rethinking tourism essay pdf

6 Pillars of Action

About unwto.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), founded on 1 November 1975, is the United Nations agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. UNWTO’s membership includes 160 Member States, 6 Associate Members, 2 Observers and over 500 Affiliate Members representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations and local tourism authorities.

Executive Summary

This Report is designed to examine and assess the work of UNWTO as it leads the global tourism sector out of crisis and into the future.

Launched on World Tourism Day 2022, ‘ Rethinking Tourism – From Crisis to Transformation ’ is built around the theme of the observation day. With the COVID-19 pandemic as the starting point , it charts a path through the progress made by UNWTO in supporting the sector through the worst crisis in its history while also laying the foundations for sustainable recovery and lasting change. The World Tourism Day report provides an overview of the work carried out across the United Nations specialized agency for tourism over this period: from working closely with Member States , international organizations and fellow UN agencies at the political level, through to the presence on the ground providing Technical Assistance and harnessing the power of its Affiliate Members Network . At the same time, it illustrates the central role of UNWTO departments in leading the way in providing tourism data, intelligence and guidelines , in upholding and advancing ethics and equality , in promoting innovation and investments , and in accelerating tourism climate action and the sector’s contribution to a more sustainable future.

A Pivotal Moment

From a record high of 1.5 billion international arrivals a year in 2019, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic brought travel to a sudden and unexpected halt. Using this historic moment as its starting point, the World Tourism Day report provides an overview of both the economic and the social impact of the travel restrictions that were introduced in response to the pandemic. With trusted data key essential for guiding policy and business decisions, as well as for restoring consumer trust in travel, UNWTO increased the frequency of its regular World Tourism Barometer releases while at the same time launching new products designed to inform every part of the sector, such as the Travel Restrictions Report and the UNWTO Tourism Data Dashboard . Meanwhile, the UNWTO Global Tourism Crisis Committee , established just days after the start of the crisis and convened regularly over subsequent months, brought Members, businesses and international organizations together to jointly mitigate the impacts of the pandemic and then to lay the foundations for sustainable and resilient recovery.

However, this report goes far beyond charting UNWTO’s response to an unprecedented crisis. It also shows how UNWTO seized the chance to turn crisis into opportunity and advance the transformation of tourism . Even as global travel stood still, UNWTO moved forward, strengthening existing partnerships with other UN agencies or building new ones, culminating in a landmark first UN General Assembly thematic session dedicated to tourism. Alongside this, UNWTO continued to advocate for tourism at the highest political level , including at the G20, G7, the European Institutions and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as well as through establishing working partnerships with major international financing organizations and banks.

People and Partnerships

On the ground, UNWTO continued to move closer to its Member States . The Report provides an overview of key work in each global region, including the historic opening of the first Regional Office for the Middle East in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

While acknowledging the different scales and types of challenges facing each region and each Member State, ‘Rethinking Tourism – From Crisis to Transformation’ also focuses on the Organization’s universal priorities . To build for the future and train the talent needed to ensure the sector’s transformation, UNWTO has advanced its work on tourism education, training and skills development, including through the expansion of the UNWTO Online Tourism Academy and through developing key partnerships with leading education providers. Similarly, to ensure the benefits of tourism’s return to growth are enjoyed as fairly as possible, UNWTO has stepped up its gender equality-focused work , putting women Centre Stage, while also empowering Indigenous communities, most notably in the Americas, and investing in youth, including through the UNWTO Students Leagues and the inaugural Global Youth Tourism Summit . Furthermore, UNWTO has worked to accelerate the diversification of tourism, to build more resilience and spread the benefits more widely. The Best Tourism Villages by UNWTO has attracted huge global interest, celebrating the sector’s unrivalled ability to drive rural development, while the promotion of emerging sub-sectors including gastronomy and wine tourism and sports and culture tourism.

UNWTO Students Leagues

Global Youth Tourism Summit

Best Tourism Villages by UNWTO

UNWTO Online Tourism Academy

Finally, the World Tourism Day Report sets out UNWTO’s ambitions for a tourism sector transformed, providing an overview of work accomplished alongside goals still to be achieved. To strengthen trust in travel, the International Code for the Protection of Tourists represents a landmark legal first. Alongside this, the International Convention on Tourism Ethics builds a framework for a fairer, more responsible tourism sector and sets the course for UNWTO’s work in the years ahead.

