world wide web assignment

• Engineering Mathematics
• Discrete Mathematics
• Operating System
• Computer Networks
• Digital Logic and Design
• C Programming
• Data Structures
• Theory of Computation
• Compiler Design
• Computer Org and Architecture
• Computer Network Tutorial

Basics of Computer Network

• Basics of Computer Networking
• Introduction to basic Networking Terminology
• Goals of Networks
• Basic characteristics of Computer Networks
• Challenges of Computer Network
• Physical Components of Computer Network

Network Hardware and Software

• Types of Computer Networks
• LAN Full Form
• How to Set Up a LAN Network?
• MAN Full Form in Computer Networking
• MAN Full Form
• WAN Full Form
• Introduction of Internetworking
• Difference between Internet, Intranet and Extranet
• Protocol Hierarchies in Computer Network
• Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways and Brouter)
• Introduction of a Router
• Introduction of Gateways
• What is a network switch, and how does it work?

Network Topology

• Types of Network Topology
• Difference between Physical and Logical Topology
• What is OSI Model? - Layers of OSI Model
• Physical Layer in OSI Model
• Data Link Layer
• Session Layer in OSI model
• Presentation Layer in OSI model
• Application Layer in OSI Model
• Protocol and Standard in Computer Networks
• Examples of Data Link Layer Protocols
• TCP/IP Model
• TCP/IP Ports and Its Applications
• What is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?
• TCP 3-Way Handshake Process
• Services and Segment structure in TCP
• TCP Connection Establishment
• TCP Connection Termination
• Fast Recovery Technique For Loss Recovery in TCP
• Difference Between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model

Medium Access Control

• MAC Full Form
• Channel Allocation Problem in Computer Network
• Multiple Access Protocols in Computer Network
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
• Collision Detection in CSMA/CD
• Controlled Access Protocols in Computer Network

SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOLS

• Stop and Wait ARQ
• Sliding Window Protocol | Set 3 (Selective Repeat)
• Piggybacking in Computer Networks

IP Addressing

• What is IPv4?
• What is IPv6?
• Introduction of Classful IP Addressing
• Classless Addressing in IP Addressing
• Classful Vs Classless Addressing
• Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
• Supernetting in Network Layer
• Introduction To Subnetting
• Difference between Subnetting and Supernetting
• Types of Routing
• Difference between Static and Dynamic Routing
• Unicast Routing - Link State Routing
• Distance Vector Routing (DVR) Protocol
• Fixed and Flooding Routing algorithms
• Introduction of Firewall in Computer Network

Congestion Control Algorithms

• Congestion Control in Computer Networks
• Congestion Control techniques in Computer Networks
• Computer Network | Leaky bucket algorithm
• TCP Congestion Control

Network Switching

• Circuit Switching in Computer Network
• Message switching techniques
• Packet Switching and Delays in Computer Network
• Differences Between Virtual Circuits and Datagram Networks

Application Layer:DNS

• Domain Name System (DNS) in Application Layer
• Details on DNS
• Introduction to Electronic Mail
• E-Mail Format

World Wide Web (WWW)

• HTTP Full Form
• Streaming Stored Video
• What is a Content Distribution Network and how does it work?

CN Interview Quetions

• Top 50 Networking Interview Questions (2024)
• Top 50 TCP/IP interview questions and answers
• Top 50 IP addressing interview questions and answers
• Last Minute Notes - Computer Networks
• Computer Network - Cheat Sheet
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Application Layer

All public websites or web pages that people may access on their local computers and other devices through the internet are collectively known as the World Wide Web or W3. Users can get further information by navigating to links interconnecting these pages and documents. This data may be presented in text, picture, audio, or video formats on the internet.

What is WWW?

WWW stands for World Wide Web and is commonly known as the Web. The WWW was started by CERN in 1989.  WWW is defined as the collection of different websites around the world, containing different information shared via local servers(or computers).

Web pages are linked together using hyperlinks which are HTML-formatted and, also referred to as hypertext, these are the fundamental units of the Internet and are accessed through Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP) . Such digital connections, or links, allow users to easily access desired information by connecting relevant pieces of information. The benefit of hypertext is it allows you to pick a word or phrase from the text and click on other sites that have more information about it.

History of the WWW

It is a project created, by Tim Berner Lee in 1989, for researchers to work together effectively at CERN. It is an organization, named the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) , which was developed for further development of the web. This organization is directed by Tim Berner’s Lee, aka the father of the web.  CERN, where Tim Berners worked, is a community of more than 1700 researchers from more than 100 country. These researchers spend a few time on CERN, and rest of the time they work at their colleges and national research facilities in their home country, so there was a requirement for solid communication so that they can exchange data. 

System Architecture

From the user’s point of view, the web consists of a vast, worldwide connection of documents or web pages. Each page may contain links to other pages anywhere in the world. The pages can be retrieved and viewed by using browsers of which internet explorer, Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome, etc are the popular ones. The browser fetches the page requested interprets the text and formatting commands on it, and displays the page, properly formatted, on the screen. 

The basic model of how the web works are shown in the figure below. Here the browser is displaying a web page on the client machine. When the user clicks on a line of text that is linked to a page on the abd.com server, the browser follows the hyperlink by sending a message to the abd.com server asking it for the page. 

Working of WWW

A Web browser is used to access web pages. Web browsers can be defined as programs which display text, data, pictures, animation and video on the Internet. Hyperlinked resources on the World Wide Web can be accessed using software interfaces provided by Web browsers. Initially, Web browsers were used only for surfing the Web but now they have become more universal.

The below diagram indicates how the Web operates just like client-server architecture of the internet. When users request web pages or other information, then the web browser of your system request to the server for the information and then the web server  provide requested services to web browser back and finally the requested service is utilized by the user who made the request.

World Wide Web

Web browsers can be used for several tasks including conducting searches, mailing, transferring files, and much more. Some of the commonly used browsers are Internet Explorer, Opera Mini, and Google Chrome. 

Features of WWW

• WWW is open source.
• It is a distributed system spread across various websites.
• It is a Hypertext Information System. 
• It is Cross-Platform. 
• Uses Web Browsers to provide a single interface for many services.
• Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving.   

Components of the Web

There are 3 components of the web:

• Uniform Resource Locator (URL): serves as a system for resources on the web. 
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): specifies communication of browser and server. 
• Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): defines the structure, organisation and content of a web page. 

Difference Between WWW and Internet

Frequently asked question on world wide web – faqs, can we use the web without an internet .

If a website is on your computer or a computer connected to the same local area network , you can browse it without an internet .

What problems does World Wide Web face?

Our private data is no longer under our control. Misinformation on the internet spreads very easily.

What is the world’s first website?

The first website is info.cern.ch.

What is a URL?

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator , it is an online address that is given to the web page.

Please Login to comment...

Similar reads.

• Web technologies
• 10 Ways to Use Slack for Effective Communication
• 10 Ways to Use Google Docs for Collaborative Writing
• NEET MDS 2024 Result: Toppers List, Category-wise Cutoff, and Important Dates
• NDA Admit Card 2024 Live Updates: Download Your Hall Ticket Soon on upsc.gov.in!
• 30 OOPs Interview Questions and Answers (2024)

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

Session 01 - The Internet, World Wide Web, Web Browsers, Web Sites, and HTML

Harvard Extension School   Fall 2023

Course Web Site: https://cscie12.dce.harvard.edu/

How does the web work?

The internet and the world wide web, how do we make the web work, csci e-12 course, a web address - urls, components of the web, client-side web parts: markup, style, function, html introduction, essential html5 document structure, common html5 elements - a element - anchor, relative urls, "hello world" first assigment, file management, course web hosting server: urls and file locations.

Session 01 - The Internet, World Wide Web, Web Browsers, Web Sites, and HTML, slide1 Welcome!, slide2 How does the web work?, slide3 How does the web work?, slide4 The Internet and the World Wide Web, slide5 The Internet: Schematic, slide6 Tim Berners-Lee on The World Wide Web, slide7 The World Wide Web — key aspects, slide8 How has the web changed? A brief look at Southwest Airlines website evolution, slide9 How do we make the web work?, slide10 How do we make the web work — some tools for our toolbox, slide11 Approaching a Web Project, slide12 CSCI E-12 Course, slide13 CSCI E-12 — Goals for the Course, slide14 CSCI E-12 — Key factors for success in the course, slide15 A Web Address - URLs, slide16 Aside: URLs, URIs, and URNs, slide17 Components of the Web, slide18 Client-side Web Parts: Markup, Style, Function, slide19 Our Solar System: Markup, slide20 Our Solar System: Markup + Style, slide21 Our Solar System: Markup + Style + Function, slide22 HTML Introduction, slide23 Markup - HTML, slide24 Essential HTML5 Document Structure, slide25 HTML Elements - the basic building blocks structure, slide26 HTML Elements - Content can be other HTML elements, slide27 HTML Elements - Sometimes you will have more than one attribute, slide28 HTML Elements that are "empty", slide29 HTML Elements - Sometimes HTML allows you to leave off end tags, slide30 HTML5, slide31 Most commonly used or seen elements, slide32 Learning about HTML elements, slide33 HTML Purpose, slide34 Web Page Structure - header, main, footer, slide35 HTML5 Document Template, slide36 Benefits of Web Standards, slide37 HTML Best Practices to start out with, slide38 Common HTML5 Elements - a element - anchor, slide39 Creating Links, slide40 Relative URLs, slide41 Absolute and Relative Locations, slide42 Relative Paths to Parent Locations, slide43 "Hello World" First Assigment, slide44 File Management, slide45 File Management, slide46 Course Web Hosting Server: URLs and File locations, slide47 Workflow, slide48

Presentation contains 48 slides

CSCI E-12, Fundamentals of Website Development Fall Term 2023 Harvard Extension School

Essential Questions to Consider

Four phases for tonight.

• A bit about the course
• Getting started with the web and HTML
• Orientation to the first assignment

What happens when you enter https://extension.harvard.edu/ into your browser?

• Web Browser
• Web Address (URL) and Communication
• Web Content (HTML, CSS, JS, images)

1. Web Browser (HTTP Client)

2. Web Server (HTTP Server)

3. Communication

Communication between the web browser and web server, including how they communicate (HTTP) and the network.

