions introduced during wartime. For example, you may examine the role of zeppelins and U-boats in WWI or bombers in WWII .
• Transit for indigenous cultures in the past and present. Examine several tribes in your transportation essay. Various aboriginal cultures have unique approaches to transit. What factors influenced their emergence? 

Topics for an Essay on Transportation Systems

Transportation systems are various means of carrying goods or people. These include air, water, and land transport. All of their components are interconnected, with each one serving a unique role.

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• Intelligent Transportation Systems : how AI transforms the industry. Explore the latest innovative ideas with this topic. Will AI systems define the future of supply chain management ?
• Transport systems and sustainability: working toward a better future. It’s not easy to maintain an  environmentally friendly  approach in the transportation industry. Your essay can explore several recent solutions.  
• Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs): what are the prospects? CAVs are a recent yet promising development. Will they be the next milestone in public mobility?
• Control of hazardous materials: key concerns.  Environmental hazards are often mentioned in conjunction with public transport issues. This concern harkens back to the problem of sustainability. Further research on this topic can help improve road management. 
• Video detection: opportunities for flexible data capture. This future-oriented essay will be fascinating to write. For example, you can research the options that digital video detection tools offer.
• AI-based traffic control frameworks. Traffic control is a crucial factor in road management. What innovative tools were introduced in recent years? Review them in your paper.
• Deep learning in transportation systems .  Technological updates are essential for preventing accidents. What opportunities does deep learning offer in this regard?
• Complex system software for improving the road management system.  You can focus your essay on IT tools. What type of software is required to navigate a modern transportation framework? Review its various opportunities.  
• Construction and structural design of road systems. Road designs change to reflect our current needs. Today it’s essential to make them safe and sustainable . Look into the industry trends and outline them in your paper.
• Integration of manufacturing systems.  Lean production is an exciting idea to explore. How can manufacturing systems help in improving the transportation sector? 
• Manufacturing, modeling, and simulation.  Explore modeling and simulation as tools for creating safer vehicles . Can they increase the efficacy of current transportation systems? 

Ideas for an Essay on Transportation and Communication

Communication is intrinsically connected with transportation. From the dawn of humanity, people exchanged goods and information by traveling. Throughout the ages, the speed of these exchanges increased. Today, our opportunities regarding communication are practically endless. Enjoy researching them in your essay!

• Ways of increasing market size using transportation and communication.  For this paper, analyze the changes in the target market attributes. What influences market size?
• Role of communication in informing the public about disasters. Discuss disaster preparedness and information management.  
• How do transport and communication improve travel accessibility?  Assess the extent of this change. What are its economic implications?  
• Investments in infrastructure development.  Analyze the current model of managing transport-related financial concerns. Does focusing on  socioeconomic factors  make it effective? 
• Policymaking as an issue in transportation and communication.  Analyze the implications of policymaking on economic development. Will development rates increase if we reconsider the existing policies?
• Updating policies for cargo storage handling.  In your essay, review the issues of cargo management. How can we make it better? 
• Investing in transportation and communication. Point out the connections between investment and the socioeconomic environment.

• Spatial problems in building a transport system network . Spatial problems cause multiple infrastructure issues. Study them and expose the issues in building of transportation and communication channels.
• Economic issues in transport management: key outcomes. Your essay could also delve into the financial problems of transit. Transport should be linked in a working system. Otherwise, you can expect dire consequences for its management.
• Ways of increasing reliability of  data management . Information management directly affects the realm of transport. The reliability of the data determines its effectiveness. How can we improve it? 
• Building a global transportation and communication system.  With this topic, you can review critical global transport trends. Explore advantages and drawbacks of the innovation. Pay attention to the development of a worldwide framework.  
• Transportation and communication: gateway to economic development. Economic changes will lead to improved communication within transport systems . As a result, it will become more efficient. Encourage this improvement by writing an essay about it.

Benefits of Public Transportation: Essay Topics

Nowadays, public transportation is losing its popularity. More and more people prefer buying a car instead. However, buses and subways still have numerous benefits. Explore them with this list of essay topics:

• What are the three main benefits of urban  public transport ?  Talk about how public transportation improves life in the cities. Mention how subways are faster than any type of private urban transport.   
• How does public transit benefit the environment ? Discuss how it helps to keep the air clean by reducing CO2 emissions.
• Private transport is not as safe as public transit.  Talk about how safe public transport is. Unlike traveling by car, it has fewer accidents, traffic casualties, and deaths. 
• In what ways does mass transit reduce health issues ? Here you can mention how the use of subways increases physical activity.
• Public transportation gives people more free time. For instance, it allows passengers to read, study, or work instead of watching the road . It can also reduce the commute time.
• Why is public transit perfect for tourists?  Discuss how it helps tourists to learn more about the places they travel to.   
• Public transportation contributes to the country’s economy. For example, it creates job opportunities such as drivers and dispatchers.
• Mass transit is the best way to travel.  You can interview people who prefer to use public transport. Mention how it helps them to save money and time.  
• How does public transportation help to reduce air pollution?  For instance, you can mention that using it leads to fewer car emissions.  
• The importance of efficient public transportation . Explain how the development of mass transit helps to improve people’s lives. For example, it allows them to commute to work and travel between cities and countries.
• Public transit helps to reduce traffic congestion in the big cities . You can assess the role of an efficient transport system with timetables.
• How does technology change public transportation?  Talk about technological development that helps to improve the mass transit system, making it more convenient.  
• What makes up an efficient public transport system?  Mention various means of transport, as well as good routes and timetables.  
• Reasons why you should use public transportation . You can discuss its safety, convenience, and other benefits.
• The popularity of mass transit in the modern world. Talk about how it allows people to travel to work and visit other cities or countries.   

Essay on Air Transportation: Topics & Ideas

The invention of air transport was one of the greatest milestones in human history. It allowed us to travel faster and safer than ever before. Are you interested in aircraft and its various uses? Check out these examples of air transportation essay topics:

• The effect of air transportation on tourism . Mention that the developments of air services have shaped tourism in many countries.
• The main benefits of air transportation . For example, talk about how it allows people to travel far distances in a relatively short amount of time.
• Aviation and its adverse effects on the environment. Discuss how aircraft use contributes to air, noise, water, and soil pollution. and soil pollution.
• Economic development and aviation. Discuss how air transportation contributed to the global economy. For instance, you can mention the development of tourism.
• Traveling by plane is safer than road transportation.  Here you can mention that despite many flights dispatched each day worldwide, the reports of crashes are very rare. On roads, however, no day goes by without a report of a motor accident. 
• What are the reasons for the rise of air transportation? Explain why it became popular. For example, you can talk about how air travel became more accessible for people.
• Why is air transportation more efficient than high-speed rail ? Mention how a plane can get you anywhere, as it doesn’t need roads.
• Aviation and its accessibility. For example, you can mention the prices of the tickets and the number of airports in different countries.
• Main reasons why air transportation is safe . Talk about the high-security standards in airports . Give some statistics that show how rarely accidents occur. You can also mention how airplanes and helicopters are equipped for emergencies.
• Air transportation and globalization. Talk about how aviation contributed to globalization, allowing people to travel and transport goods over significant distances.
• What is the importance of air transportation ? Discuss the benefits of air transportation and how it helps to improve people’s lives.
• Pros and cons of air transport . The development of air transportation helped to improve communication between the countries. On the downside, it has a serious environmental impact.
• Does air transportation have any environmental benefits? Discuss whether aviation affects nature only in a negative way. You can talk about the technological improvements that help modern airplanes to emit less carbon monoxide.
• The political importance of air transportation.  Here you can talk about how the development of air transportation improved communication between nations. You can also mention how aircraft can be used as a weapon.  
• Ways to improve air transportation.  Talk about technological development that can make traveling by plane more environmentally friendly.  

