frame of reference essay example

Frames of Reference: Definition and Examples Essay

A frame of reference is a set of assumptions that underlies the thoughts people form about the world around them. Whenever an event occurs, they try to rationalize and explain it using these ideas to obtain an understanding of what has taken place. When two people share the same frame of reference, they can communicate effectively, as each can interpret the other’s meaning correctly. On the other hand, with different reference frames, possibilities for misunderstandings arise that may not necessarily be apparent to either party.

Typically, a person will be using a reference frame that arises from their life experiences. Their culture and upbringing will define the knowledge they have and the behaviors they view as acceptable or otherwise. As such, a person with a more diverse set of experiences will typically have a broader reference frame than one that has lived their life within a single location or culture. This broadness is beneficial from a conversational viewpoint, as it lets one understand different people better. As such, people are often encouraged to actively enhance their knowledge and seek new experiences to improve their understanding of the world.

Fiction is one example of a context where one has to adopt a different frame of reference. This consideration particularly applies to unrealistic settings such as fantasy or science fiction. In them, society and culture have been changed dramatically by the different circumstances in which society developed, and actions have to be reinterpreted in that context. Another field where a different frame of reference is necessary is history, as the culture and beliefs of humanity as a whole evolve constantly. It is unproductive to judge past figures by modern standards, particularly with regard to ethics, if such concepts had not existed yet at the time or were viewed as unviable.

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Frames of Reference: Definition and Examples Essay

1. introduction.

The concept of reference frame is fundamental to understanding measurement and mechanics. A reference frame consists of an abstract coordinate system and a set of physical reference points that uniquely fix (locate and orient) the coordinate system and standardize measurements. People often speak of measurements as having a value at an instant, but unless the time and place of the measurement are also specified, the information conveyed is ambiguous. In fact, a complete statement of a measurement results in specifying a change in position relative to a reference point within a particular coordinate system, the time, the place, and the spatial orientation of the frame. Coordinate systems are often taken for granted and introduced only at a late point in a student's education. Yet, the concepts of time and space are so basic to the understanding of physical phenomena and the relation of physics to other sciences that a beginning physics student should address the issue at an early stage. In contrast to the other sciences, which often use the concepts of time and space without much concern, physics mechanism and causes are characterized by the detailed dynamics of objects and the interactions of different systems at different times and places. To address these issues, it is necessary to specify not only the time and place of an object but also the time and place of the interaction or event that involves the object. The dependence of an event on various factors constitutes the cause and effect relationships, which are important to identify and understand in the study of specific phenomena.

1.1. Definition of Frames of Reference

The frame of reference is what you measure the position, the velocity, and the acceleration of an object. When you take a measurement, the position can vary depending on where you are. Imagine trying to explain where you parked your car at a large shopping center when you and a friend have arrived separately. If you had forgotten to tell him that you were in a different car than what he has seen, the reference frame for his description of your car's position would be different from yours because you were thinking it's relative to a different point in the car park. So to avoid confusion in locating your car's position, you need to settle on a reference point to describe the position of the car. The state of motion of the object can depend on how you are viewing it, so it's really important to specify a reference frame when taking a measurement. When you are on a bus and it starts to move away from the bus stop, you could describe someone falling over in two ways, the reference frame being the bus. If you observed the person outside the bus, you would say that they fell forward, but someone inside the bus would say that they fell backward.

1.2. Importance of Frames of Reference

Frames of reference are so fundamental to how we understand the world that they are often taken for granted. However, they are essential in understanding the physics of the world around us. Choosing appropriate frames of references also is an important step in problem solving involving motion. Non-inertial frames of reference, such as those encountered in accelerated motion, usually require the introduction of fictitious forces. The use of fictitious forces can lead to quite complicated expressions for the laws of physics as compared to those in inertial frames. As an example, the explanation for Newton's second law in terms of the rate of change of momentum of a particle in a straight line remains relatively simple in an inertial frame. In a non-inertial frame, an additional force term involving the acceleration of the frame of reference appears on the right-hand side of the equation. In mechanics, we have the advantage that the laws describing the behavior of particles are rather simple. In more complex systems or in other areas of physics, a change of reference frame can lead to very complicated equations of motion, which become difficult to solve. Suppose a more complicated system were to have under external forces. A change to a different non-inertial frame of reference would lead to the appearance of fictitious forces whose terms would be difficult to combine and simplify. As a result, one set of equations could end up being more trouble than it is worth and abandoned in place of another set of equations in a different frame of reference. With the poor choice of frame, the problem can become needlessly difficult.

1.3. Examples of Frames of Reference

Non-inertial reference frames (accelerating frames) illustrate the importance of frame selection. Examples include sipping soup on a bus in a moving train, or watching bugs on a spinning record. All of these activities suffer from the introduction of a pseudo force. An observer on the ground sees the person on the bus needing to lean to keep the soup from spilling. In this case, the observer on the ground sees the person as the accelerated object, and his leaning as the acceleration. The consequence is the introduction of a force not observable by the person on the bus. This force, called a pseudo force, has a magnitude "ma" where "m" is the mass of the object, and "a" is the acceleration of the frame. The pseudo force in this case is equal to the force required to move the man times the acceleration of the bus. The bug on the spinning record has approximately zero centripetal acceleration. If the bug is small compared to the record, he can jump to the record and still be on a non-inertial frame. This is a particularly simple example because once the bug is sitting on the record, he is on an inertial frame. But if the bug were to instead put one of his legs on the record while still on the ground, he could at that instant treat his foot as though it were on an accelerated frame. This example is also similar to the person with the soup, as the bug will introduce a pseudo force to keep himself on the record equal to "ma", where "m" is the weight of the bug.

2. Types of Frames of Reference

In physics, there are four types of frames of reference: inertial frames of reference, non-inertial frames of reference, relative frames of reference, and absolute frames of reference. When measuring motion, one should take these into account in order to be able to compare the data collected by experimenting using the same method of measurement. In a particular inertial frame of reference, the velocity of a massive particle is constant. Any net force acting on it is zero, and the particle's velocity is zero if and only if the particle is at rest. This implies that classical particles may preserve their previous velocities proportionate to the velocity of the frame. The theory of special relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905, supposes that all physical laws are the same in all inertial frames of reference, and the speed of light is the same in every inertial frame of reference, no matter the velocity of the observer. Relative frames of reference are frames of reference that are determined by the relative state of some physical object or by the relative motion of some observer. In measuring velocity in a relative frame, one may measure an object's velocity with respect to how fast the reference object is moving in a separate frame, and then add the vectors of the object's velocity and the reference object's velocity. Non-inertial frames of reference are frames for which the first equation of motion does not hold. Basically, it's a frame of reference that is undergoing acceleration. This could be from dragging an object to swinging it around on a string to a physics experiment where one measures acceleration due to gravity. Ideally, if one were to solve a physics problem in which the measurements were taken in a non-inertial frame, it would be best to get a mathematical description of the same problem and then apply the mathematics to simulate the real system in order to compare data and identify the effects of the frame of reference.

2.1. Inertial Frames of Reference

An inertial frame of reference is a frame in which the first law of Newton holds good. According to Newton’s first law, an object remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. So if no net external force is acting on a body, then the body’s acceleration in an inertial frame is zero. To quantify, if an object is not accelerating, then a set of parallel forces acting upon it must be zero. Mathematically, the requirement that any accelerating body must have a non-zero net force acting upon it is given by: Mass here plays an important role. Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to force acting on the object. So any force acting on an object is given by the product of mass of the object and its acceleration, i.e., F = ma. In an inertial frame of reference, force acting on an object and its mass are the same. So if force acting on the object is zero, using the second law, it implies that the acceleration is also zero, as force is proportional to the acceleration. This perfectly justifies the first law. So applying this concept, we want to find all frames in which a particle moves in a straight line with constant velocity. Consider a particle moving in a straight line, so that its position at any time t can be specified by the coordinate s along the line. At that position, we can attach a particular coordinate system. Now let’s define a function s(t): R → R, which gives the particle’s coordinate s as a function of time. Now the requirement that the particle moves in a straight line with constant velocity, we need the time derivative of s to be zero. This means that the function s(t) must be an affine function in t, i.e., s(t) = at + b, where a and b are constants. Now let’s choose another coordinate system at position s', so that's another point on the line. If s and s' are related by a translation of the coordinate systems s' = s + c, the particle will still move in a straight line with constant velocity, as s'(t) = s(t) + c, so the velocity is still constant at a.