Image credit: Barrett Lyon / The Opte Project "Visualization of the routing paths of the Internet."" Used under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

The Internet: Schematic

The Internet came before the Web, and Web "traffic" is not the only type of traffic on the Internet

Tim Berners-Lee on The World Wide Web

Suppose all the information stored on computers everywhere were linked. Suppose I could program my computer to create a space in which everything could be linked to everything. Tim Berners-Lee

The Web evolved into a powerful, ubiquitous tool because it was built on egalitarian principles and because thousands of individuals, universities and companies have worked, both independently and together as part of the World Wide Web Consortium, to expand its capabilities based on those principles. Tim Berners-Lee in Long Live the Web (Scientific American, Nov/Dec 2010)

Today, and throughout this year, we should celebrate the Web’s first 25 years. But though the mood is upbeat, we also know we are not done . We have much to do for the Web to reach its full potential. We must continue to defend its core principles and tackle some key challenges . Tim Berners-Lee in Welcome to the Web's 25 Anniversary (2014)

The web is for everyone, and collectively we hold the power to change it. It won’t be easy. But if we dream a little and work a lot, we can get the web we want. Tim Berners-Lee interview on 30 years of the world wide web in The Guardian (2019)

What is Tim Berners-Lee up to today? He's concerned about personal data sovereignty — and has software and a company to help address it.

The World Wide Web — key aspects

• HyperText Information System
• Cross-Platform and Cross-Device ...then and now
• 255 million unique domains, 201 million active sites, and 12 million "web-facing" computers ( Netcraft Web Server Survey , August 2023)
• HTML, CSS, JavaScript, HTTP, networking
• Browsers and engines (Chromium, Webkit, Mozilla), languages (PHP, Python), server software (Apache, nginx, WordPress)
• Information, Shopping, Banking and Finance, Communication, Business workflows, etc.
• Dynamic, Interactive, Evolving

How has the web changed? A brief look at Southwest Airlines website evolution

• Physical Desk

• Main categories and functions

• Quick Links

• Travel Tools as icons

• Travel tools as panels
• Main imagery chages

• Travel Products

• Travel Products expanded, multiple locations
• Travel tool panels
• Mega footer beginning

• Less is more
• "Action" or "Do" panel clearer
• Social media links

Screenshots from my collection and from Internet Archive Wayback Machine

Understand the parts, and how they work individually and how they work together.

• HTML, CSS, JavaScript
• Hosting, Web server software, programming languages (JavaScript, Python, etc.)
• User Experience and Design

This works at multiple layers too —

• we need to understand HTML, CSS, and JavaScript individually as well as how they interact or relate to one another
• we also need to understand how we use HTML, CSS, and JavaScript together to accomplish a specific design or interface that will be useful to our users

How do we make the web work — some tools for our toolbox

• A code editor . Recommendation: Visual Studio Code with a few extensions: Live Server , HTMLHint , Prettier - Code Formatter

I'm not going to ask you to change the browser that you know and use all the time, but I will ask you to have a couple more in the rotation for testing, and to remember that not everyone who views your site will be using your favorite browser.

• An SFTP client (SFTP = secure file transfer protocol), such as Cyberduck . An SFTP client lets you move files you have edited locally to your web server account.
• VPN client (VPN = virtual private network). A VPN client lets you connect securely to a network in order to access restricted resources. You will need to be using Harvard VPN in order to SFTP content to your course web hosting account.

There are some more to add to the list eventually, but for now, let's keep it with these!

Approaching a Web Project

5 Planes from The Elements of User Experience: User-Centered Design for the Web

• Class & Sections
• Announcements

CSCI E-12 — Goals for the Course

• Think like a web developer (programmer, content, project management)
• Learn syntax of HTML, CSS, JavaScript.
• Break problems down in parts and build parts up to whole in iterations
• Learn tools and workflows to improve results and efficiency
• Understand how things relate to one another.
• Troubleshoot effectively when things are not working as expected.

CSCI E-12 — Key factors for success in the course

• Complete and submit the assignments (and to do this you'll likely need to watch the class recordings, attend or view sections, engage in the readings or other resources)
• Connect with students and course staff
• Engage with resources available to you: class meetings, sections, Slack, textbook, office hours
• Start early (even if it is just reading through it)
• Work to understand a concept outside the context of an assignment — use a 'playground' or 'sandbox' folder on your computer or even something like Codepen or JSFiddle, then apply your understanding to the assignment.
• leave yourself time to review and revise an assignment
• Seek out help! Running into roadblocks? Read through thad MDN doc! Check out the text! Attend or watch sections! Communicate early with David or your TA through Slack or Canvas Inbox!

URL = Uniform Resource Locator

"The crucial thing is the URL. The crucial thing is that you can link to anything." — Tim Berners Lee

URL/URI https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/voting-rights-act

• Scheme (also Protocol ) https ://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/voting-rights-act
• Host (also Authority ) https:// www.archives.gov /historical-docs/voting-rights-act
• Path https://www.archives.gov /historical-docs/voting-rights-act

Aside: URLs, URIs, and URNs

In the context of the web, all URIs are URLs!

• URL : Uniform Resource Locator
• URN : Uniform Resource Name

Huh? A name may be unique, but may not tell you anything about how to locate it.

"Designing Your New Work Life" by Bill Burnett and Dave Evans is a book. It can be uniquely identified by the URN isbn:9780593467459 , and various URLs can be used to locate it (well, if not locate it, at least locate how to purchase or locate it in a library) https://www.amazon.com/Designing-Your-Work-Life-Happiness/dp/0593467450/ https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/designing-your-new-work-life-bill-burnett/1140537816 https://designingyour.life/designing-your-new-work-life/ https://www.abebooks.com/9780593467459/Designing-New-Work-Life-Thrive-0593467450/plp https://www.worldcat.org/title/1256628247?oclcNum=1256628247

• Presentation
• Manipulations

Our Solar System: Markup

Our Solar System: Markup + Style

Our Solar System: Markup + Style + Function

• solarsystem.css

Markup - HTML

How a browser displays it.

How Your Browser Thinks About It

HTML Elements - the basic building blocks structure

• Element Name
• Attribute and Value Pairs

A Hypertext Link

Markup for a Hypertext link:

Start Tag <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/"> Harvard</a>

Element Name < a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Attribute <a href ="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard</a>

Attribute Value <a href=" https://www.harvard.edu/ ">Harvard</a>

Content <a href="htts://www.harvard.edu/"> Harvard </a>

End Tag <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard </a>

HTML Elements - Content can be other HTML elements

ul is an unordered list li is a list item

HTML Elements - Sometimes you will have more than one attribute

img is to embed an image

HTML Elements that are "empty"

Note the "end tag" is part of the "start tag" — <link />

link is used to reference a CSS stylesheet, a separate document that contains style rules to apply to the HTML document

HTML Elements - Sometimes HTML allows you to leave off end tags

In these cases the "end tags" are "implied" because of what follows.

Learning tip: Always use end tags!

More information: HTML5 Living Standard from the WHATWG . Section 4 contains the List of elements in HTML .

I've highlighted the 23 elements that you will use and/or see most commonly.

• h1 , h2 , h3 , h4 , h5 , h6

Most commonly used or seen elements

Learning about html elements.

How to find out more about HTML elements?

Two places that I would start are:

HTML Purpose

• Gives structure and meaning to our content

Think about three aspects of structure :

• HTML document structure html , head , body
• Web page structure header , main , nav , footer
• Content structure Headings ( h1 , h2 , h3 ), lists ( ul and li ), paragraphs ( p ), images ( img ), text, etc.

Example: solarsystem.html

Web Page Structure - header, main, footer

First, recall the basic document structure:

header, main, footer

MDN HTML elements reference: header , main , footer .

HTML5 Document Template

Benefits of web standards.

• Markup (HTML) Nu Html Checker https://validator.w3.org/nu/
• Style (CSS) CSS Validation Service https://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/
• Function (JavaScript)
• Search Engines
• Forward-compatibility and backward-compatibility.
• simpler, cleaner pages
• easier maintenance
• easier redesign
• Validation provides baseline when you go to edit.

" Postel's Law " or the " Robustness Principle "

HTML Best Practices to start out with

• Use start and end tags, even if optional
• Lower case element and attribute names
• Use quotes around attribute values

These best practices essentially follow the "XML" syntax rules for HTML5

The anchor — a — element is at the center of the key "hypertext" feature of the web. The a element is how to create hyperlinks from resource to another!

To go along with the a element is the href attribute. The value of the href attribute is the URL that the browser will load when the link is activated (e.g. a mouse click).

The following paragraph was taken from "'Sunshine vitamin' looks a little brighter", Harvard Gazette, February 5, 2013 :

Adequate levels of vitamin D during young adulthood may reduce the risk of adult-onset type 1 diabetes by as much as 50 percent, according to researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). If confirmed in future studies, the findings could lead to a role for vitamin D supplementation in preventing this serious autoimmune disease in adults.

Creating Links

Build confidence by making your links predictable and differentiable .

• Am I getting 'closer' to my goal?
• What is the difference between clicking here or clicking there?

• Link several words or a phrase, not just one or two words
• Use "title" attribute to elaborate
• Lie or Mislead
• " Click Here "
• Find out more in this knowledge base article

URL https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/voting-rights-act

• Scheme https ://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/voting-rights-act
• Host https:// www.archives.gov /historical-docs/voting-rights-act

Absolute and Relative Locations

• Where does https://summer.harvard.edu/ go to?
• How about /images/mug.png ?
• What about ../styles/site.css ?

Relative locations (URLs) are resolved according to the location (URL) of the containing (starting) document!

Absolute or Fully Qualified URLs

Absolute, or fully-qualified, URLs specify the complete information (scheme, host, port, path).

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/07/public-health-experts-unite-to-bring-clarity-to-coronavirus-response/

Relative or Partial URLs

Relative, or partial, URIs specify partial information. The information not provided is resolved from the current location.

