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What is Insulation Material and its Uses

• by Refresh Science
• January 15, 2022 January 15, 2022

Many people make the mistake of not taking insulation seriously. They think that they only need the insulation layer to work just fine. They severely underestimate the materials and maintenance cost.

Several insulation materials are essential for a building . They are thermal and sound. And if you plan to have a studio, you should look for acoustic insulation.

What is insulation materials?

In short, it is the material that works as a buffer inside the walls. It acts as extra protection for your house from the temperature outside. These materials can help you stay warm in the winter and cool during summer.

Benefits of insulation

Having insulation can provide several benefits. Here are to name a few.

• Controlling the temperature inside the house

You may still need to install a heater and air conditioner for your house. But in general, your place will stay warm enough to keep you comfortable.

• Fire-proofing your house

Some insulators also have fire-retardant qualities. But keep in mind that it doesn’t mean it’s total fireproof. It only means that your walls and roof will last a little longer during the fire.

• Keeping the maintenance cost low

Having a good insulator means you don’t have to spend a lot of money on the heater and air conditioners. You can save up to 75% on maintenance costs for one year.

• Adding the house value

You can have a higher ROI value by installing the right insulation material. On average, the initial cost from the installation will return within six months to two years.

Which is the example of insulating material?

Many materials can work as insulation. However, you still need to know which materials can give you the best result for the price. Here are several insulation materials that you may have encountered.

• Polyurethane Foam
• Mineral Wool
• Foam boards
• Polystyrene (EPS)

What is the most common insulating material?

There are some materials that you can find in any building supply store. As some of them are affordable and you can install them yourself. 

• polystyrene
• Mineral wool

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What are the 4 main types of insulation used in homes.

Depending on how big a house is, there are various types of insulation that you can choose. However, four main types are popular, especially in a residential area.

• Rigid foam or fiber
• Sprayed foam
• Structural Insulation Panels

Several insulation materials are applicable through multiple types. For example, fiberglass and mineral wool. You can install them using the blanket type or a rigid fiber type. 

Please remember that some types require a professional HVAC to do the installation. As it’s common to wear protective gear when installing an insulation layer.

What are thermal insulation materials?

Thermal insulation works to control the temperature inside the room. As you know, 25% of the heat goes inside your house through the roof, and 15% is from the walls. 

These materials can block most of the heat from getting inside the house. In general, most insulation materials can do this. But the most affordable ones are fiberglass and Polystyrene foam (EPS). 

What are sound insulation materials?

Unlike heat, sound requires a different type of insulation. With heat, it is only a matter of transferring the energy to a comfortable level. But sound requires a complete block of sound.

Most common sound insulations are great for soundproofing. Depending on how much noise cancellation you need, you can choose from the options below. 

• Mass loaded vinyl
• Soundproof sheetrock
• Green glue vibration dampening compound

What are acoustic insulation materials?

One thing to keep in mind is the difference between soundproofing and acoustic insulation. People often use both terms interchangeably when they refer to different usage. Here are some examples.

• Foam panels
• acoustical panels

As you can see, they are different from the sound insulation ones. That is because these materials only absorb instead of blocking the sound. Thus it has a different effect in the room. 

What insulation material is most efficient?

So far, the most efficient insulation material is the Pyrogel XT. This industrial insulation works with less than 80% thickness of other materials. To illustrate, people usually have to install 1-inch thick fiberglass as insulation. With Pyrogel XT, they only need to do 0.5-0.2 inches.

Is Copper an insulating material?

Copper is a conductor and not an insulator. It transfers heat and electricity throughout the material. That is why you see copper as the main material for cables and other wiring products.

What is the best insulator?

The best insulator is the one that can work the best within your budget. But it doesn’t mean that you can trim some edges by cutting down the insulation budget.

This is the best insulator that money can buy. It can hold up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. And even essential to NASA spaceships.

This gel can be difficult to attain, but it’s very effective and efficient. It’s great for large buildings since it can cover a lot of space for a small amount.

This insulation is lightweight and fire-retardant. It uses non-CFC gas as a blowing agent to fill the space. This material works as a sound insulator as well. However, it can be expensive to have and install.

Eco-friendly and fireproof. This natural material is one of the favorite insulators to many. However, it can be difficult to apply on an uneven surface.

This is the most popular option since it’s affordable, eco-friendly, fire-retardant, and easy to work with. Many people often choose to install fiberglass insulation by themselves. 

Thermal insulation materials for buildings

A larger building requires a different type of insulation from a house. It requires a different technique, and perhaps a different set of materials as well.

However, it also needs to comply with the regulation on the climate zone. You need to check if the location requires extra or specific insulation. 

Insulation covers a wide array of options. Keep in mind that a residential building has different needs than a larger commercial one. Therefore, it needs different insulation to install. 

And if you’re looking to build a studio in the house, you can start looking for which acoustic insulation you want to add to the room.

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INSULATING MATERIALS Presentation by : Barjinder Singh

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Materials and methods of thermal insulation of buildings.

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🕑 Reading time: 1 minute

What is Thermal Insulation of Buildings?

• Slab or block insulation
• Blanket insulation
• Loose fill insulation
• Bat insulating materials
• Insulating boards
• Reflective sheet materials
• Lightweight materials

1. Slab or Block Insulation

2. Blanket Insulation

3. Loose Fill Insulation

4. bat insulating materials.

5. Insulating Boards

6. Reflective Sheet Materials

7. Lightweight Materials

Other general methods of building thermal insulation.

• By providing roof shading
• By proper height of ceiling
• Orientation of building

8. By Providing Roof Shading

9. by proper height of ceiling, 10. orientation of building.