2.2. Non-Inertial Frames of Reference

A frame of reference is non-inertial if it is accelerating with respect to an inertial frame, a situation corresponding to F = 0. In this situation, a free particle will acquire an acceleration relative to the accelerated frame of reference according to F = ma + Ff. This defines an inertial force Ff. An inertial force arises because in using the non-inertial frame to experiment/mechanics, we are using incorrect equations of motion for a particle relative to the real world inertial frame of which it is observed. The particle appears to have an acceleration given by a - F/m (relative to the non-inertial frame) and we incorrectly apply Newton's second law to this relative to the non-inertial frame, giving ma - F resulting in a force ma which equals F. This force ma is associated with changing the velocity of the particle from one defined by the inertial frames to one defined by the non-inertial frame. This force ma is sometimes called a translational inertial force (or acceleration dependent force). The following example illustrates this and the difference between inertial and inertial forces. Suppose a particle is in a lift inside a windowless box, the particle performs measurements and mechanics inside the lift using the lift frame of reference (at time t to particle in fixed inertia frames position r) and obtains an equation of motion and predicts an acceleration. Also, assume that the particle hangs a mass m from spring scales fixed in the lift. Now, if the lift is accelerating, it will be equivalent to the particle performing an experiment in a fixed inertia frame and then substituting r - F/m into the equation of motion and defined position r into the pulley system position and measure forces and rigging what happens when the time taken by the pulley system. The lift particle sees that the particle masses an acceleration of F/m relative to the position on the spring scales and measures F because the force must be balanced by reaction forces on the scales. The particle in the fixed inertia frame moves the force from eq2 and calculates using F = ma and subsequently and correctly that the force m2 is ma is cause the acceleration of the pulley system and a difference in the position of r. In developing an analogue to this, the lift particle will see the mass move an acceleration of F/m because the pull on scales will be equivalent to the spring force and the particle will measure this in F and ΔF is the force will define new position r and hence will be F - Δr. The rate of the force ΔF on the real inertia particle is given by substituting the corresponding lift acceleration into equation ΔF and calculating F = mΔa from eq2 in the lift frame and for the acceleration of the pulley and changing position r, resulting in a force ma. Thus, the lift particle m performs experiments equivalent to those of the real inertia frame and the particle m2 on the spring scales. This is to see the lift frame and its method experiment predict the same ma and forces as that of a real inertia frame in developing a motion or mechanics of a system. The lift also has another effect. By the time the particle has developed a successful prediction of the system's mechanics, the system has position r - a given the change of force F and the particle must redraw the system at a new position. The lift particle has just done this and defined an inverse of dynamics constraint of a system, a function y' = K at a new value of y - r where F = Δy * m. Refining this, another experiment has equivalent to that in a real inertia frame and particle m2 on the state of the system and has predicted transient impulse force mΔa = KΔa and moving the system's mass m to ma - r.

2.3. Relative Frames of Reference

Relative frames of reference. Relative motion simply describes the motion of one object with respect to another. To describe this motion, the two objects are assigned specific reference frames, and the motion of one object is then described with respect to the reference frame of the other object. An easy example to illustrate the concept of relative motion and reference frames is to consider a man on a train moving past a woman standing on a platform. If he is to call out to the woman on a train traveling in an opposite direction, the person on the platform will observe that the sound takes longer to reach her than it would if the train was stationary. If we were to consider that the man on the train and the woman on the platform were both accustomed to the speed of sound in air, they would say that the sound has the same speed. However, the woman on the platform would observe that the sound has a lower speed. This analysis demonstrates how both an observer on the train and an observer on the platform can have different relative frames and can observe the same event in different ways. With the concept of relative motion and frames of reference in mind, it is now possible to discuss how physical laws are applied to different frames of reference.

2.4. Absolute Frames of Reference

An absolute frame of reference is a system of which we can uniquely and unambiguously specify the position of an event in the time and place it occurred. This can be thought of as a system of coordinates superimposed on the universe which extends out to infinity. Absolute position can be accurately calculated from any point in the universe, and from this frame of reference, the accuracy of relative position can be determined. It is therefore clear that if we observe an event in the universe and we wish to describe it with an accuracy of more than the relative time interval, we need to refer to its absolute position. Any measurement that allows us to uniquely define an absolute position of an event is a measurement of an absolute frame of reference. An example of a coordinate system being used to measure absolute position is the longitude and latitude system used in maps and navigation.

3. Applications of Frames of Reference

Physics and mechanics Frames of reference are extremely important in the study of kinematics and dynamics. Much of classical mechanics is based on how things change in observation depending on their current state and changes in that state. There are two main types of frames of reference: inertial and non-inertial. An inertial frame is defined as any frame which is not accelerating with respect to the 'fixed stars' or in modern terms, not accelerating with respect to the global coordinate system. From Newton's first law of motion, we know that a particle will have no forces acting on it in an inertial frame if and only if the particle's state is not changed, i.e. if it stays at rest, it will continue to stay at rest, or if it is moving, it will continue to move at the same speed and direction. This in turn means that a particle moving in an inertial frame has a change in state equal to zero. Newton's second law of motion still holds for non-inertial frames, however, as acceleration is defined as a change in velocity, we have the equation F = ma, where F is the resultant force on the mass m, and a is the acceleration in the non-inertial frame. An additional equation will also be required to find the 'true' force acting on the particle. This is done by considering the change in state of a particle moving in a non-inertial frame, and using the difference of these states to find the effective force. To illustrate the difference in these two types of frames, and the complexity in dealing with non-inertial frames, consider the example of a person walking inside a moving train, from the perspective of a person outside the train watching through a window.

3.1. Physics and Mechanics

In physics, a reference system can be represented by a set of specific non-arbitrary coordinative reference axes. Given a method to determine the inertial forces that are present, one can choose a frame of reference in which a body is seen to be in equilibrium if the only forces acting on it are inertial. An important example from physics of a reference system using coordinates to describe the motion of a particle is an inertial frame. Consider an object moving in a straight line, an encounter that everyone will be familiar with. Afterwards, people will often ask "how fast were you going" or "did you stop"? Since the answer to both of these questions will depend on the choice of the frame of reference, people need a method to describe not only the motion of the object but also the velocity and acceleration.

3.2. Navigation and GPS Systems

The global positioning system in use today is revolutionizing the way people navigate, and is becoming an integral part of many activities and jobs. Many of us have become reliant on GPS for finding our way to new locations, and the technology is also being used to improve the efficiency of commercial transportation and the safety of hazardous travel. The basic idea behind GPS is to use satellites to transmit information to a receiver in order to determine the receiver's location. The GPS receiver must acquire signals from at least three satellites and provide information about the time that it took for each signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver. This information can be used to calculate the distance between the receiver and the satellite, and the receiver is located on a sphere with a radius equal to the distance from one of the satellites. By repeating this process with signals from several satellites, a GPS receiver can determine the precise location of latitude, longitude, and altitude. This type of coordinate system is useful for describing the position of an airplane, for example, so engineers at NASA have been working on a project for an air traffic control system using GPS. With the current system, pilots must rely on instructions from ground-based controllers to direct them along fixed routes. By comparison, the GPS has the potential to allow pilots to fly directly from one point to another point just a few feet from it - a more efficient and reliable method of navigation.

