democracy disadvantages essay

26 Democracy Pros and Cons

Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal vote in selecting its own leaders. It is often called “rule by the people for the people.”

It allows people to participate equally—directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws.

For centuries, this system of governance has been a beacon for success due to its ability to give citizens the power and opportunity to shape their future.

Still, with all its advantages, democracy has drawbacks, including the potential for corruption and the slow pace of decision-making.

While there are many forms of democracy (such as representative vs direct democracies ), the concept of democracy explored in this article is that of “full” or “liberal” democracy, which was conceptualized by enlightenment thinkers.

In this model, not only do people get to vote in elections, but elections must be free and fair, their must be a multiparty state where no opposition parties are oppressed, the judiciary is free and independent, and individual liberties such as the right to fair trial must be respected.

According to the World Democracy Index, the top-ranking full democracies in the world are Norway, New Zealand, Iceland, Finland, and Sweden.

10 Top Advantages of Democracy

Democracy has many advantages that make it an advantageous form of government. At its best, democracy supports including freedom of speech and assembly, political accountability, the rule of law, individual rights protection , and transparency.

1. Tends to promote human rights

The democratic system is designed to assure every citizen of society the right to vote and participate .

As envisaged by enlightenment thinkers, the democratic state guarantees the right to life, the inviolability of the home, the inadmissibility of violence, self-determination, and other rights (OHCHR, 2020).

Furthermore, ‘fully’ democratic countries are expected to guarantee such fundamental freedoms as freedom of speech, assembly, and press.

2. Provides a broad range of individual freedom

Democracy is the most sought-after form of government because it provides citizens with far more expansive fundamental rights and liberties than any other political system.

Liberal-democratic countries guarantee the right to vote and run for office, freedom of assembly and expression , religious liberty, and other fundamental rights.

For example, the United States offers its citizens a range of rights, including the right to free expression and assembly, fair trial processes, and privacy protection (ACLU, n.d.).

Furthermore, as compared to authoritarian capitalism, nearly all true democracies allow individuals to start and run businesses, own their own land, and build intergenerational wealth.

3. Promotes accountability in government

Since the citizens are sovereign in a democracy, their government is ultimately accountable to them.

Therefore, this political system encourages civic leaders to act accountable and responsibly towards their constituents.

The democratic system is cherished for its transparency and accessibility of resources, granting citizens the right to oversee their chosen representatives.

Consequently, democratic leaders are held accountable for their decisions and actions by others who can overturn them if necessary.

4. Encourages citizen participation in government

Democracy promotes increased participation in all branches of government.

For exmaple, it encourages and even requires citizens to use their voice through voting or other forms of civic responsibility like volunteering, activism, and public discourse.

Such engagement empowers people with a say in how society is formed and managed.

By allowing citizens to get involved in the political process, democracy ensures that their voices and opinions are heard and taken into account in the decision-making process.

5. Accommodates for fair distribution of resources

No society can claim that its distribution of resources is as fair as possible. However, only under democracy can we see regular tweaks to how resources are distributed following a vote of the people.

This system considers diverse perspectives and concerns when deciding how to allocate them properly – thereby encouraging a fair distribution of vital resources among all citizens.

Democracy enables people to take action and implement initiatives that allow all citizens access to essential services such as public healthcare, education, and housing (Halperin et al., 2005).

6. Provides the most effective form of government

Democracy stands out as the most successful form of government because it’s most accountable to the people .

As a result, democracies have tended to be far superior when navigating economic crises and other challenging circumstances.

Any democracy gives citizens the power to voice their concerns and petition for change if needed, thanks to its effective governance systems.

7. Often forces cooperation between parties

C itizen participation in government encourages mutual understanding and cooperation among different sections of society.

When implemented well, the people who lose elections still have a say in parliament and, often, can block legislation when they team up with other minor parties.

As a result, it forces the government to cooperate with people from minority viewpoints.

For example, in New Zealand, it is the norm (with some exceptions) for no party to hold a majority over parliament, which forces parties to barter in order to get things done.

8. Prevents authoritarianism and totalitarianism

To guard against the rise of authoritarianism and totalitarianism, full democracy is the most optimal form of government.

In many multiparty democracies, the system ensures that no single individual or faction can assume control.

Furthermore, the different branches and institutions (usually executive, lawmaking, and legal branches) share power, meaning no one person or branch can impose their will without checks and balances .

Thus, democracy helps prevent the emergence of a dictatorship and ensures that citizens are granted fundamental rights and freedoms that cannot be taken away from them without due process .

9. Allows for peaceful transfers of power

In a democracy, power is peacefully exchanged through democratic elections. This system guarantees that the transition of authority happens effortlessly and without any turbulence or disruption.

Such a transfer of power also helps create stability in the system as each leader knows they will have to cede power when their term ends.

Strong constitutional democracies have clear laws as well as longstanding cultural precedent that prevent a leader from just ignoring an election and deciding to rule by decree.

10. Promotes economic growth

Most fully democratic systems have tended to lead to the election of parties that support and uphold democratic capitalism .

Such democracies encourage economic growth since it allows for open competition and encourages innovation (Heo & Tan, 2001).

Enforcement of the rule of law also helps create an environment conducive to investment and business growth. It encourages entrepreneurs to take risks and invest in new ventures, which helps create jobs and drive economic growth.

10 Disadvantages of Democracy

Despite the numerous advantages that democracy provides to people, it can also be associated with some cons.

Some cons of democracy include the possibility of government corruption and a slow-moving process when making decisions.

1. Has potential for corruption and cronyism

The democratic system offers citizens the opportunity to choose their leaders. Still, it can also give rise to corruption and cronyism (Hodgson, 2019) .

Such a situation arises because politicians in a democracy are often elected based on popularity rather than competency.

It can lead to the selection of leaders more focused on personal gain and self-interest rather than the public good; and election of leaders who are best at stoking fear, division, and ethnonationalism.

Furthermore, parties often need money to advertised. In order to achieve this, they often have implied or even explicit deals where they will do something favorable for the donor once elected.

2. Has a slower decision-making process

The democratic system can result in a slower decision-making process than the authoritarian one because it requires checks and balances before things can get done .

Multiple stakeholders and parties must attain consensus to finalize any plan or policy before it is enforced.

With such multilayered deliberations, the process of making decisive choices necessitates more time than usual.

As a result, democracy can cause delays in implementing important policies, harming the economy and society.

See More: Examples of Decision-Making

3. Can be characterized by short-terminism

In a democracy, politicians are typically elected based on immediate goals and objectives.

But unfortunately, it often results in their decisions being focused on addressing current issues rather than paving the way for long-term success.

In addition, such policies tend to be focused on pleasing the voting public rather than planning for long-term sustainability or growth. As a result, it can lead to adverse outcomes in the long run (Halperin et al., 2005).

4. Opens a potential for political turmoil

A democratic political climate is often unpredictable and volatile due to rapid shifts in public opinion.

Consequently, long-term planning can be complex for any governing body as it can quickly be voted out of office before its initiatives are realized.

The possibility of such an occurrence can lead to political unrest and uncertainty, damaging the economy and society as a whole.

5. Voter ignorance

Without sufficient knowledge of the issues and policies, it can be difficult for voters to make sound decisions when they cast their ballots.

Therefore, elected officials may not be held accountable for their actions if citizens do not adequately understand what they are voting on (Somin, 1998).

For example, suppose voters are not aware of how their vote will impact the economy or society in the future. In that case, they may make a vote that they will later regret, because at the time they didn’t fully appreciate the consequences of the vote.

6. Creates conditions for media manipulation

P oliticians use the media to manipulate public opinion to gain more votes. For example, they will often use the media to spread mistruths about their opponents.

As a result, it can lead to a distorted view of the political process and voter apathy and disillusionment.

Furthermore, many countries who claim to be democratic are not “full” democracies due to the fact that the democratically-elected government has taken over the media and refused to allow opposition voices to have a say (examples include Cambodia and Hungary).

7. Creates additional burden on taxpayers

Holding democratic elections can be expensive, especially when multiple parties are involved.

Elections regularly cost hundreds of millions of dollars by the state to operate and administer. Furthermore, every political party has to spend a lot of resources fundraising and advertising.

This cost can burden taxpayers and the government, as it diverts money away from other essential programs and initiatives (Kone & Winters, 1993).

8. Can lead to the exclusion of minority views

Some democratic system s can lead to the exclusion of minority views, as the majority opinion tends to prevail.

For example, if an ethnic minority has enough power at the ballot box to achieve a majority in parliament, they can pass laws that favor themselves and harm the minority groups.

If this happens, the minority groups will have no say, despite potentially representing a significant minority group within the population.

9. Can provoke growing social inequality between people

In several cases, democracies have suffered from a lack of social mobility and increasing income inequality between citizens.

This is because the system often rewards those who are already wealthy. The wealthy can wield their wealth and power by, for example, getting access to politicians, funding election campaigns, and getting favorable laws passed.

At the same time, less well-off often do not have the same access to political power. This is one of Marxism’s key criticisms of democratic capitalism.

10. Skewed trade practices

Democracies also often engage in unfair trade practices. For example, companies may attempt to sway public opinion by offering politicians financial incentives or other benefits.

As a result, it can lead to policies that are detrimental to other countries and even to the country’s own economy in the long term.

Furthermore, ethno-nationalism, which regularly wins at the ballot box, can lead to protectionist policies that can be harmful to all.

For example, the United States has been criticized for its lack of fair trade practices, which have led to increased protectionism and economic stagnation. Such a practice ultimately harms the global economy, as well as its own citizens.

Pros and Cons of Democracy (Summary)

Disadvantages of Direct Democracy

Categories: Civil Rights Democracy Political Philosophy

About this sample

Words: 574 |

Published: Mar 16, 2024

Words: 574 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Majority tyranny, uninformed decision-making, inefficiency and cost.