Extra Transportation Topics

Still haven’t found a suitable topic? Well, here are 76 more transportation essay ideas:

• The importance of transportation for a country’s economy . Review the main effects of urban transport on different aspects of the economy and assess its significance.
• The public transport system.  Research the sphere of different transport modes and determine how they’re connected. 
• Transportation in times of the Industrial Revolution . The industrial revolution has influenced today’s transport economy in many ways. The transport organization of that period is an interesting topic to research.
• Urban transport  improvement in developing countries.  Focus the research on finding ways to solve transport problems. You may also propose a new transport policy.
• Adjustments for transport fares in a city of your choice. The essay may identify issues in the transport economy and suggests measures for its improvement.
• Raising funds for transport improvement.  With this topic, you can focus on different fundraising strategies , such as public campaigns. With this topic, you can focus on different fundraising strategies, such as public campaigns. 
• Types of government interventions in  air transport  organization.  The essay may review existing governmental instruments for improving air transportation  in a region.
• Balancing supply and demand in rural transport economy. You can explore this important topic by identifying issues in rural transport and reviewing strategies for matching supply and demand.
• Application of economic theory to urban transport. For this essay, study various economic theories and see which of them can be applied to different modes of transport .
• Effective transport systems in various countries. One option is to study several examples of public transport in India and South Africa.
• Development of water transport.  This essay can explore how different modes of water transport could improve a city’s connectivity.
• Recent economic trends in rural transport
• How to choose transport for people with mental disorders
• Current healthcare-related transport issues  in the United States
• A dilemma of animal-powered transport and animal rights 
• The idea of transportation from the Amish point of view 
• Travel by train or by plane: the importance of psychological factors 
• Story of the first car made by Francois Isaac de Rivaz
• Public  transportation in the USA : the 1990s vs. the 2000s 
• Rail transport : 5 issues to worry about in the 21st century
• Peculiarities of shooting films on trains:  Murder on the Orient Express
• Importance of communication during travel by plane 
• Threats of cruise ships: Titanic’s  story
• Passenger 57  vs.  Speed : movies about transportation challenges
• The Fast and the Furious : a wave of popularity for car movies
• Is it acceptable to text while driving?
• Toll roads in the USA: an important inequality issue
• Pixar’s  Cars : what does it teach us about transport? 
• Advertisement banners in the subway : a powerful marketing tool or a peril?
• School bus transportation in Europe and the United States
• What emotional problems do students face when they use school buses?
• Bike lanes in parks: the question of safety 
• Cycling infrastructure: threats and benefits for drivers
• Who is responsible for safety in aviation ?
• Transport that kills: the case of 9/11  
• Riding a motorcycle : benefits and possible risks
• Special free training programs to support motorcycle safety
• Public helipads in the city: equipment that matters
• Traffic congestion  in the United States: causes and solutions
• Impact of traffic jams on human health and employment 
• Overpopulation or lack of roads: what toughens traffic congestion?
• Safety of cable transport: how to behave in elevators
• Reasons to visit the  Moon : spaceflight access for Americans
• Gas pipelines: a safe means of transportation or a reason for concern? 
• Benefits of ferry transport: a place for contemplation
• Water bike free access: the necessity of a license
• Illegal behavior of drivers : lessons to learn
• What are the most common driving distractions?
• Traffic  jams and their impact on human behavior
• Electric transportation technologies of the 21st century
• Hygiene in public transport: subway threats for Americans 
• Driving accidents : the roles of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians
• Transportation lessons from movies: Gone in 60 Seconds
• Types of conflicts between motorcyclists and car drivers 
• Availability of transport for low-income families in the United States 
• Why do people need vehicles in their lives?
• What would happen if all modern transport disappeared?
• Pros and cons of transportation progress in society
• Competition between different transportation systems
• Differences between airline flight classes: are they equally safe?
• Child  car seat : a new law and new power
• The popularity of monorail tracks in different parts of the world
• Do people actually like using transport or do they just have to do it? 
• The effects of drunk driving on road traffic death rates. 
• Gas prices and human needs: solutions for drivers
• What can your car tell about you?
• Environmental concerns in car driving discussions : dilemma without a solution
• Public and  private transportation : how to make the right choice
• You can  live without a car , but do you want it?
• Transportation in healthcare: goals, techniques, and outcomes 
• Emotions while driving: the importance of control and expert help
• Radio, phone calls, and communication:  threats for drivers
• Plane and train traveling : history and current situation
• Water transportation characteristics and techniques: sea vs. river
• Space for people: what should you know about spaceflights?
• A variety of transport in the  James Bond  franchise

If you haven’t found what you’re looking for, feel free to use our topic generator !

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✍️ Transportation Essay Outline & Writing Guide

Now that you’ve chosen a perfect transportation topic, you’re ready to learn how to plan your essay. Similar to any other type of academic writing, a transportation essay consists of three main parts:

Now, let’s see how to write each essay part.

Transportation Essay Introduction

An introduction is the first part of the essay. Its goal is to let the reader know what they can expect from this work. Try to make your introduction as brief and straightforward as possible.

Since the introductory paragraph starts the paper, it has to draw the reader’s attention. The most effective way to achieve it is by using a hook . A question, an interesting fact, or statistics can work as a hook:

Why is public transportation important?

Did you know that in 2019 Americans took around 9.9 billion trips using public transportation?

After you’re done with the hook, do the following:

Get an originally-written paper according to your instructions!

• State what your paper is about. The reader needs to know the essay’s main topic and why it is important.
• Provide some background information. It will help you to establish the issue.
• Finally, build a strong thesis statement. Want to know how? Read the following section.

What Is the Strongest Thesis for an Essay on Public Transportation?

A thesis statement is a sentence that contains an answer to your paper’s central question. It helps you organize and develop your arguments and ideas. It also makes it easier for the reader to follow your logic.

To generate a good thesis statement, think of a question you will answer in your essay. For instance, let’s say your topic is “Explain how using public transportation can benefit people’s health.” With a topic like this, you may choose a question such as “What are the health benefits of using public transport?”

After you have a question, you can think of some answers to it. For instance:

• The possible health benefits of using public transportation are that it helps to be more active, reduces stress, and keeps the air cleaner.
• Using public transportation can help people stay more active, avoid stress, and keep the air cleaner.

Keep in mind that a thesis statement shouldn’t be too general. Try to narrow down the topics so that it becomes more specific. Take a look at the following thesis examples:

Transportation Essay: Main Body

In the essay’s body, you prove your thesis and support it with examples. If you have a simple thesis, you probably won’t need many body paragraphs to explain your ideas. Usually, 2 or 3 are enough.

Each of the main body paragraphs should contain:

Transportation Essay Conclusion

In a conclusion, you go back to the main focus of your essay. When writing a concluding paragraph, make sure to:

• Rephrase the thesis statement. Remind the reader of your main argument using the information you have discussed in the body paragraphs.
• Summarize the points you’ve made. It’s better to avoid mentioning new information in your conclusion. Briefly summarize the points you’ve made and explain how they support your ideas.
• Talk about the argument’s significance. Demonstrate why the discussion on this topic is important. For instance, you may demonstrate how your argument helps shed light on a neglected issue. You can also suggest what the reader can do with the information they’ve learned.