3.3. Robotics and Automation

This section draws upon the concept of a frame of reference as a system relating to the physical world, and a method of using abstract thought experiments to describe such systems. Rodríguez-Aguilar, J. Argente, and J.A. Pitti in 2009 the authors propose a way to facilitate agent programming in multi-agent system in which each algorithm has access to information about the state of the world around them. They advocate representing the world and the agents' possible actions in a 3-layered tuple, where the first layer represents the real state of the world, the second represents the state from the perspective of the interacting agent, and the third is the anticipated future state given intervention by that agent. This would be akin to a transformation of the agents' actions into a coordinate on a space-time graph, where the axis corresponds to the information layers and the coordinate is a function mapping changes in the 2nd layer to changes in the 1st. This system could be mapped to a visual system to show agents the anticipated changes in the world based on proposed actions, taking advantage of frames of reference in physics to simulate complex mechanics environments. Another concept in frame of reference, in particular Galilean invariance has given birth to an emerging field of 'temporal logic control'. Here a temporal logic formula is an expression in temporal logic built from state propositions using boolean operators, temporal operators, and parentheses. A temporal logic specification is given for a desired behavior of a system. A reactive system is given by a transition system. A controller is a function that maps states of the transition system to actions that can be executed by the system. The control decision is based on the current state of the system and the result of the decision is a sequence of actions. A solution to the specification is a strategy for the controller which achieves the desired behavior. This concept can be realized in the context of the system proposed in temporal logic is the specification, the agents' possible actions is the transition system, and the information in the 2nd and 3rd layer regarding the effects of those actions can be represented in a behavior.

4. Challenges and Limitations of Frames of Reference

How a reference frame is chosen may have significant effects on predictions and explanations. For example, the Earth can be considered as a non-inertial frame due to its rotation and revolution. Over centuries this has caused much confusion with astronomers and physicists. In the late 19th century, many physicists were of the belief that light required a medium to propagate, therefore they were attempting to measure the speed of Earth through this medium (ether) by observing the speed of light in different directions. Famous experiments such as Michelson-Morley were set up to do just that; however, the speed of light was found to be constant in all directions. This null result was an anomalous finding for the time and caused a great deal of skepticism. Lorentz developed some transformations, now bearing his name, which were to explain why the speed of light was measured to be constant and to salvage the idea of an ether. It was Einstein who later showed that these transformations could be obtained by assuming the constancy of the speed of light and developing the theory of special relativity. The belief in an ether has since been abandoned by physicists. Had the physicists of the time considered the relativity of inertial reference frames and the simple fact that the speed of Earth was likely to have an extremely small effect on the speed of light, they may not have had to go through such complicated transformations to explain the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment.

4.1. Relativity and Frames of Reference

Einstein's theory of special relativity resulted from dissatisfaction with the incompatibility of the laws of electromagnetism (as described by Maxwell's equations) and the classical laws of motion (as described by Newton). It rests on the postulate that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial frames of reference. This postulate is testable and falsifiable and thus, the outcomes of all experiments to test it have a critical bearing on the viability of the theory. If the postulate is false, one could never expect to obtain consistent and reproducible results from experiments done in different inertial frames. Therefore, successful and reproducible experiments which either are or can be scaled up to relativistic velocities must yield results which transform covariantly between inertial frames. We shall call this the "covariance requirement". In special relativity, the laws of physics take the same form in all inertial frames but the relationship between the variables of these laws is dictated by a relativistic generalisation of the transformation equations for time and space given in section I. This is why the theory is termed "relativistic". Since the inception of special relativity, many other physical theories such as field theories, have been required to be relativistic for the above reasons. If special relativity were ever to be shown to be in conflict with the covariance requirement, it would not necessarily invalidate the entire theory. One would instead need to search for a more general theory which reduces to special relativity in the appropriate limit but allows disparate transformation laws for the variables of the laws of physics. An example of this is the general theory of gravitation, which models gravity as a curvature of space-time caused by mass and energy, has a relativistic field-theoretical formulation, but reduces to Newtonian gravity in the appropriate limit.

4.2. Precision and Accuracy

Precision refers to the smallest possible units that can be measured with a measurement tool. It is the fineness of a measurement, often based in terms of the smallest observable unit. Precision can also be thought of as the repeatability of a measurement. Highly precise measures will yield the same results when measured or weighed multiple times. Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. Let's think of it in terms of a dart board. If you have high precision and low accuracy, you will hit the same spot over and over again, but that spot may not be anywhere close to the bullseye. Low precision and high accuracy would mean that you are more likely to hit nearer to the bullseye, but each time you throw your darts they may land in different spots. High precision and high accuracy is the ideal, but often hard to achieve. Using the dart board analogy, this would mean that you are repeatedly hitting the bullseye, with all your darts tightly clustered around the center.

4.3. Cultural and Cognitive Biases

Generally, people and societies tend to define what they consider to be the "normal" or expected way to live their lives. Anything that deviates from this norm in their perspective is considered to be abnormal. These people have their own personal frames of reference to which they compare other people's frames to. The act of comparing one's frame of reference to another's also produces biases. This is due to the fact that the person judging usually believes that their method of thinking is the correct method. This bias can have an effect on the fact that the person will reject the notion that the other person is correct due to the idea that the other person may not be living within their frame of reference. Sharing the same cultural, ethnic, and social status results in an individual sharing a common frame of reference. This means that culture is also a factor that affects one's frame of reference. Culture is what defines a people's shared customs, beliefs, and arts. This cultural frame of reference is adopted by the members of that culture and it serves as a frame to which they use to interpret the world around them. For example, a common Japanese cultural frame of reference is how everything in the world is in some way connected to nature. This is an effectual bias on Japanese culture in interpreting the actions and motives of other cultures. An Indian man may invite a Japanese man for dinner. The Japanese man's frame of reference interprets this action as an attempt to establish stronger bonds with others. The Japanese man may refuse to invite the Indian man to dinner with his family, and when the Indian man finds out about dinner parties through Indians of other cultures, he may feel insulted. From the Japanese man's perspective, there is no problem, so he becomes confused as to why the Indian feels insulted. This misunderstanding is due to differing frames of reference.

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Blog Post #3 – Three-Poled Frame of Reference

September 24, 2015 by madilynkane001 | 1 Comment

In the Preface to Collected Essays , Aldous Huxley maps out the three-poled frame of reference, which include the personal (autobiographical), the concrete-particular (objective-factual), and the abstract-universal. He elaborates that the personal is when the writer relies on autobiography in order to “look at the world through the keyhole of anecdote and description” (Huxley, 88). The concrete-particular is when the writer is able to set forth, pass judgement upon, and draw “general conclusions from relevant data,” which layout a platform for the depiction of different themes rather than speak about themselves (Huxley, 88). And finally, the abstract-universal is when the writer relies on “the world of high abstractions” as opposed to being personal or mention facts in experiences (Huxley, 89).

Using Huxley’s three-poled frame of reference as a model to uncover Ablert Goldbarth’s Delft , we can infer that Goldbarth utilized all three of these components in his essay effectively. For example, the personal comes into play when the narrator tells an anecdotal story of a fight that he had with his lover twenty years ago: “While it was happening, we finished, in that moment twenty years ago: Cynthia, me. We lay wet and thoughtless…What I said that I did, I don’t remember; or what she said back. It might have been about a cat… We didn’t fight fair; we were truthful” (Huxley, 257). He writes about his life by relying on autobiography, anecdotes, and description, the mechanisms that make up the personal.

Similarly, the concrete-particular is used when the narrator describes the role of the flea throughout the essay. He states, “The flea, which had been the final blank wall of the world became the door to a new world. There, the flea was a looming leviathan” (Huxley, 254). In this example, the flea is a blank wall, but transforms into a door to a new world. It is a symbol that represents opportunity, hence its reference to “the door to a new world.” The flea is an overdetermined symbol throughout the essay, constantly changing form and meaning—positive or not. At one point, the flea is described as a parasite that feeds on its victim, but at another, it is oddly romanticized. For instance, when the narrator’s lover is being attacked by fleas, he refers to them as a “bevy of cupid’s helpers.” This is unusual. Why refer to them as “cupid’s helpers” when they are merely pesky insects? Perhaps it is a metaphor for perspective. This is a literary theme that one can generate from reading the text as the concrete-particular was intended for.