Cite this Essay

Let us write you an essay from scratch

450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

Get high-quality help

Prof Ernest (PhD)

Verified writer

Expert in: Social Issues Government & Politics Philosophy

+ 120 experts online

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

Related Essays

1 pages / 788 words

3 pages / 1298 words

4 pages / 1837 words

2 pages / 1011 words

Remember! This is just a sample.

You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers.

121 writers online

Still can’t find what you need?

Browse our vast selection of original essay samples, each expertly formatted and styled

Related Essays on Civil Rights

Higher education is regarded as a privilege for many individuals, as it opens doors to opportunities and possibilities that are not available to the majority. However, not all students are created equal, and the same can be said [...]

One of Gwendolyn Brooks' most famous poems, "Kitchenette Building," delves into the complexities and struggles of life in a cramped urban apartment. Through vivid imagery and rich language, Brooks conveys the hardships faced by [...]

In his influential speech, "The World House," Martin Luther King Jr. transcends the boundaries of race and nationality to advocate for a unified global community. Adopting a humanistic approach, King emphasizes the [...]

Guns have become a highly controversial topic in today's society, with ongoing debates on whether or not they should be banned. Proponents of gun control argue that stricter regulations and even a ban on firearms could lead to a [...]

The Reconstruction era was a tumultuous period in the history of the United States. The Union victory during the Civil War in 1865 awarded African American slaves their freedom. During this time, it appeared as though the freed [...]

American presidents have experienced both successes and failures throughout history, leaving a lasting impact on the nation and its citizens. While economic prosperity, civil rights advancements, and foreign policy achievements [...]

Get Your Personalized Essay in 3 Hours or Less!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

Instructions Followed To The Letter
Deadlines Met At Every Stage
Unique And Plagiarism Free

Why Do Democracies Fail?

A new book points to the importance of strong conservative parties—and warns about the consequences when they fall short.

President Donald Trump meets with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Speaker of the House Paul Ryan during a meeting with Republican Congressional leaders on June 6, 2017.

Why do democracies fail?

It’s suddenly a very urgent and important question. Daniel Ziblatt’s new book arrives just in time to deliver a powerful and supremely relevant answer.

Don’t be misled by the aggressively unsensational title, the careful prose, or the hyper-technical charts (“Median and Distribution of Conservative and Liberal Party Seats Across Varying Levels of Agricultural Districts in Germany and Britain in Years of Suffrage Reform”). Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy is written in fire. It delves deep into long-forgotten electoral histories to emerge with insights of Tocquevillian power, to illuminate not only the past but also the present and future.

Why Conservative Parties Are Central to Democracy

Photo of 2 rows of waves cut out of cardboard boxes, with large cardboard tsunami wave that has a white crest made of white/black shipping label

The Nasty Logistics of Returning Your Too-Small Pants

The Brontës’ Secret

The non-rich always outnumber the rich. Democracy enables the many to outvote the few: a profoundly threatening prospect to the few. If the few possess power and wealth, they may respond to this prospect by resisting democracy before it arrives—or sabotaging it afterward.

Yet despite this potential threat to the formation and endurance of democracy, wealthy countries do often transition peacefully to democracy—and then preserve its stability for decades afterward. The classic example is the United Kingdom. Britain commenced a long process of widening the franchise in 1832. By 1918, all adult British men could vote; all British women by 1929. Through that period—and then through the Great Depression, the Second World War, and the construction of the welfare state after 1945—British politics remained peaceful and stable, offering remarkably little space for radical ideologies of any kind. You could tell a similar story about Sweden (universal male voting by 1907; for women by 1921), or—with allowances for foreign military occupation in wartime—about Norway, Denmark, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Once democracy was extended, it was never again seriously questioned by local elites, even when it taxed them heavily.

But this is emphatically not the story of the rest of Europe, most especially not Germany, but also Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, and so on. It’s not the story of Latin America or of the Arab world.

What makes the difference between those countries in which democracy arrives peacefully and is ever after accepted by all—and those in which it is violently contested and continually challenged? That feels no longer a question about bygone times. It feels very much our question too. Based largely on a study of Western Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, Daniel Ziblatt convincingly offers a surprising and disturbing answer:

The most crucial variable predicting the success of a democratic transition is the self-confidence of the incumbent elites. If they feel able to compete under democratic conditions, they will accept democracy. If they do not, they will not.

And the single thing that most accurately predicts elite self-confidence, as Ziblatt marshals powerful statistical and electoral evidence to argue, is the ability to build an effective, competitive conservative political party before the transition to democracy occurs. That happened in Britain, but not in Germany, as Ziblatt painstakingly details. (If you ever yearned to learn more about German state and local elections under Kaiser Wilhelm II, Ziblatt is here to tell you all about it.)

Why not in Germany? Or Italy or elsewhere? Building a vote-winning political party is hard work—and work that carries few guarantees of success in advance.

Pre-democratic incumbent elites, precisely because they were incumbents, commanded other options that seemed both easier to execute and seemingly more likely to succeed than democratic competition:

building counter-majoritarian institutions to protect their interests;
electoral manipulation and corruption; and
outright repression.

Imperial Germany resorted to all three: a complex constitution that vested real power in ultra-oligarchic state assemblies rather than the national Reichstag; a lively culture of voter intimidation in rural districts; and of course a government that did not ultimately depend on the voters at all.

Imperial German elites controlled the state without the need to win elections—and that taught them to distrust the whole electioneering enterprise. Because they did not need to win elections, they did not build strong parties. And the absence of strong parties, managed by politicians seeking to win the maximum number of votes, left the pre-1914 and post-1918 German right exposed to “outside interest groups” that “quickly and easily overran weak and institutionally porous parties.”

Whereas the pragmatic politicians atop the British Conservative party could restrain ideologically motivated activists, the German Conservatives succumbed to them. The successful British Conservatives could look at Labour governments as unpleasant but ultimately temporary intervals. The Imperial German Conservatives experienced the loss of control of the state after 1918 as an unrecoverable catastrophe to which they could never be reconciled.

One of Ziblatt’s sharpest insights was that the failure to build an effective conservative party left incumbent elites in Germany and elsewhere “too weak to say yes.” They could not join the democratic system. They could only resent and resist it.

Probably you are already hearing some echoes in our own time. It’s been aptly said that the United States is experiencing an era of strong partisanship but weak parties. This phrase describes the American right even more accurately than the American liberal-left. The organized Republican party lacked the strength to deny its presidential nomination to Donald Trump—and once Trump had gained that nomination, the vehement partisanship of Republican supporters secured him their general election votes despite the distaste so many felt for him. Just as in pre-1914 Germany, an institutionally porous party had been quickly and easily overrun from outside.

It’s a striking feature of American politics since 2008 that the Republican right has combined extraordinary down-ballot electoral success with an ever-intensifying pessimism about American society.

If you listen to conservative discussion and debate, it’s hard to miss the rising tone of skepticism about democracy—and increasing impatience with the claim that everybody should have convenient access to the ballot. The pessimism about the society and the weakness of the party have left Republicans vulnerable to an authoritarian populist like Donald Trump. Party rules that would once have screened out a Trump have given way to partisan antagonisms that empower him.

Some conservative intellectuals attribute Trump’s ascendancy to a betrayal of conservative ideals. That’s true so far as it goes. But the more relevant truth, as Ziblatt teaches us, is that Trump arose because of the hollowing out of conservative institutions. The Republican party could not stop him. Now it cannot restrain him. And this weakness of the Republican party—and its craven subordination to the ego, ambition, and will-to-power of one man—now stands as the gravest immediate threat to American democracy: a lesson from the 19th century of frightening immediacy to the 21st.

Essay on Democracy: Advantage And Disadvantages Reading Questions and Answers

Ielts reading passage – essay on democracy: advantage and disadvantages.

Essay on Democracy: Advantage And Disadvantages

Democracy is the system of government composed of people’s representatives. It is an indirect way of ruling the country by the citizens. People create the authority of government by casting votes for their representatives and making them win. It is the creation of a government of a state by the people working for the welfare of the people. Sovereignty, autonomy, and equality are the major components of democracy. The rules come from the general people instead of the military or colonies that safeguard national interests.

Cleisthenes is the Father of Democracy from ancient Greece who laid down the foundation of democracy. By this time, 167 countries are the democratic one because it gives freedom to raise the voice of the public. Democracy is helpful to the country as it respects individual perspectives through the system of voting. The personal involvement made it possible for forming the government. The issues relating to exploitation ends and minorities are not ignored or affected. The concept of equality can flourish through democratic government. The government is consistent and economically practical. There can be the minimization of armed conflicts and patriotism flourishes in a nation. There occurs negligence for extremism and encouragement for centrism. The monopoly of authority is not possible as the common purpose is to promote national interest.

The trend of manipulating the uneducated citizens and keeping them in favor for the sake of being the elected representative. This is a disadvantage of democracy that it creates an unhealthy competition between the probable representatives. The majority might not be correct every time. There is a risk of conflict of interest within the government. There has to be the encouragement of Mob rule and the implementation of changes is time-consuming. Democracy instigates bribery and corruption. The administration should focus on quality instead of the quantity that hinders the development and stability of a nation. The immoral practices during the election are common and create an unhealthy environment in the state for the position of authority.

As a whole, the quantity must hold a quality decision for a successful democracy. There can be a high risk of autocratic government if the representatives change their purpose. Unmanaged elections and violations of the right to vote must end for smooth democracy and the excelling state of a nation.

We hope you found this post useful in helping you to study for the IELTS Test . If you have any questions please let us know in the comments below or on the Facebook page.

The best way to keep up to date with posts like this is to like us on Facebook , then follow us on Instagram and Pinterest . If you need help preparing for the IELTS Test, join the IELTS Achieve Academy and see how we can assist you to achieve your desired band score. We offer an essay correction service, mock exams and online courses.

Essay on animal rights and its condition reading questions and answers.