<a href="slide2.html">Slide 2</a>

Relative to Server Root

Is this relative or absolute? Scheme, host, and port would be resolved from current location, but path is absolute

<a href="/copyright.html">copyright information</a>

Relative Paths to Parent Locations

• ../ refers to the parent directory
• ./ refers to current directory

Relative links are "transportable":

Hello World - Publishing a web page

• Get the tools (editor, browser, vpn client, sftp client) in place, and begin to use them.
• working with ".zip" files with Expand/Compress (Windows) or Unzip/Zip (Mac)
• keeping everything together in a folder and working with that folder (e.g. "File → Open Folder")
• Edit an existing HTML document
• Practice validating your HTML
• Go through the publishing process on your course web hosting server account
• Understand how to determine the URL to your published content

For Your Class Work

• Create a directory or folder for your class work.
• Create a "playground" or "sandbox" folder where you can play in and experiment in without worrying.
• Assignments - unzip/extract the materials, then move into your class work folder

For Web Sites

• Use folders or directories to help organize files. Recommendation is to adopt folder names of styles (for CSS files), scripts (for JavaScript files), and images (for images). . ├── images/ ├── index.html ├── scripts/ └── styles/ └── site.css
• Use index.html filename as appropriate
• Prefer filenames that only have lowercase, numeric, underscore or dashes (e.g. avoid spaces, and other things like !@#$%^&*(){}\|?/>

See: Course Web Hosting Server (Dreamhost) on the course web site.

Directory Requests and "index.html"

URL paths that map to a directory. For example the request: https://cwe871.students.cs12.net/big_ideas/ would return the index.html document in the big_ideas directory (e.g. /users/cwe871/public_html/big_ideas/index.html ).

Setup Once for Course

• Editor . Install Visual Studio Code , with Live Server, W3C Validation, and HTMLHint extensions
• SFTP client . Install Cyberduck or use Dreamhost File Manager ( https://files.dreamhost.com
• VPN client . Install Harvard Cisco AnyConnect VPN client software
• On your computer, create a "course work folder" to keep your work for the course. I recommend something like cscie12-work on your Desktop.

For Assignments

• Accept the assignment via the GitHub link that creates a repo for you. Then get that repo code locally to edit.
• Download the assignment ZIP file.
• Unzip or Extract the ZIP file.
• Move the folder into your "course work folder" you created above. Move the entire folder.
• Start Visual Studio Code, and "File → Open Folder" and navigate to the assignment folder to open. In VS Code, I recommend always opening the assignment folder as opposed to opening individual files (treat the assginment folder contents as a unit!)
• Use VS Code "Live Server" to provide a place to check your work.
• Edit the HTML, CSS, and/or JavaScript. Save.
• Periodically check in the browser (a reload may be needed) as well as other checks that may be needed such as validation or accessibility.
• Repeat the "Edit, Check" cycle until you've satisfied the rubric, yourself, or when the assignment is due.
• Check in your browser that you can access your work. Copy the URL in your browser, and submit that URL via Canvas
• Submit the code by giving us the URL to your GitHub repo, or give us the ZIP file of your completed assignment.

The World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee, Faculty

Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. His key concepts are familiar to anyone using the Web: HTML (HyperText Markup Language), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), and URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). When he came to MIT in 1994, he formed the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to create and maintain open standards for this essential global system. In 2017 he won the Turing Award, the most prestigious honor in computer science.

With your support, we will build a better world.

Explore Topics

More Stories

Want a daily email of lesson plans that span all subjects and age groups?

What is the world wide web.

1,256,976 Views

43,743 Questions Answered

Let’s Begin…

The World Wide Web is used every day by millions of people for everything from checking the weather to sharing cat videos. But what is it exactly? Twila Camp describes this interconnected information system as a virtual city that everyone owns and explains how it’s organized in a way that mimics our brain’s natural way of thinking.

About TED-Ed Animations

TED-Ed Animations feature the words and ideas of educators brought to life by professional animators. Are you an educator or animator interested in creating a TED-Ed Animation? Nominate yourself here »

Meet The Creators

• Educator Twila Camp
• Producer Darcy Vorhees
• Director Tom Beuerlein
• Script Editor Alex Gendler
• Narrator Addison Anderson

More from Inventions that Shape History

One of the world’s oldest condiments

Lesson duration 05:20

417,612 Views

How humanity got hooked on coffee

Lesson duration 05:35

725,774 Views

What did people do before anesthesia?

Lesson duration 05:27

1,248,898 Views

How will AI change the world?

Lesson duration 05:56

1,743,467 Views

World Wide Web

Assignment #1, assignment #2, search engines, assignments, internet search, foreign language search engines.

The World Wide Web Consortium July 2019

Introduction.

In 2016, the United Nations declared that “ the spread of information and communications technology and global interconnectedness has great potential to accelerate human progress, to bridge the digital divide and to develop knowledge societies. ” Although billions of people use the World Wide Web each day, a variety of obstacles stand in the way of its full potential to accelerate human progress:

• Hacking, snooping, and the theft of personal information have eroded trust in the Web. Misinformation, impersonation, and radicalization undermine democratic institutions.
• The World Wide Web Consortium has done pioneering work in the fields of accessibility and internationalization. However, without the proper features built in, modern Web experiences such as streaming media and virtual reality may be denied to hundreds of millions of users, increasing the digital divide.
• Web innovation must accelerate in order to keep pace with rapidly changing proprietary technology "silos." If not, we risk losing the world's premiere information commons.

Addressing these types of complex challenges requires global, multi-stakeholder initiatives with trusted mediation. For 25 years the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) has played this role for the Web community. The Web Consortium community is now well-positioned to forge new partnerships in order to address today's most significant digital threats and opportunities. Please join us.

About the Web Consortium

Tim Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium in 1994 to ensure the long-term growth of the Web. The organization primarily pursues this mission by convening industry, researchers, and the global community of Web developers to create open standards. Software developers implement these standards in browsers, servers, blogs, graphics editors, search engines, and all the other software that powers the Web experience. Web standards are blueprints for the digitally connected world.

As such, standards play an essential role in any strategy to address the complex challenges we face. Global standards constitute the toolkit for solutions that scale. Innovators build on open standards to solve hard problems. Furthermore, without the proper foundation, it can be nearly impossible to meet requirements for accessibility, internationalization, privacy, and security on the Web.

Standards that meet the varied needs of society do not happen by chance. They are created not by one company or country but through the work of the extended Web Consortium community. This community consists of:

• Members : More than 450 Members from around the world lead the development and implementation of standards.
• Staff : The Web Consortium is a not-for-profit organization. Its revenues come primarily from Membership dues. These dues and some grants support a staff of 50 to 60 people, led by Tim Berners-Lee and CEO Jeff Jaffe.
• Developers : More than 10,000 developers worldwide share their experiences with the standards and bring new ideas to the table.

This community has developed hundreds of open standards that have enabled the creation of more than a billion Web sites, including transformative phenomena such as social media, e-commerce, and search engines. W3C standards may be used by anyone at no cost: if they were not free, developers would ignore them. W3C technologies and guidelines make it possible for people with disabilities to access the Web. The Web supports communication in many of the world's languages. New W3C standards improve Web security through the development of authentication technologies that can replace weak passwords and reduce phishing and other sophisticated cyberattacks. In orchestrating these activities, the Web Consortium has earned a reputation for fairness, quality, and efficiency.

Though not well-known by the general public, the Web Consortium has earned recognition for its global impact: the Boston Globe ranked W3C the most important achievement associated with MIT in its first 150 years. The organization has won two Emmy Awards : in 2016 for its work to make online videos more accessible with captions and subtitles, and again in 2019 for standardization of a Full TV Experience on the Web. The Web Consortium's impact even extends beyond this planet: NASA has used W3C standards in both the Spirit and Opportunity Mars rovers.

Partnership Opportunities

To meet the greater online challenges society now faces, the Web Consortium seeks new partnerships in support of its mission, and new funding beyond its traditional sources of revenue.

Organizations committed to improving digital inclusion and online security and privacy would make ideal partners. Below we describe some of the Web Consortium's current activities in these areas.

Enhancing Privacy and Security

Privacy and security —both integral to human rights and civil liberties— have long held an important place on the Web Consortium agenda. We have begun discussions about how to help users find trustworthy content on the Web without increasing censorship. However, we at the Web Consortium recognize that there is much more to do in this important area.

Digital Inclusion

2019 marked a milestone - in 2009 only 20% of the world was online; now 50% of the world are connected. As the next 50% of the world join the Web, we must ensure that the Web they join is safe, inclusive, international and accessible.

Accessibility

In 2006, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) which reaffirmed that all persons with all types of disabilities should be able to enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Convention defined access to information, including web and digital content, as a human right. Digital accessibility, including web accessibility, is key for equal access, opportunity and participation for all.

When websites and Web tools are properly designed and coded, people with disabilities can use them, and individuals, businesses, and society all benefit. The Web Consortium’s Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) , launched in 1997, develops technical specifications, guidelines, and techniques, as well as supporting resources such as outreach and training materials to promote awareness and implementation. WAI’s Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) is regarded as the authoritative international standard for Web accessibility, and has been adopted or referenced by many governments around the world. However, as the complexity of the Web increases, and as technologies as diverse as digital publishing and virtual reality converge onto the Web, the need for up-to-date accessibility support in advanced technologies is increasing exponentially. Without the Web Consortium's efforts, people with disabilities would be left further behind.

Internationalization

Only a fraction of the world's population of almost 8 billion speaks English, and yet over 50% of online content is written in that one language. Those whose voice and language are not included on the Web will be increasingly marginalized and excluded. They will not receive the economic, educational or democratic benefits of the Web and by not having their presence, we lose the potential of the Web to reflect the richness of the world.

The Web Consortium launched the Internationalization of the World Wide Web Activity in 1998 to make the Web truly 'world wide'. For the Web to truly work for stakeholders all around the world engaging with content in various languages, there must be a collaboration of language experts, Web site designers, developers, and vendors who are active in moving the Web forward. We will only connect all communities that share a language when the Web supports all the world's languages.

Assignment on World Wide Web

  Web  Site:

A  web  site  is  a  collection  of  web  pages, images, videos  or  other  digital  assets  that  is  hosted  on  one  or  several  web  server(s), usually  accessible  via  the  Internet, cell  phone  or  a  LAN. A  web  page  is  a  document,  typically  written  in  HTML, that  is  almost  always  accessible  via  HTTP, a  protocol  that  transfers  information  from  the  web  server  to  display  in  the  user’s  web  browser. All  publicity  accessible  websites  are  seen  collectively  as  constituting  the  “World  Wide  Web”.