📑 Public Transportation Essay Sample

Looking for an example a transportation essay? Look no further! Below, you will find an excellent essay example. Check it out:

We hope that this article helped you write your essay. Tell us in the comments which transportation topic you’ve chosen. Don’t forget to check our free tips on other essay types!

You might also be interested in:

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• People and Place: Building Better Transportation Systems: Bush Center
• Core Components of Transportation: Transport Geography
• Communication and Transportation: Encyclopedia.com
• Transportation: Encyclopedia Britannica
• Transportation: History.com
• Transportation Trends: Deloitte.com
• Air Freight – Trade Finance Global
• The Early Airlines You Might Not Have Heard Of: Smithsonian Institution
• Logistics Definition: Investopedia
• What is Public Transportation: Modes and Benefits: Conserve Energy Future
• Public Transportation Can Save the World—If We Let It: The Verge
• Public Transportation Systems: County Health Rankings
• The Role of Transport and Communication Infrastructure in Realizing Development Outcomes: Research Gate
• The Transportation-Communication Revolution: 50 Years of Dramatic Change in Economic Development: CATO Institute
• The Top 10 Benefits of Public Transportation: Smart Cities Dive
• Public Transportation Facts: American Public Transportation Association
• Expand Public Transportation Systems and Offer Incentives: US Department of Transportation
• Environmental Benefits of Public Transportation: South University
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Home — Essay Samples — Government & Politics — Public Services — Transportation

Essays on Transportation

Transportation is a crucial aspect of modern society, as it enables the movement of people and goods from one place to another. With the increasing need for efficient and sustainable transportation systems, there is a growing interest in exploring various aspects of transportation through essays. If you are looking for transportation essay topics, you have come to the right place. In this article, we will provide a long list of transportation essay topics, along with additional content to help you understand the importance of the topic and provide advice on choosing a suitable topic for your essay.

The importance of transportation essay topics lies in their relevance to contemporary issues and the potential to contribute to the understanding and improvement of transportation systems. By exploring different aspects of transportation through essays, students and researchers can gain insights into the challenges and opportunities in the field, as well as contribute to the development of innovative solutions.

When choosing a transportation essay topic, it is important to consider the specific focus of your essay and the relevance of the topic to your academic or research interests. You may want to consider topics related to transportation infrastructure, sustainable transportation, transportation policy and planning, transportation technology, and the social and economic impacts of transportation. Additionally, you may also consider topics that address specific modes of transportation, such as road transportation, rail transportation, air transportation, and maritime transportation.

Transportation essay topics are diverse and relevant to contemporary issues in transportation. By choosing a suitable topic and conducting thorough research, you can contribute to the understanding and improvement of transportation systems through your essay. Whether you are a student or a researcher, exploring different aspects of transportation through essays can provide valuable insights and contribute to the development of innovative solutions for the challenges facing transportation today.

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Student Essays

5 Essays on Transportation [ Types & Importance in Life ]

Transportation is an important part of our lives. They facilitate our daily journeys, travel, tours etc, from one place to another. This Essay I have written for students that talks about the transportation, importance & types of transportation in life. This essay is very helpful for children and students for their school exams and written tests.

Essay on Transportation | Importance of Transportation in our Life

Transportation is an important part of our lives. It helps us get from one place to another. There are many different types of transportation, such as cars, buses, trains, planes, and boats. Each type of transportation has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Transportation refers at the process of transferring people or goods from one place to another. It is an important aspect of both our economic and social lives, facilitating the movement of goods and people between locations.

>>>> Read Also : ” Essay on My Travel Experience “

Types of Transportation:

There are many different types of transportation. Some of the most common are:

Cars: Cars are the most popular type of transportation in the United States. They are fast and can go anywhere. However, they are expensive to buy and to operate.

Buses: Buses are cheaper than cars, but they are not as fast. They also have to stop at bus stations, which can be inconvenient.

Trains: Trains are faster than buses and can go to more places, but they are also more expensive.

Planes: Planes are the fastest type of transportation, but they are also the most expensive.

Boats: Boats are a popular way to travel in the United States and around the world. They are slower than planes and cars, but they are cheaper than both.

Importance of Transportation in our Life:

Transportation is important because it helps us get from one place to another. It is also important for economic development. Transportation helps businesses move goods and services around the country and the world. It also helps people travel for work or pleasure.

Transportation is also important for safety. When people can get to hospitals, police stations, and fire stations quickly, it can save lives.

>>> Related Post:  ” Essay on Effects of Global Warming ”

Transportation is an important part of our lives. It helps us get from one place to another. There are many different types of transportation, such as cars, buses, trains, planes, and boats. Each type of transportation has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, in all the ways, transportation play an important role in our life.

Short Essay on Transportation:

Transportation is the movement of people, goods and animals from one place to another. It has always been an important aspect of human civilization, enabling trade and communication between different regions.

The earliest forms of transportation were walking, swimming and riding animals. However, with advancements in technology, various modes of transportation have emerged such as roadways, railways, airways and waterways. Each of these modes has its own unique characteristics and benefits, catering to different needs and requirements.

Roadways are the most common form of transportation, with a vast network of interconnected roads allowing people and goods to travel within cities, towns and across countries. They provide flexibility and convenience for short distances, but can also lead to traffic congestion and pollution.

On the other hand, railways are a more efficient mode of transportation for long distances, carrying heavy loads of goods and people at high speeds. They also have a lower carbon footprint compared to roadways.

Airways have revolutionized transportation with the ability to travel long distances in short periods of time. However, they also contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change.

Waterways are another crucial form of transportation, especially for transporting goods across large bodies of water. They are also a popular mode of travel for tourists and provide a scenic and relaxing experience.

In conclusion, transportation plays a vital role in our daily lives and the economy. It has greatly evolved over time, making the world more connected and accessible. However, it is important to consider its impact on the environment and work towards sustainable solutions for the future. Transportation will continue to shape our society and it is important to adapt to its advancements while also being mindful of its consequences .

Essay on Transportation in India:

Transportation is an essential aspect of any country’s development and progress. In a vast and diverse country like India, having a robust transportation system is crucial for connecting people, goods, and services across the nation.

India has made significant strides in its transportation infrastructure over the years. The Indian Railways, with its extensive network of trains running on more than 121,000 kilometers of track, is the lifeline of the country. It carries millions of passengers and tons of freight every day and plays a vital role in the economy.

Apart from railways, India also has an extensive road network covering over 5 million kilometers. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is responsible for constructing and maintaining highways connecting major cities and towns. This well-connected road network has facilitated the growth of trade and commerce, making it easier for businesses to transport goods across the country.

In recent years, India has also seen significant progress in air transportation. With the privatization of airlines and the modernization of airports, flying has become more affordable and accessible to a wider population. The improvement in air connectivity has not only made traveling within the country more convenient but has also boosted tourism and foreign investments.

In conclusion, transportation in India has come a long way, and its continued development is crucial for the country’s growth. With technological advancements and increased investment in infrastructure, India’s transportation system is only expected to get better, making it easier for people and goods to travel across the nation.