IELTS Reading passage – Essay on Animal rights and its condition Essay on Animal rights…

Essay on Causes and Effect of Corruption Reading Questions and Answers

IELTS Reading passage – Essay on Causes and Effect of Corruption Essay on Causes and…

Donate to liberties

Democracy & justice, what is direct democracy: definition, examples, pros & cons, what does direct democracy mean, and how does it differ from indirect democracy here’s a look at what’s good and bad about “pure democracy” and whether it could still work today., by jonathan day.

Knowledge is power. Your contribution counts.

There’s a good chance you live under some form of democracy. Nearly all Europeans do, and everyone living within the European Union lives in a democracy—a country’s institutions must guarantee democracy and the rule of law, among other things, in order to join the EU.

The form of democracy EU citizens live under is representative democracy, where we cast votes for politicians who in turn vote on what should become law. But there’s another, older form of democracy that some consider more genuine and pure. It’s called direct democracy.

Your contribution matters

Democracy gives everyone a voice, not just the rich and powerful. Help us protect it.

Help us make democracy immune to autocrats

Direct democracy means that people vote on policies and laws themselves, instead of electing politicians to do it on their behalf. This is why it’s sometimes referred to as “pure democracy.” Direct democracy could take different forms, from a system where all executive and legislative decisions are taken by direct vote of the people, or where only certain policies or legislative acts are voted on by the people.

The latter system has been the most common form of direct democracy throughout modern history, and it is considered semi-direct democracy. This is a hybrid form of governing that combines that tenets of direct democracy and representative democracy. The people choose representatives to administer day-to-day governance, but they keep the power to directly vote on important issues through binding referendum, popular initiative, revocation of mandate, and public consultations.

How does a direct democracy differ from an indirect democracy?

As mentioned above, direct democracy is when the people vote directly on laws or other policy initiatives. Indirect democracy is when the people elect representatives to make those same votes on their behalf.

What forms does direct democracy have?

We’ve already touched on semi-direct democracy, which can be viewed as a form of direct democracy, or a separate system in itself. Looking specifically at direct democracy, the two primary forms are participatory democracy and deliberative democracy.

Participatory democracy is model of democracy in which citizens have the power to make political decisions directly through their vote. And the emphasis of participatory democracy is that action—the direct participation of citizens, through voting, in determining outcomes of legislative or policy proposals.

A similar but distinct form of direct democracy is deliberative democracy. In deliberative democracy, the emphasis is placed on debate and deliberation as the key element of decision-making. Laws have legitimacy and force not only because a majority of people support them, but because they have been fully discussed and debated, with all viewpoints considered and all pros and cons weighed.

A good way to think of the difference between participatory democracy and deliberative democracy is the process. In the former, people go to the polls and vote. In a deliberative process, people would gather in an assembly of sorts, debate and discuss the issues to be voted on, and then reach a consensus decision.

Examples of direct democracy

The origin of modern democracy, at least as we commonly understand it, is the direct democratic system of Athens around 600 BCE. In this Athenian democracy, citizens didn’t choose representatives to vote on legislation on their behalf but instead voted on proposals and initiatives themselves.

Today, however, there are few, if any, true direct-democracy states. Switzerland prides itself on its system of direct democracy—the government even has a webpage to tout it—but in truth the Swiss system, at federal level, is a semi-direct democracy. Politicians are elected to handle the daily governance of the nation and make many decision on behalf of the people. Still, citizens do retain a high degree of democratic power. They can propose changes to the constitution or ask for a referendum to be held on any law proposed by the federal government or any cantonal parliament or other legislative body.

In the United States, many individual states and municipalities retain some direct democracy. In New England, for example, so-called town halls are assemblies with the members of local towns gather for deliberative, direct democratic processes to decide local laws and regulations. And in many countries, such as the United Kingdom and roughly a dozen EU states, national referendums still exist, under which citizens can vote directly on a legislative proposal, say to allow abortion or to leave the European Union.

Stay informed and make up your own mind.

Direct democracy: what are the pros and cons.

Direct democracy, or “pure democracy,” is often seen as the truest form of democracy. The people choose the laws they live under, cutting out the “middlemen” to vote on their behalf. In this way, it can be seen as inherently more virtuous than representative democracy. But that’s not to say it doesn’t have its drawbacks. So what are the main pros and cons?

-Transparency: Direct democracy is surely the most transparent form of democracy. There are no “backroom deals” made to decide the outcome or scope of legislation, because discussions and debates on important issues are held in public. And it’s the people who decide whether a proposal becomes law, and thus they bear full responsibility for the outcome.

-Accountability: Speaking of responsibility, direct democracy ensures that there is no doubt about who is accountable for the successes or failures of a countries laws or policies. Moreover, the government cannot claim to be unaware of the will of the people, and partisan lobbying and other interference in the legislative process is minimal or non-existent.

-Cooperation: Direct democracy encourages citizens to communicate and cooperate with one another, not only to consider current legislation, but also to craft legislation that best serves the most people, and thus has the best chance of winning majority support. And when people know with certainty that their voice will be considered in the process, they are far more likely to participate and cooperate with fellow citizens.

-Indecision: Simply put, there are more people now than there were when direct democratic systems existed. Many, many more. Consider the United States, with its some 350 million people. If they all had to vote on every policy initiative or legislative proposal, nothing would ever get done. It simply would not be an efficient system, and thus it could actually weaken the effectiveness of the government.

-Participation: We are busy people. We have jobs to do, families to care for, and sports teams to form unhealthy obsessions over. If we are asked to weigh in on every decision, eventually we would just lose interest. Or simply be unable to keep up with such a demand.

-Tension: Important decisions often create tension between people with opposing views. The more important the decision, the more tension. The more decisions, the more tension. Trying to implement direct democracy today could lead to even more acrimonious societies, where people are angrier and, perhaps, more violent.

In many ways, direct democracy deserves its title as the purest form of democracy. But does that mean it’s the best? There are many reasons why we should be hesitant to want to live in a true direct democracy, even despite the fact that it makes certain that our individual opinion will matter and be considered in the final outcome. Certainly, representative democracy came about because it does some things better than direct democracy. But whether we can maintain our representative democracies so that they function as they were intended to is another matter altogether.

Value knowledge by supporting Liberties All great movements begin with sharing information. Our explainer articles help you understand the most pressing human rights issues, so together we can stand up for what matters. Support us by buying one of our activist authors a cup of coffee. Add your voice to ours. Donate today.

Civil Society Statement: Commissioner Breton Needs to Clarify Comments About the DSA Allowing for Platform Blocking

Access to Information: Definition, Importance, Expansion

What Is a Whistleblower? Is Whistleblowing Protected by Law?

As a watchdog organisation, Liberties reminds politicians that respect for human rights is non-negotiable. We're determined to keep championing your civil liberties, will you stand with us? Every donation, big or small, counts.

We’re grateful to all our supporters

Your contributions help us in the following ways

► Liberties remains independent ► It provides a stable income, enabling us to plan long-term ► We decide our mission, so we can focus on the causes that matter ► It makes us stronger and more impactful

Subscribe to stay in

You will get the latest reports before everyone else!

You can follow what we are doing for your right!

You will know about our achivements!

Show me a sample!

Democracy: Advantages and Disadvantages

Democracy means a rule by the people and its evolution of Greek government evolved as a direct opposite from the dictatorship form they hated. Therefore, democracy has developed in a setting where people feel oppressed and generally being dictated upon or where unfair means are perceived to exist or a combination of more than one of these. From definition, Lowi & Benjamin, democracy is a form of government that seeks to have representation and participation of the people in the process of governance. Therefore, the initial disadvantages from the concept of democracy should arise in the fact that the people have a say and the process of governance should be what they want and wish. The application of the concept of democracy eliminates one of the problems of other forms of governance like a dictatorship where only a few contribute to the formulation and implementation of the governance process. Democracy in concept is itself flexible first because people applying it can choose between direct and indirect models of democracy. In the former, the people are actively involved in decision-making whereas, in the latter, people are represented by people of their choice (Green). The fact that democracy allows people to choose representatives allows for means where they can decide how many people can represent them and so allows controlled spending in a way where people feel that they need fewer representatives. In addition, people have a chance to look around and choose who they feel would better represent them. One of the advantages of direct models of democracy where people may participate in decision-making through worker’s councils and neighborhood assemblies, for example, could be allowed to make decisions over a range of other issues like the running of political, social, and economic institutions according to theorists. Democracy contributes to the freedom of people because many people tend to follow social justice while making decisions and making their judgments rather than a few who may collaborate for their advantages like sharing power through understanding and corruption. One of the theoretical models of indirect democracy is the protective model which claims the protection of the liberty of citizens and allows the citizens to check the power of representatives by voting out those they felt were inefficient and for other reasons. In addition, Hudson (10-12) felt competitive individuals people should be let to enjoy “maximum freedom to pursue material wealth”. Participation of citizens in the government for example through membership in social organizations and voting has been proved by the study to be worth contributing to better governance.

The problem with democracy includes the lack of a participatory citizen group and radical individualism. The latter means that if democratic ideas are implemented, they tend to result in an individual who is more individualistic in mind and practice, which tends to protect himself against others in pursuance of his rights. The individual also has a sense of “detachment from others”, autonomous and a feeling of self-sufficiency (Hudson, 69; qtd. in Barr, Taylor & Baird, 1999). Although democracy in its ideal situation seeks to boost participation of individuals within the system, to better the collective status of the community, and to ensure that all contribute to national or community goals (Tocqueville 192-194), representation is a form that may easily deviate from the principles of democracy. A few individuals chose to represent people, usually, have had laws that protect and give them preference over the majority of the citizens meaning that they may dictate over the majority through enjoying these privileges. This has always been a problem in the implementation of such democratic ideals of representation, a problem more badly in underdeveloped and developing countries. This type of democracy tends to result in the “individualism of many people” who assume to have preferences over others. Implementation of the ideas of democracy of direct representation and achieving fair means through the participation of as many people as possible may lead to a delay in the implementation of decisions since many have to reach a consensus. People may approach democracy for many years without really enjoying it.

