macbeth essay on appearance v.s reality

Notes on Appearance vs Reality in Macbeth by William Shakespeare

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The contradiction between appearance and reality is repeated throughout the play. In the very first scene, the three witches utter together that fair is foul and foul is fair.

The fact that it is one of the thematic concerns of the play is emphasised when Macbeth’s first dialogue in the play is but the repetition of what the three witches said earlier, “ so foul and fair a day I have not seen .” In Act I, Scene 4 , King Duncan helplessly expresses that “ there is no art to find the mind’s construction in the face .”

The play blurs the distinction between what situations and individuals look like and what they really are. The tragedy in the play functions from such dichotomies.

In his own words, “ false face must hide what the false heart doth know. ” Unlike Banquo , Macbeth doesn’t want to recognise the three witches as evil forces. 

The three witches are different for Macbeth from who they really are. It is Macbeth whom they manipulate because he is not what he appears to be. In reality, he nurtures destabilising ambition.

At the beginning of the play, he is a glorious, brave, victorious general who is respected by everyone unquestionably but he is not what he seems to be.

The very first differing degree of appearance and reality is spilt by the three witches. Whatever they predict isn’t what it sounds like. Their half-truth deceives Macbeth.

They don’t act, they only speak and their words activate whatever dormant in the listener and that’s when a character reveals what it really is rather than what it may appear as.

Lady Macbeth complains Macbeth of his transparent appearance. She delivers the formula that “ to beguile the time, look like the time .” She asks him to “ look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it. ” Macbeth imbibes it very well.

From then he successfully hides what he really is. Unlike what Lady Macbeth accuses him of, his face is no more a book on which one can read the inner thoughts.

When King Duncan arrives at the castle of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth literally acts so deceptively it is impossible to know that she is also plotting to get him murdered that very night.

Towards the end of the play, it becomes clear that the tragedy is coming from this flaw of not being able to see the true realities. Macbeth is falsely lured by the second round of misleading predictions made by the three witches when they show him three apparitions.

From what it appears as Macbeth is unable to know the realities of those half-truths and slips into a false assurance regarding his invincibility. From appearance alone, Macduff looks like someone who cowardly abandons his family but, in the end, he is the one who avenges and the order return to the hands of Malcolm .

The whole play is slowly furthered on the deceptive appearances and wrong perceptions. Vital appearances are always contradicting to their reality.

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Appearance and Reality in Macbeth Analysis

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Characterization of macbeth, characterization of lady macbeth, characterization of the witches, symbolism and imagery.

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• Appearance Versus Reality in Macbeth

The theme of appearance versus reality is central to the Shakespearean play The Tragedy of Macbeth. It is a play full of ambition, betrayal, madness, and the supernatural. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth must hide their true thoughts in order to prevent others from knowing what they have done while different characters comment on the difficulty of knowing what a person is truly thinking.

Indeed, Macbeth is full of the struggles of seeing what is real and what is not. Throughout Macbeth, elements of the supernatural, hallucinations brought on by guilt-driven madness, and statements by the differing characters depict the theme of appearance versus reality.

Something Shakespeare often does is give important lines to minor or insignificant characters. Even though King Duncan dies in the first act of the play, one of his lines underscores the theme of appearance versus reality almost perfectly.

He states, “There’s no art to finding the mind’s construction in the face” (Shakespeare, 1.4.12-13). Duncan says this line about the traitorous Thane of Cawdor, who betrayed Scotland to Norway. He means that a person’s face can hide anything, and it is impossible to tell what someone is thinking.

Ironically, as a reward for his bravery and loyalty, Duncan gives the Thane of Cawdor’s title to Macbeth, who kills him to obtain his throne. Duncan recognizes that people can hide what they are truly thinking, but he still trusts Macbeth completely. When Duncan goes to Macbeth’s castle Inverness, he states “This castle hath a pleasant seat” (1.6.1), but this statement is again ironic because Inverness is the place where Macbeth murders him. The castle’s agreeable appearance fools Duncan, and he is murdered in his sleep that very night.

Like their father, Duncan’s sons Malcolm and Donalbain recognize that not all men are as they seem. Donalbain states that “There are daggers in men’s smiles” (2.3.138), meaning that despite a person’s friendly appearance, danger lurks beneath their façade. Unlike their father, however, they are better at discerning honest men from false men.

When Macduff tries to convince Malcolm, Duncan’s older son and heir to the throne, to come back to Scotland and challenge Macbeth, Malcolm lies about what sort of person he is in order to see if Macduff actually wants Malcolm to come back or if he is just another spy from Macbeth trying to lure him into a trap.

Malcolm insists that he is a lustful, greedy liar who is unfit to rule by saying “…your wives, your daughters, Your matrons, your maids could not fill up The cistern of my lust…” (4.3.62-63), and “…I should forge Quarrels unjust against the good and loyal. Destroying them for wealth” (4.3.82-84). Macduff despairs when Malcolm asks if he would be fit to govern, stating “Fit to govern? No, not to live” (4.3.103-104). Malcolm is not actually like what he says, however.

He changes his appearance in order to discover what Macduff’s true intentions are. If Macduff only wanted Malcolm to come back so that Macbeth could kill him, he would have insisted that Malcolm is fit to rule and would be a good king despite his faults.

Malcolm also changes his appearance during the final act when he and Macduff return to Scotland to fight Macbeth for the throne. The three witches, the ones who originally prophesied to Macbeth that he would become king of Scotland, gave Macbeth multiple prophesies, one of which states, “…none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth” (4.1.80-81).