Moreover, Huxley’s abstract-universal comes into play when Goldbarth refers to the “high abstractions in the world” that are not personal or concrete. For instance, the narrator illustrates the concept of time in relation to us human beings. This is presented in: “But for the most part, when we can extend ourselves through time it makes us smaller. Though it’s me, it’s not the me-who’s-here-imaging-this-in-the-Present-Tense: I’m watching another “me,” me-prime, recede through temporal distance as I’d watch a figure dwindle through distance in a spatial terms” (Huxley, 258). The narrator at this point is discussing relativity in regards to time and space. He describes the past and present self through philosophical speculations, which is abstract.

Ultimately, Delft displays all three models of Huxley’s components of the essay, which makes it an effective writing piece.

One Comment

Man sitting on a bench

When a man is sitting on a bench in a garden and observes a lady passing in front of him, he perceives her as moving forward. This is because his frame of reference is the bench itself, and any movement he witnesses is in relation to his stationary position. On the other hand, from the lady’s perspective, she sees the man as moving backward. This is because her frame of reference is the road, and any movement she observes is relative to her own motion. The differing frames of reference between the man and the lady create the perception of opposite directions of movement.

Skateboarder

When a skateboarder rides on the road among a group of people, they will notice that the people seem to be moving backward. This is because the skateboarder’s frame of reference is the skateboard itself. As the skateboarder moves forward on the skateboard, the stationary objects, including the people, appear to be moving in the opposite direction relative to their frame of reference. This observation arises from the relative motion between the skateboarder and the surrounding environment, emphasizing the influence of the chosen frame of reference.

Imagine being seated inside a cable car, gently gliding through the picturesque mountains. Through the window, you spot a person standing on a hill. From the perspective of the cable car, the person appears to be moving backward. This is because the frame of reference is the cable car itself. Simultaneously, from the person’s viewpoint, they would perceive the cable car as moving forward. This difference in perception arises due to the distinct frames of reference between the observer and the person on the hill.

When a rickshaw is in motion on the road, the driver observes other vehicles appearing to move forward from inside the rickshaw. This phenomenon occurs due to the chosen frame of reference, which is the rickshaw itself. Looking from the perspective of the rickshaw, the stationary objects and other vehicles on the road seem to be in motion relative to its frame of reference.

Rotating carousel

When inside a rotating carousel and observing the surroundings, one may notice that stationary objects and individuals, such as someone standing nearby, appear to be moving. This happens because the carousel serves as the reference point for observing or measuring the movement of other objects. From the perspective of the rotating carousel, stationary objects and individuals seem to be in motion relative to the carousel’s rotation.

When observing from inside a ship as it arrives at port, one may notice that the people on the port appear to be moving. This phenomenon occurs because the frame of reference is the ship itself. From the perspective of the ship, the stationary objects on the port seem to be in motion relative to its position. Similarly, individuals on the port would perceive the ship as moving based on their own frame of reference.

While driving a car, it is common to observe a person walking on the road moving in the opposite direction. This perception arises due to the chosen frame of reference, which is the car itself. From the perspective of the car, the stationary objects and individuals on the road seem to be in motion relative to the car’s own movement.

When standing on an escalator in a shopping mall, one can observe the movement of other people on the floor. This occurs because the frame of reference is the escalator itself. From the perspective of the escalator, the stationary objects and individuals on the floor appear to be in motion relative to its own movement. Likewise, individuals on the floor would perceive the person on the escalator as moving based on their own frame of reference.

Imagine a bus traveling on the road, with passengers seated inside. From the perspective of the bus, the passengers observe a person standing on the road appearing to move backward. This phenomenon occurs because the frame of reference is the bus itself. Similarly, from the perspective of the person on the road, the bus appears to be moving forward. This difference in perception is due to each individual’s frame of reference being aligned with the respective moving object.

Consider a scenario where a person is riding a bicycle in the park, while another person walks alongside. From the perspective of the cyclist, the person walking appears to be moving backward. This perception is due to the frame of reference being the bicycle. Conversely, the person on the ground sees the cyclist moving forward. The differing observations result from each person’s unique frame of reference, determined by their respective points of observation.

When observing the Moon from Earth, it becomes apparent that the Moon appears to be moving. This perception is due to the frame of reference being Earth, which gives the impression of the Moon’s motion. Likewise, if an observer on the Moon looks at Earth, they will perceive Earth as moving since their frame of reference is the Moon.

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External links

Lesson 9: Relative Motion and Frames of Reference – Studyphysics
Inertial Frame of Reference | Overview & Examples – Study.com
Frame of reference – Wikipedia
Frame of Reference – Fort Bend Independent School District
Frames of Reference – Isaac Physics
Frame of Reference: Overview & Definition – Physics – Vaia
Frame of Reference – Scholarly Community Encyclopedia
Frame of Reference – ChangingMinds.org
Reference Frames Examples (Physics) – Fact / Myth
Reference frame | Definition, Types & Examples – Britannica
Introduction to reference frames (video) – Khan Academy
3.1 Frame of Reference and Relative Velocity – CK-12 Foundation
Frame of Reference – The Pedagogy of Confidence
Frame of reference – Academic Kids
Describing Motion – Types of Frames of References – Turito
Frames of Reference: Definition and Examples Essay – IvyPanda
Frame of reference definition in American English – Collins Dictionary
Internal frame of reference – definition, examples and importance – Fingerprint for Success
Examples of “Frame-of-reference” in a Sentence – YourDictionary
What are examples of non inertial frames of reference? – Quora
Frame of reference Definition & Meaning – Merriam-Webster
Frame of reference Definition & Meaning – Dictionary.com

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noun phrase

Definition of frame of reference, examples of frame of reference in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'frame of reference.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1895, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Dictionary Entries Near frame of reference

frame of mind

Cite this Entry

“Frame of reference.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/frame%20of%20reference. Accessed 3 May. 2024.

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Reference Essay

In our research, technical, or science papers, it is common that we have a lot of sources from different books and publications. We need them in order to gather some facts, ideas, images, and many other important information. You may also see essay writing examples .

Using words or ideas from other authors without acknowledging them and citing them is a form of plagiarism, the act of stealing someone’s ideas and using it as its own. This is something that every writer must avoid not only to have a good credibility but also to come up with fresh and novel ideas and notions. You may also like short essay examples & samples .

Citing the authors or the publications in your essay is one thing that you must not forget to do. There are a lot of citation styles that you can use depending on the subject area that you are working on and on the paper that you are writing, and this will be fully discussed in the succeeding sections. You may also check out what are the parts of an essay ?

For now, below are some examples of reference essays that you might find useful for your write-up. Additionally, there are other examples of essays that might interest you.

What is Reference Essay? A Reference Essay is an academic writing piece that extensively cites sources and research to support arguments, analysis, or interpretations on a specific topic. It aims to engage with existing literature, theories, or findings within a field, offering a comprehensive overview of the subject matter based on scholarly evidence.

Reference Essay Format

Title of the Essay: Clear and concise, reflecting the essay’s content. Author’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Instructor’s Name Date

Introduction

Hook: An engaging opening sentence or question to capture the reader’s interest. Background Information: Brief context or background to the topic being discussed. Thesis Statement: A clear, concise statement of the essay’s main argument or purpose. Overview of the Essay Structure: Briefly outline what the reader can expect in the essay.

Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph should focus on a single main idea that supports the thesis, structured as follows:

Topic Sentence: Introduces the main idea of the paragraph. Explanation/Analysis: Detailed explanation or analysis of the topic, supported by evidence from scholarly sources. Evidence: Direct quotes, paraphrases, or summaries of relevant research, properly cited. Link to the Thesis: Explain how this evidence supports your thesis. Transition: Smooth transition to the next paragraph or idea.