Barr, Eric, Taylor Rankin, and John Baird. A more perfect union. An exploration of American democracy. 1999. 2009. Web.

Ginsberg, Benjamin and Theodore J. Lowi. American Government: Freedom and Power . New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1996.

Green, Carl R., and William R. Sanford. Basic Principles of American Government . New York: Amsco School Publications, 1977.

Hudson, William E. American Democracy in Peril: Seven Challenges to America’s Future . Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1996.

Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America . New York: Penguin Books, 1984.

Cite this paper

Chicago (N-B)
Chicago (A-D)

StudyCorgi. (2021, October 20). Democracy: Advantages and Disadvantages. https://studycorgi.com/democracy-advantages-and-disadvantages/

"Democracy: Advantages and Disadvantages." StudyCorgi , 20 Oct. 2021, studycorgi.com/democracy-advantages-and-disadvantages/.

StudyCorgi . (2021) 'Democracy: Advantages and Disadvantages'. 20 October.

1. StudyCorgi . "Democracy: Advantages and Disadvantages." October 20, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/democracy-advantages-and-disadvantages/.

Bibliography

StudyCorgi . "Democracy: Advantages and Disadvantages." October 20, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/democracy-advantages-and-disadvantages/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "Democracy: Advantages and Disadvantages." October 20, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/democracy-advantages-and-disadvantages/.

This paper, “Democracy: Advantages and Disadvantages”, was written and voluntary submitted to our free essay database by a straight-A student. Please ensure you properly reference the paper if you're using it to write your assignment.

Before publication, the StudyCorgi editorial team proofread and checked the paper to make sure it meets the highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, fact accuracy, copyright issues, and inclusive language. Last updated: October 20, 2021 .

If you are the author of this paper and no longer wish to have it published on StudyCorgi, request the removal . Please use the “ Donate your paper ” form to submit an essay.

395 Democracy Essay Topics & Research Questions: Elections, American Democracy, and More

What is democracy? The word “democracy” has Greek roots. It combines two words: “demos,” which refers to people residing within a specific country, and “kratos,” which means power. Democracy ensures that all citizens have the same rights regardless of their background, race, religion, or sexual orientation. It also raises people’s sense of civic dignity.

In this article, we’ll explain how to write an essay on democracy and give some helpful tips. Keep reading to find out more.

🔝 Top Democracy Essay Topics

📝 Democracy Essay Prompts

💡 Democracy Research Questions
✍🏻 Democracy Essay Topics
🎤 Democracy Speech Topics
✅ Essay on Democracy: Outline

🔗 References

🔝 top 12 democracy essay topics.

Democracy as public justification.
Freedom and democratic authority.
What are the main problems with democratic governance?
The role of democracy in the modern world.
The development of democracy.
The influence of democracy on the young generation.
The connection between human rights and democracy.
What are the key features of democracy?
The value of democracy.
Democracy as collective self-rule.
The demands of democratic participation.
Limits to the authority of democracy.

The picture suggests topics for an essay about democracy.

Many students find writing a college essay on democracy to be a stressful task. For this reason, we’ve prepared some essay prompts and tips to help students improve their writing skills.

What Is Democracy: Essay Prompt

Democracy is a form of government that has played an essential role in reshaping societies from monarchical, imperial, and conquest-driven systems into ones founded on sovereignty and harmonious cohabitation principles. Here are some of the questions you can use for your essay:

What is the definition of democracy?
Why do we need democracy?
Where did democracy initially come into existence?
What distinguishes democracy from other forms of government?
Why is education important for democracy?
What is democracy’s primary flaw?
What poses the most significant risk to democracy?

Disadvantages of Democracy: Essay Prompt

One disadvantage of democracy is that it can sometimes lead to slow decision-making due to the need for consensus and majority agreement. There’s also a risk of overlooking the interests of the minority. Finally, democratic systems can be susceptible to manipulation and misinformation, potentially leading to uninformed or misguided decisions by the electorate. In your essay, you may focus on the following aspects:

The issue of corruption . A democratic leader is only in power for a limited time. As a result, there’s a tendency to make money through the use of authority.
Unfair business . Political leaders advocate unfair commercial practices to get support for political campaigns.
Misuse of media . Often, the media attempts to deceive the public to influence their voting behavior.

Democracy vs. Totalitarianism: Essay Prompt

Totalitarianism and democracy are opposing forms of government. Whereas democracy values equal rights and citizens’ participation in the government, in a totalitarian system, the leader’s word is the law, and the state has all the power. To compare totalitarianism and democracy in your essay, you may discuss these points:

Origin of totalitarianism and democracy;
Public opinion on these forms of governance;
Law and discretion;
Minority rights and their importance;
Internal enemies of totalitarianism and democracy.

Capitalism vs Democracy: Essay Prompt

Capitalism and democracy spread throughout the Western world during the 20th century. The fundamental distinction between the two concepts is that democracy is a form of government and a political system, while capitalism is an economic system.

In your essay, you can discuss the following questions:

What is the connection between capitalism and democracy?
What are the main goals and values of capitalism/democracy?
What does capitalism/democracy mean today?
What are the examples of capitalism/democracy?
Why is capitalism /democracy harmful?

💡 Research Questions about Democracy

How does a society’s education level impact the strength of its democratic institutions?
What role does media freedom play in promoting democratic values?
Relationship between economic development and political democratization .
How does income inequality affect the functioning of democratic systems?
What are the key factors that contribute to the stability of democratic governments?
How does the level of political participation among citizens influence the quality of democracy?
Researching the concept of democracy .
What is the role of political parties in shaping democratic governance?
How does the use of technology impact democratic processes and decision-making?
Asian economic development and democratization .
Does the presence of a strong judiciary contribute to the consolidation of democracy in a country?
How does the level of trust among citizens affect democratic practices?
What impact does gender equality have on the strength of democratic institutions?
The equality of income or wealth depending on democracy .
How does ethnic diversity influence the stability of democratic governments?
What role do non-governmental organizations play in promoting democratic values?
The democratic style of leadership .
How does government transparency impact citizens’ trust in democratic institutions?
How does the separation of powers principle contribute to democratic governance?
What impact do direct democratic mechanisms, such as referendums , have on decision-making processes?
How do political parties strengthen democracy ?
How does the presence of independent media impact the accountability of political leaders in a democracy?
What is the role of civil society in ensuring the effectiveness of democratic governance?
Martin Luther Jr. “Jail Letter” and Aung San Kyi’s democracy excerp t.
How does the integration of minority communities impact the inclusiveness of democratic systems?
Does the involvement of citizens in local governance contribute to stronger democratic practices?
What role does the rule of law play in establishing a democratic society?
What are the impacts of social media on democracy ?
What factors contribute to the erosion of democratic norms and values?
What impact do international agreements have on the promotion and consolidation of democracy?
Democracy: pluralist theory and elite theory .
How does the role of money in politics influence the democratic decision-making process?
What impact do international human rights standards have on protecting citizens’ rights within a democracy?
What role does decentralization play in promoting democratic governance?
What is the impact of technology on democracy ?
How does the level of government accountability impact the overall functioning of a democracy?
What is the relationship between economic development and the sustainability of democratic systems?
Comparison of democracy levels in Uruguay and Venezuela .
How does the level of political polarization impact the effectiveness of democratic governance?
What role do regional and international organizations play in supporting the nascent democracies?
How does the balance of power between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches influence democratic decision-making ?
What are the key challenges faced by young democracies?
What role does public opinion play in shaping democratic policies?
Middle East democratization .
How does the level of political corruption impact the functioning of democratic institutions?
What impact does globalization have on the democratic governance of nation-states?
What are the consequences of restrictions on freedom of expression in democratic societies?
Social media regulation and future of democracy .
What role do international democracy promotion programs play in supporting democratic transitions?
How do different cultural and historical contexts shape the understanding and practice of democracy?
Democracy and Western cultural values worldwide .
What factors contribute to democratic backsliding in countries that have previously experienced democratic transitions?
How does the presence of proportional representation contribute to inclusive and representative democratic governance?
What role do civic education and political literacy play in a democracy?
How does the level of social media usage impact the spread of disinformation and its effect on democratic processes?
African political parties’ endeavour for the implementation of the democracy .
How do citizen participation mechanisms, such as participatory budgeting, impact democratic decision-making?
How does the level of political party system fragmentation impact the effectiveness of democratic governance?
What role does the protection of minority rights play in establishing and sustaining democratic societies?
How does the level of regional integration influence the democratic governance and decision-making of member states?
The Australian Labor Party and the American Democrats: similarities and differences .
What impact does income distribution have on citizens’ satisfaction with democratic systems?
How does the presence of a strong civil service impact the capacity and efficiency of democratic governance?
What factors contribute to successful democratic transitions in countries with a history of authoritarian rule ?
How does the level of trust in key democratic institutions impact overall democratic stability?
What factors contribute to economic failure in democracies ?
What role does political leadership play in establishing and maintaining strong democratic systems?