Since all men are born of women, he automatically assumes that no one can kill him. However, this prophecy is more than it seems. Macbeth was also warned by the witches to “Beware Macduff, Beware the Thane of Fife” (4.1.70-1), but because he believes he cannot be killed, he assumes he has little cause to worry, although he does have Macduff’s family killed to be certain.

When he meets Macduff on the battlefield, Macduff informs him that he “…was from his mother’s womb Untimely ripped” (5.7.45-46), which means that Macduff was not technically ever born. The prophecy tricked Macbeth and caused him to be overconfident, and he was beheaded by Macduff in battle. The prophecy’s wording caused Macbeth to be unable to see the reality that he could still be killed.

Macbeth also receives a prophecy from the witches that say, “Macbeth shall never be vanquished until Great Birnam Wood to Dunsinane Hill Shall come against him” (4.1.91-93). Because trees cannot just get up and walk, Macbeth believes that he will never be vanquished. This assumption does not turn out to be true, however.

Macduff and Malcolm’s men take limbs from the trees and camouflage themselves, making it look as if the Great Birnam Wood is moving up Dunsinane Hill. The prophecy was different than Macbeth expected, and he paid the price for it. Once Malcolm and his men get close enough to Macbeth’s army he says, “Now near enough. Your leafy screens throw down And show like those you are” (5.6.1-2). Malcolm and his men hid their true appearance in order to defeat Macbeth.

By doing so, they are also causing the prophecy the witches gave Macbeth to come true, but not in a literal fashion. All aspects of the prophecies came true, but the confusing manner in which they were stated caused them to play out differently than Macbeth expected.

The three witches who gave these misleading prophecies also stated one of the most prominent examples of appearance differing from reality. The words “Fair is foul and foul is fair” (1.1.11) are uttered by the three witches before the audience is introduced to the title character Macbeth.

This oxymoron immediately sets the stage for the idea that not everything is as it seems. Significantly, Macbeth’s first line of play is “So foul and fair a day I have not seen” (1.3.39). This line “…is noteworthy not only because it reiterates a paradoxical statement, but because it refers back to the beginning of the play…” (Kranz 1). By doing so, Shakespeare subtly hints at a connection between the supernatural and Macbeth even before he meets the witches.

When Macbeth does meet the witches, they greet him with three titles, the last of them stating, “All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!” (Shakespeare, 1.3.51) When Macbeth hears their proclamation, he does not seem happy. Banquo questions his reaction saying, “Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that do sound so fair?” (Shakespeare, 1.3.52-53).

This question harkens once again to the “fair is foul and foul is fair” phrase. Both Macbeth and Banquo are unaware of the consequences of these prophecies. While the idea of being king is a wonderful notion, the price Macbeth pays is far more foul than fair. He must murder his way to the top, and then he must murder again to prevent anyone from discovering his crimes.

He also struggles with the inability to sleep because of a guilty conscience that constantly plagues him until he goes a little mad and then succumbs to his evil nature. In addition, his wife Lady Macbeth goes completely mad with guilt and kills herself to free herself from it.

The three witches also introduce the idea of the supernatural in the play, and it is continued through the images of nature turning on itself. Horses eat each other, the days turn dark, and the birds behave oddly. Nature reflects the destabilization of the government Macbeth created when he murdered Duncan, and this causes the question of what is a true reality to arise.

Indeed, one of the most prominent references to the supernatural is during the scene when Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost during his banquet. Macbeth is the only one who can see the ghost, creating the question of the ghost’s reality. It could be just a figment of Macbeth’s imagination caused by his guilt for having Banquo murdered or a result of Macbeth’s growing madness.

It could also be a real apparition and Banquo has chosen to haunt only Macbeth. The ghost’s reality is in question and Macbeth struggles to see the difference between what is real and what is not.

The banquet scene is also a turning point in the play. Up until this scene, Macbeth still believes he is in control of his own fate. He knows that the witches understand what will come to pass, but he still believes that everything he chooses is his choice. After seeing Banquo’s ghost, however, “…it is clearly indicated that Macbeth is not what he was when the play began; in a sense, the initiative has passed out of his hands” (Dyson 370).

He understands that he has fooled himself into believing something that is not true. Macbeth recognizes that he is wrong and that he must now ride out the course he has set himself on. After his wife calms him, he stops getting fits of guilt that he had before Banquo’s murder. Indeed, two scenes before the banquet scene he complains of sleeplessness and states, “Oh full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife!” (Shakespeare, 3.2.35). Now, however, it is as if he accepts his doomed fate and damnation.

He believes because he decided to kill Duncan and become king, he is the one in charge of his fate, when in reality there are outside forces, such as the witches and Lady Macbeth, causing him to do these things.

Macbeth is plagued by guilt not only after he murders Duncan but also while he and his wife are scheming. He is very worried that he and his wife will be discovered, but she belittles him by questioning his masculinity stating, “What beast was’t then, That made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man;” (1.7.48-50), and convinces him that no one will discover them because of the evidence with which they plan to frame Duncan’s guards.

Macbeth then dismisses her saying, “Away, and mock the time with fairest show. False face must hide what the false heart doth know” (1.7.81-82). The two of them must hide what they are thinking in order to prevent any suspicion from falling on them. While Macbeth is only telling his wife to put on this façade while people are in their home, in reality, they must continue this “false face” for the remainder of Macbeth’s reign if they want to keep what they did a secret.