Summary of Main Points: Concisely restate the main arguments or findings presented in the body paragraphs. Restatement of Thesis: Restate the thesis in light of the evidence discussed. Implications: Discuss the implications of your findings or analysis. Suggestions for Further Research: Identify potential areas for future research.

Example of Reference Essay

The Impact of Social Media on Modern Communication In the digital age, social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have revolutionized the way we communicate, both personally and professionally. This essay examines the profound impact social media has had on the dynamics of communication, arguing that while social media facilitates global connectivity, it also presents challenges such as the erosion of privacy and face-to-face interactions. Social media has removed geographical barriers, enabling real-time communication across the globe (Smith, 2020). Platforms like LinkedIn have also transformed professional networking, making it easier to connect with industry peers and potential employers (Johnson, 2019). Despite its advantages, social media has been criticized for diminishing the quality of face-to-face interactions (Doe, 2018). The convenience of digital communication often replaces more meaningful, personal exchanges (Brown, 2017). The proliferation of social media has raised significant privacy concerns, with personal information often being shared or sold without consent (Kumar, 2021). Furthermore, the rapid spread of misinformation on social media platforms has become a global issue, affecting public opinion and even election outcomes (White, 2020). Social media has undeniably transformed communication, making it more accessible and efficient but not without drawbacks. As we navigate this digital era, it is crucial to balance the benefits of social media with mindfulness of its potential to disrupt traditional communication and privacy norms. References Brown, A. (2017). The impact of social media on face-to-face interactions. Journal of Social Psychology , 58(2), 201-208. Doe, J. (2018). Social media’s effect on daily communication. Media Studies Journal , 45(4), 34-47. Johnson, L. (2019). Networking in the digital age: Opportunities and challenges. Professional Communication Quarterly , 63(1), 55-67. Kumar, R. (2021). Privacy in the age of social media: A critical review. Technology and Society , 39(3), 300-310. Smith, H. (2020). Global connectivity and social media: A new communicative era. Global Communication Review , 12(2), 89-105. White, G. (2020). Misinformation and social media: The effects on democracy. Political Science Today , 7(1), 112-119.

APA 6th Edition Reference Essay Example

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APA Documentation Style Reference Essay Example

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APA Reference Style Essay Example

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Brief Reference Essay Example

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Chicago Style Reference Essay Example

Corrected Reference Essay Paper Example

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Harvard Writing Style Reference Essay Example

MLA Citation Reference Essay Example

MLA-Formatted Reference Essay Example

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Original Reference Essay Example

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Basics about Citation

A citation is a way to show within the body of your text a published work such as a book, an article, a chapter of a book, or website, informing the readers that they are your source or sources from which you took your words, ideas, figures, images, and many other important information. The details of these citations can be found in bibliographies and reference lists and are also collected in article and book databases. You may also see essay writing examples & samples .

A citation consists of standard elements, the information necessary to identify and track down a certain publication. The elements in a citation are as follows:

author name/s
titles of books, articles, or journals
date of publication
page numbers
volume and issue numbers (for articles)

There are a lot of different presentation on this elements depending on the reference style that the author is using, and this will be discussed in the later part of this article. You may also like concept essay examples .

Importance of Citations

Citations are important in many ways because they are used:

1. To let your readers know that you’ve done proper research in order to get the information that you present in your paper

2. To be a responsible scholar by acknowledging and giving credit to other authors

3. To let your readers be informed for them to be able to track down the sources you used by citing them accurately in your paper through footnotes, a bibliography, or reference list. You may also check out sample essay outlines .

Two Key Elements of Referencing

There are two elements of referencing that you must know and apply in your papers. They are as follows:

1. An in-text marker

This indicates to the reader that certain ideas, concepts, phrases, or words are attributable to other authors.

2. A complete reference list

This provides the full citation details for all sources referred to in the document such as those basic elements of a citation mentioned in the previous section. You might be interested in tips for writing an effective essay .

Referencing Systems

There are two systems that are commonly used for referencing, and they are the following:

1. Note systems

This involves the use of sequential numbers as in-text markers such as footnotes, the notes included at the end of each page, and endnotes, the notes that can be found at the end of a paper. This is typically used in Chicago 16th Edition and Vancouver Reference Styles. You may also see descriptive essay examples .

2. Parenthetical systems

This is also known as the author-date referencing and involves the use of a partial reference, only the author and the date, contained within a parenthesis with the complete details on the last page of the whole document. This is commonly used in APA, Harvard, and MLA reference styles. You may also like persuasive essay examples & samples .

Reference Style Guide

There are different referencing or citation styles that an author can use in his or her write-up depending on the requirement or author’s preference. The common reference styles are APA, MLA, Oxford, Harvard, and Chicago Reference Styles. Here is a brief discussion with regard to the different reference styles that you can use in your paper. You may also check out self-introduction essay examples & samples .

1. APA Reference Style

In-text citation basic format.

The in-text citation must contain basic information of the source which are as follows:

the author/s
the year of publication
the page number (if applicable)

For example:

When testing the usability of a website, it is necessary to gather demographic information about the users (Lazar, 2006).

This is needed when the information or idea you are using is from another source. Similarly, when you paraphrased, summarized, or quoted another author, you must also provide a citation in the text, hence, and in-text citation. You might be interested in descriptive essay examples & samples .

There are some cases when there are two different sources but the same author and year of publication are the same. To distinguish them, a lower-case letter must be attached to the year.

The quotations must be enclosed in quotation marks with the reference citation following the quotations.

When gathering data it is important to remember that “only relevant types of demographic information should be requested” (Lazar, 2006, p. 52).

Quotations must be identical to the original source, but some small changes are acceptable. You may also see informative essay examples & samples .

Reference List Format

Usually, the reference list is presented at the end of the paper. Each reference must have the following parts:

the name of the author
other publication information

Bowker, N., & Tuffin, K. (2002). Users with disabilities’ social and economic development through online access. In M. Boumedine (Ed.), Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Information and Knowledge Sharing (pp. 122–127). Anaheim, CA: ACTA Press. You may also like samples of formal essays .

2. MLA Reference Style

the page number

Billy has the ability to relate to others with his voice (Vonnegut 36).

Similarly, this is needed when the information or idea you are using is from another source. Similarly, when you paraphrased, summarized, or quoted another author, you must also provide a citation in the text, hence, an in-text citation. You may also check out high school essay examples & samples .

Quotations must be identical to the original source, but some small changes are acceptable.

the title of the work
other publication information including the publishing medium

New Zealand Writers Guild. “Writing for television: A beginners guide.” New Zealand Writers Guild. 2005. Web. 28 June 2011. You might be interested in personal essay examples & samples .

3. Oxford Reference Style

The in-text citation must contain only a footnote.

In-text example:

Every living creature in the sea contains iron.

Footnote example:

Stella Cottrell, The Study Skills Handbook (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). You may also see photo essay examples & samples .

Cottrell, Stella, The Study Skills Handbook (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)

4. Harvard Reference Style

When testing the usability of a website, it is necessary to gather demographic information about the users (Lazar 2006).

This is similar to APA Reference Style but without comma between the name of the author and the date. You may also see evaluation essay examples .

Quotations must be identical to the original source, but some small changes are acceptable. You may also like analytical essay examples & samples .

Book – the order of the elements are author, year, book title, publisher, and place of publication (for example, “Wallace, A, Schirato, T, & Bright, P 1999, Beginning university: Thinking, researching and writing for success, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW.”) You may also see academic essay examples .
Chapter in a book – the order of elements are author, year, chapter title, editors, book title, publisher, and place of publication (for example, “Amin, A 2000, ‘The economic base of contemporary cities’, in G Bridge & S Watson (eds), A companion to the city, Blackwell, Oxford.”)
Journal article – the order of elements are author, year, article title, journal title, volume and/or issue number, and page range (for example, “Castles, FG, Curtin, JC, & Vowles, J 2006, ‘Public policy in Australia and New Zealand: The new global context’, Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 131–143.”) You may also like scholarship essay examples .
Web page – the order of elements are author, year, document title, site controller/sponsor, location of controller/sponsor, date of viewing, and URL address (for example, “Benson, A 2006, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, United States Geological Survey, USA, viewed 5 August 2006, <“

5. Chicago Reference Style

Closely similar to Oxford Reference Style, in this style, the authors are identified by a number in the text, and the details are indexed in the form of a footnote or an endnote.