Essay on Transportation and Communication:

Transportation and communication have always been essential aspects of human civilization. They are crucial for the growth and development of any society, allowing people to exchange ideas, goods, services, and knowledge. In this short essay, we will explore the history of transportation and communication and how they have developed over time.

The earliest form of transportation was walking or using animals as a means to move from one place to another. As time passed, humans began using boats and ships for transportation over water bodies. The development of the wheel and cart revolutionized land transportation, enabling people to transport goods and travel longer distances.

With the invention of steam engines in the 19th century, railways became a popular mode of transportation. Later on, automobiles were introduced, changing the face of transportation forever. Today, we have a wide range of transportation options such as airplanes, high-speed trains, and even space shuttles.

Similarly, communication has undergone significant changes throughout history. In ancient times, people used smoke signals and drums to send messages over long distances. With the invention of writing systems came letter writing and the development of postal services. The telegraph, telephone, and radio were game-changing inventions that made communication faster and more efficient.

In recent years, the internet has revolutionized communication by providing instant messaging and video calling services. The rise of social media platforms has also changed the way we interact and communicate with each other.

Transportation and communication have not only connected people but also played a crucial role in shaping cultures, economies, and societies. They continue to evolve and improve, making the world a smaller and more connected place. So let us appreciate the advancements in transportation and communication that have made our lives easier and more efficient. After all, these are the pillars of human progress.

Essay on Transportation Problems:

Transportation is an essential component of our daily lives. It enables us to move from one place to another, delivering goods and services, and connecting people across the world. However, transportation also brings forth various challenges that continue to pose significant problems for society.

One of the most pressing transportation problems is traffic congestion. With the increasing number of vehicles on the roads and limited infrastructure, traffic congestion has become a common phenomenon in cities worldwide. This results in wasted time, increased air pollution, and reduced productivity for individuals and businesses.

Another transportation issue that affects our lives is the high cost of transportation. The rising fuel prices and maintenance costs make it difficult for people to afford their daily commute. This becomes even more challenging for low-income individuals who rely on public transportation.

Moreover, the reliance on non-renewable sources of energy for transportation has contributed to environmental issues such as air pollution and climate change. The emissions from vehicles are major contributors to greenhouse gases, which have a detrimental impact on our planet.

In addition, there is also the problem of accessibility in transportation. Many communities, particularly in rural areas, lack proper infrastructure and public transportation options, making it challenging for individuals to access basic necessities such as healthcare and education.

Transportation problems also have a significant impact on the economy. The inefficiencies in transportation systems can lead to delays in the delivery of goods and services, resulting in increased costs and lost opportunities for businesses.

Q: What is transportation in essay?

A: In an essay, transportation refers to the movement of people, goods, or information from one place to another, exploring its various modes, significance, and impacts.

Q: What is the importance of transportation in your life?

A: Transportation is crucial as it enables mobility, access to resources, economic activities, and connection with others, making it an integral part of daily life.

Q: What should I write about transportation?

A: You can write about the different modes of transportation, their role in society and the economy, challenges in transportation systems, and the impact of transportation on the environment.

Q: What is a transportation paragraph?

A: A transportation paragraph discusses various aspects of transportation, such as modes (e.g., road, rail, air, sea), their importance, and how they influence people’s lives and the movement of goods and services

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Free Transportation Essay Examples

282 samples of this type

So, it is time to write a perfect transportation essay.

This time, we will focus on writing tips and ideas. We also prepared a selection of free essay samples that you can use as references to your paper.

Transportation Essay: What Is It about?

A transportation essay is a writing piece that describes means of transport, their advantages and disadvantages, problems, and solutions. It can be an argumentative, persuasive, expository, or descriptive essay.

The disciplines which might include such papers are:

• Technology Studies.
• Psychology.
• Environmental Studies.

Public Transport Essay

Public transport is a system of vehicles for group transportation that operate at fixed times and on settled routes. The transportation system is a vast field for research and analysis. It is not a secret that public transportation is well developed in European countries but is not popular in the United States.

Importance of Public Transport

In this essay, you have to explain why public transport is essential or not crucial for modern society. Support your argumentation line with credible sources and relevant examples.

Take a look at the topics below:

• Does the United States need an efficient public transportation system?
• Public transport is an ecology-friendly alternative to private transport.
• Traffic jams: how public transport can solve this problem.

Pros and Cons of Public Transport

There are several pluses and minuses that you can always consider when choosing transport. You can discuss the routes, the time spent commuting, or ecological aspects.

Here are our essay topics:

• Overcrowding in public transport during rush hour.
• Public transport vs. electric cars: which option is more ecological?
• The value of time and money: the benefits and drawbacks of public transport.

Essay on Bus Transportation

Bus transportation involves municipal, intercity, or international routes. Each type can become the area of your research. You can compare buses with other public and private transport means, discuss the CO2 emissions, costs, and comfort. You might also analyze the development of bus transportation and compare the successful and unsuccessful systems.

Check the selection of topics below:

• What country has the most developed bus transportation?
• Why should we use buses instead of cars?
• The advantages and disadvantages of traveling by bus.

Essay on Water Transport

Water transport is not as popular as ground transportation but is still an integral part of public transport. Water transport varies from small boats to giant liners and can involve both commuting and recreation.

Here is our choice of topics about water transport:

• Water taxis and water buses: the efficiency and experience.
• The benefits of urban water transport.
• The dangers of long-distance trips using water transport.

Essay on Air Transportation

Air transportation is the fastest way to travel long distances. However, the amount of CO2 emissions is harmful to the Earth. You can also compare the quality of the services of legacy and low-cost airlines.

Our essay titles on air transportation:

• The business models of low-cost and legacy airlines.
• Coronavirus pandemic and air transport.
• What types of planes are the most sustainable?

Essay about Transportation in the Past and Present

From horse carriages to huge planes, public transport evolved drastically even in the last one hundred years. In this essay, you can compare and evaluate the means of transportation, their impact on our lives and ecological situation, and your attitude to them.

Take a look at our topics:

• The history of aircraft and its evolution.
• Traveling one hundred years ago and now.
• The future of public transport: what might be different in one hundred years?

Transportation Essay: How to Write?

Here are some tips that will make it easier to write a decent paper:

• Always remember what your instructor said. Follow the requirements on the format, word limit, and don’t forget about the deadline.
• Be disciplined. Create an outline, a list of sources, make short notes. It is also a good idea to create a couple of drafts.
• Follow the structure. Each essay should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Make sure you answer the main question that you state at the beginning of the paper.
• Pay attention to the credibility and relevance of your sources. Use college databases or verifiable information.
• Proofread and check your information. Incorrect spelling or wring grammar can spoil the impression.

Thank you for reading this article! You can use our free essay examples below to get some inspiration.

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Public Transportation Essay for School and College Students

Big cities have started feelings about the negative impacts of greenhouse gases in different forms. Meteorologists, climate experts, and researchers are highlighting that the best option to reverse the trend is to adopt public transportation in place of personal cars. The public transportation includes various modes of transport like bus, train, light rail, tram, and metro systems. Due to the significance of this issue, writing a public transportation essay has been becoming a regular feature in many academic institutes.