World Tourism Day 2022 comes at a pivotal moment for the sector. Tourism’s relevance has never been clearer. The time is now to seize this opportunity to rethink and transform tourism and also to rethink how to communicate its transformation. ‘ Rethinking Tourism – From Crisis to Transformation ’ is the first report to be released by UNWTO on the occasion of World Tourism Day and reports built around each year’s theme will now be published on an annual basis.

UNWTO’s work to guide the tourism sector from crisis to transformation is built around six pillars:

Mainstreaming tourism in the global agenda, promoting sustainable tourism development, fostering knowledge, education and capacity building, improving tourism competitiveness, advancing tourism’s contribution to poverty reduction and development, building partnerships.

UNWTO meets WHO in Geneva

WHO declares global pandemic

UNWTO convenes Global Tourism Crisis Committee

Technical Assistance Package and Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism launched

UN Scretary-General sends landmark message of support for tourism

Tourism Recovery Tracker Launched

UNWTO Reccomendations on Tourism and Rural Development

International Code for the Protection of Tourists announced

Secretary-General Polikashvili elected to second term

UNWTO and IATA Destination Tracker launched

UNWTO Regional Office opens in Riyadh

First international Standard on Accessible Tourism by UNESCO and UNWTO

UNWTO announces Glasgow Declaration COP26

UNWTO Best Tourism Villages 2021 announced

UNWTO General Assembly confirms second term for Secretary-General Pololikasvili

Antigua and Barbuda joins UNWTO

UNWTO partners with UEFA on sports and tourism

UNWTO returns to WHO in Geneva

First Global Youtuh Tourism Summit held

UNWTO delivers Bali Guidelines to G20 Tourism Supporting a people centered recovery

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75 for UN75: A Conversation on Rethinking Tourism

Last year marked the 75th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations, and as part of the 75th anniversary initiative UN75, United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) hosted the “75 for UN75: 75 Minutes of Conversation” series of online dialogues with academics, educators, researchers and students around the world, to discuss their priorities for the future, obstacles to achieving them, and the role of global cooperation in managing global issues. On 21 January 2021, UNAI hosted an Arabic language webinar on the theme “Rethinking Tourism” as part of this series.

On 21 January 2021, UNAI hosted a webinar entitled “75 Minutes of Conversation: Rethinking Tourism” to reflect on the importance of tourism to foster peace and protect cultural heritage, interconnections between tourism and global citizenship, how the tourism industry has been impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and how it can recover better, the relevance of tourism to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and what role universities have in promoting and teaching about a more sustainable tourism industry.

Participants shared ideas and best practices to help the tourism sector recover as well as creating a more sustainable industry, and highlighted the adaptive solutions countries are employing to address these issues, with a special focus on the Arab world. Maher Nasser, Director of the Outreach Division of the United Nations Department of Global Communications, introduced the session by referring to the policy briefs issued by the United Nations Secretary-General including the one on transforming tourism , and shared the Secretary-General’s message on the importance of the tourism sector to the global economy and in sustaining cultural heritage.  

Ms. Basmah Al-Mayman, Regional Director for the Middle East at the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), and former manager of the International Organizations and Committees Department at the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities, said that a “rebound in international tourism is expected by the third quarter of this year and a potential return to pre-pandemic 2019 levels not before 2023.”  She added that UNWTO is working on several mechanisms to design and promote recommendations to revive tourism, developed with the context and realities of each country in mind.

Ms. Al-Mayman mentioned that in the Middle East and North Africa region, some countries are promoting domestic tourism given the lack of global travel. She also explained that some countries are offering travel vouchers that can be redeemed in the future while in others fees are being reduced or suspended altogether such as those related to the Hajj , the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Despite these efforts, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism can be felt at all levels in many countries, noted Dr. Suleiman A. D. Farajat, Chief Commissioner of the Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority (Jordan) and former professor of tourism at the University of Jordan.

Dr. Farajat noted the high unemployment in the Jordanian tourism sector as a direct consequence of the pandemic and the reduction in international arrivals in a country where tourism accounts for 20 per cent of the gross domestic product. “We have to aim at creating other sources of income seeing that the heavy reliance on tourism has proved to be challenging,” he warned.