Sadanandam Anupoju

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CHAPTER 5. APPLICATIONS OF INSULATING MATERIAL

Jan 05, 2020

450 likes | 1.25k Views

CHAPTER 5. APPLICATIONS OF INSULATING MATERIAL. Temperature Classification for Insulating Materials Application of Insulating Materials in electrical apparatus: In Power Transformer In Rotating Machines In Circuit Breaker In Power Capacitors

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• high voltage
• organic materials
• high dielectric
• organic materials class
• gas insulated power transformers

Presentation Transcript

CHAPTER 5. APPLICATIONS OF INSULATING MATERIAL • Temperature Classification for Insulating Materials • Application of Insulating Materials in electrical apparatus: • In Power Transformer • In Rotating Machines • In Circuit Breaker • In Power Capacitors • In High Voltage bushing • In Small Machines

There are four principal areas where insulation must be applied • Between coils and earth (phase to earth) • Between coils of different phases (phase to phase) • Between turn (inter-turn), and • Between the coils of the same phase (inter coil)

Insulating material must be able to withstand electrical stresses, in addition to it should be able to withstand certain other stress namely during manufacture, storage and operation. • The performance of the insulation depends on its operating temperature. The higher temperature, the higher will be the rate of its chemical deterioration. • The insulating materials are grouped into different classes with temperature limit : • - Organic materials: Class O : 90 0C and Class A : 105 0C • - Inorganic materials :Class B : 130 0C ; • Class C : No Specific Limit

The insulating materials are grouped into different classes with temperature limit : - Organic materials: Class O : 90 0C and Class A : 105 0C - Inorganic materials : Class B : 130 0C ; Class C : No Specific Limit

IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) Class Y (Paper, cotton, Silk,natural rubber,etc) : 90 0C Class A ( Same class Y but impregnated) : 105 0c Class E (Polyethlene terephthalate) : 120 0C Class B (Mica and Fiberglass) : 130 0C Class F ( same class B but with alkyd and epoxy based resin) : 155 0C Class H (like class B with silicone rubber, polymide film) : 180 0C Class C (As class B but with non organic binder, teflon, and high temperature polymers) : above 180 0C

APPLICATIONS IN POWER TRANSFORMERS • The Transformer insulation is divided into: • a). Conductor or turn to turn insulation; • using directly organic enamel on conductor for smaller rating. • Using paper or glass type wrapped on the rectangular conductors. • b). Coil to coil insulation, • Kraft paper is used in smaller transformer • Pressboard, glass fabric, or porcelain are used in the case of higher rating transformer.

c).Low voltage coil to earth insulation, Normally consist of solid tubes combined with liquid or gas filled spaces. d). Low voltage coil to low voltage coil insulation, Generally of the insulation system used in oil-filled transformers consist of oil impregnated pressboard. e). High voltage coil to ground insulation, Same at c.

The winding Insulation is normally made of paper. Cellulose board is also used as internal insulation in liquid-filled transformers. Cellulose insulation is impregnable with the insulating fluid of transformers.

Conductor insulations is usually paper, in the form pressboard. Insulating board is made of wood or mixture of wood and cotton. Cast resin also used as insulating system at lower voltage rating. Higher temperature systems, employ synthetic fluid Gas Insulated Power Transformers use sheet aluminum conductors for windings, a polymer film for turn-turn insulation.

Insulation of Dry type transformers is now using prepress (manufactured using the following baking materials: glass fibres, Nomex, Aramid paper etc.

APPLICATIONS IN ROTATING MACHINES Usually insulation has been used for machines are mica. Mica available in the form of very thin splitting. The selection of the right material depends on the power rating and the conditions under which it operates. Polyester film with or without impregnation being used for slot insulation. A Particularly important of the machines are the insulation of rotors and stators. The main insulation of the stators have always been mica based. For the support between the winding bars, slots and the core lamination used glass fiber reinforced epoxy.

APPLICATIONS IN CIRCUIT BREAKERS Low voltage breakers use synthetic resin mouldings to carry the metallic part. For higher temperature ceramic parts are used. Medium and High voltage, nowadays using SF6 Gas Medium voltage use vacuum as insulating medium. Gas Mixtures CB SF6 gas causes environmental effect and expensive Several gas mixture such SF6 / N2 has dielectric strength, is 80% of pure SF6 but the short circuit rating is normally lower (reduce to 40 kA from 50 kA)

Table The Various Insulating MaterialFor High Voltage Switchgear • Epoxy Resins Low pressure castings for bushings, Switchgear, bus-bars, instruments transformer. • Epoxy Resins bonded For components such as arc control devices, CB • glassfibre • Poly ester resins Insulating lever for CB and phase barrier plate in switch board. • Porcelain Insulators and bushings of power transformer • Sysnthetic resin bonded Bushings, arc chambers, etc • paper • Nylon Injection mouldings for arc control devoces in CB • Silicone rubber Filling for moulded joint boxes in SF6 insulated CB

APPLICATIONS IN CABLES The physical properties required for wire and cable insulation depend on the type of application. have good elongation, tensile strength and toughness, so that will withstand handling during installation and service Have a low dielectric constant and power factor but high dielectric strength and insulation resistance. Have excellent resistance to ageing at high temperature Have very low water absorption. Not become stiff and brittle when operate at low temperature

The main type of insulations used in the cable industries are paper, rubber, plastic and compressed gas. Paper insulated lead sheathed cables are still used because of the reliability, high dielectric strength, low dielectric loss, and long life. Low and medium voltage (up to 3.3 kv), polyvinylchloride (PVC), Polyethylene and cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) is most used. PVC is not suitable for high voltage because High dielectric constant and high loss Polyethylene has low dielectric constant and low loss but high dielectric strength. The best material for high voltage and high temperature is teflon (PTFE) which can be employed up to 250 0C

PVC INSULATED CABLES

APPLICATION IN POWER CAPACITOR • Normally made using impregnated paper dielectric. • Made of several layers of insulation paper of adequate thickness and • aluminum foil of 6 microns thickness as electrodes interleaved and • wound. • Properties required for the insulation paper for capacitor applications • are high dielectric, low dielectric strength, low dielectric loss, high • dielectric constant, uniform thickness, and minimum conducting • particles. • The impregnates for power capacitors should have high dielectric • Strength, high dielectric constant, good chemical and thermal • stability and adequate viscosity for efficient conduction heat.

The Concept of The Dielectric in paper and all paper film In Capacitor

APPLICATIONS IN FRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORS Small Generator : The insulation system must guarantee reliability, combined with good processing capability, mechanical strength an tolerance to severe short thermal stress while in operation. Kind of application the following materials have been found to have excellent insulation properties, viz. presspaper reels, NMN multilayers (made of nomex and polyester film) as well as saturated DMD (made from non-woven polyester and polyester film). Small size motors : Kinds of Polymers have been developed and are beeing widely used as insulating materials.

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What is Insulation Material – Types of Insulation – Definition

Insulation materials.