Table of Contents

Essay on Bus Transportation

If you are a student at a high school or college level, then you can never avoid your writing assignment. Go through the following list of advantages and disadvantages. It will enable you to write a good essay on bus transportation in the end. A few salient benefits of bus transportation are listed below:

• Less Stress

This is the leading benefit of bus transportation. While driving personal transport, you feel more pressure in terms of safety, time, and cost; however, while traveling on a bus, you are free of many stressful factors. Thus, include the stress factor in your transportation essay introduction right in the beginning.

• Cost-Effectiveness

Valuable money can be saved by opting for buses as a mode of travel. In case you use a personal car for transportation, you have to pay lots of amounts related to fuel, maintenance, and parking expenditures.

• Enjoy Your Journey

While using the bus as transportation, you are absolutely free to enjoy your journey. You no need to drive, rather put your head on the back of the seat to have rest, read any interesting book, or watching the beautiful passing scenes. Even you may interact with other passengers, make new friends, and learn from their experiences. Not but not the least, open up your mobile and enjoy any movie or social media chat with your dear ones.

• Less Pollution

A bus is more environmental-friendly mode of transportation. If everybody opts to use personal cars for transportation, of course, it will create huge amount of pollution in the atmosphere, resulting in global warming and climate change. However, buses can handle a mass at a time, causing less use of individual vehicles and thus contributes to less emission of pollutant particles in the atmosphere.

Every picture, event, or technology has two faces. same here with bus transportation too. If your tutor asks you to write an essay about the transportation problem with respect to its negative impacts on society, no need to worry. The following guideline will help you to understand the disadvantages of bus transportation in this era.

• Over Crowded Traveling

On certain occasions, you may find additional passengers are onboard on the bus you are traveling. This over-crowded scenario may create anxiety, tension, and stress in you. if you are short-tempered, then this situation may turn you hyper, causing high blood pressure in you.

• Wastage of Time and Effort

On your personal transport, you are your own boss, but in case of a public bus, you have to compromise on schedule. Sometimes, you have to wait for long hours for a particular route or destination.

• Discomfort Feeling

While traveling on the bus, you cannot choose a suitable route for yourself. Moreover, you cannot stop the bus with your own will. You are totally dependent on the bus schedule and route.

• Uncertainty of Time

One of the shortcomings of bus transportation is time uncertainty. Sometimes the buses get late in timely departure and arrival at some particular destination. Thus, the element of uncertainty is always there.

What Are the Major Benefits of Public Transportation Essay?

If you make a list of large industries in the world, of course, transportation will be one of the most important ones. It is actually the movement of products as well as people from one place to another, and this is why its supply chain is heavily influenced by time consumption, money, and human involvement. No logistic support can be completed without appropriate support of transportation as it connects all segments of supply chain management.

Public Transportation Mitigates Air Pollution

The emission of air pollutants per person in the atmosphere is too less by a public bus as compared to a car driven by a single head. On average, per passenger, a bus emits 10% fewer hydrocarbons, 20% less carbon monoxide, and 75% less nitrogen oxide in the air.

Better Fuel Consumption

As far as fuel consumption per passenger mile is concerned, public transportation is far better than an individual vehicle because it uses quite less amount of fuel. According to the American Public Transportation Association, each year, public transportation saves around 4.2 billion gallons in use of gasoline only.

Improves Traffic Management

Public transportation is inherently helpful in taking goods and passengers in bulk from one destination to another. Thus, it contributes less use of vehicles and eventually strengthens the overall traffic management by reducing traffic congestion.

Reduction in Financial Cost

The use of public transportation creates a positive impact on the economy of an individual as well as at the national front. You may save thousands of dollars individually, and the nation can save millions of dollars annually by promoting the culture of using public transports. See, you will be able to valuable money that could have been used in fuel, parking, maintenance, and other relevant expenditures of your automobiles.

Best Alternative of Personal Transport

Of course, if you can’t drive or don’t have personal transport, then public transportation is the only choice for you to go shopping, market, picnic, visit friends, or hospital.

Public Transportation is Much Safer

Transportation is becoming a sensitive issue day by day in the entire world. Thus, in order to address the matter at the grassroot level, students are often asked to write the benefits of public transportation essay during their academic careers. Traveling using public transportation is much safer than driving personally, particularly when you travel by train or bus.

Statistics indicate that the accident ratio is quite low with trains or buses while the mishap rate is far high with personal cars. The major reason is training. The train and bus operators are better trained than individuals. Moreover, they are also regularly detailed for refresher courses. The fatality rate and crime rate are also lower with public transportation than using individual automobiles.

It Promotes Healthy Environment

A number of social activities are closely linked with public transportation. At many picnic spots and places, you avoid taking your personal transport. Moreover, the people who use public transportation have more energy to participate in sports, walk, or leisure activities than those who drive personally.

Mitigating Global Warming

The use of public transportation is highly beneficial to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, resulting in global warming.

While writing your transportation paper, you must discuss both sides of the pictures. Besides hundreds of benefits, it is good to highlight certain grey areas in your essay about transportation problem. When you complete your writing assignment, summarize the salient benefits in your transportation essay conclusion and recommend some critical steps to the readers as well.

Best Topics for Essay on Transportation

If you have to write an essay on transportation but feeling confusions in finding a good idea, then the following topics will be really helpful for you. Read the topics and choose the one that suits best for you.

• How Does transportation contribute to a country’s economy?
• How to manage a public transport system in big cities?
• The industrial revolution has a critical role in current transport dependent societies.
• How American and British driving styles to confuse the people of other cultures.
• What could be the next-generation transportation modes?
• Impacts of traffic management system on human behavior.
• Water transportation: how it contributes to the city’s connectivity?
• How to write an essay on air transportation?
• Public transportation is safer than individual transport.
• The significance of psychological factors in traveling by air and train.
• Communication is the backbone of air transportation.
• Weather hazards for air and ground transportation.

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Transportation and communication are the two fastest-growing industries in the world, and due to technological advancements, it is not an easy task for school students to write an essay on transportation and communication. On certain occasions, it might not be possible for you to submit your paper on time. There may be additional academic engagements or social commitments due to which you face a strict deadline. In such circumstances, you don’t have any other option except to contact our professional writing services. We are always one the leading choices of the students to get writing help online because we ensure:

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Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services (2016)

Chapter: 9 conclusions and recommendations.

9 Conclusions and Recommendations

Over the last several decades, information and communication technologies have enhanced the operation and use of transportation networks across the United States, enabling innovations ranging from real-time traffic and transit information, to real-time data for system management, to new methods of transit fare payment. In recent years, information and communication technologies such as location data from global positioning systems (GPS) and smartphone apps have not only enhanced existing transportation services but also made possible innovative services that epitomize the new sharing economy. These services include carsharing; bikesharing; microtransit services; and, most notably, transportation network companies (TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft.

These innovative services allow travelers to use their smartphones to arrange for trips by car, shuttle, and public transit and for short-term rental of cars and bikes. The near-instant availability of on-demand services accessible through a smartphone and easily paid for by debit or credit card makes it possible for an increasing number of people to leave their personal car at home for the day, or even reduce the number of household vehicles. Some people are beginning to rethink how they go about their daily travel, with potentially far-reaching implications for longer-term travel and development patterns. Notably, most of these innovative services are being deployed in the private sector, without public financial support, the exception being bikesharing, which typically is publicly subsidized.