Dr. Ghada Mohamed Wafik Abu Bak, Vice Dean for Education and Students Affairs of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels at Fayoum University (Egypt), stressed that sustainable tourism is a key factor for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and that it is and should be the “lifeline for rebuilding the tourism sector.”  Dr. Ghada also highlighted the role of academia in promoting the concept of sustainable tourism among students, advancing research projects related to it, and promoting sustainability among local communities.

Dr. Noureddine Selmi, Associate Professor of Marketing and Tourism at the HEC Carthage Business School (Tunisia) and former Deputy Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia, also emphasized the importance of higher education, noting that universities and colleges are critical given the relevance of foresight and oversight in dealing with any crisis, such as the one the tourism sector is currently experiencing. According to Dr. Selmi, this should entail monitoring, predicting and finding solutions and alternatives, while stressing the need to reaffirm the importance of Goal 17 within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development , “in light of the momentum that partnerships have.”  

Prof. Salwa Mikdadi, Researcher of the Arab Center for the Study of Art at New York University Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), noted the growing interest in domestic tourism and that the use of technology in the tourism sector has grown as a result of the pandemic.  For example, the Louvre Museum in Abu Dhabi now offers virtual views of its exhibits, extending their potential reach globally and beyond in person visitors. Ms. Sophia Smith-Galer, a journalist with the BBC and winner of the Many Languages, One World (MLOW) International Essay Contest in Arabic, agreed with this assessment and stressed that there were many lessons to be taken from the pandemic regarding tourism, including the use of technology and social media platforms to offer cultural experiences and for intercultural exchange. 

Dr. Hafidh Al-Riyami, Assistant Professor at the College of Applied Sciences – Nizwa (Oman), talked about the strategy for tourism development in Oman, which aims to increase the tourism sector’s contribution to the country’s GDP. He also spoke about his own experience as a tour guide and how tourism helps to combat stereotypes about Muslims and Arabs. “Tourism can indeed bring people much closer to each other while encouraging respect among cultures and fostering dialogue,” Dr. Al-Riyami said.

The final panelist, Mr. Jason Pierce, editorial assistant with UN Chronicle magazine and a student of Arabic, talked about the strong connection between learning languages and tourism and noted that since the start of the pandemic, millions of people have started learning a new language through various platforms. Mr. Pierce concluded by asking how the tourism sector can leverage the new global interest in learning languages to advance recovery and increase intercultural dialogue. 

During the Q&A segment, attendees asked questions about the measures and procedures that need to be followed to rebuild domestic tourism to compensate for the emerging gap in international tourism, as well as what the tourism industry will look like post-COVID as some of the changes we have seen will clearly be with us for some time.

For more information on this topic, check out this list of resources:

• United Nations Secretary-General Policy Brief: COVID-19 and Transforming Tourism
• United Nations World Tourism Organization: Supporting Jobs and Economies through Travel & Tourism: A Call for Action to Mitigate the Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 and Accelerate Recovery
• World Health Organization: Public health considerations while resuming international travel
• World Bank Group: Rebuilding Tourism Competitiveness: Tourism response, recovery and resilience to the COVID-19 crisis
• United Nations World Tourism Organization and the United Nations Development Programme: Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals

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Rethinking Tourism in Saudi Arabia: Royal Vision 2030 Perspective

Preserved fulltext.

Rethinking tourism

Zurab Pololikashvili

Tourism can drive the global recovery, but restarting it must be done responsibly, requiring political will and investments

T he agenda of Italy’s G20 presidency is built on three core pillars: ‘People, Planet and Prosperity’. Undoubtedly, in the 22 years since the G20 was first established at the level of finance ministers and central bank governors, much progress has been made in each of these areas.

However, the Rome Summit comes at a time when such progress is either slowing or is in reverse. Extreme weather events highlight the severity of the climate crisis, and the pandemic has not only cost lives but also had a major impact on the economies of both developed and developing countries. And it has also had a significant social impact, with the most vulnerable members of our societies the hardest hit of all.

Tourism is rightly recognised as a core pillar of growth and opportunity. Thanks to the unique breadth of the sector, touching on almost every part of our societies, it has the power to drive recovery and get the international community back on track. For people, it is a leading employer and provider of opportunities, most notably for women, youth and rural communities. For our planet, the tourism sector helps safeguard habitat and species – witness how the sudden halt in tourist arrivals has led to an increase in habitat destruction and wildlife poaching in many parts of the world. Moreover, tourism has also been leading by example in facing up to its climate responsibilities. The innovation driving the sector forward can help us build a more sustainable future for all.