It must be added, thermal insulation is primarily based on the very low thermal conductivity of gases. Gases possess poor thermal conduction properties compared to liquids and solids, and thus makes a good insulation material if they can be trapped (e.g. in a foam-like structure ). Air and other gases are generally good insulators. But the main benefit is in the absence of convection . Therefore, many insulation materials (e.g.polystyrene) function simply by having a large number of gas-filled pockets which prevent large-scale convection . In all types of thermal insulation, evacuation of the air in the void space will further reduce the overall thermal conductivity of the insulator.

Alternation of gas pocket and solid material causes that the heat must be transferred through many interfaces causing rapid decrease in heat transfer coefficient.

It must be noted, heat losses from hotter objects occurs by three mechanisms (either individually or in combination):

• Heat Conduction
• Heat Convection
• Thermal Radiation

So far we have not discussed  thermal radiation  as a mode of  heat losses .  Radiation heat transfer  is mediated by  electromagnetic radiation  and therefore it does not require any medium for heat transfer. In fact, energy transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of light) and it suffers no attenuation in a vacuum. Any material that has a temperature above  absolute zero  gives off some  radiant energy . Most  energy  of this type is in the  infra-red region  of the electromagnetic spectrum although some of it is in the visible region. In order to decrease this type of heat transfer, materials with low emissivity (high reflectivity) should be used. Reflective insulations are usually composed of multilayered, parallel foils of high reflectivity, which are spaced to reflect thermal radiation back to its source. The  emissivity , ε , of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in emitting energy as  thermal radiation  and varies between 0.0 and 1.0. In general, polished metals have very low emissivity and therefore are widely used to reflect radiant energy back to its source as in case of  first aid blankets .

Types of Insulation – Categorization of Insulation Materials

For insulation materials, three general categories can be defined. These categories are based on the chemical composition of the base material from which the insulating material is produced.

In further reading, there is a brief description of these types of insulation materials.

Inorganic Insulation Materials

As can be seen from the figure, inorganic materials can be classified accordingly:

• Calcium silicate
• Cellular glass

Organic Insulation Materials

The organic insulation materials treated in this section are all derived from a petrochemical or renewable feedstock (bio-based). Almost all of the petrochemical insulation materials are in the form of polymers. As can be see from the figure, all petrochemical insulation materials are cellular. A material is cellular when the structure of the material consists of pores or cells. On the other hand, many plants contain fibres for their strength, therefore almost all the bio-based insulation materials are fibrous (except expanded cork, which is cellular).

Organic insulation materials can be classified accordingly:

• Expanded polystyrene (EPS)
• Extruded polystyrene (XPS)
• Polyurethane (PUR)
• Phenolic foam
• Polyisocyanurate foam (PIR)
• Sheeps wool
• Cotton insulation

Other Insulation Materials

• Cellular Glass
• Vacuum Panels

Example of Insulation – Polystyrene

Generally, polystyrene is a synthetic aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene, which is derived from benzene and ethylene, both petroleum products. Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. Polystyrene is a colorless, transparent thermoplastic, which is commonly used to make foam board or beadboard insulation and a type of loose-fill insulation consisting of small beads of polystyrene. Polystyrene foams are 95-98% air. Polystyrene foams are good thermal insulators and are therefore often used as building insulation materials, such as in insulating concrete forms and structural insulated panel building systems. Expanded (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) are both made from polystyrene, but EPS is composed of small plastic beads that are fused together and XPS begins as a molten material that is pressed out of a form into sheets. XPS is most commonly used as foam board insulation.

Although both expanded and extruded polystyrene have a closed-cell structure, they are permeable by water molecules and can not be considered a vapor barrier. In expanded polystyrene there are interstitial gaps between the expanded closed-cell pellets that form an open network of channels between the bonded pellets. If the water freezes into ice, it expands and can cause polystyrene pellets to break off from the foam.

Example of Insulation – Vacuum Insulation Panels

Example – Heat Loss through a Wall

• Calculate the heat flux ( heat loss ) through this non-insulated wall.
• Now assume thermal insulation on the outer side of this wall. Use expanded polystyrene insulation 10 cm thick (L 2 ) with the thermal conductivity of k 2 = 0.03 W/m.K and calculate the heat flux ( heat loss ) through this composite wall.

As was written, many of the heat transfer processes involve composite systems and even involve a combination of both conduction and convection . With these composite systems, it is often convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient , known as a U-factor . The U-factor is defined by an expression analogous to Newton’s law of cooling :

The overall heat transfer coefficient is related to the total thermal resistance and depends on the geometry of the problem.

Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer through the plane wall and disregarding radiation, the overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as:

The overall heat transfer coefficient is then:

U = 1 / (1/10 + 0.15/1 + 1/30) = 3.53 W/m 2 K

The heat flux can be then calculated simply as:

q = 3.53 [W/m 2 K] x 30 [K] = 105.9 W/m 2

The total heat loss through this wall will be:

q loss = q . A = 105.9 [W/m 2 ] x 30 [m 2 ] = 3177W

• composite wall with thermal insulation

Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer through the plane composite wall, no thermal contact resistance and disregarding radiation, the overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as:

U = 1 / (1/10 + 0.15/1 + 0.1/0.03 + 1/30) = 0.276 W/m 2 K

q = 0.276 [W/m 2 K] x 30 [K] = 8.28 W/m 2

q loss = q . A = 8.28 [W/m 2 ] x 30 [m 2 ] = 248 W

As can be seen, an addition of thermal insulator causes significant decrease in heat losses. It must be added, an addition of next layer of thermal insulator does not cause such high savings. This can be better seen from the thermal resistance method, which can be used to calculate the heat transfer through composite walls . The rate of steady heat transfer between two surfaces is equal to the temperature difference divided by the total thermal resistance between those two surfaces.

• Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th Edition. Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2011. ISBN: 9781118137253.
• Heat and Mass Transfer. Yunus A. Cengel. McGraw-Hill Education, 2011. ISBN: 9780071077866.
• U.S. Department of Energy, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 of 3. May 2016.

Nuclear and Reactor Physics:

• J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).
• J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.
• W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.
• Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317
• W.S.C. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467
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• U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.
• Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. EDP Sciences, 2008. ISBN: 978-2759800414.

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• E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4.

Heat Losses

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Thermal Insulation PPT Download Free

In this post, we share ppt of thermal insulation material topic which covered almost all topics related to insulation materials. We explained the different types of insulating material used in building. And also this ppt is absolutely Free.