To date, the most rapidly growing forms of shared mobility have remained within the traditional paradigm of exclusive use: motor

vehicles and bicycles are shared sequentially , with each user (or preformed group of users) having exclusive use of the vehicle. Potentially more far-reaching, but still in its infancy, is concurrent sharing of vehicles among strangers. To the extent that they increase vehicle occupancy, concurrently shared services may collectively have greater effects (in terms of personal mobility, vehicle use, energy consumption, traffic congestion, livability, and environmental impacts) than today’s most popular innovative mobility options.

Many of the new technology-enabled mobility services are widely welcomed additions to travelers’ slate of transportation options and—with some exceptions, such as insurance for many services, especially transportation network companies (TNCs), and helmet requirements for bikesharing services—pose few significant public policy concerns. The most controversial new services to date are clearly TNCs, which are disrupting the regulated for-hire taxi industry and pose a series of challenges to transportation policy makers and regulators. The challenge for policy makers and regulators at all levels is to encourage and facilitate innovations that meet the public’s mobility needs while ensuring greater public policy consistency between these new services and traditional taxi and livery services so as to protect the public interest in safety, driver pay and working conditions, and accessibility for people with disabilities. Addressing this challenge in such rapidly growing and evolving industries is itself challenging, requiring political will, more information about the scale and nature of the services being provided, and insightful public policy to guide the evolution of these innovative services so that they continue to enhance mobility and sustainability.

In the longer term, widespread use of services that involve concurrent vehicle sharing could have implications for location preferences and both automobile ownership and public transit patronage in ways that could affect, for better or worse, the goals of resource-efficient and environmentally sustainable lifestyles. Although it is too early to make definitive statements, the potential benefits and risks of this type of shared mobility service are an important focus for future exploration.

This chapter summarizes the overall conclusions resulting from this study, and offers the study committee’s recommendations for policy makers and regulators 1 as they seek to address the many issues detailed in this report. In addition, as emphasized throughout the preceding chapters, the information needed to inform policy and regulations for the new mobility services is lacking in a number of crucial areas. Therefore, this chapter also outlines areas in which research, as well as data to inform planning and policy making, is needed to provide the information necessary for effective implementation of the committee’s recommendations and the fair and equitable advancement of these new services.

Conclusions

Innovative mobility services are expanding travel choices and being widely embraced by millions of travelers.

The rapid growth in use of these new services is occurring amid an upswing in travel by taxis and public transit that began more than a decade ago. App-enabled transportation services are among the most remarkable urban transportation innovations in a generation; the technologies being deployed for these services are improving mobility in ways that have been proposed and discussed for decades but never before realized on a large scale. While TNCs have received the greatest media attention to date, car- and bikesharing, employee shuttles, microtransit services, and apps that aggregate all travel options are growing, evolving, and affecting travel behavior for many users in profound ways. Experience with U.S. car- and bikesharing programs implemented to date suggests that they reduce personal vehicle travel, emissions, and vehicle ownership. Although travel by innovative mobility services currently represents a small share of total trips, the effects of these programs on driving and a continued rapid expan-

______________

1 Multiple actors are responsible for establishing policies and regulations for taxis, limousines, TNCs, and other mobility services because of the different jurisdictions (state, county, city) and various types of agencies that have and exercise these responsibilities nationwide.

sion of their reach and use may significantly affect personal travel in the years ahead.

On its current course, continued expansion of TNCs threatens to exacerbate the “digital divide,” although these services have the potential to enhance mobility for lowincome and older adults.

The lack of access to services by those without credit cards or Internet access is an economy-wide phenomenon and not unique to transportation, but innovative mobility services are bringing this issue to the fore. Most shared mobility services require users to have a credit card on file with the service provider and arrange service using a smartphone. Yet substantial numbers of Americans fail to meet one or both of these prerequisites. Roughly 8 percent of U.S. households, most of which are low-income, lack bank accounts that allow them to have credit cards. Moreover, 36 percent of Americans currently do not own smartphones, a percentage that is even higher among those earning less than $30,000 (50 percent) and adults over age 65 (73 percent). Although smartphone ownership rates have been rising rapidly in recent years, it is unclear where they will level off, particularly for those with low incomes, and current ownership rates leave substantial portions of the population without access to most innovative shared mobility services. This becomes an even greater concern if growth in the new services, such as TNCs, results in shrinkage in existing travel options, such as taxi services, that can be summoned with a landline or basic mobile phone and for which payment can be made by cash.

If private providers fail to address these access issues on a broad scale, public agencies and regulatory authorities may choose to address them through regulation, mandates, or incentives designed to make these services fully and equitably available. To the extent that shared mobility services are available to disadvantaged populations, they have the potential to enhance mobility among these groups. The emerging services frequently cost less than taxi services, and impose lower upfront costs (for vehicles) for travelers than owning a personal vehicle. Furthermore, if shared (concurrent) ride TNC services continue to expand and cost less per trip than most traditional door-to-door services, low-income travelers who can access them may benefit considerably. The expansion of the relatively new multiple-passenger

shared-ride options presents the opportunity for even lower-cost door-to-door service (albeit with stops).

Regulated taxis offer critical lifeline transportation services for people with disabilities. Absent some public policy response, a TNC-fueled decline in taxi services could affect the availability of vehicleforhire services to a substantial number of travelers with disabilities.

Roughly 10 percent of the U.S. population (30.6 million people) has a physical limitation of some kind; 3.6 million of them use a wheelchair, and another 11.6 million a cane, crutches, or a walker. Many cab companies operate wheelchair-accessible vehicles for the general public, sometimes supported through medical, social service, and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)–mandated paratransit. Moreover, a number of jurisdictions, primarily large cities such as New York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C., mandate a specified number of wheelchair-accessible taxis, although the efficacy of these regulations in serving disadvantaged populations is unclear. Although they have introduced pilot programs, the more lightly regulated TNCs have not to date provided wheelchair-accessible services on an extensive or reliable basis. If competition from the increasingly popular TNCs reduces current taxi fleets, the near-term result may be fewer door-to-door transportation services for wheelchair users.

Although legal cases involving refusal of some TNCs to accept service dogs remain to be resolved, TNC services are seen as beneficial to those who are blind or visually impaired. TNC apps provide voice options, allowing easy vehicle requests from a smartphone without the need to see a passing taxi to hail it on the street. Cashless transactions eliminate the potential question of what change a taxi driver has provided, and the driver is not informed that the passenger is sight-impaired before accepting the ride.

Public safety is a central and to date not fully resolved public policy concern with the new shared mobility services.

Regulation has traditionally been employed to rectify market failures, such as a lack of information about the safety of vehicles and drivers

and the quality of services—particularly for taxi stand and street-hail services, where customers lack the opportunity to exercise informed choice among providers. Information and communication technologies may have reduced the need for some regulations aimed at service quality, as customers can choose among well-known global brands and obtain information about drivers and vehicles in advance of riding. Public safety, however, remains a central regulatory concern.