Another aspect of Macbeth that contributes to the theme of appearance versus reality can be found in the hallucinations that both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth experience. Right before killing Duncan, Macbeth sees the image of a dagger before him. According to Abraham Stoll, “Macbeth’s preoccupation is whether the dagger he sees is really there, or if it is a product of his mind” (136).

Macbeth proceeds to reject the dagger as being a supernatural object and recognizes it as a hallucination when he cannot touch it (136). Lady Macbeth also hallucinates because of a guilty conscience. She begins to sleep walk and see things that are not there. One of her maids and her doctor watch her sleep walk and hear her say, “Out, damned spot! Out I say!” (Shakespeare, 5.1.30).

She tries to scrub the blood off her hands, but there is nothing on her hands. Lady Macbeth, however, insists that there is blood on her hands and that it will not come off. She can clear neither her hands nor her conscience.

Despite her guilt driving her to madness, Lady Macbeth is the original motivator of Macbeth’s actions. She tells him to “Look like th’ innocent flower, But be the serpent under’t” (1.5.63-64). She wants him to hide his true ambitions and act like the noble person most believe him to be. She herself does her best to convince all that she is just as innocent as her husband pretends to be.

After Duncan’s murder, the other noblemen in Macbeth’s home are questioning as to who the perpetrator really is, and Macbeth begins to nervously and guiltily ramble. In order to draw attention away from him, Lady Macbeth pretends to faint. She causes the men to think of her as a weak woman, changing their perception of her and creating a distraction.

Lady Macbeth’s statement of “Look like th’ innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t” can easily be interpreted as an allusion to the Bible. Herbert R. Coursen Jr. says that the serpent is Satan in the garden tempting Eve to eat the fruit (37). In this case, Lady Macbeth is the serpent, Macbeth is Eve, and the throne of Scotland is the fruit.

Lady Macbeth convinces him to take the fruit, or throne, because being king will give him power and wealth. Like Adam and Eve achieving the promised knowledge of good and evil, Macbeth also achieves his goal. The fruit of his labors was rotten, however, and he loses his goodness, part of his sanity, his wife, and in the end, his life. The idea of being king was appealing, but it did not turn out how he expected.

Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a tragic play full of lies and deceit. Characters are constantly lying about who they are and commenting on their inability to trust other people’s words and outward appearance.

The three witches and their misleading prophecies show how everything is not as it seems, and the hallucinations that both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have because of their guilt also display how reality and illusion can become indiscernible.  Through the use of the supernatural, hallucinations, and statements by differing characters, Shakespeare displays the theme of appearance versus reality.

Works Cited

Coursen Jr., Herbert R. “In Deepest Consequence: Macbeth.” Shakespeare Quarterly 18.4 (1967): 375-88. Web.

Dyson, J.P. “The Structural Function of the Banquet Scene in Macbeth.” Shakespeare Quarterly 14.4 (1963): 369-73. Web.

Kranz, David L. “The Sounds of Supernatural Soliciting in Macbeth.” Studies in Philology 100.3 (2003): 346. Academic Search Complete . Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

Shakespeare, William. Macbeth : 1539. Norton Critical editions: 2 nd ed. New York: Norton , 2014. Print.

Stoll, Abraham. “Macbeth’s Equivocal Conscience.” Macbeth: New Critical Essays , New York, 2008. Google Scholar . Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

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Macbeth Appearance Vs. Reality Essay Plan

Intro paragraph: In a riveting play laden with the supernatural, nothing is as it outwardly appears to the naked eye. Tension, mystery, dread and ambiguity pervade the drama. Using the theme of appearance vs reality, Shakespeare delves deep into the darker side of humanity and the inner plotting/scheming of the human mind.

1) Witches: the witches set the scene for confusion and illusion in the play. They successfully manage to mislead, cheat and incite evil throughout Scotland via deliberately ambiguous and misleading language. Even their physical appearance is contradictory and perturbing.

Fair is foul and foul is fair Lesser than Macbeth and greater You should be women and yet your beards forbid me to interpret Look not like the inhabitants of the wart yet are on’t (Last 2 are both Banquo) This supernatural soliciting cannot be be ill, cannot be good (Macbeth)  

2) Duncan’s naive and misplaced trust shows that none can be believed or truly relied upon. The dramatic irony between himself and Macbeth as well as his dismissal of Donalbain’s advice are key.

Absolute trust There’s no art to find the minds construction in the face (Duncan) There’s daggers in men’s smiles (Donalbain) More is thy due then all can pay (Duncan to Macbeth) Valiant cousin Black and deep desires (Macbeth)  

3) Lady Macbeth is the foremost example and epitome of deceit and false appearances. Inwardly she is consumed with a lust for power but outwardly maintains a masquerade of a loving and subservient wife.

Fill me from the crown to the toe top full of direst cruelty Take my milk for gall you murdering ministers Too full o’ the milk of human kindness Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t My keen knife not see the wound it makes Honour’d hostess (Duncan)  

4) Macbeth fools Duncan and carries out his coup against him. In the aftermath of the murder he abandons his once dearly held principles and lies to the assembly. Maintains his reputation while secretly corrupted by his own delusions of grandeur by building up a masquerade of selfless devotion and martyrdom.

Is this a dagger I see before me? (Supernatural helps Macbeth to carry out the murder) I do repent me of my fury that I did kill them (the two guards he framed for the murder) Had I but died an hour before this chance I had lived a blessed time  

5) Banquo is the most subtle example of appearance vs reality. He successfully hides his ambition. Unlike the others his mask is never unveiled due to his untimely demise at the hands of Macbeth.