The  pages  of  websites  can  usually  be  accessed  from  a  common  root  URL  called  the  homepage, and  usually  reside  on  the  same  physical  server. The  URLs  of  the  pages  organize  them  into  a  hierarchy, although  the  hyperlinks  between  them  control  how  the  reader  perceives  the  overall  structure  and  how  the  traffic  flows  between  the  different  parts  of  the  sites. Some  websites  require  a  subscription  to  access  some  or  all  of  their  content. Examples  of  subscription  sites  include  many  business  sites, parts  of  many  news  sites,  academic  journal  sites, gaming  sites, message  boards, Web-based  e-mail, services, social  networking  website  and  sites  providing  real-time  stock  market  data.

Organized  by  the  function, a  website  may  be-

          »  A  personal  website

          »  A  commercial  website

          »  A  government  website

          »  A  non-profit  organization  website

It  could  be  the  work  of  an  individual, a  business  or  other  organization  and  is  typically  dedicated  to  some  particular  topic  or  purpose.

Web  The  New  Arena:

Life  was  just  going  on  fine, when  along  came  the  Internet  and  just  about  everything  changed. You  just  have  to  look  back  over  the  past  five  year  or  six  and  think  of  different  things  were  before  that. Today, everyone’s  young, smart  and  online. Oh  yes, we  are  well  into  the  Net  Age. Whether  you  are  working  in  a  high-tech  corporation  or  setting  up  your  home  office, trying  to  learn  or  two  at  college  or  having  a  whale  of  a  time  at  school, life’s  on  the  Internet .

 Content  Is  The  King:

No  matter  how  great  a  site  looks, no  amount  of  design  ever  makes  up  for  poor  content. This  is  a  fact  that  many  web  author  lose  sight  of. That’s  why  we  have  so  many  sites  around  us  that  offer  the  visitor  the  same  old  thing – a  bit  of  this  a  bit  of  that. A  really  good  site  must  have  solid  unique  content. That’s  why  as  experts  recommend  we  started  with  strategy  and  purpose  first – no  with  design. First  off  you  must  quite  clear  of  the  purpose  of  your  site. This  holds  true  for  any  type  of  web  sites, whether  it’s  a  personal  web  sites, a  small  business  set  up, a  hobbyist’s  page  or  e- commerce  or  anything  else. A  web  site  without  purpose  just  takes  space  and  please  no  one  but  its  own  author. So  unless  you  are  just  using  your  site  for  storage, start  with  putting  down  your  purpose, your  objectives, and  message.

Types  Of  Web  Site:

There  are  many  variety  of  web  sites, each  specializing  in  a  particular  type  of  content  or  use  and  they  may  be  arbitrarily  classified  in  any  number  of  ways. A  few  such  classifications  might  include:-

Affiliated  Sites:  Enabled  portal  that  renders  not  only  its  custom  CMS  but  also  syndicated  content  from  other  content  providers  for  an  agreed  fee. There  are  usually  three  relationship  tiers. Affiliate  Agencies ( e.g.  Commission  Junction),  Advertisers ( e.g.  Ebay)  and  consumer ( e.g.  Yahoo).

Archive  Site:  Used  to  preserve  valuable  electronic  content  threatened  with  extinction. Two  examples  are – Internet  Archive  which  since  1996  has  preserved  billions  of  old ( and  new )  web  pages  and  Google  Groups  which  in  early  2005  was  archiving  over  845,000,000  messages  posted  to  Usenet  news / discussion  groups.

Blog  Site:  Sites  generally  used  to  post  online  diaries  which  may  include  discussion  forums ( e.g.  blogger, xanga).

Content  Site:  Sites  whose  business  is  the  creation  and  distribution  of  original  content ( e.g.  Slant,  About.com).

Corporate  Site:  Used  to  provide  background  information  about  a  business, organization  or  service.

E-Commerce  Site:  For  purchasing  goods  such  as  Amazon.com.

Community  Site:  A  site  where  persons  with  similar  interests  communicate  with  each  other  usually  by  chat  or  message  boards  such  as  MySpace.

Database  Site:  A  site  whose  main  use  is  the  search  and  display  of  a  specific  database’s  content  such  as  the  Internet  Movie  Database  or  the  Political  Graveyard.

Development  Site:  A  site  whose  purpose  is  to  provide  information  and  resources  related  to  software  development, web  design  and  the  like.

Directory  Site:  A  site  that  contains  varied  contents  which  are  divided  into  categories  and  subcategories  such  as  Yahoo!  directory, Google  directory  and  open  directory  project.

Download  Site:  Strictly  used  for  downloading  electronic  content  such  as  software, game  demos  or  computer  wall  paper.

Employment  Site:   Allows  employers  to  post  job  requirements  for  a  position  or  positions  and  prospective  employees  to  fill  an  application.

Erotica  Websites:  Shows  sexual  videos  and  images.

Fan  Site:   A  web  site  created  and  maintained  by  fans  of  and  for  a  particular  celebrity  as  opposed  to  a  web  site  created, maintained  and  controlled  by  a  celebrity  through  their  own  paid  webmaster. May  also  be  known  as  a  Shine  in  the  case  of  certain  subjects  such  as  anime  and  manga  characters.

Game  Site:  A  site  that  is  itself  a  game  or  “playground”  where  many  people  come  to  play  such  as  MSN  Games,  POGO.com  and  Newgrounds.com.

Gripe  Site:  A  site  devoted  to  the  critique  of  a person, place, corporation, government  or  institution.

Humor  Site:  Satirizes, parodies  or  otherwise  exists  solely  to  amuse.

Information  Site:  Contains  content  that  is  intended  to  inform  visitors  but  not  necessarily  for  commercial  purposes  such  as: RateMyProfessors.com, free  internet  lexicon  and  encyclopedia. Most  government, educational  and  non-profit  institutions  have  an  informational  site.

Java  Applet  Site:  Contains  software  to  run  over  the  web  as  a  web  application.

Mirror ( Computing )  Site:  A  complete  reproduction  of  a  website.

News  Site:  Similar  to  an  information  site  but  dedicated  to  dispensing  news  and  commentary.

Personal  Homepage:  Run  by  an  individual  or  a  small  group ( such  as  a  family )  that  contains  information  or  any  content  that  the  individual  wishes  to  include.

Political  Site:  A  site  on  which  people  may  voice  political  views.

Pornography (  porn )  Site:  Site  that  shows  pornographic  images  &  videos.

Rating  Site:  Site  on  which  people  can  praise  or  disparage  what  is  featured.

Review  Site:  Site  on  which  people  can  post  reviews  for  product  or  service.

Search  Engine  Site:  A  site  that  provides  general  information  and  is  intended  as  a  gateway  or  lookup  for  other  sites. A  pure  example  is  Google  and  the  most  widely  known  extended  type  is  Yahoo! .

Shock  Site:   Includes  images  or  other  material  that  is  intended  to  be  offensive  to  most  viewers ( e.g.  Rotten.com ).

Phish  Site:   Website  created  to  fraudulently  acquire  sensitive  information  such  as  passwords  and  credit  card  details  by  masquerading  as  a  trustworthy  person  or  business  ( such  as  social  security  administration,  paypal )  in  an  electronic  communication.

Warez:   A  site  filled  with  illegal  downloads.

Web  Portal:   A  site  that  provides  a  starting  point  or  a  gateway  to  other  resources  on  the  internet  or  an  intranet.

Wiki  Site:   A  site  which  users  collaboratively  edit ( such  as  Wikipedia ).

World  Wide  Web:

The  letters  “www”  are  commonly  found  at  the  beginning  of  Web  addresses  because  of  the  long-standing  practice  if  naming  Internet  hosts ( servers )  according  to  the  services  they  provide. So  for  example, the  host  name  for a  Web  server  is  often  “www”  for  an  FTP  server, “ftp”;  and  for  a  USENET  news  server,  “news”   or   “ nntp ”  ( after  the news  protocol  NNTP). These  host  names  appear  as  DNS  subdomain  names  as  in  www.example.com. This use  of  such  prefix  is  not  require  by  any  technical  standard;  indeed,  the web  server  was  at  “ nxoc01.cern.ch”, [ 15 ] and even  today  many  web  sites  exist  without  a  “ www ”  prefix  has  no  meaning  in  the  way  the  main  web  site  is  shown.  The  “ www ”  prefix  is  simply  one  choice  for  a  web  site’s subdomain  name. Some web  browsers  will  automatically  try  adding  “ www ” to  the  beginning  and  possibly “ .com ”  to  the  end  of  typed  URLs if  no  host  is  found  without  them. Internet  Explorer, Mozilla  Firefox,  Safari  and opera  will  also  prefix  “ http://www”  and  append “ .com ” to  the  address  bar  contents  if  the  Control  and  Enter  keys  are  pressed  simulteniously. For  example, entering “ example ” in  the  address  bar  and  then  press  either  just  Enter  or  Control+Enter  will  usually  resolve  to  “ http://www.example.com ”  depending  on  the  exact  browser  version  and  its  settings.

The  World  Wide  Web ( commonly  shortened  to  the  web )  is  a  system  of  interlinked,  hypertext  documents  accessed   via  the  Internet. With  a  web  browser,  a  user  views  web  pages  that  contain  text,  images,  videos  and  other  multimedia  and  navigates  between  them  using  hyperlinks. The  World  Wide  Web  was  created  in  1989  by  Sir  Tim  Berners  Lee,  working  at  CERN  in  Geneva, Switzerland. Since  then,  Berners  Lee  has  played  an  active  role  in  guiding  the  development  of  web  standards ( such  as  the  markup  languages  in  which  web  pages  are  composed), and  in  recent  years  has  advocated  his  vision  of  a  Semantic  Web. Robert  Cailliau, also  at  CERN,  was  an  early  evangelist  for  the  project.

How  The  Web  Works:

Viewing a  web  page  on  the  World  Wide  Web  normally  begins  either  by  typing  the  URL  of  the  page  into  a  web  browser  or  by  following  a  hyperlink  to  that  page  or  resource.  The  web  browser  then  initiates  a  series  of  communication   messages  behind  the  scenes  in  order  to  fetch  and  display  it.