Democracy and Elections Research Paper Topics

The impact of voter ID laws on democratic participation.
The influence of campaign finance spending on electoral outcomes.
Political participation and voting as democracy features .
The role of social media in shaping public opinion during elections.
The effectiveness of electoral college systems in representing the will of the people.
The effectiveness of international election observation missions in ensuring electoral integrity.
The impact of electronic voting systems on election integrity.
The role of political advertising in shaping voter preferences.
Low voter participation in democratic countries .
The relationship between political polarization and voter turnout.
The effectiveness of voter education programs in promoting informed decision-making.
The effect of voter suppression tactics on democratic participation.
The influence of party endorsement on candidate success in elections.
The impact of gender and ethnicity on political representation in elected offices.
Voting: democracy, freedom, and political agency .
The effectiveness of campaign debates in informing voter choices.
The influence of social factors and peer networks on political affiliation and voting behavior.
The effect of negative campaigning on voter perceptions and candidate success.
The role of non-traditional media sources in shaping public opinion during elections.
The role of technology in enhancing election monitoring and ensuring transparent and secure voting processes.
Electoral systems in a democratic country .
The influence of disinformation campaigns on voter behavior and their implications for electoral integrity.
The challenges and opportunities of implementing online voting systems for improving accessibility and election integrity.
The impact of non-voters and their reasons for not participating in the democratic process.
The impact of campaign advertising on voter behavior in democratic elections.
The role of social media platforms in electoral outcomes in democratic societies.
“The Electoral College Is the Greatest Threat to Our Democracy” by Bouie .
Electoral reforms and their effects on voter turnout and representation in democracies.
The influence of demographic factors and socioeconomic status on voting patterns in democratic elections.
The challenges and opportunities of implementing electronic voting systems to enhance the integrity and efficiency of democratic elections.

E-Democracy Research Topics

Digital divide and its implications for e-democracy.
Role of social media in promoting online political engagement.
E-government and democracy .
Challenges and opportunities for e-petitions as a form of democratic expression.
Cybersecurity challenges in ensuring secure and reliable e-voting systems.
Role of e-democracy in improving representation and inclusivity in decision-making processes.
Ethical considerations in the collection and use of personal data for e-democracy purposes.
Use of blockchain technology in enhancing transparency and trustworthiness in e-democracy.
The use of technology in promoting transparency and accountability in government.
American e-government and public administration .
Influences of online political advertising on voter behavior.
The potential of online deliberative platforms in fostering inclusive public discourse.
The role of online communities in mobilizing citizens for political action.
Effects of online platforms on political campaign strategies and communication tactics.
Use of technology in expanding access to information and knowledge for informed citizenship.
Strategies for building trust in e-government .
Evaluation of online political education programs and their impact on citizen engagement.
Open government initiatives and their role in fostering e-democracy .
Digital activism and its effectiveness in driving social and political change .
Online tools for monitoring and preventing disinformation and fake news in political discourse.
Role of digital identity verification in ensuring the integrity of e-democracy processes.
Challenges and opportunities for e-democracy in authoritarian regimes .
Public trust and perceived legitimacy of e-democracy systems and processes.

✍🏻 Topics for Essays about Democracy

Democracy argumentative essay topics.

The role of public protests in strengthening democracy.
The role of youth engagement in shaping the future of democracy.
Is the Democratic Party the Labour Party of the US ?
Should there be limits on freedom of speech in a democracy to prevent hate speech?
The tensions between national security and civil liberties in a democratic context.
Is direct democracy a more effective form of governance than representative democracy?
The United States is not really a democracy .
The significance of an independent judiciary in upholding democratic principles.
The importance of a robust and unbiased public education system for a thriving democracy.
Compulsory voting: is it compatible with democracy ?
The impact of income inequality on democratic participation and representation.
The significance of constitutional reforms in addressing the challenges faced by democracies .
Does the digital age pose a threat to the principles of democracy?
Should prisoners have a right to vote in a democratic system?
Are referendums effective tools for democratic decision-making?
Democracy vs. other types of government .
Does the media have a responsibility to promote democratic principles and accountability?
Can a democratic government effectively balance national security and civil liberties ?
Should there be limitations on the freedom of peaceful assembly and protest in a democracy?
Democracy is the tyranny of the majority over the minority .
Is the rise of populist movements a threat to democratic values?
Does globalization undermine national sovereignty and democratic decision-making?
Democracy: Durbin’s, Duckworth’s, and Krishinamoorthi’s positions .
Should judges be elected or appointed in a democratic system?
Is a strong independent judiciary essential for a healthy democracy?
Is the EU an example of a successful democratic regional integration project?
How can we provide political representation for non-citizens in a democratic society?
Is democracy a universal value, or should different cultures be allowed to adopt different governance models?
Democracy in the US: is it real today ?
Should democratic governments prioritize economic growth or social welfare policies ?
Should there be restrictions on the power of political parties in a democracy?
Is there a tension between individual rights and collective decision-making in a democratic society?
The role of national identity and multiculturalism in shaping democratic societies.
The effectiveness of citizen initiatives and participatory democracy.
Federal system’s pros and cons from a democratic perspective .
The importance of accountability and transparency in ensuring the functioning of democracy.
Should religion play a role in political decision-making in a democracy?
Does a two-party system hinder the development of democracy?
The influence of corporate power on democratic decision-making processes.
The tension between individual rights and collective needs in democratic societies.
Has the US government become more of or less of a republic, a confederation, or a democracy ?
The role of education in fostering active and informed citizenry in a democracy.
Is a multi-party system more conducive to a healthy and inclusive democracy?
Should there be restrictions on political advertising to ensure fairness and transparency in democratic elections?
Should corporations have the same rights as individuals in democratic legal systems?
Is it necessary to separate church and state in a democratic society?
How democratic was the new Constitution and the Bill of Rights ?
Should there be mandatory civics education to promote democratic values and participation?
Should there be age restrictions on political officeholders in a democracy?
Should digital voting be implemented to increase participation and transparency in elections?

American Democracy Essay Topics

The historical development of American democracy: from the Founding Fathers to the present.
The significance of the American Constitution and its amendments in ensuring democratic governance in the United States.
Government: United States Constitution and democracy .
The impact of the American Revolution on the birth of American democracy.
The separation of powers and checks and balances in the US government .
The significance of the Bill of Rights in protecting individual freedoms within American democracy.
Democracy: the Unites States of America .
The challenges and opportunities of citizen participation in American democratic processes.
The contributions of influential figures such as Thomas Jefferson , James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton to the development of American democracy.
Dahl’s “How Democratic Is the American Constitution?”
The evolution of political parties in American democracy: from the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to the Democrats and Republicans.
The role of the Constitution in establishing and safeguarding American democracy.
The two-party system and democracy in the US .
The impact of the Civil Rights Movement on expanding democratic rights and equality in America.
The ways media influences public opinion and its impact on American democracy.
The influence of money in American politics and its effects on democratic processes.
American democracy v. the social democracy: the healthcare system .
The impact of the women’s suffrage movement on democratic participation and gender equality.
The role of activism and social movements in shaping American democracy .
The influence of third-party candidates on American democracy and election outcomes.
Advancing democracy in the United States .
The challenges and reforms associated with the electoral college system in American democracy.
The impact of the progressive movement on democratic governance and social welfare.
Democracy and tyranny in the United States .
The role of the American presidency in shaping and upholding democratic principles.
The historical relationship between religious freedom and American democracy.
The influence of the labor movement on workers’ rights and democratic policies.
Analysis of democracy in the USA .
The significance of the New Deal and Great Society programs in fostering economic fairness and democratic values.
The impact of the Cold War on American democracy and the preservation of democratic ideals abroad.
Democracy in the United States of America .
The challenges and reforms associated with campaign finance regulations in American democracy.
The impact of modern technology on American democracy, including social media, data privacy , and online political engagement.
Democracy in America: elites, interest groups, and average citizens .
The significance of presidential debates in shaping public opinion and democratic decision-making.
The role of state and local governments in American democracy and their relationship with the federal government .
The impact of the Electoral College on presidential elections and its implications for democratic representation.
Interest groups in the American democratic system .
The relationship between media bias and democratic discourse in American democracy.
The impact of the populist movement, both historically and in contemporary politics, on American democracy.
The role of the First Amendment in protecting and promoting free speech in American democracy.
“What Republicans and Democrats Are Doing in the States Where They Have Total Power”: analysis .
The influence of foreign policy decisions on American democracy and the balance between national security and democratic values.
American women’s historical struggles and triumphs in achieving suffrage and fighting for equal rights in American democracy.
The shifting nature of American democracy .
The impact of the Black Lives Matter movement on public discourse, democratic activism, and policy change.
The labor movement’s influence on workers’ rights, economic policies, and democratic representation.
The US democracy’s promotion in the Middle East .
The significance of federalism in the American democratic system and the balance of power between states and the federal government.
The importance of a free and independent press in American democracy.
Democratic traditions in early American colonies .
The influence of religious groups on American politics, democratic decision-making, and social policy.
The role of non-governmental organizations in promoting democratic values, human rights, and social justice in America.
Edmund Morgan: the views of American democracy .
The protection of minority rights and the principle of majority rule in American democracy.
The role of civil society organizations in promoting and strengthening American democracy.

Jacksonian Democracy Essay Topics

The main principles and goals of Jacksonian Democracy.
The impact of Jacksonian Democracy on expanding voting and political participation.
Andrew Jackson’s first inaugural address .
The role of populism in shaping Jacksonian Democracy.
The controversy surrounding Jackson’s Indian Removal policies .
The influence of Jacksonian Democracy on the development of the two-party system.
The impact of the “Kitchen Cabinet” and informal advisors on Jackson’s presidency.
The economic policies of Jacksonian Democracy and its effect on the national economy.
The antebellum capitalism and Jeffersonians and Jacksonians capitalist ideals .
The expansion of land ownership and westward expansion under Jacksonian Democracy.
The role of women in Jacksonian Democracy and the early suffrage movement .
The controversy surrounding Jackson’s veto of the Bank of the United States.
The impact of Jacksonian Democracy on Native American rights and sovereignty.
The legacy of Jacksonian Democracy and its influence on subsequent political movements.
The significance of the Democratic Party’s rise during the Jacksonian era.
Andrew Jackson presidency: society, politics, veto .
The impact of Jacksonian Democracy on the growth of economic opportunities for common people.
The relationship between Jacksonian Democracy and the rise of American nationalism.
The role of newspapers and media in promoting or opposing Jacksonian Democracy.
The controversies surrounding Jackson’s removal of government deposits from the Bank of the United States.
The response of marginalized groups, such as Native Americans and African Americans, to Jacksonian Democracy.
The impact of Jacksonian Democracy on the development of the American presidency and executive power.
The long-term effects of Jacksonian Democracy on American political and social identity.