Noble Banquo Too cruel anywhere (the murder) Bosom franchised and allegiance clear I fight of treasonous malice I fear thou playd’st most foully for it May they not be my oracles as well? But hush! No more.  

6) Even the forces of good who oppose Macbeth are drawn into deception and appearance vs reality. The princes are falsely accused if Duncan’s murder. Malcolm is forced to lie to Macduff to test his loyalty and convictions. Very important paragraph, most people will overlook it.

Stolen away and fled which puts upon them suspicion of the deed His flight was madness (Macduff’s wife scorns his exile) A good and virtuous nature may recoil under an imperial charge Confound unity on earth My more having will be as a sauce to make me hunger more  

7) Macbeth himself is undone by his association with the witches. The equivocation of the witches give him a false sense of security and superiority which ultimately makes him very vulnerable to being overthrown.

Macbeth shall never be vanquished Great Birnam wood Shall come against him None of woman born shall harm Macbeth (All witches) Damned all the trust them Golden opinions I cannot taint with fear (All Macbeth)

Macbeth Appearance vs Reality Essay

Macbeth is a play by William Shakespeare that is set in Scotland. The story follows Macbeth, who is Thane of Glamis, as he becomes Thane of Cawdor and then King of Scotland. Macbeth is a tragic figure who starts out as a good man, but is corrupted by his own ambition and ends up killing Duncan, the rightful king, to take his place.

One of the main themes of Macbeth is appearance vs reality. Macbeth is constantly being confronted with the idea that things may not be what they seem. This is most notable in the scene where Macduff confronts Macbeth about the murder of Duncan. Macduff tells Macbeth that he knows Macbeth is responsible for the murder, and Macbeth responds by trying to kill Macduff. Macduff manages to escape, and Macbeth is left with the realization that he has been caught.

Macbeth is also constantly being confronted with his own guilt. He knows that he is guilty of murder, and he can never quite shake the feeling that someone is going to find out what he has done. This leads to a feeling of paranoia and insecurity that ultimately drives him mad.

The theme of appearance vs reality is particularly relevant in Macbeth because it explores the idea of how easily people can be deceived. Macbeth is a perfect example of this, as he is easily manipulated by Lady Macbeth and Macduff manages to fool him into thinking that he is not a threat. This theme is still relevant today, as it speaks to the way that we often try to hide our true selves from others.

The theme of appearance versus reality is illustrated at the start of act 1 when Macbeth talks to the King and becomes a Thane. “Let light not glimpse my dark and deep desires” (1 . 4.59) says Macbeth. Macbeth confesses that he wants to kill King Duncan and seize the Scottish throne in this case.

Macbeth is pretending to be something he’s not, he is putting on an appearance. Macbeth knows that appearing as a loyal and honest subject will give him what he wants, whereas if his true intentions were revealed, he would not be able to gain anything.

Later in the play, Macbeth’s wife Lady Macbeth also talks about the importance of appearances. She says “that which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet” (5.1.17-18). In this quote, Lady Macbeth is saying that it doesn’t matter what something is called, it will always smell the same. This quote is significant because it shows that Lady Macbeth is willing to do whatever it takes to make Macbeth look good, even if it means killing people. Lady Macbeth knows that appearances are important, and she is willing to do whatever it takes to make Macbeth look like a good king.

Later in the play, Macduff confronts Macbeth about the murders he has committed. Macduff says “thyself I speak not, nor defend: the tyrant’s raiders are amok; infected blood they have shed” (4.3.187-189). In this quote, Macduff is saying that Macbeth is a tyrant and has killed many innocent people. Macduff knows that Macbeth is a murderer, but Macbeth still tries to maintain his appearance as a good king. Macbeth is trying to keep up the facade that everything is okay, even though he knows that he is a murderer.

At the end of the play, Macbeth’s true colours are finally revealed. He says “Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing” (5.5.28-33).

Macbeth is saying that life is meaningless and that everything is just an act. He knows that he is a murderer and that he will be punished for his crimes. Macbeth’s appearance versus reality is finally revealed to the audience, and they see that he is not the good king that he pretends to be. Macbeth is finally exposed as the tyrant that he is, and his true colours are shown to everyone.

The tragedy of Macbeth is defined by a contradiction between appearance and reality, as well as the deception that may result from this. The outward façade of the Macbeths as trustworthy and innocent aids them in carrying out their plan to kill Duncan and seize the throne.

Macbeth, in particular, is good at hiding his true intentions behind a mask of politeness and ​courtesy. However, as the play progresses it becomes clear that Macbeth is not what he seems, and his gradual descent into evil is mirrored by the deterioration of his physical appearance. Blood starts to pour from his wounds, and his face becomes disfigured and mottled. In the end, Macbeth can no longer hide the reality of his crimes, and he is revealed as the murderous villain that he truly is.

The lesson that Macbeth teaches us is that it is important to be aware of the difference between appearance and reality, and to never take things at face value. Reality can be much darker than it seems, and we need to be careful not to be deceived by appearances. Macbeth is a cautionary tale of the dangers of letting your guard down, and the consequences that can result from being blinded by greed and ambition.

Appearances are what something appears to be or how someone appears to be. On the other side, however, the truth is that things exist as they are. This emphasizes the distinction between truth and appearance. The reality is the fact, but the appearance is merely what something looks like.

Macbeth is a play that revolves around the dichotomy of appearance vs reality. Macbeth, the title character, is a warrior who is then named the Thane of Cawdor by the king. Macbeth meets three witches who prophesy that he will be become the king. Macbeth then murders King Duncan in order to take his place. Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth, plays an important role in Macbeth’s rise to power and eventual downfall.