First  the  server-name  portion  of  the  URL  is  resolved  into  an  IP  address  using  the  global,  distributed  Internet  database  known  as  the  domain  name  system or  DNS. This  IP  address  is  necessary  to  contact  and  send  data  packets  to  the  web  server.

The  browser  then  requests  the  resource  by  sending  an  HTTP  request  to  the  web  server  at  that  particular  address. In  the  case  of  a  typical  web  page  the  HTML  text  of  the  page  is  requested  first  and  parsed  immediately  by  the  web  browser  which  will  then  make  additional  requests  for  images  and  any  other  files  that  form  a  part  of  the  page. Statistics  measuring  a  website’s  popularity  are  usually  based  on  the  number  of ‘ page  views’  or  associated  server  ‘ hits’ or   requests  which  take  place.

Having  received  the  require  files  from  the  web  server  the  browser  renders  the  page  onto  the  screen  as  specified  by  its  HTML,  CSS  and  other  web  languages. Any  images  and  other  resources  are  incorporated  to  produce  the  on-screen  web  page  that  the  user  sees.

Contents  Of  Web  Site:

No  matter  how  great  a  site  looks,  no  amount  of  design  ever  makes  up  for  poor  content. This  is  a  fact  that  many  web  author  lose  sight  of. That’s  why we  have  so  many  sites  around  us  that  offer  the  visitor  the  same  old  thing  – a  bit  of  this,  a  bit  of  that. A  really  good  site  must  have  solid  unique  content. That’s  why  as  exports  recommend  we  started  with  strategy  and  purpose  first – no  with  design. First  off  you  must  quite  clear  of  the  purpose  of  your  site. This  hold  true  for  any  type  of  websites, whether  it’s  a  personal  websites, a small  business  setup, a  hobbyist’s  page  or  e-commerce  or  anything  else. A website  without  purpose  just  takes  space  and  please  no  one  but  its  own  author. So unless  you  are  just  using  your  site  for  storage, start  with  putting  down  your  purpose, your  objectives,  and  the  message.

  Writing  Web  Site:

Writing  for  the  web  is  in  many  ways  different  form  writing  for  print. For  one,  the  reader’s  purpose  in  reading  may  be  different. His  attention  span  is  different. The  reading  experience  online  and  the  way  the  reader’s  eye  moves  across  a  page  are  different. With a printed  page,  there  is  only  one  sort  of  navigation-turn  the  page. But  on  a  web  page, there  can  be  dozens  and  dozens  of  options  all  visible  at  once. And  there’s  your  reader,  finger  poised  over  the  mouse  button,  ready  to  be  interactive. But  with  a  web  page,  interactivity  is  important  because  readers  want  to  do  something. All  this  means  that  information  has  to  be  tailored  and  arranged  specially  for  online  reading. Writing  for  the  web  skillfully  involves  learning  how  to  keep  in  mind  new  online  reading  habits  and  patterns. It  means  being  able  to  put  forward  information  in  a  way  that  draws  the  reader  in  quickly  and  keeps  him  at  the  website  or  at  least  that  it  gives  him  what  he  wants  so  that  he  comes  back  again  and  again.

Web  Site  Styles:

A  static  web  site  is  one  that  has  web  pages  stored  on  the  server  in  the same  form  as  the  user  will  view  them. They  are  edited  using  three  broad  categories  of  software:

Text  editor  such  as  notepad  or  text editor,  where  the  HTML  is  manipulated  directly  within  the  editor  program.

Editor  such  as  Microsoft  Frontpage  and  Macromedia  Dreamweaver  where  the  site  is  edited  using  a  GUI  interface  and  the  underlying  HTML  is  generated  automatically  by  the  editor  software. Template-based  editors  such  as  Rapidweaver  and  iWeb  which  allow  users  to  quickly  create  and  upload    websites  to  a  web  server  without  having  to  know  anything  about  HTML  as  they  just  pick  a  suitable  template  from  a  palette  and  add  pictures  and  text  to  it  in  a  DTP-like  fashion  without  ever  having  to  see  any  HTML  code. A  dynamic  website  is  one  that  has  frequently  changing  information  or  collates  information  on  the  hop  each  time  a  page  is  requested. For  example-  it  would  call  various  bits  of  information  from  a  database  and  put  them  together  in  a  pre-defined  format  to  present  the  reader  with  a  coherent  page. It  interacts  with  users  in  a  variety  of  ways  including  by  reading  cookies  recognizing  user’s  previous  history,  session  variables,  server  side  variables  etc,  or  by  using  direct  interaction  ( form  elements,  mouseovers, etc ). A  site  can  display  the  current  state  of  a  dialog  between  users,  monitor  a  changing  situation  or  provide  information  in  some  way  personalized  to  the  requirements  of  the  individual  users.

What  makes  the  World  Wide  Web  so  exciting  is  the  limitless  ways  in  which  information  and  content  can  be  put  up. Using  color, picture, sounds, movie clips, animation  and  interactivity, you  can  make  sure  your  site  is  compelling  enough  to  draw  visitors  again  and  again  which  is  what  every  website  wants. Naturally, this  makes  the  site’s  design, its  layout,  navigation  and  general  look  and  feel  an  important  aspect  to  work  on. What  usually  tends  to  happen  is  that  people  over-design  a  website,  filling  it  with  bright  starting  colors,  a  feast  of  different  fonts  and  too  many  pictures  for  its  own  good. Many  resource  sites  have  design  is  term  that  is  used  rather  loosely  sometimes  it  can  include  usability  issues, navigation, browser  compatibility  and  so  on. If  your  page  is  about  a  regional  specific  topic, then  make  sure  you  include  that.

Preferably  right  in  the title  of  the  page. Put  the  region  in  the  keywords  and  page  description  as  well. Remember  too  that  even  if  your  topic  is  regional,  it  has  value  to  global  viewers. What  if  someone  from  Germany  is  visiting  your  home  town  and  needs  any  information  there? You  also  might  want  to  expand  your  site  to  give  more  generic  information  that  would  appeal  to  a  more  global  audience.

Language  On  the  Web:

Right  now, most  of  the  pages  on  the  web  are  in  English  but  just  because  you’re  writing  your  page  in  English  in  Australia  does  not  mean  that  a  Canadian  would  understand  it  or  find  it  useful. Make  sure  that  you  avoid  slang  on  your  site  as  that  is  the  most  non-translatable  element  of  a  page. When  you  list  a  price, indicate  what  currency  you’re  using. And  when  you  list  sizes  or  measurements, it helps  if  you  list  conversions  or  link  to  a  conversion  web  site.

Static  Versus  Dynamic:  Static  HTML  sites  have  not  changed  much  since their  development   and  the  advent  of  the  web. Essentially  websites  are  presented  using  a  wide  array  of  tags  that  offer  means  for  usually  laying out  a  site. Search  engines  have  become  very  good  at  recognizing  static  websites. In  general  search  engines  can  navigate  through  a  static  website  very  easily  and  thus  locate  information. However,  there  is  one  significant  disadvantage  of  static  sites,  you  may  need  a  separate  page ( file )  for  every  page  on  your  site. For  example, if  you  want  to  make  a  design  change  that  affects  the  entire  site  you  may  need  to  adjust  all  pages. For  small  sites  this  is  not  a  problem  but  for  large  content  or  e-commerce  sites  creating  new  pages  or  updating  existing  pages  can  be  time  consuming  and  expensive. Certainly  there  is  web  development  software  that  makes  this  a  little  easier  but  in  the  end  static  sites  take  time  to  manage. Interaction  with  visitors  is  a  key  feature  of  the  best  sites  on  the  web. After  all  the  most  popular  computer  operating  systems  in  the  world  may  be  the  ones  used  for  game  playing  machines. It  seems  that  people  hate  the  pickiness  and  precision  of  computer  that   allow  them  to  do  the  things  they  do. On  the  other  hand  they  love  the  illusion  of  the  computer  as  another  person  with  dynamism  comes  interaction. Dynamic  websites  means  that  different  actions  by  the  visitor  cause  different  behaviors  i.e. outputs  by  the  site. That  means  pages  are  created  as the  user  views  the  site. In  most  cases  this  requires  the  use  of  a  database  which  contains  the  site’s  information  and  some  kind of  scripting  setup  that  is  programmed  to  retrieve  the  information  from  the  database.

  What  A  Dynamic  web  Site  can  do?:

building  a  database  driven  web  site  is  one  of  the  best  ways  to  insure  that  your  site  will  grow  into  the  future. Here  are  some  of  the  reasons  why – – –

Manage  Your  Own  Content:  A  database-backed  website  brings  unprecedented  flexibility  to  how  information  is  stored  and  displayed  on  the web. That  means  you  can  add  and  manage  stories,  information, schedules  and  photographs  without  having  to  calla web  master. It’s  a  great  way  to  take  control  of  your  site  while  saving  money  on  maintenance.

Keep  Your  Visitors  Coming  Back:   With  fresh  content  that  you  can  update  at  your  site  will  always  be  relevant. So  instead  of  finding  the  same  stories  and  information  on  your  site, returning  visitors  will  find  information  that’s  new  and  current. Its  easy,  inexpensive  and  will  keep  your  visitors  coming  back  time  and  time  again.

 Grow  into  The  Future:   Building  a  dynamic,  database-driven  site  is  strategically  superior  because  changes  to  the  site  are  incredibly  easy  to  make. Want  a  new  look  on  the  site? No  problem,  since  design  ( presentation )  is  separated  from  the  site’s  content. Need  to  change  content,  that’s  only  a  few  keystrokes  away  with  easy-to-use  administrative  interfaces. Want  to  add  new  pages  or  section’s? not  a  problem  when  you  have  built  your site  on  a  foundation  that’s  both  solid  and   flexible.

Manage  Visitors  Securely:   With  a  data  driven  site  you  can  let  visitors  see  only  information  that  you  want  them  to  see. Build  member’s-only  sections, handle   passwords, lockout  unwanted  requests,  handle  subscription  services, allow  your  staff  access  to  areas  where  others  are  not   allowed. A database-backed  site  can  perform  these  secure  functions  with  ease.