Appropriately, public entities at the municipal, regional, and state levels are implementing public safety regulations for TNCs and other shared mobility services, including regulations addressing helmet wearing among bikesharing users. These evolving regulatory processes, however, have illuminated a long-standing weakness in the formulation of such regulations: a paucity of systematic evaluations of the effectiveness or costs of the public safety regulations that exist and are being proposed. For example, procedures for driver background checks often are based on common practice but have not been evaluated in any rigorous way. Therefore, the current practices of regulators, the taxi industry, and TNC operators in this area may not represent best practices. Equally important, minimum limits of automobile liability insurance for taxis, TNCs, and other for-hire services, and in particular “tiered” insurance requirements for TNCs, vary across jurisdictions and do not appear to be based on a systematic analysis of the risks of for-hire operations. Similarly, although the use of technology to facilitate the production and sharing of driver ratings, operator and vehicle images, and electronic itineraries may mitigate requirements for certain service quality and safety regulations, the benefits of these enhancements have not yet been well documented. Finally, the potential for TNC drivers’ heavy reliance on smartphones to lead to distracted driving has not been systematically examined. In sum, the most effective ways to ensure safe operations of vehicles and by drivers, as well as appropriate allocation of the costs imposed by the risk of crashes, remain to be settled and are deserving of careful study.

TNC drivers, like most taxi drivers and workers in the shared economy generally, are classified by their companies as independent contractors rather than employees. This status limits their access to benefits that are currently tied to employment.

Independent contractors typically do not receive employer-provided health insurance or employer contributions to Social Security and Medicare, sick leave, workers’ compensation for injuries, disability insurance, and other benefits that come with employee status. Although many drivers report valuing the part-time and transitional employment opportunities the TNCs provide, some have sued their company, claiming that the degree of control it exerts over them indicates they are employees under federal law. The TNCs have responded that the drivers are contractors since the company exercises virtually no control over the time or place of trips and the drivers own the vehicles. Legal precedents under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act, however, involve multiple tests, no one of which is determinative. This issue is likely to be decided in the legal system; absent state or federal legislation, however, classifying mobility service contractors as employees would have major ramifications for drivers, company finances, and consumer costs.

The vast differences in the scale of TNCs compared with taxi services raise new considerations for regulators.

The rise of multinational corporations providing taxilike services in cities around the world is in sharp contrast to the structure of the taxi and limousine industries. While a few taxi fleets are large, regional enterprises, most consist of local firms, fleets of widely varying sizes, and highly varied employment and contractual relationships between firms and drivers. In comparison, the TNCs are a few increasingly large entities that operate globally, which gives them multicity brand awareness and potential market power with respect to customers, drivers, and regulators. The scale and resources of TNCs provide opportunities to exert political as well as economic influence beyond that of existing livery service companies. In response, many taxi and limousine companies are adopting TNC-like technologies to better compete with TNCs. In heavily regulated taxi markets, state and local policy makers may need to consider reducing some constraints on taxi and limousine services so they can compete more effectively. Further, some aspects of regulation, such as labor standards and background checks, may lend

themselves more logically to national-scale rather than state or local regulation.

Innovations in shared mobility services have the potential to change longterm travel and land use patterns.

By affecting the cost, convenience, and flexibility of travel, technology-enabled mobility services may significantly alter travel behavior and potentially even land use patterns, particularly if these services continue to proliferate. Two major potential effects are particularly critical.

First, success in aggregating travel into a single vehicle for multiple travelers with similar origins and destinations will be important to producing lower travel costs for users and reduced negative impacts of vehicle travel. These new services have the potential to increase carpooling and ridesharing, which may in turn lead to increased average vehicle occupancies—ultimately reducing vehicle travel overall and ameliorating automotive externalities such as congestion, nonrenewable energy use, and emissions.

Second, by increasing convenient travel alternatives, the new services may encourage lower household vehicle ownership levels without sacrificing personal mobility, thus eliminating the bias toward high-fixed, low-variable costs in mode choice decisions implicit in vehicle ownership. This, in turn, could spur travel by public transit, walking, and biking and potentially favor urban over suburban residential location choices. These changes would have even more profound effects in the future if automated driving were to become widespread.

It should be noted, however, that less expensive and more convenient travel options, all things being equal, encourage more travel and may enhance mobility for dispersed (“sprawl”) locations, thus making such places more attractive to residents and businesses, although TNC and related services currently are concentrated in central, urban locations. In addition, to the extent that TNC drivers travel without passengers between customers, these services could increase total vehicle travel and contribute to increased congestion, energy consumption, and emissions. Finally, to the extent that lower fares draw travelers from public transportation to shared-ride services in large numbers, the effect could be to increase total vehicle miles traveled, emissions,

and energy consumption. It is too early to determine which of these competing forces will predominate, and effects are likely to play out in different ways depending on local circumstances.

Recommendations

Innovative mobility services are already enhancing mobility for millions and have the potential to yield even greater benefits while also serving other societal goals. If the potential of these services is to be realized, policy makers and regulators will need to address the issues discussed in this report. The committee offers the following recommendations in the spirit of expanding the promise of these services, and doing so with effective and appropriately scaled public oversight.

RECOMMENDATION 1. Policy makers and regulators should formulate public policies and regulations designed to steer the development of innovative services to improve mobility, safety, and sustainability.

Public officials have a responsibility to encourage transportation systems that promote access while minimizing environmental costs. Enhancing sustainable mobility may come in part through fewer trips, shorter trips, and more shared-ride trips, which may lead in turn to reduced congestion, energy consumption, and emissions. Crafting public policies that influence the development of innovative mobility services to advance societal goals is thus in the public interest. Such policies might include encouraging car-for-hire services, shared vehicles, and microtransit through economic incentives; easing barriers to market entry; and increasing coordination of private services with publicly provided services such as public transit.

RECOMMENDATION 1A. To the extent that technology features can accomplish the same customer service protections that previously required regulatory intervention, regulations should be adapted to embrace that opportunity. Local and state governments should reassess current taxi, limousine, and (where separately adopted) TNC regulations for market entry, geographic coverage, span of

service, and the like in light of these new services and the service quality information available to both passengers and drivers.

Regulation of taxi and limousine services has evolved and been refined for more than a century in many U.S. jurisdictions. The rise of technology-enabled mobility raises the question of whether both traditional and emerging mobility services should continue to be regulated as traditional services were in the past. Reassessment of current regulations is most pertinent to advance-reservation (non-street-hail) services, which allow customers to use technology to choose knowledgeably among competing providers and obtain information about their driver and his or her customer reviews. Importantly, the committee is not recommending that TNCs be regulated the same as traditional for-hire transportation services. TNCs offer many innovations that may mitigate the need for some regulations, and their ability to vary prices enhances service and overall efficiency. Nor is the committee recommending removal of entry controls to street-hail and taxi stand services, particularly in dense downtown business districts or airports. Instead, the committee urges local and state regulators to reassess existing regulations governing prearranged taxi and limousine services to determine the minimum necessary for them to provide quality service and be able to compete effectively with TNCs.

RECOMMENDATION 1B. These assessments should also examine public safety requirements covering drivers and vehicles, which should be applied in similar fashion across competing industry segments, ensuring consistency and a level playing field.

Examples of these requirements include driver background checks, vehicle inspections, and automobile liability insurance coverage. While the transparency enabled by new technologies can reduce the need for service quality–focused regulations, it may not reduce the need for these critical public safety requirements.

RECOMMENDATION 1C. Similarly, in consideration of both the multijurisdictional travel patterns in metropolitan areas and the large

scale of business operations, state and local governments should assess how the regulations governing the various industries relate to one another, particularly when multiple jurisdictions regulate different industry segments within the same geographic area. Policy makers and regulators should consider whether traditional forhire and shared mobility services are best monitored and regulated at the state, regional, or local level on the basis of market and service characteristics and regulatory capabilities.