She urges her husband to kill Duncan and later cleans up his mess. Lady Macbeth shows herself as a strong and determined woman, but she is ultimately undone by her guilt. Macbeth’s reign as king is short-lived and he is eventually killed by Macduff. Macbeth’s story highlights the dangers of letting appearances deceive one into thinking that all is as it seems.

One of the most important aspects of Macbeth is the theme of appearance vs reality. Macbeth is a play about a man who is fooled by the appearances that he sees. He is swayed by what he thinks is reality, but it turns out to be nothing more than an illusion. This is most clearly shown in the scene where Macbeth meets the witches for the first time. The witches tell Macbeth that he will be king and this gives him the idea to kill Duncan in order to take his place.

Macbeth only sees what he wants to see and this leads to his downfall. Macbeth is not the only one who is fooled by appearances. Lady Macbeth is also taken in by them. She is convinced that her husband can do no wrong and she helps him cover up his crime. Lady Macbeth is later undone by her guilt and she kills herself.

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macbeth- appearance vs reality

ENGLISH COURSEWORK

Appearance Vs Reality

‘How does Shakespeare use the idea of deception in his play, Macbeth?

Discuss the topic by referring to character, supernatural elements, places and objects not being what they seem

William Shakespeare was a very famous playwright and actor who lived over 100 years ago and wrote the many plays including Macbeth . The play Macbeth  is a tragedy, which was written in the sixteenth century by Shakespeare.  In this play the main character, called Macbeth is a very brave and courageous man whose growing ambition and misfortune takes over his life and leads him to become very evil and threatening.      

In Macbeth, Shakespeare has used the idea of deception to develop his style of play writing and to make it more interesting to the audience.  There are several ways in which he has done this, and I will be focussing on these to explain how he has done this and what kind of an affect it has on people.  Throughout the play there is a tense atmosphere that builds on as it goes along and makes the audience more attracted to it.  

Shakespeare uses the idea of deception to create a lot of strange and superstitious effects in order to enhance the quality of the play and to make it more dramatic. For example, the play starts off with three witches also the setting is very eerie so the audience’s attention is automatically grabbed and they want to carry on further to find out what will happen.  Not only does he include witches, the play also consists of cauldrons, spells, ghosts and illusions.  Even though it is unusual to see such things today it was very significant in that time period. Characters, acting, stagecraft and language are various ways that Shakespeare has used to exemplify the idea of deception in his play.  There are different types of deception, such as, people who are not what they seem, supernatural deceptions and things/places not being what they seem.

Macbeth is a play about tragedies and misfortune. There are many ideas or themes, which are portrayed in this drama but the main one that I will be focussing on is appearance and reality.  This basically means the general idea of things not being what they seem.  

This play has a very strong moral, philosophical and social significance, which is displayed throughout the play and is revealed throughout the drama.  Because this play was written before the 1914’s we can see that the language, stagecraft and settings used are from the time period the play was written in. It looks at the historical and social significance of the play, and deals with things that were morally and philosophically significant to the people at that time. For example, the people at that time were strong believers of strange and supernatural elements such as witches and ghosts. These are less believable these days because of all the latest science and technology, which Shakespeare may not have had at his time.

This tragedy looks at the way people see things and are mislead into thinking their own way. Essentially we understand from the play that ambition is good but if you become way too ambitious and are blinded by it then that can lead to harm. This is what happened to the character of Macbeth. The significance, which is shown in the play, could be that dreams or illusions are not always what they seem, and can often lead you astray.  The play is based on the fact that Macbeth changes from a highly valued and respected man to someone who is disliked by the people in his society. The reasons being that he was very fortunate but could not see it, therefore he went ahead and thought he could make his dreams come true.  

What happens in Shakespeare’s play is ironic and is related to the time period as well which also influences the genre of the play. The play also implicates the historical happenings at the time period it was written because during that time Shakespeare had written a lot of tragedy and bitter plays.  Around the same time Shakespeare’s twins died therefore there may be a significant reason as to why he wrote these tragedies.  Nevertheless he has used ideas of deception in such ways to deceive the audience and characters throughout.

Macbeth is a very interesting character created by Shakespeare because he is very diverse throughout the play. In other words he was known as a very loyal and brave warrior at the beginning of the play, as the King gave him the title of the ‘Thane of Glamis’. We can immediately see that he is liked and respected by the King and the people, because of his position in the King’s army. However, during the play the character of Macbeth changes and he becomes very ambitious which leads him to become evil, which eventually leads to his death. This play battles with the concepts of evil and good, which are shown through acts of deceit and honesty.  Mainly it is about deceit, of the audiences as well as the characters.  There are also things that Macbeth encounters throughout this play, such as witches, apparitions and illusions that are not what they seem to Macbeth, but he does not know this and in the end he ruins his life and the lives of many others whilst trying to make his dreams come true. He does not understand the concept of reality, which means that you can’t judge by appearances, there is something behind the appearance that you have to look for rather than just looking at the surface of things.

Shakespeare uses a variety of different ways to illustrate the deceptions in the play, some of which are, language (e.g. linguistic devices), stagecraft (e.g. settings and special effects), and characters (e.g. the role of Macbeth, or the three witches).

 In the time period in which this play was written, I expect that there wasn’t much technology because it was in the early sixteenth century when not all the new technology that we have today, had existed. However, there was some technology such as the trapdoors that were built into the stage. This allowed people to appear and disappear in the eyes of the audience.