Be  Searchable:   letting  visitors  find  the  information  they  need  quickly  and  easily  is  a  snap  with  a  dynamic  site. Whether  you   are  a  publisher  hosting  thousands  of  articles  or  a  merchant  selling  hundreds  of  widgets,  a  dynamic  site  allows  your  visitors  to  find  what  they  need  in  a  heartbeat.

Harness  Your  Site’s  potential:  Unlike  traditional  “ static ”  sites, a dynamic  site  is  far  more  than  useful  than  simple  “ brochure  ware”. With  dynamic  architecture,  your  site  can  be  put  to  an  infinite  variety  of  valuable  uses. For  example: you  can  easily  connect  a   visitor  with  a near  by  distributor,  connect  a  specific  salesperson  to  a customer or  deliver  an  instant  response  customer  service  request. In short, a  dynamic  site  delivers  more  than  a “ static ”  site  ever  could.

Spend  Less  Time  Managing  Your  Site:  A  dynamic  site  can  reduce  or  eliminate  many  of  the  most  time-consuming  functions   facing  your staffs. That’s  because  many  administrative  functions  can  now  be  automated. For  example:  if  a  deadline  has  passed  or  an  inventory  sold-out, the  site  can  automatically  remove  those  items  from  display. It  could  notify  automatically  and  update  product  pages  on   its  own. Now  your  staff  can  spend  less  time  on  the  web  managing  our  site  and  more  time  doing  the  things  they  do  best.

Handle  Complex  Tasks:   while  dynamic  sites  are  superb for  publishing  and  e-commerce,  they  can  also  be  used  far  complex  tasks  such  as  quoting,  estimating  and  presenting  customized  sales  information  anywhere, any  time. Handling  complex  tasks  is  par  for  the  course  with  a  dynamic  site.

Connect  To  Your  customers:   When  visitors  come  to  your  site, do  you  gather  information  that  can  help  you  serve  them better? With  a  built-in  database,  a  dynamic  site  is  a  natural  for  gathering  customer  preferences. Ask  them  if  they  want   to  subscribe  to  news  letters  or  if  they  are  interested  in  new  products. Test market  new  products. Survey  them  for  valuable  feedback. A  dynamic  web  site  can  help  you  connect  to  customers  in  ways  you  were  never  able  to  before.

Customize  your  message:   is  it   possible  to  respond  on  an  individual  basis  to  an  infinite  number   of  site  visitors? If  you  build  a  dynamic  site,  it  is. From  greeting  customers  individually  after  log-in  to  sending  carefully-crafted  customized  emails, a dynamic  site  will  help  you  send  the  message  that  your  customers  are  more  than  just  numbers.

Developing  A  Dynamic  Site:

In  most  cases  this  requires  the  use  of  a  database  which  contains  the  site’s  information   and  some  kind  of  scripting  setup  that  is  programmed  to  retrieve  the  information  from  the  database. Some  popular  scripting  languages  are  ASP,  ASP.Net,  PHP,  Pearl,  ColdFusion,  JavaScript. Some  popular  databases  are  MySql, MS SQL  Server,  Oracle  etc.

ASP:  Active  Server  Pages,  Microsoft’s  technology  to  enables  HTML  pages  to  be  dynamic  and  interactive  by  embedding  scripts  i.e.  either  VBScript  or  Jscript,  Microsoft’s  alternative  of  JavaScript. Since  the  scripts  in  ASP  pages ( suffix asp )   are  processed  by  the  server,  any  browser  can  work  with ASP  pages  regardless  of  its  Support  for  the  scripting  language  used  there  in.

ASP.Net:  Microsoft  ASP.Net  is  a  set  of  technologies  in  the  Microsoft .NET  Framework  for  building  web  applications  and  XML  web  services. ASP.Net  pages  execute  on  the  server  and  generate  markup  such  as  HTML,  WML  or  XML  that  is  sent  to  a  desktop  or  mobile  browser.  ASP.Net  pages  use  a  compiled, event-driven  programming  model  that  improves  performance  and  enables  the  separation  of  application  logic  and  user  interface. ASP.Net  pages  and  ASP.Net  XML  web  services  files  contain  server-side  logic ( as  opposed  to  client-side  logic ) written  in  Microsoft  Visual  Basic.NET,  Microsoft  Visual  C#.NET  or  any  Microsoft.NET  framework-compatible  language.

PHP:   A recursive  acronym  for  “ hypertext  Preprocessor ”  is  an  open  source  server side  scripting  language  designed  for  creating  robust  and  reliable  dynamic  web  pages  for  e-commerce  and  other  mission  critical  web  applications.

Perl:   Practical  Extraction  and  Reporting  Language  A  robust  programming  language  frequently  used  for  creating  CGI  programs  on  web  servers  because  it  is  faster  than  UNIX  shell  script  programs,  it  can  read  and  write  binary  files  and  it  can  process  very  large  files.

Cold  Fusion:   It  is  an  advanced  website  program  that  runs  on  our  servers  here  at  Thelix. Cold  Fusion  works  in  conjunction  with  a  database  of  information  that  it  draws  from. You  can  use  Cold  Fusion  to  create  dynamic  web  pages that  display  a  variety  of  data,  depending  on  what  the  viewer clicks  on.

JavaScript:   a  scripting  language  from  Netscape  that  is  only  marginally  related  to  java. Java  and  JavaScript  are  not  the  same  thing. JavaScript  was  designed  to  resemble  Java  which  in  turn  looks  a  lot  like  C  and  C++. The  difference  is  that  java  was  built  as  a  general-purpose  object  language  while  JavaScript  is  intended  to  provide  a  quicker  and  simpler  language  in  a  web  page  that  is  interpreted  and  executed  by  the  web  client. The  script  writer  controls  from  within  a  web  document,  often  executed  by  mouse  function,  buttons  or  other  actions  from  the  user. JavaScript  can  be  used  to  fully  control  Netscape  and  Microsoft  web  browsers  including  all  the  familiar  browser  attributes.

MySQL: The   MySQL  database  server  is  the  world’s  most  popular  open  source  database. Over  six  million  installations  use  MySQL  to  power  high-volume  websites  and  other  critical  business  systems – including  industry- leaders like the  associated press, Yahoo, NASA, Sabre  Holdings  and  Suzuki. MySQL  is  an  attractive  alternative  to  higher-cost,  more  complex  database  technology. Its  award-winning  speed, scalability  and  reliability  make  it  the  right  choice  for  corporate  IT  departments, web  developers  and  packaged  software  vendors.

Microsoft  SQL :  Microsoft  SQL  server  is  a  relation  database  management  system  produced  by  Microsoft. It  supports  a dialect of  SQL,  the  most  common  database  language. It is  commonly  used  by  governments  and  businesses  for  small  to  medium  sized  databases  and  completes  with  other  SQL  databases  for  this  market  segment.

Oracle  database:   An  Oracle  database,  strictly  speaking,  is  a  collection  of  data,  is  sometimes  imprecisely  used  to  refer  to  the  DBMS  software  itself. This  error  is  made  in  the  title  of  this  article  and  below. The  oracle  managed  by  an  Oracle  database  management  system  or  DBMS. The  term ” Oracle  database management  system”  can  be  referred  to  without  ambiguity  as  Oracle  DBMS  or  the  databases  which  it  manages  being  relational  in  character, as oracle RDBMS. The  very  useful  distinction  between  data  managed  by  Oracle, an  Oracle  database  and  the  Oracle  RDBMS  is  blurred  by  Oracle  Corporation  itself  when  they  refer  now a days  to  the  Oracle  RDBMS,  the  software  they  sell  to  manage  databases  as  the Oracle  Database. The  distinction  between  the  managed  data ( the  database )  and  the  software  which  manages  the  ( DBMS / RDBMS )  relies, in  Oracle’s  marketing  literature. On  the  capitalization  of  the  world  database. The  Oracle  DBMS  is  produced  and  marketed  by  Oracle  Corporation. The Oracle  DBMS  is  extensively  used  by  many  database  applications  on  most  popular  computing  platforms.

Scripts  &  Database:

We  used  PHP  as  scripting  language  and  MySQL  as  backend  Database. In  the  upcoming  chapter  we  will  discuss  briefly  about  PHP  and  MySQL  and  their  beneficiary  side  over  others  similar  tools.

  Publishing  Web  Page:

 Web  page  production  is  available  to  individuals  outside  the  mass  media. In  order  to  publish  a  web  page,  one  does  not  have  to  go  through  a  publisher  or  other  media  institution  and  potential  readers  could  be  found in  all  corners  of  the  globe. Many  different  kinds  of  information  are available  on the  web  and  for  those  who  wish  to  know  other  societies,  cultures  and  peoples, it  has  become  easier. The  increased  opportunity  to  publish materials  is  observable  in  the  countless  personal  and  social  networking  pages, as  well  as  sites  by families, small  shops  etc.  facilitated  by  the  emergence  of  free  web  hosting  services.

Web  Analytics:

Web  analytics is  the  study  of  the  behavior  of  website  visitors. In a  commercial  context,    web  analytics  especially  refers  to   the  use  of  data  collected  from  a  web  site  to  determine  which  aspects  of  the  website  work  towards  the  business  objectives  for  example  which  landing  pages  encourage  people  to  make  a  purchase.

Data  collected  almost  always  includes  web  traffic  reports. It  may  also  include  e-mail  response  rates, direct  mail  campaign  data,  sales  and  lead  information,  user  performance  data  such as  click  heat  mapping  or  other  custom  metrics  as  needed. This  data  is  typically  compared  against  key  performance  indicators  for  performance  and  used  to  improve  a  web  site  or  marketing  campaign’s  audience  response. Many  different  vendors  provide  web  analyt

Soil Science Resource

Assignment on computer businessmarketing system of index it limited, a report on garment industries bangladesh (part-1), explain on scientific instruments, report on non banking financial activities of idlc finance limited, sample sympathy letter with a gift, annual report 2012-2013 of gmr infrastructure limited, radiometry – a branch of science, major facts for deep vein thrombosis, reverse engineering microscribe, latest post, mid-ocean ridge (mor), harnessing hydrogen at the genesis of life, ngc 5728’s faint characteristics are exposed, astronomers discover the oldest black hole ever observed, atomic hydrogen welding, variable-frequency transformer (vft).