A tension exists between considerations for uniformity and simplicity in the regulatory structure (which tend to argue for regional or even statewide regulatory authorities) and for responsiveness to local needs and concerns (which tend to argue for local regulation). Regardless of the level of regulatory authority, a critical issue is providing a local presence for regulatory enforcement.

RECOMMENDATION 1D. Policy makers and regulators at the state and federal levels should conduct systematic evaluations of safety requirements, examining the core issues of effectiveness and cost.

Whatever the locus of regulatory responsibility may be, it is difficult to make sense of the highly varied approaches to basic safety regulations applied to drivers and vehicles across various jurisdictions. Results of the systematic evaluations suggested in recommendation 1D could be used to set state-established safety parameters to guide the promulgation of local or regional regulations; create uniform statewide standards; or possibly establish cost-effective and consistent national-level driver and vehicle safety protocols and standards, including insurance requirements, based on best practices defined by research.

RECOMMENDATION 1E. Given the importance of accessibility for all users (which is frequently operationalized in terms of vehicles that can accommodate wheelchairs), policy makers and regulators should address the potential disparity between access for people with various disabilities and other travelers as these new services expand.

The uneven regulatory playing field on this issue between taxi services and TNCs is pronounced, as taxis often are required to provide lift-equipped vehicles subsidized by fares charged to all passengers. Regulators should consider ways of ensuring access to TNC-like services for those with disabilities, perhaps by either using general public revenues (with the idea that subsidizing access to door-to-door for-hire transportation service should not necessarily be the sole responsibility of other taxi or TNC customers) or applying an across-the-board supplemental fee for all for-hire trips (as is done in the taxi industry in several major cities).

RECOMMENDATION 2. Policy makers, planners, and regulators should identify the information needed to set policies on, plan for, and regulate mobility services, and require this information from all regulated entities.

Among the many innovations by mobility service providers is widespread use of automated reporting systems and digital databases to measure and improve service. The information needed by policy makers, planners, and regulators—largely information about types and volumes of trips—can be culled from these databases and anonymized to protect proprietary interests and individual privacy without requiring private companies to collect new information. In determining information needs, policy makers, planners, and regulators should, of course, remain aware of issues of respondent burden and propriety and confidential information, as well as alternative means for securing needed information. There is also a public interest in gathering information necessary to understand the effects of these services so that public policy decisions can be made and plans formulated on the basis of accurate knowledge about all transportation services offered and consumed. Given the potential of these new business models to significantly influence transportation and land use systems, having this information is critical.

RECOMMENDATION 3. Policy makers and regulators should carefully examine and consider the pros and cons of alternative employment classifications for TNC and taxi drivers.

The new mobility services offer expanded opportunities for flexible, part-time employment for students, those seeking supplemental income from a second job, and those needing transitional income between careers. Nonetheless, the lack of the benefits (sick and vacation leave, retirement savings, and so on) frequently provided to employees in other sectors of the economy raises important public policy issues concerning employer-provided health care, workers’ compensation for injuries, and vacation and sick leave for those for whom such work is the sole source of income or a desired career. The shifting of the costs of these benefits to low-wage workers who may be unable to afford those costs (or health insurance provided under the Affordable Care Act) makes these workers vulnerable should they become, for example, injured and unable to work.

RECOMMENDATION 4. Policy makers and regulators should seek to integrate the features of TNCs and other innovative shared mobility services into existing transportation systems and services in ways that leverage the new services’ strengths and features.

With appropriate regulation, and perhaps even subsidization to meet specific public policy goals, these new services can and should be integrated into metropolitan transportation systems to improve accessibility and sustainability.

Research Needs

Research is needed in several areas to help realize the promise of the new mobility services and enable effective implementation of the committee’s recommendations to that end:

• Given the rapid proliferation of the new shared mobility services and the limited information on their scale and effects, research is needed to develop a richer understanding of their effects on (1) travel choices and behaviors, (2) personal mobility, (3) the environment, (4) the economy, (5) safety, (6) equity and civil rights, (7) transportation system capacity and performance, and (8) labor. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) could perform

a valuable service for transportation policy makers and researchers by supporting such a research initiative.

• As these new transportation modes and associated business models develop and mature, an information clearinghouse is needed to capture and disseminate information on these new services and their effects on transportation and land use systems, their legal issues and regulation, and emerging planning and regulatory strategies and models. Such a resource would be of particular value as multiple jurisdictions strive to adapt to these new services. The USDOT could fund an appropriate existing organization to provide these clearinghouse services.
• Transportation planning bodies need to develop methodologies for incorporating shared mobility services into transportation planning initiatives and promote collaboration between publicand privatesector transportation providers. Because most shared mobility services are privately funded and operated, most metropolitan planning organizations and other transportation planning entities, such as cities and states, do not systematically include the effects of these new services in transportation planning initiatives. Nor do most current planning activities consider how these services might be operated to complement substantial public investments in multimodal sustainable transportation systems. As these new services continue to expand, this general omission in transportation planning will become more glaring and problematic.
• There is a need to develop a consistent set of definitions and basic information requirements that regulatory entities can adopt to describe and evaluate both shared mobility services and established taxi and limousine services. The USDOT could fund an independent organization or panel to address this need for better-quality, comparable information, with input from stakeholders and drawing on best practices already in place. Given (1) the potentially substantial scale and influence of shared mobility services and (2) the importance of data in establishing cost-effective safety rules and regulations, policy makers and officials at all levels of government need to know more about these services. The federal government has successfully established consistent data definitions and reporting requirements for largely local phenomena

such as personal and property crime and public transit provision. These data are used at the local level by policy makers and planners and also can be aggregated to the national level to understand broader trends, evaluate program effectiveness, and plan for future services and infrastructure.

Concluding Observations

Innovative urban mobility services will continue to evolve, and the research and public policy communities will need to react quickly and in partnership. Use of these and yet-to-be-developed technology-enabled services is likely to continue transforming both passenger and freight travel, and the many stakeholders will need to cooperate to ensure that the outcomes of these developments are in the public interest. Collaboration among these various stakeholders may become precedent setting as connected and automated vehicles develop and become common. Addressing this report’s findings can provide a foundation for the technological evolution of the U.S. transportation system.

TRB Special Report 319: Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services analyzes how innovative transportation services, including ridesharing, carsharing, bikesharing, and microtransit, are changing mobility for millions of travelers. Such services could reduce congestion and emissions from surface transportation if regulated wisely to encourage concurrent, rather than sequential, ride sharing. Rapidly growing transportation network companies (TNCs), like Uber and Lyft, however, are disrupting conventional taxi and limousine services and raise policy challenges regarding personal security and public safety, insurance requirements, employment and labor issues, and accessibility and equity.

The committee’s report offers guidance to state and local officials responsible for policy setting and regulation of for-hire transportation services in each of these areas. The report also addresses the need for greater consistency in regulations across jurisdictions and calls for TNCs to share more information about the volume, frequency, and types of trips being provided to allow for informed regulation and planning of transportation services.

Report appendixes are available online only:

• Appendix A : Taxonomy of Established and Emerging Personal Transportation Services

• Appendix B : Taxi, Sedan, and Limousine Industries and Regulations, by Bruce Schaller

• Appendix C : Bikesharing Safety and Helmet Use

Supplemental information includes a:

• Press release

• Recorded webcast taped on January 13, 2016 at the TRB Annual Meeting

• Report in Brief

• Slider on 10 Facts about Using Uber, Lyft, or Taxis

• TRNews article

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