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Nevertheless, instead of cinemas, there were theatres where dramas and plays such as Macbeth were performed. This was a major entertainment for people at that time as there weren’t things like computers, Television, games, etc. so people would go to the theatre to watch these plays and they would really enjoy it.  People also went to places to see bear beating, this is an event where bears were tied up and beaten by loose packs of dogs. People at that time enjoyed these horrifying scenes and it was a means of entertainment. This shows what the people were like in pre-1914, which links to why Macbeth was written and to whom it was targeted. Shakespeare has written this play in order to entertain and amuse the people at that time therefore he has used ideas of deception to make it more appealing and interesting.

Macbeth is also a horrifying play where terrifying scenes like murder takes place.  The audience, I should imagine would have been very fascinated and horrified by this play, which would mean that more people would want to watch it. At that time period people were also very superstitious and believed in things like witches because there wasn’t much advanced technology to prove otherwise. Social class divided the people’s status in society, e.g. the lower class people could not wear the same colours as the rich as this was not accepted in society. The rich and poor wore different colours to represent which class they were from.  Witchcraft was a major issue at the time and anyone who was suspected would be tortured and executed. Due to this hundreds and thousands of women were executed for being caught doing suspicious acts of witchcraft.  This is one of the many ideas Shakespeare has used in his play to deceive the audience and characters.  It provides an interesting twist in the beginning of the play when the three witches are doing spells and things.

The first ever Macbeth play to be performed was in Hampton’s Court in 1605.  There were many superstitions that people believed in such as, in the theatres audience were not allowed to say ‘Macbeth’ or something might happen to the characters on stage.

I will now identify and explain the general theme of appearance and reality, which is portrayed throughout the play, Macbeth.  

There are many people who are not what they seem in reality and can trick the audience into thinking a different way.  

This deception is shown in the first Act where the former Thane of Cawdor becomes a treacherous man because he has betrayed King Duncan and the army of Scotland when he joins the Norwegian army in the battle. In this act Scots and Norwegians are enemies and there is a battle going on, where Macbeth is a triumph for killing the traitor and then he puts the head on his sword.  This is significant because at that time it is seen as brave and courageous to place the head of the victim on the sword, in that way people would know you’ve won and will praise you. We can tell that Macbeth has just been honoured for doing this because in this scene the captain says ‘’ For brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name – disdaining fortune with hiss brandish’d steel…till he unseam’d him from the nave to th’ chaps and fix’d his head upon our battlements.’’  In this passage the captain is explaining what happened at the battlefields to the King and he is glorifying what Macbeth did, which was to murder a traitor and put the head on the sword.  

The deception in this scene is that of when the character of the traitor deceives the other characters and betrays his army by fighting against them.  The King is just one character who is deceived by this man from the battle.  He was just one of the men in the battle was not what he seemed because he was a traitor all along and he betrayed King Duncan, thus was killed later on. This is an example of when deception is illustrated in the play.

Macbeth does not realise that the former Thane of Cawdor has been killed, he then goes and has an encounter with the witches, who tell him that he is going to be Thane of Cawdor. This is mentioned in as one of the prophecies. (Scene 3; line 48). ‘’All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor’’ , this is said by one of the witches and is deceiving to the character Macbeth because he doesn’t know that the former Thane of Cawdor has died.  

The witches give him the following three prophecies in scene 3:

‘‘All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis,’’

‘’All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor,’’

‘’All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, that shalt be king hereafter.’’

After that Macbeth is very shocked and confused because at this moment he or the audience are not aware that the Thane of Cawdor has been killed or the fact that he will kill the King in the future to become one.  This is deceiving to the characters that are told this (Banquo and Macbeth) because they did not know that the Thane had died. The language shows that Macbeth does not know that he is now the Thane of Cawdor as he sounds very confused in scene 3, ‘’… By finel’s death I know I am the Thane of Glamis, But how of Cawdor? The Thane of Cawdor lives A prosperous gentleman …’’ the idea of the Thane being dead and Macbeth being the new Thane is something that is not what it seems because the audience do not know this and also because they are being told by strange women.  This is a deceiving matter because strange women, also known as the three witches, are telling them these prophecies that have never been heard of before.  However, when it does come true then it is like another thing that is not what it seemed because no one really expected the prophecies to come true.  

Macbeth is a character who is deceiving to the audience, because in the beginning of the play we see him as a brave, courageous and good-willed man.  However, this changes throughout the play and we find out that Macbeth is not what he seems and is actually a very evil and wicked man.  We know this as a fact because he kills King Duncan to fulfil his dreams and ambition.  Nevertheless, he was not that keen at first until his wife, Lady Macbeth, encouraged him to do so. She says to him that she is an even better man than he is because he was cowering not to do the murder.  She then makes him believe it is the right thing to do so Macbeth thinks that he has got no other chance and this can’t be as bad as long as he hides it well. He says at the end of act 1 scene 7, ‘’I am settled and bend up…to this terrible feat. Away, and mock the time with fairest show, false face must hide what the false heart doth know’’ from this extract we can see that Macbeth has chosen to ‘mock’ the people which means to deceive them and the King by going ahead with this ‘terrible’ plan.  It is easy to see how the character of Macbeth is transformed from trustworthy and good-willed to become disloyal and treacherous. We know he was a trustworthy and honourable man because he helped the King’s army in the battle; therefore it was very shocking to find out he committed a murder. Even though he prevails in making his dreams and ambitions come true, at the same time he is deceiving the people for a long while. Shakespeare makes it deceiving to the other characters as well as the audience when he makes out that everybody sees Macbeth as a godlike figure who is respected by many. Conversely Macbeth is not at all like that and we can see how cruel and evil he becomes throughout the play.