Questions about Democracy for Essays

What are the key principles and values of democracy?
How does democracy promote individual freedoms and rights?
“Democracy and Collective Identity in the EU and the USA”: article analysis .
What are the different forms of democracy, and how do they vary?
How does democracy ensure accountability and transparency in governance?
Concepts of democracy and wealth .
What is the role of elections in a democratic system?
How does democracy promote political participation and citizen engagement?
Discussion of democracy assignment .
What are the main challenges to democracy in the modern world?
How does democracy protect minority rights and prevent majority tyranny?
What are the political concepts of democracy and nationalism ?
How does the media influence democratic processes and outcomes?
What role do political parties play in a democratic system?
What are representative democracy and its constituents ?
How does democracy address social and economic inequalities?
What is the relationship between democracy and human rights ?
What are the benefits and drawbacks of direct democracy?
How does democracy impact economic development and prosperity?
Democracy description as a political system .
What role does the judiciary play in a democratic system?
How does democracy address issues of social justice and equality ?
What are the implications of globalization for democracy?
Can democracy exist without a well-informed citizenry and a free press?
Democratic and authoritarian states .
How does democracy respond to extremist ideologies and populism?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of representative democracy?
How does democracy promote peaceful transitions of power?
How does democracy foster social cohesion and national unity?
How does democracy ensure the protection of civil liberties?
What is the nature and performance of Indonesia’s new democracy ?
How does democracy reconcile the tension between majority rule and minority rights?
What are the roles of civil society and non-governmental organizations in a democracy?
How does democracy deal with issues of environmental sustainability ?
Democracy: evolution of the political thought .
What are the effects of money and lobbying on democratic processes?
How does democracy guarantee freedom of speech and expression?
What is the Canadian political culture and democracy ?
What is the impact of education and civic education on democracy?
How does democracy address the challenges of pluralism and diversity?
What are the implications of digital technologies for democracy?
The French Revolution: failed democracy and Napoleon .
What role does international cooperation play in fostering democracy?
How does democracy address the power imbalance between different societal groups?
What are the reasons for the failure of democracy in South America ?
What are the historical origins of democracy and its evolution over time?
How does democracy protect the rights of marginalized and vulnerable populations?
What are the political apathy and low voter turnout consequences in a democracy?
How does democracy handle situations of crisis and emergency?
Democracy as a socio-political phenomenon .
What is the role of public opinion in democratic decision-making?
How does democracy ensure fair representation and inclusivity ?
What are the mechanisms in place to hold elected officials accountable in a democracy?

🎤 Topics about Democracy for Speeches

The importance of democracy in safeguarding individual freedoms and human rights.
The historical evolution of democracy: from ancient Athens to modern-day governance.
The essential concepts and principles of democracy .
Democratic revolutions and their impact on shaping the world.
The role of citizen participation in a thriving democracy.
Exploring the concept of direct democracy: can it work on a large scale?
Backsliding of democracy: examples and preventive measures .
The role of media in fostering accountability in a democracy.
Striving for gender equality and women’s empowerment within democratic frameworks.
Democracy and efforts to emphasize it .
The influence of money and campaign finance on democratic processes.
Democracy and social justice: addressing inequalities and discrimination.
The impact of education in building a democratic society.
The Republican and Democratic parties: issues, beliefs, and philosophy .
Democracy and the environment: Promoting sustainable practices .
The relation between democracy and economic development.
Mexico’s globalization and democratization .
The significance of a strong, independent judiciary in upholding the rule of law in a democracy.
The potential benefits and drawbacks of digital technology on democracy.
Youth engagement and the future of democracy.
Democracy: equality of income and egalitarianism .
Democracy in the face of political polarization and extremism.
Democracy and cultural diversity : balancing majority rule and minority rights.
Democratic society and the capitalist system .
The importance of civic education in nurturing active and informed citizens.
Democracy and peace: how democratic nations tend to avoid armed conflicts .
The role of international organizations in promoting democracy worldwide.
The struggle for democracy: bureaucracy .
Social media and democracy: examining their impact on political discourse.
Democracy and global governance: the need for collaborative decision-making.
Democratization processes that have reshaped societies .
The implications of demographic changes on democratic representation.
The challenges of ensuring democracy in times of crisis and emergency.
Democracy and immigration : the role of inclusive policies and integration.
Corruption in the Democratic Republic of Congo .
The responsibility of democratic nations in addressing global challenges (e.g., climate change , pandemics).
The effects of fake news and disinformation on democratic societies.
Democrats and communists in 1950 .
Democratic reforms: lessons learned from successful transitions.
The role of intellectuals and artists in promoting democratic values and ideals.
Democracy and the future of work : navigating technological advancements and automation.
Safeguard of democracy is education .
The importance of strong civil society organizations to democracy.
Democracy and national security: striking the balance between safety and civil liberties.
Representing the democracy of Florida .
The significance of a robust social welfare system in ensuring democratic stability.
Democracy and accountability in the age of surveillance and privacy concerns .
The future prospects of democracy: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century.
Democratic regime and liberation movements .
The role of transitional justice in post-authoritarian democracies.
Democratic decision-making: weighing majority opinion against expert knowledge.
The topic of democracy in various speeches .
Democracy and educational policy: the need for equitable access to quality education.
The influence of cultural, religious, and ideological diversity on democratic governance.
Democracy and intergenerational justice: balancing present needs with future aspirations.
Biden warns of US peril from Trump’s ‘dagger’ at democracy .

Democracy Debate Topics

Is direct democracy a practical and effective form of governance?
Should there be term limits for political officeholders in a democracy?
Social democratic welfare state .
Is compulsory voting necessary for a thriving democratic system?
Is money in politics a threat to democratic integrity?
Should there be limits on campaign spending in democratic elections?
Social democracy vs. social policy .
Should felons have the right to vote in a democracy?
Can social media platforms ensure fair and unbiased political discourse in a democracy?
Why does democracy work and why doesn’t it ?
Is proportional representation more democratic than a winner-takes-all electoral system?
Should there be stricter regulations on political lobbying in a democracy?
Is it necessary to establish a global democracy to tackle global challenges ?
Is the concept of majority rule compatible with protecting minority rights in a democracy?
Is populism a threat or an asset to democracy?
The struggle for democracy: how politics captures people’s interest ?
Should the voting age be lowered to increase youth participation in democracy?
Should corporations have a say in democratic decision-making processes?
Is a strong centralized government or decentralized governance better for democracy?
Should the internet be regulated to protect its users from misinformation?
Is democracy the best form of government ?
Should religious institutions have a role in democratic governance?
Is international intervention justified to promote democracy in authoritarian regimes ?
Is a multi-party democracy more representative than a two-party system?
Should immigration policies be determined through democratic processes?

✅ Outline for an Essay About Democracy

We’ve prepared a mini guide to help you structure your essay on democracy. You’ll also find some examples below.

Democracy Essay Introduction

Would you like to learn how to write a strong essay introduction? We are here for you! The introduction is the first paragraph of your essay, so it needs to provide context, capture the reader’s attention, and present the main topic or argument of an essay or paper. It also explains what readers can expect from the rest of the text. A good introduction should include:

Hook . A hook is a compelling, attention-grabbing opening sentence designed to engage the reader’s interest and curiosity. It aims to draw the reader into the essay or paper by presenting an intriguing fact, anecdote, question, or statement related to the topic.
Background information . Background information provides context and helps readers understand the subject matter before delving into the main discussion or argument.
Thesis statement . It’s a sentence in the introduction part of the essay. A thesis statement introduces the paper’s main point, argument, or purpose, guiding and informing the reader about the essay’s focus and direction.

Hook : “Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others.” ― Winston S. Churchill.

Thesis statement : Democracy has endured the test of time, and although other forms of governance have failed, democracy has stayed firm.

Essay on Democracy: Body Paragraphs

Body paragraphs are critical in writing a great college essay. There are 5 main steps you can follow to write a compelling body paragraph:

Create a topic sentence.
Provide the evidence.
Explain how the evidence relates to the main points.
Explain why your arguments are relevant.
Add transition to the following paragraph.

Topic sentence : In a democratic system of governance, supreme authority rests with the people and is exercised through a framework of representation, often involving regular, unrestricted elections.

Supporting evidence : Democracy allows residents to participate in creating laws and public policies by electing their leaders; consequently, voters should be educated to select the best candidate for the ruling government.

Essay about Democracy: Conclusion

The conclusion is the final part of an academic essay. It should restate the thesis statement and briefly summarize the key points. Refrain from including new ideas or adding information to the conclusion.

There are 3 crucial components to the conclusion:

Rephrased thesis statement.
Summary of main points.
Thought-provoking or memorable closing statement.

Rephrased thesis statement : To conclude, democracy is a form of government that has proven its effectiveness and resilience in contrast to other governance systems.

We hope you’ve found our article interesting and learned some new information! If so, feel free to share it with your friends and leave a comment below.

Thesis Statements – The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
How to Write a Five-Paragraph Essay, With Examples | Grammarly
Creating a Thesis Statement, Thesis Statement Tips – Purdue OWL® – Purdue University
Paragraphs & Topic Sentences: Writing Guides: Writing Tutorial Services: Indiana University Bloomington
How to Write a Topic Sentence (With Examples and Tips) | Indeed.com

414 Proposal Essay Topics for Projects, Research, & Proposal Arguments

371 fun argumentative essay topics for 2024.

By the People: Essays on Democracy

Harvard Kennedy School faculty explore aspects of democracy in their own words—from increasing civic participation and decreasing extreme partisanship to strengthening democratic institutions and making them more fair.