Table of Contents

Thermal Insulation PPT Download

What is Thermal Insulation?

Thermal insulation is defined as a retard or transmission of the flow of heat in a room. And the material which is used to retard the flow of heat is known as thermal insulating material.

What is Conduction?

Conduction is defined as a transfer of heat energy from one atom to another atom in the object by direct contact.

What is Convection?

Convection is defined as transfer of heat energy in within fluid that may be either a gas of liquid.

What is Radiation?

Radiation is defined as the transfer of heat energy into space with the help of electromagnetic waves. Radiation energy comes from a source and travels into the space at speed of light.

Also Read: What is Geosynthetic | Types of Geosynthetics

Requirement of Thermal Insulation in Building

• Thermal insulation is needed to maintain a comfortable living environment in the building.
• Thermal Insulation in buildings is required to protect the health of human beings against atmospheric effects.
• Thermal insulation is required to protect the structural elements of a building against Thermal Impact.

Advantages of Thermal Insulation in Building

• It provides comfortable living.
• It keeps the room cool in summer and warms the room in winter.
• Due to reduction of uses of Refrigerator and air-conditioner, its saves the electricity and fuel cost.
• It saves the maintenance cost.
• It prevents condensation on the internal wall and ceiling.

Thermal Insulating Material

Fiber glass, mineral wool, polyurethane foam, polystyrene.

Fiber Glass is a most common thermal insulating material which is used in modern time. It is used to minimize the heat transfer and made by finely woven Silicon, glass powder and tiny shards of glass.

Cellulose is Eco Friendly thermal insulation material that is used to reduce and gain the heat loss of the building. It is also used for noise transmission purposes.

Cellulose is a fire-resistance insulating material. It is made from recycled cardboard, paper, and other similar materials.

Mineral wool is a fiber glass material that is made from recycled glass. it is also called as glass wool.

Polystyrene is a waterproof thermoplastic foam material that is a good thermal and sound insulation material. It is also called styrofoam. Polystyrene is created or cut into blocks for wall insulation purposes.

Polyurethane Foam is excellent thermal insulation material. It is available in the liquid sprayed form or rigid foam board.

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Insulating Materials

• First Online: 17 May 2017

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• Andreas Küchler 2  

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Electrical insulation materials cannot be applied only on the basis of their dielectric strength. For practical application, the whole characteristic profile including electrical, mechanical, thermal, physical and chemical properties is relevant because materials in electrical systems and equipment also always fulfil the non-electric functions as “construction materials”. For this, basic information is given for selected important insulating materials, such as the significance in high voltage engineering applications, the basic material structure, special dielectric properties, other special properties, the manufacturing and processing technology as well as the performance in operation. The classification of material groups follows specific high voltage engineering features: Gases (air, SF6, alternative gases), inorganic solid insulating materials(ceramics, porcelain, glass, mica), thermoplastic insulating materials (polyethylene, PVC), thermosetting plastics and elastomers (epoxy resin, polyurethane, silicone elastomers), nano-composites, insulating liquids (mineral oil, synthetic liquids, vegetable-based liquids) as well as impregnated fibrous materials(paper, pressboard, synthetic materials).

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Küchler, A. (2018). Insulating Materials. In: High Voltage Engineering. VDI-Buch. Springer Vieweg, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11993-4_5

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What is an Insulating Material : Classification & Its Applications

An Electrical Insulating Material/Insulating Material is used to obstruct the flow of current. It forms ionic bonds and the materials that have low conductivity and high resistivity are available in the form of solid, liquid, gaseous like the plastic used for plugs, insulating oil used in transformer , etc. These materials have very high resistance so the flow of electric current requires an extremely high voltage like kilo or megavolts to send a few milliamperes of current to them. The insulators are used primarily for storage and also in all domestic and commercial electrical equipment to isolate the conductor from the earth.

What is Insulating Material/Electrical Insulating Material?

The Electrical Insulating Material/insulating materials are the materials that inhibit heat transmission, electric current, or noise. All the insulating materials have a negative temperature coefficient of resistance and as such resistivity is reduced with an increase in temperature. The function of the insulator is very important without which no electrical machine can work, the majority of the breakdown in the field of electrical engineering is due to the failure of insulation. The importance of the insulating materials is ever-increasing in day by day as there is an innumerable number of types of insulators available in the market. The selection of the right type of insulating matter is very important because the life of the equipment depends on the type of material used.

Basics of Insulating Material

The insulators are the materials that have the valence electrons eight or nearer to eight. When the valence electrons are eight obviously the atom is in a stable condition and they offer very high resistance as there are no free electrons, also the forbidden gap between conduction and valence band is more. The atomic structure of insulating material neon is shown in the below figure.

As shown in the above figure, that atom has eight electrons in the outermost orbit, hence they are stable and it can be considered as an insulator. The atomic structure of fluorine has seven electrons in their outermost orbit in a valence electron. The atomic structure of insulating material fluorine is shown in the below figure.

The atoms like oxygen which have only six electrons in a valence electron they can be classified also as an insulator but the insulating properties of oxygen are less than that of fluorine and neon.

The atoms having eight electrons and seven electrons in an outermost orbit behave as good insulator compared to the atoms having six valence electrons.

What is Glass Insulator?

At high temperature, the glass insulators are designed or manufactured by mixing the different types of materials, including quartz and lime powder, and then cools in the mold. The main disadvantage of the glass insulator is, compared to the other type of insulators the contaminations are observed easily by the glass insulator and on the surface of the glass insulator, the moisture can be distilled easily.

The properties of the glass insulator are

• Dielectric Strength: The approximate value of dielectric strength is 140 kV/cm.
• Compressive Strength: The approximate value of compressive strength is 10,000 Kg/cm².
• Tensile Strength: The approximate value of tensile strength is 35,000 Kg/cm².

The advantages of the glass insulator are

• Compare to porcelain the dielectric strength is very high in a glass insulator
• High resistivity
• The tensile strength is higher than porcelain
• It is cheaper than porcelain insulator

What is Polymer Insulator?

The polymer or polymeric insulator is also known as a composite insulator. It is a light-weight insulating material and has high mechanical strength. The disadvantage of the polymer insulator is if there is any unwanted gap between weather shed and core their moisture may enter.