        Shakespeare uses soliloquies in the beginning of act 1 scene 7 to represent how Macbeth is feeling, which is uncomfortable with this plan.  It is not like him to do such evil acts so he is very worried about what will happen. ‘’ If it were done when ‘tis done, then ‘twere well it were done quickly. If th’ assassination could trammel up the consequence and catch with his surcease, success, that but this blow might be the be-all and the end-all-here…but only vaulting ambition which o’erlaps itself and falls on th’ other -’ from this long and interesting soliloquy we can tell that Macbeth is discussing how hard this task is and how his ambition is urging him to go on.  It seems as though he has second thoughts which deceive the audience because we think that he will forget doing the murder from act 1 scene 7 where he mentions how respected and praised he is at the moment, ‘’We will proceed no further in this business. He hath honour’d me of late, and have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people, which will be worn now in the newest gloss, not cast aside so soon.’’ Macbeth wants to enjoy the praises he has earned (‘’ bought ’’) as though they were new clothes. Shakespeare uses metaphors here to describe the praises given to Macbeth and to make an impact on what he is saying.  We, as in the audiences are deceived by this because it makes us think that he will back out but in the end he does not due to his weakness and he continues with the murder.

Lady Macbeth as a hostess at the castle is very misleading because she is not what she seems to be.  In the beginning of Act 1 scene 6, when King Duncan is welcomed to Macbeth’s castle he meets with Lady Macbeth. In the eyes of Duncan, Lady Macbeth is seen as the ‘honour’d hostess’ because of her appearance and false talk. He does not know what Lady Macbeth is really like and instantly judges her according to her appearance and how she presents herself to him. ‘’See, see our honour’d hostess – the love that follows us   sometimes is our trouble, which still we think as love. Herein I teach you how you shall bid god yield us for your pains and thank us for your trouble.’’  Duncan is being deceived yet again because he thinks that Lady Macbeth is offering kindness, but in reality she is just putting on a show. He says how grateful he is even though it can sometimes be a nuisance to have people offering kindness to him. He also says that this is his way of teaching her to ask God to reward him for the trouble she has to take, and also to thank him for providing the occasion for that trouble. Basically King Duncan is trying to say how grateful he is to be here and is thankful to her, however, in reality he is saying this to the wrong person because she is hiding her true appearance with a false one. Therefore she is tricking him.

King Duncan is quite a gullible man who trusts people very easily.  He is glad to have come to Macbeth’s castle because he highly values him and has given him the titles, ‘Thane of Cawdor’ and the ‘Thane of Glamis’. As we can see from the Duncan’s speech, he is pleased to have come to this castle, but the one thing he does not realise is that he is actually being deceived by the appearance of the settings and the other characters, like Lady Macbeth. Duncan mentions how kind Lady Macbeth is as a hostess, but he is unaware of what she is really like in the inside, which is evil and cunning because she is plotting to murder him in the following scene.  

After the murder has taken place, every one is in shock. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth put on false faces and they are not suspected of anything.  Duncan’s two sons, Malcolm and Donaldbain also hear of the news and are not really shocked.  In this scene it seems as if Malcolm is pretending to be evil, but in reality he is only concerned about saving his life.  Even though they do not react that much, they are still worried and they think that they too may be in danger.  Therefore they decide that that it would be best to leave the country and go separate ways.  We know this from the conversation between Malcolm and Donaldbain in Act 2 scene 3. Malcolm is asking Donaldbain what they should do in order to save their own lives, this is deceiving because we did not expect them to get over their father’s death so easily and also it is deceiving to the other characters. This is because Malcolm says, ‘’ what will you do? Let’s not consort with them. To show an unfelt sorrow is an office, which the false man does easy. I’ll to England.’’ This shows he has already made up his mind and is waiting for Donaldbain’s reply, who then says he will go to Ireland. Malcolm also suggests that they should secretly leave, without letting anyone else know. ‘’And let us not be dainty of leave-taking, but shift away.’’ This shows that they feel no sorrow for their father and are willing to leave without trying to find out who the murderer is but only worried about they’re own lives.  We, as audiences may know that they are not the killers but in the way Malcolm suggests leaving, as soon as he hears of the death seems as though he is evil and he is the murderer.  It is deceiving to the other characters when he leaves because they see it as very suspicious that the King’s son’s have decided to secretly leave the country.  This may lead to people thinking that they are the murderers, but in reality this is not what it seems like.

The play starts off with the witches appearing and disappearing and throughout the play they appear and disappear, which is a type of supernatural deception because it is not normal to have witches.  This is a way of taking the attention of the audience, as they would find it fascinating to watch how the witches appear and disappear.  In Shakespeare’s time, he did not have many special effects, so the supernatural deception effects would have had to be done on stage using the old fashioned way, the trapdoor.  The trapdoor is one way in which people in Shakespeare’s days, used to perform special acts of appearing and disappearing and it was a good type of special effect used to deceive the audience at the time. The reason being that they did not have as much technology as we have today and were not as advanced so they would not have been able use advanced technology to do any special effects or lighting in order to make it really attractive.  If he lived today he would have used things such as lighting and other technological equipment to make this play interesting for people of today so they would enjoy it.  

One of the special effects that could have been used on the character of Banquo’s ghost is a way of showing the idea of deception because Macbeth is the only one who can see the ghost and so the audience may also not be able to see anything.  In the time of Shakespeare the ghost would have most probably been imagined or a pale face of someone with powder all over, who would have come and gone through the trapdoor.  There was not as much technology as today and it wasn’t as advanced as today, so you wouldn’t have been able to do special affects like holograms and things on stage.  These are ways in which people can see images and effects, which are not solidly there, they see it through computerised programmes.