• school Campus Bookshelves
• menu_book Bookshelves
• perm_media Learning Objects
• login Login
• how_to_reg Request Instructor Account
• hub Instructor Commons
• Download Page (PDF)
• Download Full Book (PDF)
• Periodic Table
• Physics Constants
• Scientific Calculator
• Reference & Cite
• Tools expand_more
• Readability

selected template will load here

This action is not available.

5.4: Reading- The World Wide Web

• Last updated
• Save as PDF
• Page ID 18629

Introduction

British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee is the inventor of the Web.   As a CERN employee, Berners-Lee distributed a proposal on 12 March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web. The initial proposal intended a more effective CERN communication system, but Berners-Lee also realized the concept could be implemented throughout the world.   Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext “to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will”,   and Berners-Lee finished the first website in December of that year.   The first test was completed around 20 December 1990 and Berners-Lee reported about the project on the newsgroup alt.hypertext on 7 August 1991.

On March 12, 1989, Tim Berners-Lee issued a proposal to the management at CERN that referenced ENQUIRE , a database and software project he had built in 1980, and described a more elaborate information management system based on links embedded in readable text: “Imagine, then, the references in this document all being associated with the network address of the thing to which they referred, so that while reading this document you could skip to them with a click of the mouse.” Such a system, he explained, could be referred to using one of the existing meanings of the word hypertext , a term that he says was coined in the 1950s. There is no reason, the proposal continues, why such hypertext links could not encompass multimedia documents including graphics, speech and video, so that Berners-Lee goes on to propose the term hypermedia .

With help from Robert Cailliau, he published a more formal proposal (on 12 November 1990) to build a “Hypertext project” called “WorldWideWeb” (one word, also “W3”) as a “web” of “hypertext documents” to be viewed by “browsers” using a client–server architecture.   This proposal estimated that a read-only web would be developed within three months and that it would take six months to achieve “the creation of new links and new material by readers, [so that] authorship becomes universal” as well as “the automatic notification of a reader when new material of interest to him/her has become available.” While the read-only goal was met, accessible authorship of web content took longer to mature, with the wiki concept, WebDAV, blogs, Web 2.0 and RSS/Atom.

The proposal was modeled after the SGML reader Dynatext by Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within HyTime, but it was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration.

A NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the world’s first web server and also to write the first web browser,WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:   the first web browser (which was a web editor as well); the first web server; and the first web pages, which described the project itself.

The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina announced in May 2013 that Berners-Lee gave him what he says is the oldest known web page during a 1991 visit to UNC. Jones stored it on amagneto-optical drive and on his NeXT computer.

On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee published a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the newsgroup  alt.hypertext .   This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet, although new users only accessed it after 23 August. For this reason this is considered the internaut’s day. Several news media have reported that the first photo on the Web was published by Berners-Lee in 1992, an image of the CERN house band Les Horribles Cernettes taken by Silvano de Gennaro; Gennaro has disclaimed this story, writing that media were “totally distorting our words for the sake of cheap sensationalism.”

The first server outside Europe was installed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in Palo Alto, California, to host the SPIRES-HEP database. Accounts differ substantially as to the date of this event. The World Wide Web Consortium says December 1992,   whereas SLAC itself claims 1991.   This is supported by a W3C document titled A Little History of the World Wide Web .

The underlying concept of hypertext originated in previous projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University, Ted Nelson’s Project Xanadu, and Douglas Engelbart’s oN-Line System (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush’s microfilm-based memex , which was described in the 1945 essay “As We May Think”.

Berners-Lee’s breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book Weaving The Web , he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of both technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally assumed the project himself. In the process, he developed three essential technologies:

• a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere, the universal document identifier (UDI), later known as uniform resource locator (URL) and uniform resource identifier (URI);
• the publishing language HyperText Markup Language (HTML);
• the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems available at the time. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones, making it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of link rot . Unlike predecessors such as HyperCard, the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due.   Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW for Unix and the X Windowing System.

Scholars generally agree that a turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web browser   in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic came from the U.S. High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative and the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 , one of several computing developments initiated by U.S. Senator Al Gore.   Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages and the web’s popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as Gopher and Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS). Mosaic’s graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol.

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still relatively small, but many notable websites were already active that foreshadowed or inspired today’s most popular services.

Connected by the existing Internet, other websites were created around the world, adding international standards for domain names and HTML. Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of web standards (such as the markup languages to compose web pages in), and has advocated his vision of a Semantic Web. The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularizing use of the Internet. Although the two terms are sometimes conflated in popular use, World Wide Web is not synonymous with Internet .   The Web is an information space containing hyperlinked documents and other resources, identified by their URIs. It is implemented as both client and server software using Internet protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTP.

Tim Berners-Lee was knighted in 2004 by Queen Elizabeth II for “services to the global development of the Internet”.

The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used without much distinction. However, the two things are not the same. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. In contrast, the World Wide Web is one of the services transferred over these networks. It is a collection of text documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs, usually accessed by web browsers, from web servers.

Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the page into a web browser, or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. The web browser then initiates a series of background communication messages to fetch and display the requested page. In the 1990s, using a browser to view web pages—and to move from one web page to another through hyperlinks—came to be known as ‘browsing,’ ‘web surfing,’ (after channel surfing), or ‘navigating the Web’. Early studies of this new behavior investigated user patterns in using web browsers. One study, for example, found five user patterns: exploratory surfing, window surfing, evolved surfing, bounded navigation and targeted navigation.

The following example demonstrates the functioning of a web browser when accessing a page at the URL http://example.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web . The browser resolves the server name of the URL ( example.org ) into an Internet Protocol address using the globally distributed Domain Name System (DNS). This lookup returns an IP address such as 203.0.113.4 . The browser then requests the resource by sending an HTTP request across the Internet to the computer at that address. It requests service from a specific TCP port number that is well known for the HTTP service, so that the receiving host can distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols it may be servicing. The HTTP protocol normally uses port number 80. The content of the HTTP request can be as simple as two lines of text:

The computer receiving the HTTP request delivers it to web server software listening for requests on port 80. If the web server can fulfill the request it sends an HTTP response back to the browser indicating success:

followed by the content of the requested page. The Hypertext Markup Language for a basic web page looks like <html> <head> <title>Example.org – The World Wide Web</title> </head> <body> <p>The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known …</p> </body> </html>

The web browser parses the HTML and interprets the markup (<title>, <p> for paragraph, and such) that surrounds the words to format the text on the screen. Many web pages use HTML to reference the URLs of other resources such as images, other embedded media, scripts that affect page behavior, and Cascading Style Sheets that affect page layout. The browser makes additional HTTP requests to the web server for these other Internet media types. As it receives their content from the web server, the browser progressively renders the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML and these additional resources.

Most web pages contain hyperlinks to other related pages and perhaps to downloadable files, source documents, definitions and other web resources. In the underlying HTML, a hyperlink looks like <a href=” http://example.org/wiki/Main_Page “> Example.org, a free encyclopedia </a>

Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links is dubbed a web of information. Publication on the Internet created what Tim Berners-Lee first called the WorldWideWeb (in its original CamelCase, which was subsequently discarded) in November 1990.

The hyperlink structure of the WWW is described by the webgraph: the nodes of the webgraph correspond to the web pages (or URLs) the directed edges between them to the hyperlinks.

Over time, many web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with different content. This makes hyperlinks obsolete, a phenomenon referred to in some circles as link rot, and the hyperlinks affected by it are often called dead links. The ephemeral nature of the Web has prompted many efforts to archive web sites. The Internet Archive, active since 1996, is the best known of such efforts.

Dynamic updates of web pages

JavaScript is a scripting language that was initially developed in 1995 by Brendan Eich, then of Netscape, for use within web pages. The standardised version is ECMAScript.   To make web pages more interactive, some web applications also use JavaScript techniques such as Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML). Client-side script is delivered with the page that can make additional HTTP requests to the server, either in response to user actions such as mouse movements or clicks, or based on elapsed time. The server’s responses are used to modify the current page rather than creating a new page with each response, so the server needs only to provide limited, incremental information. Multiple Ajax requests can be handled at the same time, and users can interact with the page while data is retrieved. Web pages may also regularly poll the server to check whether new information is available.

Many hostnames used for the World Wide Web begin with www because of the long-standing practice of naming Internet hosts according to the services they provide. The hostname of a web server is often www , in the same way that it may be ftp for an FTP server, and news or nntp for a USENET news server. These host names appear as Domain Name System (DNS) or subdomain names, as in www.example.com . The use of www is not required by any technical or policy standard and many web sites do not use it; indeed, the first ever web server was called nxoc01.cern.ch . According to Paolo Palazzi, who worked at CERN along with Tim Berners-Lee, the popular use of www as subdomain was accidental; the World Wide Web project page was intended to be published at www.cern.ch while info.cern.ch was intended to be the CERN home page, however the DNS records were never switched, and the practice of prepending www to an institution’s website domain name was subsequently copied. Many established websites still use the prefix, or they employ other subdomain names such as www2 , secure or en for special purposes. Many such web servers are set up so that both the main domain name (e.g., example.com) and the www subdomain (e.g., www.example.com) refer to the same site; others require one form or the other, or they may map to different web sites.

The use of a subdomain name is useful for load balancing incoming web traffic by creating a CNAME record that points to a cluster of web servers. Since, currently, only a subdomain can be used in a CNAME, the same result cannot be achieved by using the bare domain root.

When a user submits an incomplete domain name to a web browser in its address bar input field, some web browsers automatically try adding the prefix “www” to the beginning of it and possibly “.com”, “.org” and “.net” at the end, depending on what might be missing. For example, entering ‘microsoft’ may be transformed to http://www.microsoft.com/ and ‘openoffice’ to http://www.openoffice.org . This feature started appearing in early versions of Mozilla Firefox, when it still had the working title ‘Firebird’ in early 2003, from an earlier practice in browsers such as Lynx.   It is reported that Microsoft was granted a US patent for the same idea in 2008, but only for mobile devices.