The polymeric or polymer insulator has excellent properties they are hydrophobicity, lightweight, and anti-weather ability.

The advantages of the polymer insulator are

• Compare to porcelain and glass insulator the polymer insulator is very lightweight
• Installation cost is low
• Tensile strength is higher than porcelain
• Better performance

What is a Porcelain Insulator?

The porcelain insulator is an aluminum silicate insulating material. In the present day, this material is used for the overhead insulator. The week in tension and poor shock resistance is the disadvantages of a porcelain insulator. The porcelain can also be called as ceramic. The applications of this insulator are distribution and transmission lines, isolators, transformer bushings, fuse units, plugs, and sockets

The properties of the porcelain insulator are

• Dielectric Strength: The approximate value of dielectric strength is 60 kV/cm.
• Compressive Strength: The approximate value of compressive strength is 70,000 Kg/cm² .  
• Tensile Strength: The approximate value of tensile strength is 500 Kg/cm².

The advantages of the porcelain insulator are

• Compared to glass insulator the mechanical strength of porcelain insulator is very high
• Leakage current is low
• It is less affected by temperature
• Easy to maintain
• Highly Flexible
• Highly reliable

Properties of  Insulating Material

All the insulators when used should not only behave as an insulator over a wide range of electric voltage but must strong mechanically. They shouldn’t be affected by heat, atmosphere, chemical effects and should be free from deformation due to aging. Therefore before selecting an insulating material, it is quite essential to know the various properties and their effects on insulation. The various properties of insulating materials are electrical properties, visual properties, mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties.

Electrical Properties

 The electrical properties of insulating materials are divided into two types they are insulating resistance and dielectric strength. The insulating resistance is again classified into two types they are volume resistance and surface resistance. The factors affecting insulating resistance are temperature, aging, applied voltage and moisture and the factors affecting dielectric strength are temperature and humidity.

Visual Properties

The visual properties of insulating material are appearance, color, and its crystallinity.

Mechanical Properties

Some of the mechanical properties which are to be taken care of while selecting the insulating material are tension & compression, resistance to abrasion, tear, shear & impact, viscosity, porosity, solubility, moisture absorption, and machinability and mouldability.

Thermal Properties

The thermal properties of insulating material are melting point, flash, volatility, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and heat resistance.

Chemical Properties

The various chemical properties of insulating material are resistance to external chemical effects, effects on other materials, chemical changes in the material, hygroscopicity, and aging.

Classification of  Insulating Material

The classification of insulating material is based on the thermal classification, physical classification, structural, chemical classification, and the process of manufacture.

Thermal Classification

Thermally the insulators are classified into seven types or seven classes they are class-Y, class-A, class-E, class-B, class-F, class-H, and class-C.

The class-Y limitation temperature is 90°C and the materials come under class-Y are cotton, paper, silk, and similar organic materials.

The class-A limitation temperature is 105°C and the materials come under class-A are impregnated paper, silk, polyamide, cotton, and resins.

The class-E limitation temperature is 120°C and the materials come under class-E are enameled wire insulation on the base of powdered plastics, polyvinyl epoxy resins, etc.

The class-B limitation temperature is 130°C and the materials come under class-B are inorganic materials impregnated with varnish.

The class-F limitation temperature is 155°C and the materials come under class-F are mica, polyester epoxide varnished in the high heat resistance.

The class-H limitation temperature is 180°C and the materials come under class-H are composite materials on mica, glass, fiber, etc.

The class-C limitation temperature is >180°C and the materials come under class-C are glass, mica, quartz, ceramics, Teflon, etc

Physical Classification of Insulating Material

The physical classification of insulating material is classified into three types they are solid, liquid, and gaseous. The physical classification of insulators is shown in the below figure.

The solid insulating materials are fibrous, ceramic, mica, glass, rubber, and resinous. The liquid insulating materials are mineral oils, synthetic oils, transformer oils, and miscellaneous oils. The gaseous insulating materials are air, hydrogen, nitrogen, and Sulphur hexafluoride.

Structural Classification

The structural classification of insulating material is classified into two types they are cellulose and fibrous.

Chemical Classification

The chemical classification of insulating material is classified into two types they are organic and inorganic.

Process of Manufacture

The process of manufacture is classified into two types they are natural and synthetic.

Some of the insulating materials are fiberglass, mineral wool, cellulose, natural fibers, polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, insulation facings, phenolic foam, urea-formaldehyde foam, etc.

Applications of  Insulating Material

The applications of insulating material are

• Cable and transmission lines
• Electronic systems
• Power systems
• Domestic portable appliances
• Electrical cable insulating tape
• Personal protective equipment
• Electrical rubber mats

1). What are the common insulating materials?

Some of the common insulating materials like ceramic, glass, Teflon, silicone, etc.

2). Which materials are used to insulate wires?

Some of the best good electrical insulating materials are glass, paper, Teflon, PVC, varnish, and rubber.

3). What are the common thermal insulator materials?

The common thermal insulating materials are mineral wool, fiberglass, polystyrene, cellulose, polyurethane foam, etc.

4). What are the applications of insulating materials?

The applications of insulating material are electrical rubber mats, power and electronic systems, cable and transmission lines, etc.

5). What is the importance of insulating materials?

The selection of the right type of insulating material is very important because the life of the equipment depends on the type of material used.

In this article what are insulating materials/electrical insulating materials , classification of insulating materials, applications, advantages and properties of glass insulation, porcelain insulator and polymer or polymeric insulator, properties of insulating materials are discussed. Here is a question for you what type of insulating materials are used in the home?

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Morphology- and defect-coordinated prominent microwave absorption, thermal exhaustion, and electrical insulation in sno 2 @snp 2 o 7 @sn 2 p 2 o 7 hierarchical architectures.