When a source is first used, the complete information must be presented such as the author, title, publisher, year, and page number. If it is cited again, a shortened version can be used. You may also check out argumentative essay examples .

Cottrell¹ emphasises the use of outside source materials in academic writing. When writing an assignment, this will form the crucial second step.²

The footnote or endnote will appear as follows:

1. Stella Cottrell, The Study Skills Handbook , 3rd ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 181. 2. Cottrell, The Study Skills Handbook , 176.

Book – the order of elements are author, book title, city of publication, publisher name, year, page number (for example, “Mason Durie, Ng? k?hui pou: Launching M?ori Futures (Wellington: Huia Publishers, 2003), 22.”)
Chapter in a book – the order of elements are author, chapter title, book title, editors, page range, city of publication, publisher name, year, page number (for example, “Ash Amin, “The Economic Base of Contemporary Cities,” in A Companion to the City, ed. Gary Bridge and Sophie Watson, 115–129 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 120.”) You might be interested in literary essay examples & samples .
Journal article – the order of elements are author, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number, year, page range (for example, “Francis G. Castles, Jennifer Curtin, and Jack Vowles, “Public Policy in Australia and New Zealand: The New Global Context,” Australian Journal of Political Science 41, no. 2 (2006): 135.”) You may also see synthesis essay examples & samples .
Web page – the order of elements are author, page title, site owner, and URL address (for example, “A. Benson, “Potamopyrgus antipodarum,” United States Geological Survey, “

These are the common reference styles that you can use in your paper, and hopefully the discussion and examples presented above enlightened you and helped you a lot.

How to Write Reference Essay

Writing a reference essay involves a detailed process of research, analysis, and synthesis of information from various sources to support your arguments or insights on a specific topic. Here’s a structured approach to crafting a comprehensive reference essay:

1. Choose Your Topic

Select a topic that interests you and is relevant to your study or assignment. Ensure it’s broad enough to research but narrow enough to manage within your essay’s scope.

2. Conduct Preliminary Research

Begin with general sources to gain a broad understanding of your topic. Use academic databases, books, and reputable online sources to gather background information and identify key themes, debates, and researchers in the field.

3. Develop a Thesis Statement

Formulate a clear thesis statement that presents your main argument or perspective on the topic. This statement will guide the direction of your essay and help focus your research.

4. Conduct Detailed Research

Dive deeper into your topic by seeking out specific studies, articles, and scholarly discussions related to your thesis. Look for sources that both support and contradict your perspective to ensure a balanced argument.

5. Create an Outline

Organize your main points and supporting evidence into an outline. This will serve as a roadmap for your essay, helping to ensure a logical flow of ideas.

6. Write the Introduction

Introduce your topic, providing necessary background information to contextualize your essay. Clearly state your thesis statement and briefly outline the main points you will cover.

7. Write the Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph should focus on a single main idea that supports your thesis. Begin with a topic sentence, followed by evidence from your research, analysis of this evidence, and a concluding sentence that ties the evidence back to your main argument. Properly cite all sources using the required citation style.

8. Write the Conclusion

Summarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis in light of the evidence you’ve presented. Discuss the implications of your findings and suggest areas for further research.

9. Include References

Provide a comprehensive list of all the sources cited in your essay. Follow the specific formatting guidelines (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) for listing references.

How do you reference a source in an essay?

To reference a source in an essay, include an in-text citation within the body that corresponds to a full citation in your bibliography or reference list at the essay’s end.

How do I cite a reference?

To cite a reference, use the prescribed citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.), providing author name(s), publication year, title, and source details (e.g., volume, issue, pages for journals).

Reference Essay Generator

Text prompt

Instructive
Professional

Write a Reference Essay on the influence of Greek mythology on modern literature.

Discuss the role of references in establishing credibility in academic writing in your Reference Essay.

Example essay extract with citations and references list: Home

Example essay extract with citations and references list.

Below is an example essay, complete with citations and references.

Please remember this is a fictional essay purely designed to demonstrate how and when to reference.

Embedding experiences and voices in research can “challenge [the] studied ignorance” around race (Arday and Mirza, 2018, p.v) and the academy’s role as gatekeeper of what is considered “relevant knowledge” (Lillis, 2003). Academic conventions around skills such as writing can be excluding, forming “constructions of difference […] that deepen misrecognitions and inequalities” (Burke, 2018, p.366). Lillis (2003) and Arday et al. (2021) both use narrative to listen to the ways in which black students’ experiences are ignored and the marginalising effect of a refusal to validate multiple ways of knowing.

References:

Arday, J., Belluigi, D. Z. and Thomas, D. (2021) Attempting to break the chain: reimaging inclusive pedagogy and decolonising the curriculum within the academy. Educational Philosophy and Theory . 53 (3), pp.298-313.

Arday, J. and Mirza, H. S. (eds.) (2018) Dismantling race in higher education: racism, whiteness and decolonising the academy . London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Burke, P. J. (2018) Trans/forming pedagogical spaces: race, belonging and recognition in higher education. In: Arday, J. and Mirza, H. S. (eds.) Dismantling race in higher education: racism, whiteness and decolonising the academy . London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.365-382.

Lillis, T. (2003) Student writing as ‘academic literacies’: drawing on Bakhtin to move from critique to design. Language and Education. 17 (5), pp.192-207.

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Essays on Frame Of Reference

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Communication. Frame of Reference.

Non-verbal communication, inter-cultural communication, ethnocentrism and cultural pluralism, facts and inference, intensional orientation and extensional orientation.

The frame of reference can be defined basically as the perception or point of view of an individual that functions as a lens through which he or she may analyze and interpret media/information/message. Life experiences have shown to contribute greatly to the frame of inference. These life experiences according to Samovar and Porter, (2005) are: “gender, family background, socioeconomic status, education level, political leanings, career, regional/geographic affiliation, and religious affiliation”.

In frame of reference, messages are distinguished in three steps: data selection, organizing information in important ways and decoding of information. Any problem or factors that interfere with these three steps automatically leads to distortion of the message hence unintended meaning. In order for effective communication to take place, framing for comprehending and comprehending other’s frame is absolutely necessary.

In addition, effective communication requires passing of information or messages effectively, efficiently and unambiguously using closely aligned frames of reference. This helps one to avoid the need to offer extensive preliminary explanations. In this context, nonverbal communication can also be interpreted well or misinterpreted and this varies according to cultural, ethnic and gender orientation. One can improve his/her communication skills using the concept of frame of reference in three ways. First, through proper and correct selection of data/messages sent/sources of information.

Secondly is through organizing information in a meaningful and proper way to ensure that no mixing or misinterpretation occurs. Organizing of information creates a systematic way in which the recipient is able to internalize information appropriately and accurately. The third and last one is through proper and accurate interpretation of all information received. This enables one to have an accurate and the true meaning and intention of the sent information.

Non-verbal communication is the passing of information from one source to another through the use of facial expression, eye movements, body movements, posture, gestures, and proxemics (the use of space). This form of communication is also known as body language. Whereas words direct the content of a message, emotions accentuate and clarify the meaning of the words. Often the emotional component of a message is communicated indirectly through body language, particularly facial expression.

The vast majority of person-to-person communication is picked up by monitoring subtle non-verbal communication (Cooper, 2001). Generally, non-verbal manifestations of communication are considered useful for expressive and social communication (Harrison, 1989) and may be more reliable than their verbal counterparts. The development of non-verbal communication is very important as it can be used to pass messages that cannot be communicated using words.