The apparitions are another set of tools of deception that Shakespeare uses to improve the quality of the play. This dramatic irony like the ghost only come and go so they may have not been acted out so the other characters would have used imagination to pretend they were there. Also not all the characters can see the ghost, only Macbeth does. This is shown from the passages in Act 3 Scene 4, when language is used to show that Macbeth can see something that other’s cannot. When Macbeth talks about Banquo’s ghost he is deceiving the other characters. We know this because they are confused therefore they think Macbeth is going mad. Ross is one of the men at the feast and he speaks up saying, “What sights, my lord?”  from this phrase I know that the people there are very confused they do not know what is going on, this is when Lady Macbeth lies to them to cover up the truth.  Therefore she is deceiving the other characters and making them think that Macbeth is really ill, “Good-night; and better health attend his majesty”  they leave after Lady Macbeth tells them to do so.    

Duncan is invited to Macbeth’s castle, which he finds very nice and welcoming. He compliments on how they are all so nice and the castle I so welcoming when he does not even have a clue as to what his fate will bring in the future.  In the beginning of Act 1 scene 6, Duncan says ‘‘this castle hath a pleasant seat; the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself unto our gentle senses.’’  Duncan is saying that the castle is very welcoming just by looking at it and smelling the air. This castle is deceiving to the king because it is not what it seems. It seems like it is a very ‘pleasant’ and wonderful place, however, in reality it is not at all a pleasant setting because this is the place where Duncan gets murdered. He does not know this; therefore he is being deceived by the place.

        In act 2 scenes 1 Macbeth is preparing to kill King Duncan. Shakespeare uses objects that are like illusion to let the audience know what is going on and to make it more interesting. For example, he uses the image of a dagger, we know this from what Macbeth says , ‘‘is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come let me clutch thee…’’  he uses this language to help the audience understand what is going on. This is not a real dagger, but only an ill-illusion telling him to carry on with this grim task.  It may have been imaginary in Shakespeare’s stagecraft, because Macbeth only sees it as an imaginary object, which is deceiving him.  Therefore it may not have been a real prop in the play when the people performed it.

        Macbeth also hears voices before and after the murder, which are deceiving because he only hears them in his mind.  This shows us that he is getting paranoid and these voices are just in his head, we also know that there were sounds of animals that give a chill of horror. This adds to the horrifying scene of the murder and builds up tension because there are owls and crickets being heard in the background. This is significant to the time period of the play because at that time many people believed in superstitions and strange events. They also believed that the noise of owls and crickets were linked with a bad event such as death.

When Macbeth becomes evil, after killing the King he decides it’s time to get rid of his friend, Banquo.  In order to do this he has got to plan it first.  He has told two murderers that Banquo is their enemy to make them want to kill Banquo in the first place. Shakespeare has included this part of the plot to show deception of the murderers; Macbeth is deceiving them to make them hate Banquo, in order to carry out this murder.

It is also deceiving when Lady Macbeth sees things in her sleep and becomes ill.  She imagines that her hands were still bloody; from the night the King was murdered.

        And last, but not least, there is another idea of deception in the play; it is when Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane. This is deceiving in its own way because in reality the wood is not actually coming to Dunsinane, but the people are carrying the trees and making it seem like the wood is coming towards Macbeth, to fight him.  This also relates to the prophecies told in the beginning of the play and it is significant to what happens in the end.  This deceives Macbeth’s army as they think that the wood is coming towards them and tell Macbeth this news. As soon as Macbeth hears this, he is reminded of the prophecies, which deceive him yet again because it is not really the wood that is coming to fight him, instead his enemies.  

Finally I can conclude that Shakespeare has done a great job of representing the theme of deception, appearance vs reality and this is very important when included in the plays.  Especially when the play is performed because the main things that needs to be thought about is how the special affects are going to be shown, for e.g. the witches, apparitions and the ghost. These are things that attract people to watch the drama in the first place.  I can conclude that the play is all about the battle between good and evil, which also relates to the theme of deception. Deception plays a major part in this play, and I think that it is trying to give the audience a message about deceiving and how things/people are not always what they seem to be.  As I have explained in my essay Shakespeare has used language, imagery and stagecraft to illustrate the theme of deception and to show the audience how Shakespeare has made things seem different to what they really are in order to mislead the audience and characters. The language such has as “fair is foul, and foul is fair” (1.1) is just an example of how Shakespeare uses language to trick people. How can fair be foul and foul be fair? It is not something that you would normally come across therefore the play is very well known and liked by many. The deceptions are just ways in which to get people thinking and to prove that everything is not what it looks like on the outside, there may be things hidden away in the inside. For example, the character of Macbeth was not what he seemed like in the beginning of the play because his character has changed dramatically in the audience’s eyes. He went from being a brave and courageous soldier to an evil and wicked ruler.  I think his ambition has deceived him and he was overwhelmed at the thought of becoming king that he didn’t think of the consequences. Overall I think Shakespeare has used the idea of deception very cleverly in the play, Macbeth to get the audience attention and to make it very appealing to the audience. He has done this by using characters, supernatural elements, places and objects, which are not what they seem. It is very similar to the saying, ‘don’t judge a book by its cover’, because you don’t know what’s inside the story unless you read it. Similarly Shakespeare is giving the impression that characters, stagecraft, and many other things are not exactly what they seem.

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