Winter 2020

By Archon Fung , Nancy Gibbs , Tarek Masoud , Julia Minson , Cornell William Brooks , Jane Mansbridge , Arthur Brooks , Pippa Norris , Benjamin Schneer

The basic terms of democratic governance are shifting before our eyes, and we don’t know what the future holds. Some fear the rise of hateful populism and the collapse of democratic norms and practices. Others see opportunities for marginalized people and groups to exercise greater voice and influence. At the Kennedy School, we are striving to produce ideas and insights to meet these great uncertainties and to help make democratic governance successful in the future. In the pages that follow, you can read about the varied ways our faculty members think about facets of democracy and democratic institutions and making democracy better in practice.

Explore essays on democracy

Archon fung: we voted, nancy gibbs: truth and trust, tarek masoud: a fragile state, julia minson: just listen, cornell william brooks: democracy behind bars, jane mansbridge: a teachable skill, arthur brooks: healthy competition, pippa norris: kicking the sandcastle, benjamin schneer: drawing a line.

Get smart & reliable public policy insights right in your inbox.

12 Pros and Cons of Democracy

A democracy is a form of government where eligible members of a state or the entire population has a voice in the decisions that must be made. When eligible members represent distinct population districts, they are usually elected to provide this representation. Democracies can also occur in business structures and during personal decisions.

The primary advantage of democracy is that it is one of the fairest systems of government that has been created. Every person has a voice, either on their own merit or through an elected official, which allows them to influence the policies and procedures that are developed for governing. Everyone can be as active or as inactive as they wish to be with the political process.

The disadvantage of a democracy is that it is a rather inefficient form of governing. Because everyone has the opportunity to offer their opinion, it takes time for a decision to be made. In times of crisis, help can be delayed because all policies and procedures are subjected to a voting process. In a true democracy, every person would need to vote on every decision before something could be accomplished.

Here are some additional pros and cons of a democracy to think about when studying the various forms of government structures that are available today.

List of the Pros of Democracy

1. It encourages personal involvement. In one way or another, it is the people who control their own fate under the scope of a democracy. They can choose to vote or choose not to vote. They can vote for certain policies and against others. Whether they are in the majority or not, there is always the possibility of freely expressing a personal opinion. That is a level of freedom that other forms of government do not always provide.

2. It promotes equality. Within a democracy, every vote is weighted with the same value. It doesn’t matter what your gender identification happens to be. It doesn’t matter how much money you make. It doesn’t matter where you live, what religion you prefer, if you’re a jerk, or if you’re the nicest person who has ever lived. Everyone gets a vote with the same value, even if it is through an eligible representative, and that basic structure promotes equality on a vote level.

3. It decentralizes governmental power. A government with power over the people can dictate how populations live their lives. In a democracy, the governmental power is decentralized because it lies in the hands of each voter. If an elected official isn’t doing their job, then they can be voted out of office during the next election. In a true democracy, each vote is its own source of power. That makes it easier for people to stay in control over the direction of chasing their dreams.

4. It inspires loyalty and patriotism. A democracy enables people to stand up for what they believe. It gives them a chance to express their unique perspectives and opinions in a safe environment. Success can be achieved together because the differences people have can be celebrated instead of being feared. This gives people the best chance possible to work towards policies, procedures, and legislation that can benefit as many households as possible.

5. It provides societal consistency. Voting on decisions provides more consistency in government when compared to a government that changes over in power every time a new political party is elected as a majority. People who are given the power to vote are able to maintain the momentum they want on specific legislative items so that, over time, society can be shaped in a way that benefits virtually everyone.

6. It stops exploitation. Any form of government is at-risk for exploitation by individuals with power. Because that power is distributed within a democracy, there are more checks and balances in place to ensure that no one is given a form of absolute power. At a core level, the people are always those that have the most power, no matter what an elected politician might say.

7. It encourages GDP growth. People within a democracy are given the opportunity to be whatever they wish to be. By allowing people to pursue their passions, the GDP of a nation is usually higher. Economic opportunities have more stability. Households have an opportunity to form in whatever way suits their needs the best.

List of the Cons of Democracy

1. It requires voters to be well informed to be effective. In a democracy, it is possible to cast a vote without having any knowledge about what is being voted on. For this governmental structure to be effective, it is necessary for every voting individual to be well-versed on the subject matter being voted upon. Without that knowledge, an unnecessary or potentially harmful piece of legislation could be passed.

2. It focuses solely on the needs of the majority. Within the structure of a democracy, those who find themselves in the minority on a decision will feel like their country didn’t listen to their ideas and perspectives. If someone finds themselves in the minority on a consistent basis, then they may begin to feel marginalized. The majority could even attempt to enact policies that harm the minority without protective structures in place to prevent such an action.

3. It encourages a herd mentality. People tend to stay in their comfort zones. More than ever before in the US, people are maintaining friendships within their own political party, but rarely outside of it. Neighborhoods, communities, and even states become polarized because people search for their comfort zone. A democracy, over a long period of time, encourages mob thinking because it discourages the idea of an open mind. Each vote is an us versus them scenario.

4. It is costly. Every vote that is taken in a democracy has a monetary cost associated with it. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, $544 million in lost productivity occurs during a US Presidential election on Election Day. Since 2000, every election cycle in the US has cost more than $1 billion. At the local level, it is not unusual for mayoral, city council, and school council elections to exceed $100,000 in costs.

5. It requires a lot of time. Voting requires time to make changes to legislation. Sometimes, however, a decision must be made very quickly. Imagine if the US had to conduct a nationwide vote after an attack by North Korea before a response could be authorized? Even in a representative democracy, the amount of time that it takes to pass meaningful legislation can extend beyond one year quite frequently.

The pros and cons of democracy show us that it is a system of government that promotes freedom. That freedom comes at a steep cost, however, and some societies may decide that other forms of government are better suited to meet their needs.

How do you feel about the pros and cons of a democracy?

Share full article

Supported by

Guest Essay

The One Idea That Could Save American Democracy

By Astra Taylor and Leah Hunt-Hendrix

Ms. Taylor and Ms. Hunt-Hendrix are political organizers and the authors of the book “Solidarity: The Past, Present, and Future of a World-Changing Idea.”

These days, we often hear that democracy is on the ballot. And there’s a truth to that: Winning elections is critical, especially as liberal and progressive forces try to fend off radical right-wing movements. But the democratic crisis that our society faces will not be solved by voting alone. We need to do more than defeat Donald Trump and his allies — we need to make cultivating solidarity a national priority.

For years, solidarity’s strongest associations have been with the left and the labor movement — a term invoked at protests and on picket lines. But its roots are much deeper, and its potential implications far more profound, than we typically assume. Though we rarely speak about it as such, solidarity is a concept as fundamental to democracy as its better-known cousins: equality, freedom and justice. Solidarity is simultaneously a bond that holds society together and a force that propels it forward. After all, when people feel connected, they are more willing to work together, to share resources and to have one another’s backs. Solidarity weaves us into a larger and more resilient “we” through the precious and powerful sense that even though we are different, our lives and our fates are connected.

We have both spent years working as organizers and activists . If our experience has taught us anything, it is that a sense of connection and mutualism is rarely spontaneous. It must be nurtured and sustained. Without robust and effective organizations and institutions to cultivate and maintain solidarity, it weakens and democracy falters. We become more atomized and isolated, suspicious and susceptible to misinformation, more disengaged and cynical, and easily pitted against one another.

Democracy’s opponents know this. That’s why they invest huge amounts of energy and resources to sabotage transformative, democratic solidarity and to nurture exclusionary and reactionary forms of group identity. Enraged at a decade of social movements and the long-overdue revival of organized labor, right-wing strategists and their corporate backers have redoubled their efforts to divide and conquer the American public, inflaming group resentments in order to restore traditional social hierarchies and ensure that plutocrats maintain their hold on wealth and power. In white papers, stump speeches and podcasts, conservative ideologues have laid out their vision for capturing the state and using it as a tool to remake our country in their image.

If we do not prioritize solidarity, this dangerous and anti-democratic project will succeed. Far more than just a slogan or hashtag, solidarity can orient us toward a future worth fighting for, providing the basis of a credible and galvanizing plan for democratic renewal. Instead of the 20th-century ideal of a welfare state, we should try to imagine a solidarity state.

We urgently need a countervision of what government can and should be, and how public resources and infrastructure can be deployed to foster social connection and repair the social fabric so that democracy can have a chance not just to limp along, but to flourish. Solidarity, here, is both a goal worth reaching toward and the method of building the power to achieve it. It is both means and ends, the forging of social bonds so that we can become strong enough to shift policy together.

Historically, the question of solidarity has been raised during volatile junctures like the one we are living through. Contemporary conceptions of solidarity first took form after the democratic revolutions of the 18th century and over the course of the Industrial Revolution. As kings were deposed and the church’s role as a moral authority waned, philosophers and citizens wondered how society could cohere without a monarch or god. What could bind people in a secular, pluralistic age?

The 19th-century thinkers who began seriously contemplating and writing about the idea of solidarity often used the image of the human body, where different parts work in tandem. Most famously, the French sociologist Émile Durkheim put solidarity at the center of his inquiry, arguing that as society increased in complexity, social bonds between people would strengthen, each person playing a specialized role while connected to a larger whole. Solidarity and social cohesion, he argued, would be the natural result of increasing social and economic interdependence. But as Durkheim himself would eventually recognize, the industrial economy that he initially imagined would generate solidarity would actually serve to weaken its fragile ties, fostering what he called anomie, the corrosive hopelessness that accompanied growing inequality.

In the United States, solidarity never achieved the same intellectual cachet as in Europe. Since this nation’s founding, the concept has generally been neglected, and the practice actively suppressed and even criminalized. Attempts to forge cross-racial solidarity have met with violent suppression time and again, and labor organizing, effectively outlawed until the New Deal era, still occupies hostile legal ground. Decades of market-friendly policies, promoted by Republicans and Democrats alike, have undermined solidarity in ways both subtle and overt, from encouraging us to see ourselves as individual consumers rather than citizens to fostering individualism and competition over collectivity and cooperation.