Non-verbal behaviors may be seen as a one-time or occasional occurrence or as part of a generalized pattern of behavior in communication. For example, in a clinical setup, knowing a client’s usual nonverbal pattern of communication is important in assessing the nature and meaning of changes in behavior. Ambiguous nonverbal cues can lead to total misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the intended message. The message may also be meaningless in that one may fail to know or understand the meaning of the message. This can be demonstrated in a situation where by an accounts clerk smiles as he/she tells his manager that his/her assignment is more than he can handle, this negates the seriousness of the message. Ambiguity in nonverbal communication is one of the major barriers in this form of communication.

Samovar and Porter (2005) defined intercultural communication (IC) as a communication in which the sender of an intended message is a member of one culture and the receiver of the message is from a different culture. Different languages create and express different personal realities. Many communication experts note that language has four primary functions which include to direct actions, to interpret the meaning of events and situations, to connect past experiences with the present through imagination, and to establish and maintain relationships with people. These functions are woven into the fabric of every culture.

IC is very important as it creates bonding and understanding between two different cultures hence peaceful coexistence. It also promotes cross cultural diversity and helps in reinforcing socially acceptable and adaptive behaviors. IC has also been shown to promote intercultural relationship where by people from different cultures are able to communicate freely and interact as they are able to learn and understand the intentions of others and are better able to make their intentions known to others of the different cultures. Intercultural communication is associated with certain problems such as language barrier in that one may not understand the language of the other culture.

There are also situations in which nonverbal signs as used in one culture have different meaning in another culture hence causing misinterpretation of the intention of communication. Customary ways of thinking and categorizing situations affect how a person experiences and responds to situations. Cultural differences in language affect every aspect of the behavior and relationships that occur between people and can function as a major barrier to mutual understanding (Geissler, 1991).

Ethnocentrism is making false assumptions about other people’s ways based on our narrow knowledge. Generally, it is the act of believing that my own culture, race or ethnic group is the most important and that every aspect of it such as beliefs, practices, norms and customs are superior to those of other groups. This means that an individual will use his/her own ethnicity, culture and or race as the marking scheme against which other groups are marked.

On the other hand, cultural pluralism is the direct opposite of ethnocentrism. It originates when two or more culture groups live in a particular geographical area, take part in common activity/activities, borrow and exchange elements of their cultures but at the end of the day, they maintain their cultural autonomy. It can also be said to be a system where different cultural groups’ co-exist. No one views the other’s culture as being less important than his or his being superior than that of others; this is the major difference between ethnocentrism and cultural pluralism.

A fact is defined as knowledge based on scientific evidence. For example, features of an object such as shape, color, and size can not be disputed. Inference is a conclusion drawn from the facts. An inference does not need to be “correct”. Facts are basically information that can be verified, can either be true or false, and normally involve numbers, natural phenomena, dates and are made after observation/experience and can be agreed on by every person. E.g. Barrack Obama is the first black American president. Inference consists of a fact that needs to prove another unknown proposition.

Intensional orientation occurs when one views people, objects and or events in the way they are labeled. It can also be explained as a way of communication that is based on an individual’s internal factors such as biases and experiences. This is based on subjective particulars in that one expresses what he or she feels and thinks about another person in the process of communication. For example, “she is very boring..”

On the contrary extensional orientation gives attention or credit to individual person but not to their labels. In semantics theory, it is explained as the process of foreseeing the consequences of communication and becoming accustomed to it in advance before engaging in actual information. It is normally based on objective particulars of phenomenon and not subjective particulars.

Samovar, L., and Porter, R. (2005). Approaching intercultural communication. In Samovar, L, Porter, R. (eds), Intercultural communication: Reader, 10 th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Geissler, E. M. (1991). Nursing diagnoses of culturally diverse patients. International Nursing Review , 38(5): 150-152.

Cooper, M. G. (2001). I saw what you said: nonverbal communications and the EAP. Employee Assistance Quarterly , 5(4): 1-12.

Harrison, R. P. (1989). Nonverbal communication . In king, S. (ed), Human communication as a field of study. Albany, State University of New York Press.

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Frames of reference (1960).

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The video, “Frames of Reference (1960),” provides a very detailed explanation as well as numerous examples as to how we view the world through different points of view. The video and the instruments that were used were very outdated but it was fascinating to see how such things could be explained through these simple measures. The video was entertaining and kept my attention throughout the educational references. This made learning about the frames of reference through inertial and non-inertial frames very interesting.

At the very beginning, the frame of reference was put into question as it was difficult to tell which speaker was standing upside down. Based on the direction a person is looking, all other things may look differently and, to each of the speakers, the other one clearly appeared to be upside down. The speakers used this to explain that the world is viewed through a point of few or within a frame of reference that is relative to the person who is viewing. It was then explained that all motion is relative to a frame of reference as it appears that the speaker is moving but the wall behind him is actually being moved. This is because one generally assumes that a wall is fixed to the floor which is fixed to the earth and the primary frame of reference is the earth.

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The speakers continue to explain that the plane of the earth is viewed as horizontal or level and that we expect to see things relative to this plane. However, when the plane is moving, the viewer perceives the movement in relation to the earth unless they are in the frame of movement. This is shown by the slow motion camera being either fixed in motion or stationary when the ball drops. This is further explained as the cart rotates. Prior to rotation, it is clear that the puck is moving across the plane with constant velocity. When the frame of reference switches, it is explained that the puck moves forward or backwards at the velocity of puck plus or minus velocity of the cart. When the cart rotates, it appears that the puck is going in a circle but is actually going in a straight line. This gives the perception that there must be an additional force to the puck. The speakers explain that this is a fictitious force that we use to maintain the laws of inertia and other laws of physics.

The primary emphasis of the video was to show that things look differently through different frames of reference and that we often use fictitious forces and non-inertial frames to explain these differences. An inertial frame maintains the law of inertia as it is relative to the earth and holds at constant velocity. An accelerating force, such as the cart, is not an inertial frame and manipulates the way that a person views the motion based on the frame of reference. The speakers explain that this information is very important as understanding the motion of the earth, forces of gravity, and relationship to the stars are all highly dependent on understanding the frame of reference. The speakers add that the only true, or primarily true, stationary frame of reference is the stars as the earth is in constant motion. This was shown by the use of a pendulum and the straight line of the sand that was dropped from its motion. However, for all basic principles of the law of inertia, the speakers state that the use of the earth as the frame of reference supports the laws of physics and generally holds true.

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Frames of reference

Frames of reference - Essay Example

Subject: Psychology
Type: Essay
Level: Ph.D.
Pages: 2 (500 words)
Downloads: 6
Author: murazikjean

Extract of sample "Frames of reference"

Frames of References In social sciences, frame of reference or reference frame may refer to a coordinate system used to represent or measure behaviours of individuals. Frame of reference cordially measures behavioural orientations and positions at different moments of time. Subsequently, reference frame may also be referred to as a set of exes used in the behavioural representation in social sciences. Towards the understanding of social sciences in relation to the scientific paradigm, in a weaker sense a reference frame, may only define a similar 3-dimensional behavioural aspect inclusive of all moments of time.

These moments of time distinguishes orientation and motion perceptions. In Einsteinium relativity, references frames concurrently indicate specifications in relation to relationships of the phenomena under observation. This paper aims at explaining the importance of frames of references in perception of orientation and motions psychologically. One of the important aspects of frames of reference in relation to the nature of orientation and perception of motion is the humanistic or client-centred approach to psychology as a social science (Damon, 2006).

Carl Ransom Rogers, one of the most influential American psychologists, honours frame of references as one of the basic components of psychotherapy. Frames of references in the person-centred approach of psychology uniquely present an important enlightenment procedure towards the understanding of personality and human relationships. Coordination system in frames of references attached as modifiers additionally, are widely used as psychological treatment models in various domains such as client-centred therapy, student-centred learning, organizational as well as other group settings (Goldstein, 2014).

Frame of reference’s orientation and motion perceptions in psychology are directly based on self-considerations, which are eminently humanistic, existential and phenomenological.Secondly, frames of reference in social sciences importantly explain a set of theoretical perceptive. These perceptive include how individual groups or societies perceive, organise and communicate to themselves about reality in life. Orientation and motion socially involve the social construction of a social phenomenon (Damon, 2006).