To solve the severe problems of electromagnetic pollution and thermal exhaustion in electronics, this work pioneers the utilization of SnO 2 @SnP 2 O 7 @Sn 2 P 2 O 7 hierarchical architectures (HAs) as an electrically insulated filler with strong microwave absorption and high heat conduction. The HAs are produced through a simple hydrothermal-annealing approach, in which their morphology and defects are precisely tuned by controlling the concentration of Sn 2+ ([Sn 2+ ]) and solvent types. Due to the self-assembly of SnO 2 nonbuilding blocks determined by the minimal surface free energy, a morphological evolution occurs from hexagonal stars to leaves and then to leaf-shaped flowers with an increase in the [Sn 2+ ] and further to rod-based flowers when water is used as the solvent. Results show that the SnO 2 @SnP 2 O 7 @Sn 2 P 2 O 7 HAs obtained under [Sn 2+ ] = 0.4 mol/L, resembling a dense leaf-shaped flower, exhibits a synergistic enhancement in electrical insulation (0.00983 S/m), MWACs (6.48 GHz; 2.0 mm), and heat conduction (4.745 W/(m·K), a 20% load). This enhancement is due to the cooperative action of defects and a unique hierarchical configuration. The defects can not only provide free electrons for various polarizations and conductive loss but also act as polarization centers for dipole polarization. Moreover, the flower-shaped hierarchical architecture easily forms 3D continuously conductive micro-networks for electron/phonon transfer, conductive loss, and multiple EMW scattering. Overall, this work establishes a theoretical basis for the design and utilization of SnO 2 @SnP 2 O 7 @Sn 2 P 2 O 7 HAs as advanced electronic packaging materials with outstanding microwave absorption, thermal exhaustion, and electrical insulation.

• This article is part of the themed collection: Journal of Materials Chemistry A HOT Papers

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X. Liu, S. Xie, S. Cai, K. Fu, X. Liu, L. Lin, Z. Yu, G. Tong and W. Wu, J. Mater. Chem. A , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4TA01541J

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The 10 Best Things We Saw at Salone del Mobile

From an exhibition in a 1940s-era Modernist house to a blood-red sofa, the highlights of Milan’s annual design fair.

A Mario Bellini for Tacchini Le Mura sofa remade in Gucci’s new signature shade of red, Ancora Rosso, on view in the fashion brand’s Milan flagship store. Credit... Courtesy of Gucci

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By Monica Khemsurov

• April 19, 2024

The annual Salone del Mobile furniture fair has always been big — it’s the event of the year for the international design world, drawing hundreds of thousands of makers, curators, editors and buyers to Milan each April for a week’s worth of inspiration, shop talk and aperitivi. Even more so than fashion week, the fair consumes the city. But this year’s edition seemed to buzz with a new level of excitement, with more people from outside the design industry joining the throngs and hourlong lines forming outside events like the launch of the French luxury brand Hermès’s interiors collection, the annual installation by the Milanese architecture firm Dimorestudio and the satellite fair Alcova’s takeover of the Modernist architect Osvaldo Borsani’s former home — this despite the house being a 45-minute drive north of the city center. Luckily, there were so many interesting presentations on view that braving the crowds felt well worth it. Here, 10 standouts.

Formafantasma’s Floral Chairs and Futuristic Lights

One of the most talked-about openings of the week was the Milan-based design duo Formafantasma’s solo show at the Fondazione ICA Milano, for which the pair — Andrea Trimarchi and Simone Farresin — drew on memories of their childhood homes in Italy to create surprising hybrid chairs and lamps that pair steel armatures with colorful wood, frilly fabrics and hand-painted or embroidered floral motifs. The aesthetic was institutional furniture meets Italian grandma’s house. Formafantasma also debuted a new series of utilitarian but delicate lights for Flos made from LED strips enclosed in thick glass panels.

A New Furniture Line From Dimorestudio

Once people began posting photos on social media of the launch of Interni Venosta, a new furniture brand from Britt Moran and Emiliano Salci, the founders of Dimorestudio, the line’s exhibition quickly became a must-see — partly for its pairing of bold minimalist forms with luxe materials like walnut and steel, and partly because it was presented in an extremely photogenic local plaster workshop. The brand’s name pays homage to the cult Italian designer Carla Venosta, who created modernist furniture and interiors in the 1970s and ’80s.

Gucci’s Blood-Red Design Icons

Having recently redone part of Gucci’s Milan flagship store entirely in a deep oxblood red, the brand’s creative director, Sabato De Sarno, partnered with five Italian design companies to reimagine some of their classic pieces in the house’s new signature color, Ancora Rosso. The lineup, installed for the week on the store’s second floor — inside a lime-green carpet maze created by the Spanish designer Guillermo Santomà — included Gae Aulenti and Piero Castiglioni’s Parola lamp, Nanda Vigo’s Storet cabinet, Mario Bellini’s Le Mura sofa, Tobia Scarpa’s Opatchi vase and a new rug created by Nicolò Castellini Baldissera based on motifs by his great-grandfather Piero Portaluppi. Each item will be produced in a limited edition of 100.

A Takeover of a Modernist Architect’s Fomer Home

Since its inception in 2018, the Alcova satellite fair has become the place to discover new talent during Salone. This year, it occupied two historic mansions outside the city: the 19th-century Villa Balgatti Valsecchi and the 1945 Villa Borsani. The latter venue, the former residence of the architect Osvaldo Borsani, was the hotter ticket and featured pieces like a two-tone wood room divider by Anthony Guerrée for Atelier de Troupe, a family of marble tables with columnar legs by Agglomerati and Tino Seubert and a suite of galvanized-steel office furniture by the Russian designer Supaform, which was exhibited in Borsani’s onetime home office.

A Dispatch From the Americas

Hidden down a long, dark hallway directly next door to Hermès’s big Salone presentation was “Origen,” a comparatively understated show of works by four up-and-coming Latin American(-ish) designers for the New York- and Mexico City-based Unno Gallery. Among the pieces on display were brown lacquer desks and shelves with reverse-waterfall legs by Mark Grattan, an American designer who was based in Mexico City for many years, and a series of glittering stools and mirrors, covered in crushed iridescent seashells, by the Colombian designer Andrea Vargas Dieppa (a co-founder of the 2010s-era shoe brand Dieppa Restrepo).

Unusual Lamps Commissioned by Loewe

For its eighth and biggest Salone exhibition, the Spanish luxury house Loewe commissioned 24 artists and designers from around the world to create lamps in materials and styles of their own choosing. The results range from the futuristic (a tangle of neon tubes by the London-based artist Cerith Wyn Evans) to the eccentric (a miniature storefront with metal shutters and a pull cord by the London-based painter Alvaro Barrington) to the rustic (an ancient-looking ceramic vessel punched with holes, and lit from within, by the Japanese artist Kazunori Hamana).