As our profit-driven economy has made us more insecure and atomized — and more susceptible to authoritarian appeals — the far right has seized its opportunity. A furious backlash now rises to cut down the shoots of solidarity that sprung up as a result of recent movements pushing for economic, racial, environmental and gender justice. In response, programs that encourage diversity and inclusion are being targeted by billionaire investors, while small acts of solidarity — like helping someone get an abortion or bailing protesters out of jail — have been criminalized.

Awaiting the return of Mr. Trump, the Heritage Foundation has mapped out a plan to remake government and society, using the full power of the state to roll back what it calls “the Great Awokening” and restore a Judeo-Christian, capitalist “culture of life” and “blessedness.” “Woke” has been turned into a pejorative so that the word can be wielded to tarnish and break the solidarity that people have only just begun to experience.

Our vision of a solidarity state offers a pointed rejoinder to this project. Social democrats and socialists have been right to emphasize the need for redistribution and robust public investment in goods and services. We must restructure our economy so that it works for the many and not the few. But unlike conservatives — think, for example, of Margaret Thatcher, the prime minister of Britain who in 1981 said, “Economics are the method; the object is to change the heart and soul” — liberals and leftists have tended to downplay the role of policy in shaping public sensibilities. This is a mistake.

Laws and social programs not only shape material outcomes; they also shape us, informing public perceptions and preferences, and generating what scholars call policy feedback loops. There is no neutral state to aspire to. Policies can either foster solidarity and help repair the divides that separate us or deepen the fissures.

Today, the American welfare state too often does the latter. As sociologists including Suzanne Mettler and Matthew Desmond have detailed, lower-income people tend to be stigmatized for needing assistance, while more-affluent citizens reap a range of benefits that are comparatively invisible, mainly through tax credits and tax breaks. Both arrangements — the highly visible and stigmatized aid to the poor and the more invisible and socially acceptable aid to the affluent — serve to foster resentment and obscure how we are all dependent on the state in various ways.

Instead of treating citizens as passive and isolated recipients of services delivered from on high, a solidarity state would experiment with creative ways of fostering connection and participation at every opportunity for more Americans. What if we had basic guarantees that were universal rather than means-tested programs that distinguish between the deserving and undeserving, stigmatizing some and setting groups apart? What if, following the model of a widely admired program in Canada, the government aided groups of private citizens who want to sponsor and subsidize migrants and refugees? What if public schools, post offices, transit systems, parks, public utilities and jobs programs were explicitly designed to facilitate social connection and solidarity in addition to providing essential support and services?

We’ll get there only if we take up the challenge of building solidarity from wherever we happen to sit. Both means and end, solidarity can be a source of power, built through the day-to-day work of organizing, and our shared purpose. Solidarity is the essential and too often missing ingredient of today’s most important political project: not just saving democracy but creating an egalitarian, multiracial society that can guarantee each of us a dignified life.

Astra Taylor and Leah Hunt-Hendrix are political organizers and the authors of the book “Solidarity: The Past, Present, and Future of a World-Changing Idea.”

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads .

Trump special counsel fires back at Cannon order that could disrupt case

Prosecutor says judge’s legal premise on presidential records act ‘is wrong,’ urges her to rule in classified documents case so he can appeal.

Special counsel Jack Smith warned the judge overseeing Donald Trump ’s classified documents case that she is pursuing a legal premise that “is wrong” and said he would probably appeal to a higher court if she rules that a federal records law can protect the former president from prosecution.

In a late-night legal filing Tuesday, Smith’s office pushed back hard against an unusual instruction from U.S. District Judge Aileen M. Cannon — one that veteran national security lawyers and former judges have said badly misinterprets the Presidential Records Act and laws related to classified documents.

Smith’s filing represents the most stark and high-stakes confrontation yet between the judge and the prosecutor, illustrating the extent to which a ruling by Cannon that legitimizes the PRA as a defense could eviscerate the historic case, one of four Trump is facing as he again runs for president. The special counsel repeatedly said that he probably would appeal such a ruling, potentially delaying the classified documents trial well beyond November’s presidential election.

Last month, Cannon ordered defense lawyers and prosecutors in the case to submit hypothetical jury instructions based on two different, and very much contested, readings of the PRA.

In response, Smith said Cannon was pursuing a “fundamentally flawed legal premise” that the law somehow overrides Section 793 of the Espionage Act, which Trump is accused of violating by stashing hundreds of classified documents at Mar-a-Lago, his Florida home and private club, after his presidency ended.

“That legal premise is wrong, and a jury instruction for Section 793 that reflects that premise would distort the trial,” Smith wrote. The Presidential Records Act, he said, “should not play any role at trial at all.”

Smith’s filing was unusual in that prosecutors rarely seek direct confrontations with judges overseeing their case; it makes clear he sees significant potential danger for his prosecution from Cannon’s approach to the PRA issue. How Cannon, a Trump nominee who has been on the bench since late 2020, responds will be critical.

If she rules against Smith, he could appeal. If she retreats from the disputed legal premise, the issue could fade into the background as she decides a pretrial hearing schedule and sets a trial date.

Cannon has been slow to make a number of decisions, even as prosecutors have urged her to move quickly, and it’s possible that on this issue too, she simply takes her time. In the meantime, Trump is scheduled to stand trial starting April 15 in a New York state case accusing him of falsifying business records to cover up a hush money payment during the 2016 election. Two other criminal cases , related to Trump’s alleged efforts to block Joe Biden’s 2020 election victory, are mired in pretrial proceedings and appeals.

Tuesday night’s filing urged Cannon to rule quickly on whether the Presidential Records Act is relevant to the case, so that prosecutors can appeal any such determination to a higher court before the Florida trial, which is delayed from its original late May start date but has not yet been rescheduled.

Smith has said the records act has nothing to do with the national security crimes Trump is accused of committing — a view backed by many legal experts, who have said a ruling in Trump’s favor would open the door for future presidents to claim personal ownership of national defense secrets. Waiting until the trial is underway to rule on the issue, Smith warned, could doom the prosecution’s case before it ever gets to a jury.

“If the Court were to defer a decision on that fundamental legal question it would inject substantial delay into the trial and, worse, prevent the government from seeking review before jeopardy attaches,” he wrote.

Even as he questioned the premise of Cannon’s order, Smith complied, offering proposed jury instructions for the two legal scenarios she outlined. Smith’s proffered language, however, was couched in a kind of lawyerly attack on Cannon’s legal analysis.

“[E]ven if an individual holds a security clearance and has a need to know classified information, the individual’s possession of the classified information is unauthorized if the individual removes the classified information from a secure facility or possesses the information outside of a secure facility,” Smith wrote in the proposed jury instruction.

“I instruct you, however, that, as to a former President, even if he lacks a security clearance, lacks a need to know classified information, and stores information outside of a secure facility, he is authorized to do so if the classified information is contained within a ‘personal record,’ within the meaning of the Presidential Records Act (PRA).”

Trump has pleaded not guilty to 32 charges of violating the Espionage Act, with each count corresponding to a specific classified document that he is alleged to have retained after leaving office, as well as eight additional charges of obstructing government efforts to retrieve the materials. His lawyers argue that the former president had the authority under the PRA to declare even highly classified documents to be his personal records and property.

Prosecutors and legal experts have said such claims badly misstate the law, which says that presidential records belong to the public and are to be turned over to the National Archives and Records Administration at the end of a presidency. Legal experts say Cannon’s focus on jury instructions seems odd at this stage of the process because a trial is not imminent and the judge still has a number of decisions to make in the pretrial proceedings before the instructions are relevant. They also say the premise of Cannon’s orders indulged some mangled interpretations of laws that have been pushed by Trump’s lawyers and supporters.

Trump’s team said in its own late-night filing that Cannon’s assignment is consistent with Trump’s position that the “prosecution is based on official acts” he took as president — not illegal retention of materials.

The judge told lawyers to write jury instructions for two legal interpretations. Legal experts said she could use those instructions to help inform her eventual ruling on a request that Trump made to dismiss the case because the PRA allowed him to designate any presidential record as personal.

In one scenario, Cannon asked them to craft jury instructions that assume the PRA allows presidents to designate any documents as personal at the end of a presidency — which is what Trump’s legal team has argued he had the authority to do. She then said they should also write separate jury instructions predicated on the idea that jurors would be able to determine which of the documents Trump is accused of illegally retaining are personal and which are presidential.

The government has said it is the Espionage Act — not the PRA — that guards classified materials. Trump is not charged with violating the PRA, and prosecutors said throughout their filing that the PRA should not be in those instructions.

“The PRA’s distinction between personal and presidential records has no bearing on whether a former President’s possession of documents containing national defense information is authorized under the Espionage Act, and the PRA should play no role in the jury instructions,” Smith wrote. “Indeed, based on the current record, the PRA should not play any role at trial at all.”

In their proposed jury instructions, Trump’s attorneys leaned into their argument that the former president had the ultimate authority to determine the designation of the documents that he is accused of illegally retaining.

“You heard evidence during the trial that President Trump exercised that authority, at times verbally and at times without using formal procedures, while he was President,” Trump’s legal team wrote in the hypothetical jury instructions . “I instruct you that those declassification decisions are examples of valid and legally appropriate uses of President Trump’s declassification authority while he was President of the United States.”

Cannon held a hearing over a month ago to determine a new date for the classified documents trial. Prosecutors sought a date in early July, while Trump’s lawyers asked to wait until after the election or to start in August at the earliest. The judge has not yet ruled.

She issued her jury instruction order a few days after a different hearing, held March 14, at which she heard arguments on two of Trump’s motions to toss out the case.

One motion said the case should be dismissed because the PRA meant that Trump could simply declare highly classified documents to be his personal property and keep them at Mar-a-Lago. Cannon has not yet ruled on that motion.

Hours after the hearing, she rejected Trump’s other motion to dismiss. It argued that the Espionage Act , which has been used for decades to convict others of improperly possessing classified documents, was too vaguely worded to be used in his indictment.