These social constructions may include political, social movement and mass media sources. Social constructions’ frame of reference overly contributes to an inevitable behavioural influence to the social actors and social role players. Social frames of references are inexorable procedures of discerning influence over individual’s views of the meanings accredited to phrases or words. Frames of references are cordially based on frames of thought analysis in psychology. This consists of mental exemplifications, simplifications and interpretations reality (Goldstein, 2014).

Through orientation and motion perception in social sciences frame of references, the communication aspect of behaviour is easily identified between different actors in the social setting and the effects of communication in their actions. In conclusion, framing element of a society can be viewed as either positive or negative depending on the audience and type of information being presented. Framing orientation and perception can also be understood as of either equivalence frame or logical frame.

Subsequently, orientation and motion of the frames of reference are alternatively portrayed in different ways. Example is the highlighting of the framing effects in the emphasis frame, which over-simplifies reality by focusing on a subset of relevant aspects of an issue or situation. ReferencesDamon, W. (2006). Handbook of Child Psychology Volume 1. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Sensation and perception.

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Frames of Reference: Definition and Examples Essay
A frame of reference is a set of assumptions that underlies the thoughts people form about the world around them. Whenever an event occurs, they try to rationalize and explain it using these ideas to obtain an understanding of what has taken place. When two people share the same frame of reference, they can communicate effectively, as each can ...
Frames of Reference: Definition and Examples Essay
Examples of Frames of Reference. Non-inertial reference frames (accelerating frames) illustrate the importance of frame selection. Examples include sipping soup on a bus in a moving train, or watching bugs on a spinning record. All of these activities suffer from the introduction of a pseudo force.
Frames of Reference: Definition and Examples
📝 A frame of reference is a set of assumptions that underlies the thoughts people form about the world around them, trying to rationalize and explain an eve...
Blog Post #3
In the Preface to Collected Essays, Aldous Huxley maps out the three-poled frame of reference, which include the personal (autobiographical), the concrete-particular (objective-factual), and the abstract-universal.He elaborates that the personal is when the writer relies on autobiography in order to "look at the world through the keyhole of anecdote and description" (Huxley, 88).
PDF V2. Comparative Analysis Pg. 1 Revised 2021
Frame of reference. ... As with any argumentative essay, your thesis should convey the entirety of your argument, which includes your frame of reference and grounds for. comparison. Example: The Great Gatsby* Although Luhrmann's adaptation of Gatsby remains faithful to the novel's plot, it utilizes a much flashier and less ...
PDF How to Write a Compare-and-Contrast Paper
To write a good compare-and-contrast, you must take your raw data—the similarities and differences you've observed—and make them cohere into a meaningful argument. Here are the five elements required. Frame of Reference: This is the context within which you place the two things you plan to compare and contrast; it is the umbrella under ...
Frame of reference
A frame of reference, also known as a reference frame, is a theoretical framework that establishes a coordinate system and a set of reference points.It provides a basis for measuring and describing the position, velocity, and other properties of objects within that frame.The coordinate system and reference points allow for a consistent and reliable way to compare and analyze physical phenomena ...
PDF Paper #1: Comparative Analysis
Paper #1: Comparative Analysis. Basic Assignment. Choose two of the first four texts on our semester's schedule and write a four-to-six page paper that compares the two works of fiction. Examples and Advice. You might compare the two realists (or the two sentimentalists) who take different approaches within the same genre.
Frame of reference Definition & Meaning
The meaning of FRAME OF REFERENCE is an arbitrary set of axes with reference to which the position or motion of something is described or physical laws are formulated. How to use frame of reference in a sentence. ... Recent Examples on the Web By way of explaining the strategic and tactical rationale of what was about to happen, ...
Frames of Reference
Your 20% discount here. "Frames of Reference". Their next experiment has to do with the motion of a ball on a plane. There is a wooden cart that is on a track, fastened by strings to a turntable that is able to pull the car at a constant velocity. Attached to the cart is a vertical pole that holds the mall with an electromagnet.
Reference Essay
How to Write Reference Essay. Writing a reference essay involves a detailed process of research, analysis, and synthesis of information from various sources to support your arguments or insights on a specific topic. Here's a structured approach to crafting a comprehensive reference essay: 1. Choose Your Topic.
Frame of Reference: Communicating with Understanding. Essay and ...
EISSN: N/A. Frame of Reference: Communicating with Understanding. Essay and Exercises. Markham, Reed. Each individual views the world from a frame of reference that is unique and personal. Messages are perceived in three steps: (1) data is selected data; (2) information is organized in some meaningful way; and (3) the information is interpreted.
Reference examples
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...
Frame of reference
Definition. The need to distinguish between the various meanings of "frame of reference" has led to a variety of terms. For example, sometimes the type of coordinate system is attached as a modifier, as in Cartesian frame of reference.Sometimes the state of motion is emphasized, as in rotating frame of reference.Sometimes the way it transforms to frames considered as related is emphasized as ...
Example essay extract with citations and references list: Home
Below is an example essay, complete with citations and references. Please remember this is a fictional essay purely designed to demonstrate how and when to reference. Embedding experiences and voices in research can "challenge [the] studied ignorance" around race (Arday and Mirza, 2018, p.v) and the academy's role as gatekeeper of what is ...
Frame Of Reference Essay Examples
Essays on Frame Of Reference. Our essay writing service presents to you an open-access selection of free Frame Of Reference essay samples. We'd like to underline that the showcased papers were crafted by competent writers with proper academic backgrounds and cover most various Frame Of Reference essay topics. Remarkably, any Frame Of Reference ...
Communication. Frame of Reference.
Frame of Reference. Frame of reference can be defined basically as the perception or point of view of an individual that functions as a lens through which he or she may analyze and interpret media/information/message. Life experiences have shown to contribute greatly to frame of inference. These life experiences according to Samovar and Porter ...
PDF A Model of Engaged Learning: Frames of Reference and Scholarly
We begin this essay by discussing multiple frames of references associated with our understanding of engagement—first, as a the- matic, connective expression; second, as anethos; and third, for the purpose of action-based learning. We then describe the model's. 56 Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement.
Reference Essay
skills with cognitive behavioral frame of reference by maximizing adaptation techniques with environment and context in mind secondary to frequent transitions of military parents. The cognitive-behavioral frame of reference assumes that a person's cognitive functions and beliefs mediate or influence their affect and behavior.
Frame Of Reference Examples
Frame Of Reference Examples. 743 Words3 Pages. It is essential to view others' frame of reference in order understand what others perceive to be able to develop and succeed. I have analyzed my thoughts, feelings, and actions through my frame of reference. I will use my positive traits to further develop them and I plan to turn my negative ...
Frames of Reference (1960)
Order Now. The video, "Frames of Reference (1960)," provides a very detailed explanation as well as numerous examples as to how we view the world through different points of view. The video and the instruments that were used were very outdated but it was fascinating to see how such things could be explained through these simple measures.
Frames of reference
Social frames of references are inexorable procedures of discerning influence over individual's views of the meanings accredited to phrases or words. Frames of references are cordially based on frames of thought analysis in psychology. This consists of mental exemplifications, simplifications and interpretations reality (Goldstein, 2014).

Frames of Reference: Definition and Examples Essay

Frames of Reference: Definition and Examples Essay

1.1. Definition of Frames of Reference

1.2. Importance of Frames of Reference

1.3. Examples of Frames of Reference

2. Types of Frames of Reference

2.1. Inertial Frames of Reference

2.2. Non-Inertial Frames of Reference

2.3. Relative Frames of Reference

2.4. Absolute Frames of Reference

3. Applications of Frames of Reference

3.1. Physics and Mechanics

3.2. Navigation and GPS Systems

3.3. Robotics and Automation

4. Challenges and Limitations of Frames of Reference

4.1. Relativity and Frames of Reference

4.2. Precision and Accuracy

4.3. Cultural and Cognitive Biases

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