Smoothing the road to travel

It is imperative, then, that both individual countries and the international community prioritise the timely and responsible restart of tourism. The benefits this will bring will be felt far beyond the sector itself. First, we need to restore trust in travel. This means no more confusion on rules and travel regulations. Instead, we need clear, consistent and harmonised protocols, with decisions driven by data and made on a multilateral basis. Additionally, we need to embrace internationally recognised digital solutions that advance safe and seamless travel without compromising on data security. Given the unequal spread in vaccine availability between wealthy and lower-income countries, this is essential and the ethical way forward. No country or no individual should be subjected to more restrictions on their movement simply because they have been unable to access a vaccine.

Alongside this, we must also look to the future. This crisis presents an opportunity to rethink tourism and realign the sector. To achieve this, we need both political will as well as targeted investments in the sector. For this reason, raising levels of green investment in tourism, not just in hotels but particularly in infrastructure projects with the power to achieve greater sustainability and provide opportunities outside of the sector itself, is a priority of the World Tourism Organization. So too is ensuring that tourism’s restart and recovery drive wider growth, and that such growth is inclusive, with the economic benefits enjoyed as widely and fairly as possible.

Representing many of the world’s biggest economies and 80% of global gross domestic product, the G20 must do more than support tourism with words. Certainly, there can be no doubt that its members recognise the importance of our sector to economic well-being. Moreover, as the meeting of tourism ministers demonstrated in May, the G20 also recognises the need to ensure the sector lives up to its climate action responsibilities through accelerating the shift towards greater sustainability at every level. But still, concrete action is required, above all through ensuring the sector is a central part of recovery plans.

Again, much progress has been made, as reflected in tourism being part of the discussions in Rome. However, more needs to be done to really unlock the unique potential of tourism to kickstart recovery and drive future growth. Crucially, by leading the restart of international travel, G20 members can throw a lifeline to developing countries where tourism is an essential provider of livelihoods and economic well-being. The return of tourism will allow these communities to get back on their feet not through aid but through sharing their culture, their heritage and their hospitality with the world once more.

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Rethinking Tourism in Asia

Recent years have witnessed a seemingly relentless surge in the movement of tour- ists ‘‘of Asian origin’’. It is confidently predicted that over the coming decades Asia will have one of the fastest growing tourist populations in the world. Despite such forecasts, tourism in Asia by Asian tourists has received little attention to date. This paper sets out to redress this imbalance by examining recent developments at the World Heritage Site of Angkor, Cambo- dia. It argues that Western-focused policies have inadequately restrained an explosion in facil- ity construction principally aimed at a tourism market from Northeast Asia. The various implications arising from this situation are examined.

Related Papers

Asia on Tour: Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism

With the vast majority of academic theory on tourism based on ‘Western’ tourists, Asia on Tour illustrates why the rapid growth of travel for leisure and recreation in Asia demands a reappraisal of how tourism is analyzed and understood. Examining domestic and intra-regional tourism, the book reveals how improvements in infrastructures, ever increasing disposable incomes, liberalized economies, the inter-connectivities of globalization and the lowering of borders, both physical and political, are now enabling millions of Asians to travel as tourists. Drawing upon multidisciplinary theoretical perspectives and up-to-date empirical research, the twenty-three accessible essays in this volume indicate why a rigorous and critical study of Asian tourism must become integral to both our analysis of this rapidly transforming region and our interpretation of global tourism in the twenty first century. As a rich collection of essays on heritage and tourism oriented around Asian tourists, Asia on Tour will be of particular interest to students and scholars working in the fields of tourism, Asian studies, geography, heritage, anthropology, development, sociology, and cultural and postcolonial studies.

Laura Harvey

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) named Angkor a World Heritage Site in 1992 and it has since become a major tourist destination. With the noble goal of reducing inequality around the globe, the implementation of cultural tourism has been shown to improve overall economic conditions, however, it has also deteriorated the authenticity of cultural traditions, endangered monuments, and increased looting of cultural artifacts. By examining the underlying purposes for and benefactors of the cultural tourism industry, it is my goal to explore the consequences of naming Angkor a world heritage site, and to interrogate how tourism shapes Angkor’s existence in the mind of the public as primarily a religious and relaxation destination. By marketing heritage to attract tourists it seems that UNESCO endangers the monuments that they intend to protect, therefore, favoring the economic gains rather than historical education and conservation.