Interesting Beds From a Georgian Design Duo

Eye-catching beds are a true rarity in the design world, which is why there was so much interest this week in an exhibition of six of them, all produced by the Tbilisi, Georgia-based firm Rooms Studio — founded by Nata Janberidze and Keti Toloraia — in materials ranging from chunky wood to thin steel tubes with steer-head finials. The design duo were inspired to focus on the oft-overlooked category by their struggles to source great bed frames for their own interiors projects.

Dolce & Gabbana’s Next Generation of Design Talents

The Italian fashion brand Dolce & Gabbana’s second annual Gen D project reflects the company’s commitment to supporting young talent both within and beyond the fashion world. For the ambitious group exhibition, the house enlisted the Italian curator Federica Sala to pair 10 international designers with sixteen Italian craft workshops. Among the resulting pieces are interesting stylistic and cultural mash-ups like the Chinese designer Jie Wu’s wild, squiggly vessels, which feature Chinese and Sicilian good-luck motifs and are coated in classical Venetian enamel.

Close-up Photographs of Modernist Interiors

In a simple but memorable exhibition mounted in one of the tunnels that flanks Milan’s central train station, the Czech writer, curator and photographer Adam Štěch — along with his colleagues Matěj Činčera and Jan Kloss — displayed over 3,000 photos of details from famed Modernist homes and buildings. In shooting the photos, which he’s shared on his Instagram account, @okolo_architecture , over the years, Štěch focused on interiors and furnishings that were custom-made for each project by their architects. It was easy to get lost in the show, poring over doorknobs, stair rails and lamps from around the world.

A Circular Ping-Pong Table

The exhibition “Design Duo Double Feature,” also curated by Federica Sala, was a thoughtful example of a materials brand commissioning designers to show off the potential of its products: The six pieces in the show were all made from the acrylic-resin surface material Fenix and designed by up-and-coming Italian studios like Cara \ Davide, Mist-O and Zanellato/Bortotto. A standout was the Match table by Martinelli Venezia, a circular two-tone Ping-Pong table whose “net” is formed from a tenting of its top.

Explore T Magazine

A Party In Milan:  To toast the Salone del Mobile and the 20th anniversary of T Magazine , the designer Ramdane Touhami transformed the Villa Necchi Campiglio into an ode to the letter T.

A Beloved Copenhagen Cafe:  The chef Frederik Bille Brahe has transformed the Apollo Bar & Kantine into his version of a fine dining restaurant , and celebrated with a meal for his family and collaborators.

The Beginners Issue:  From debuts to do-overs, what it means to start an artistic life  — at any age

We Saw at Salone del Mobile:  From an exhibition in a 1940s-era Modernist house to a blood-red sofa , these were the highlights of Milan’s annual design fair.

Hawaii’s Favorite Shave Ice Shops:  Cups of flaky ice topped with flavored syrups are easy to find in the state. But the best shops set themselves apart with fresh ingredients  and old-school charm.

Ellen Gallagher’s Futuristic Archives:  In an interview, the artist discussed marine life  and African American myth from her studio in the Netherlands.

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Inclusion scholars bring attention to health equity issues

While progress has been made to improve health equity, more needs to be done on many fronts, from medical education to patient care. That was a key message delivered by the Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Inclusion Scholars in a research presentation.

As part of the Inclusion Scholars program for first- and second-year students, participants design a small research project and annually, share their findings. This year’s scholars looked at challenges faced by LGBTQ+ patients in health care settings, the ability of medical students to identify skin diseases and conditions on different skin tones, challenges facing inclusion in medical education, the development of a high school mentorship program and implementation of an affinity group for Black men in medical school.

“The inclusion scholar’s program is so valuable to participating students. The experience provides first and second years with an opportunity to delve deep into research and a literature review on a topic of their choosing relevant to equity in medicine or medical education,” said Tanisha King, chief inclusion officer. “Scholars enhance the knowledge of our faculty, staff and students often inspiring and influencing positive change.”

Increasing inclusivity in medical training materials

That was the goal of second-year student Alyson Johnson.

For her project, Johnson surveyed medical students to see if they could identify skin conditions on various skin tones. Most medical education materials only show skin conditions on lighter skin, but diseases often look different on darker skin.

This, Johnson noted, can lead to misdiagnosis. She used skin cancer as an example. Most dermatologists have little to no experience diagnosing skin cancer on people with darker skin tones, so it’s often discovered at a late stage when it’s harder to treat, making it more likely the patient will die from skin cancer. She told a story about her own mother’s misdiagnosis of a spot on her face that turned out to be basal cell carcinoma.

“The bottom line is there is a lack of diversity in medical education texts and lectures,” she said.

In her IRB approved study, medical students were asked to look at images of dark and light skin with 10 common skin conditions and make a diagnosis. Next, they indicated how confident they were in that diagnosis. Johnson said while students performed well overall, preliminary results showed they also did not have much confidence in their diagnosis of conditions on darker skin.

Johnson said she hopes data from her study can be used to “lead us forward in the right direction.

Improving health outcomes

In her presentation, Inclusion Scholar Caitlin Pastor, a first-year student on the Cleveland campus, said she has witnessed first-hand how a lack of inclusivity and respect can lead to poor treatment of patients. Pastor looked at LGBTQ+ patient care, and shared details about a patient and her mother who left a practice because the provider would not use the patient’s pronouns or new name.

Pastor held a training for clinical staff to raise more awareness about the significance of pronouns and its effect on the patient/provider relationship. She pointed out that a strong relationship between a doctor and their patient will lead to better health outcomes.

“A considerable number of people won’t go to a provider because of concerns about how they’re treated,” said Pastor. She pointed out that on her first day of classes, instructors emphasized the patient/physician relationship and told students to leave their biases at the door.

“All patients deserve your best holistic care,” she said.

Broadening representation to enhance a sense of belonging

Many incoming medical students say they were inspired to pursue a career in medicine by someone they’ve met who works in health care. That was the case with Inclusion Scholar Jacee Moore, OMS I, who was introduced to medicine by her pediatrician, Jacqueline Moore (no relation).

“She served as a constant reminder that I could do anything that I wanted to do at a young age,” said Moore. “And seeing her being a black woman in medicine, seeing her name on a plaque that said Dr. J. Moore…I wouldn’t be future Dr. Moore if there wasn’t a Dr. Moore already.”