Georgina Lloyd

Angkor is a national icon that is part of the Cambodian sense of identity as well as a spiritual landscape in which Khmer people have lived for generations. Angkor’s landscape, monuments and traditional cultural practices are important to contemporary communities and to the future of the Angkor World Heritage Site and the Cambodian nation. Paradoxically, as the effective combined efforts of the Royal Cambodian Government and the international community have seen the Angkor World Heritage Site removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger, awakening of the global community to the wonders of Angkor has given rise to new threats from an ever-increasing wave of visitors and associated development pressures. However, tourism development may also present an opportunity for the site, its people and the national economy. With the support of UNESCO and the Governments of Cambodia and Australia, work has recently commenced on the preparation of an ‘Angkor Heritage Management Framework’. The work will build on the considerable achievements of APSARA (the Authority for the Preservation and Safeguarding of Angkor and Surrounding Areas) in this area to date. The Framework recognises that managing heritage at Angkor is in large part about managing tourism – so as to assess risks, conserve tangible and intangible values, enhance visitor experiences and guide development in a way which respects and provides opportunities and benefits for the thousands of Khmer for whom Angkor is a sacred place, a special home and a dramatic symbol of nation.

… consumption and representation: narratives of place …

International Journal of Tourism Cities

Purpose This paper aims to intend to contextualize touristification with a focus on Asia. It argues that touristification in Asia extends beyond physical transformation and is used as a socio-political mechanism by the state and communities alike. This study aims to broaden the discussions on touristification by noting how the issue of authenticity and state intervention is approached in Asia. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on literature review, sourced from academic material discussing touristification and the influence of tourism. Findings Aside from undertaking physical changes, states in Asia adopt a socio-political angle in the commercialization of culture for tourism so that the culture that is presented to tourists is aligned to its national image. The construction of culture and narration of history for tourism branding predominate touristification in Asia. Conversely, minority culture had also used cultural touristification in asserting their identity, as c...

Joseph M Cheer , Harng Luh Sin , Jeremy Lemarie

"Tourism Metamorphosis: Creative Destruction and the Remaking of Tourism Geographies". Metamorphosis as a heuristic device is central to the framing of the 3rd Critical Tourism Studies Asia Pacific conference that seeks to advance from ‘end times’ narratives, toward what Joseph Schumpeter refers to as creative destruction – the stage at which radical and generative rethinking follows a period of disruption and chaos. Pursuing unrestrained growth and living within planetary means has never been so urgent. Amidst the debris from and the aftereffects of the coronavirus pandemic, war, and climate change effects, we engage with Ulrich Beck’s invocation of metamorphosis which implies a radical transformation through which the certainties of modern society are being replaced by new ways of thinking and acting. Thus, Beck argues, “To grasp the metamorphosis of the world it is necessary to explore the new beginnings, to focus on what is emerging from the old and seek to grasp future structures and norms in the turmoil of the present” (Beck, 2016, p. 3). Others, such as Bruno Latour reiterate the clamor for a metamorphosis, insisting that a cosmological crisis has erupted in ways that reorient human life and reorder planetary primacies (Latour, 2021, p. 119).” See full details in the attached or go to https://www.criticaltourismstudies.com/

Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography

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Ploysri Porananond

Rethinking Asian Tourism addresses some of the latest developments in on-going tourism research in Southeast Asia and the wider Asia region (encompassing, in geographical terms, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea). It examines many of the emerging, as well as established, themes and issues in Asian tourism and promotes the development of critical scholarship within Asia to overcome Anglo-Western ethnocentrism in tourism studies of the region. There is some attention to such familiar concepts as authenticity, commoditisation, culture, heritage, and hosts and guests, but more especially to the diversification of phenomena which traditionally would not have been included within the parameters of tourism studies: retirees and long-stays, gastronomy, family-based leisure, popular culture, and local branding. Above all, the book addresses and develops a conceptual understanding from a multidisciplinary perspective of the character, experie...

Asian Journal of Tourism Research

Victor King

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