For her project, Moore conducted a survey of medical students to better understand their motivations for pursuing a career in medicine and the barriers they have faced along the way.

During her presentation, Moore made the point that some people may not ever meet a physician who looks like them or shares their background or culture.

“Luckily for me I was able to have that exposure, earlier, before my career even started, but I know for some people that’s not the case,” she said.

When students who are underrepresented in medicine (URM) attend medical school, they often have a low sense of belonging or don’t feel they belong at all. This was one of Moore’s findings. Many students also reported facing barriers, such as a lack of mentorship (12%), instances of bias or discrimination (12%), overall lack of diversity (26%) and financial hardship (28%) in medical school. However, a large number of the survey’s overall respondents felt a strong interest in academic medicine and a desire to lead the next generation of providers and train them to be culturally competent physicians.

In her presentation, Moore said it was important to get in front of young people from URM groups and let them know that a career in medicine is possible. To improve inclusion efforts, she recommended several other steps including hiring and retaining more diverse faculty.

“This call to action is one that is near my heart being a student of an underrepresented minority group in medical school,” said Moore. “By increasing diversity and inclusion within medical education, I believe we are one step closer to providing a community of doctors who look like the patient populations we intend to serve, and we take a great step closer towards equitable, culturally competent patient centered care that our patients deserve.”

Building pipelines that help medical school recruitment

Inclusion Scholar Alcario Williams’ idea of creating a pipeline program for URM students from high schools and community colleges blossomed as he thought about where he was raised and his journey to medical school.

“I believe increasing diversity in medicine helps address these health care disparities by tailoring care to different populations,” said Williams. “So more representation leads to more physicians who understand and are aware of these varied patient experiences that these patients come in with, and these doctors can serve in these diverse communities which I believe leads to better health outcomes.”

Through the pipeline program, prospective students would partner with mentors who can guide them on their journey to medical school, from preparing for the MCAT to offering shadowing opportunities.

“We want to help these students who qualify for medical school but may be disadvantaged economically and/or socially find their path into medicine,” said Williams.

He explained how he faced what’s called academic redlining, where academic metrics can keep qualified applicants from underrepresented backgrounds from entering medical school. Redlining is a historical practice that isolates neighborhoods often based on race or ethnicity and then denies economic opportunities and other services to that community.  Academic redlining is an extension of this concept as students in these communities often attend schools with significantly less funding and resources than schools in wealthier districts. Students in these neighborhoods usually face other barriers, such as inadequate housing, difficulty accessing health care and food deserts, which can affect their education.

The Heritage College currently offers several programs that help reduce barriers to medical school, including Medical Student for a Day, a program where university students get exposure to a day in the life of a medical student. Williams said he participated in that program three times.

“Each time I learned something new from it, but I also saw the representation, and I gained that confidence over time that I can really do this,” he said.

Other programs the college offers include Summer Scholars and Pre-Matriculation, which Williams calls, “so impactful, so powerful, so influential,” and says he owes his success in medical school to them. Summer Scholars is a rigorous five-week immersive program that gives participants a realistic introduction to the first year of medical school. The Pre-matriculation program is an accelerated introduction to medical school.

Williams sees his pipeline program integrating with these. He said he wants to bridge the gap between underrepresented students and patients.

“If I can help more students who look like me get into medical school… that’s what I’m doing it for,” said Williams who hopes he can be the same kind of doctor as the pediatrician who cared for him when he was a child.

Finding space to gather and connect

After seeing data showing that less than half of Black male applicants accepted to the Heritage College chose to attend, Inclusion Scholar Kendale Watson developed an affinity group for Black men at the college.

He spoke with applicants to better understand what was happening. They told him they didn’t see Black men on campus, that they only saw him.

Watson said, he felt his affinity group, the Medicine Equity and Diversity or M.E.D. program, would be a good way to bring Black men to the forefront so that incoming students could see them, not just hear about them.

Watson started M.E.D. to create a healthy social environment and safe space for Black men across all three campuses at the college to gather and connect with each other, and to help increase the number of Black male applicants and graduates at the college.

The program ran four weeks and included a weekly seminar with guest speakers, many of them alumni. It also provided fellowship for the group’s 17 participants.

“We were able to see each other in person for the first time as one group,” said Watson, adding that one alumnus who spoke to the group told members that it was the most Black men he had ever seen together at one time at the college.

By bringing in alumni, Watson hoped they would provide mentorship and knowledge and could share their medical school experiences.

“I believe that by fostering a sense of community and mentorship, we can enhance the experience on campus and contribute to long-term success for Black men at OUHCOM.”

To evaluate the group’s effectiveness, Watson conducted a pre- and post-survey. He found that the group was diverse with a handful having a physician in their family and less than half being first generation college students. He also discovered that two-thirds of students  had a mentor, although for many of them, their mentor was not in their chosen specialty.

While most participants said they feel supported by the college, they said there are challenges. More diversity among the faculty, a larger number of Black male students and having networks of support were some of the recommendations participants gave for improving their medical school experience.

The students also reported feeling pressure to succeed as a Black male in medicine.

“It was an overwhelmingly yes from everyone,” said Watson. One participant said he felt he had to prove people wrong because they had been surprised he was going to be a doctor. Another said being the first in college and the first in medicine was both a drive and burden.

“I can relate to this personally… It’s a lot of pressure to go through this experience without having anyone who came before you,” said Watson. “You’re the first. So, navigating this experience can be very difficult.”

Watson also asked participants what they hoped to accomplish as a Black physician. One said he hoped to improve health outcomes in his community, remove stigma in health care, have a positive impact and become a trusted role model and leader in his community.

“I feel like that was the overwhelming response as well during the program, that everyone wants to be that pivotal role model for their community because there’s not a lot of people who look like us in this field, and it gives us a little bit of grit to keep continuing even if we do have setbacks,” said Watson.

Inclusion scholars are paired with either a faculty mentor or an assistant director of inclusion. They receive a stipend and are considered ambassadors for the Office of Inclusion, helping to facilitate dialogue on inclusion topics among their peers.

“What we’ve seen with the Inclusion Scholars program is that it increases student empathy as well as understanding of diversity, equity and inclusion and how broad it is,” said King. “This year’s scholars developed a strong bond and collaborated more with each other than we’ve seen in prior years.”

Information about how to apply can be found online .

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