In English, www is usually read as double-u double-u double-u .   Some users pronounce it dub-dub-dub , particularly in New Zealand. Stephen Fry, in his “Podgrammes” series of podcasts, pronounces it wuh wuh wuh.  The English writer Douglas Adams once quipped in The Independent on Sunday(1999): “The World Wide Web is the only thing I know of whose shortened form takes three times longer to say than what it’s short for”.   In Mandarin Chinese, World Wide Web is commonly translated via a phono-semantic matching to wàn wéi wǎng ( 万维网 ), which satisfies www and literally means “myriad dimensional net”, a translation that reflects the design concept and proliferation of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee’s web-space states that World Wide Web is officially spelled as three separate words, each capitalised, with no intervening hyphens.

Use of the www prefix is declining as Web 2.0 web applications seek to brand their domain names and make them easily pronounceable.   As the mobile web grows in popularity, services like Gmail.com, MySpace.com, Facebook.com and Twitter.com are most often mentioned without adding “www.” (or, indeed, “.com”) to the domain.

Scheme specifiers

The scheme specifiers http:// and https:// at the start of a web URI refer to Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP Secure, respectively. They specify the communication protocol to use for the request and response. The HTTP protocol is fundamental to the operation of the World Wide Web, and the added encryption layer in HTTPS is essential when browsers send or retrieve confidential data, such as passwords or banking information. Web browsers usually automatically prepend http:// to user-entered URIs, if omitted.

Web security

For criminals, the web has become the preferred way to spread malware. Cybercrime on the web can include identity theft, fraud, espionage and intelligence gathering.   Web-based vulnerabilities now outnumber traditional computer security concerns, and as measured by Google, about one in ten web pages may contain malicious code.   Most web-based attacks take place on legitimate websites, and most, as measured by Sophos, are hosted in the United States, China and Russia. The most common of all malware threats is SQL injection attacks against websites. Through HTML and URIs, the Web was vulnerable to attacks like cross-site scripting (XSS) that came with the introduction of JavaScript   and were exacerbated to some degree by Web 2.0 and Ajax web design that favors the use of scripts.Today by one estimate, 70% of all websites are open to XSS attacks on their users.  P hishing is another common threat to the Web. “SA, the Security Division of EMC, today announced the findings of its January 2013 Fraud Report, estimating the global losses from phishing at $1.5 Billion in 2012.” Two of the well-known phishing methods are Covert Redirect and Open Redirect.

Proposed solutions vary to extremes. Large security vendors like McAfee already design governance and compliance suites to meet post-9/11 regulations,   and some, like Finjan have recommended active real-time inspection of code and all content regardless of its source. Some have argued that for enterprise to see security as a business opportunity rather than a cost center, “ubiquitous, always-on digital rights management” enforced in the infrastructure by a handful of organizations must replace the hundreds of companies that today secure data and networks.   Jonathan Zittrain has said users sharing responsibility for computing safety is far preferable to locking down the Internet.

Every time a client requests a web page, the server can identify the request’s IP address and usually logs it. Also, unless set not to do so, most web browsers record requested web pages in a viewable history feature, and usually cache much of the content locally. Unless the server-browser communication uses HTTPS encryption, web requests and responses travel in plain text across the internet and can be viewed, recorded, and cached by intermediate systems.

When a web page asks for, and the user supplies, personally identifiable information—such as their real name, address, e-mail address, etc.—web-based entities can associate current web traffic with that individual. If the website uses HTTP cookies, username and password authentication, or other tracking techniques, it can relate other web visits, before and after, to the identifiable information provided. In this way it is possible for a web-based organisation to develop and build a profile of the individual people who use its site or sites. It may be able to build a record for an individual that includes information about their leisure activities, their shopping interests, their profession, and other aspects of their demographic profile. These profiles are obviously of potential interest to marketeers, advertisers and others. Depending on the website’s terms and conditions and the local laws that apply information from these profiles may be sold, shared, or passed to other organisations without the user being informed. For many ordinary people, this means little more than some unexpected e-mails in their in-box, or some uncannily relevant advertising on a future web page. For others, it can mean that time spent indulging an unusual interest can result in a deluge of further targeted marketing that may be unwelcome. Law enforcement, counter terrorism and espionage agencies can also identify, target and track individuals based on their interests or proclivities on the Web.

Social networking sites try to get users to use their real names, interests, and locations. They believe this makes the social networking experience more realistic, and therefore more engaging for all their users. On the other hand, uploaded photographs or unguarded statements can be identified to an individual, who may regret this exposure. Employers, schools, parents, and other relatives may be influenced by aspects of social networking profiles that the posting individual did not intend for these audiences. On-line bullies may make use of personal information to harass or stalk users. Modern social networking websites allow fine grained control of the privacy settings for each individual posting, but these can be complex and not easy to find or use, especially for beginners.

Photographs and videos posted onto websites have caused particular problems, as they can add a person’s face to an on-line profile. With modern and potential facial recognition technology, it may then be possible to relate that face with other, previously anonymous, images, events and scenarios that have been imaged elsewhere. Because of image caching, mirroring and copying, it is difficult to remove an image from the World Wide Web.

Many formal standards and other technical specifications and software define the operation of different aspects of the World Wide Web, the Internet, and computer information exchange. Many of the documents are the work of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), headed by Berners-Lee, but some are produced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and other organizations.

Usually, when web standards are discussed, the following publications are seen as foundational:

• Recommendations for markup languages, especially HTML and XHTML, from the W3C. These define the structure and interpretation of hypertext documents.
• Recommendations for stylesheets, especially CSS, from the W3C.
• Standards for ECMAScript (usually in the form of JavaScript), from Ecma International.
• Recommendations for the Document Object Model, from W3C.

Additional publications provide definitions of other essential technologies for the World Wide Web, including, but not limited to, the following:

• Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), which is a universal system for referencing resources on the Internet, such as hypertext documents and images. URIs, often called URLs, are defined by the IETF’s RFC 3986 / STD 66: Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax , as well as its predecessors and numerous URI scheme-defining RFCs;
• HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , especially as defined by RFC 2616: HTTP/1.1 and RFC 2617: HTTP Authentication , which specify how the browser and server authenticate each other.

Accessibility

There are methods for accessing the Web in alternative mediums and formats to facilitate use by individuals with disabilities. These disabilities may be visual, auditory, physical, speech related, cognitive, neurological, or some combination. Accessibility features also help people with temporary disabilities, like a broken arm, or aging users as their abilities change.   The Web receives information as well as providing information and interacting with society. The World Wide Web Consortium claims it essential that the Web be accessible, so it can provide equal access and equal opportunity to people with disabilities. Tim Berners-Lee once noted, “The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect.”   Many countries regulate web accessibility as a requirement for websites.   International cooperation in the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative led to simple guidelines that web content authors as well as software developers can use to make the Web accessible to persons who may or may not be using assistive technology.

Internationalization

The W3C Internationalization Activity assures that web technology works in all languages, scripts, and cultures.   Beginning in 2004 or 2005, Unicode gained ground and eventually in December 2007 surpassed both ASCII and Western European as the Web’s most frequently used character encoding. OriginallyRFC 3986 allowed resources to be identified by URI in a subset of US-ASCII. RFC 3987 allows more characters—any character in the Universal Character Set—and now a resource can be identified by IRI in any language.

Between 2005 and 2010, the number of web users doubled, and was expected to surpass two billion in 2010.   Early studies in 1998 and 1999 estimating the size of the Web using capture/recapture methods showed that much of the web was not indexed by search engines and the Web was much larger than expected. According to a 2001 study, there was a massive number, over 550 billion, of documents on the Web, mostly in the invisible Web, or Deep Web.   A 2002 survey of 2,024 million web pages determined that by far the most web content was in the English language: 56.4%; next were pages in German (7.7%), French (5.6%), and Japanese (4.9%). A more recent study, which used web searches in 75 different languages to sample the Web, determined that there were over 11.5 billion web pages in the publicly indexable web as of the end of January 2005.   As of March 2009, the indexable web contains at least 25.21 billion pages.   On 25 July 2008, Google software engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hajaj announced that Google Search had discovered one trillion unique URLs. As of May 2009, over 109.5 million domains operated.   Of these, 74% were commercial or other domains operating in the generic top-level domain com .

Statistics measuring a website’s popularity are usually based either on the number of page views or on associated server ‘hits’ (file requests) that it receives.

Speed issues

Frustration over congestion issues in the Internet infrastructure and the high latency that results in slow browsing has led to a pejorative name for the World Wide Web: the World Wide Wait .   Speeding up the Internet is an ongoing discussion over the use of peering and QoS technologies. Other solutions to reduce the congestion can be found at W3C. Guidelines for web response times are:

• 0.1 second (one tenth of a second). Ideal response time. The user does not sense any interruption.
• 1 second. Highest acceptable response time. Download times above 1 second interrupt the user experience.
• 10 seconds. Unacceptable response time. The user experience is interrupted and the user is likely to leave the site or system.

Web caching

A web cache is a server computer located either on the public Internet, or within an enterprise that stores recently accessed web pages to improve response time for users when the same content is requested within a certain time after the original request.

Most web browsers also implement a browser cache for recently obtained data, usually on the local disk drive. HTTP requests by a browser may ask only for data that has changed since the last access. Web pages and resources may contain expiration information to control caching to secure sensitive data, such as in online banking, or to facilitate frequently updated sites, such as news media. Even sites with highly dynamic content may permit basic resources to be refreshed only occasionally. Web site designers find it worthwhile to collate resources such as CSS data and JavaScript into a few site-wide files so that they can be cached efficiently.

Enterprise firewalls often cache Web resources requested by one user for the benefit of many. Some search engines store cached content of frequently accessed websites.

• World Wide Web. Provided by : Wikipedia. Located at : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#See_also . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• Taking a selfie. Authored by : Susanne Nilsson. Located at : https://www.flickr.com/photos/infomastern/14162668916/ . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• World Wide Web. Authored by : sandra_schoen. Located at : https://pixabay.com/en/world-wide-web-www-lettering-world-341418/ . License : CC0: No Rights Reserved

• U.S. Locations
• UMGC Europe
• Learn Online
• Find Answers
• 855-655-8682
• Current Students

Online Guide to Writing and Research

Academic integrity and documentation, explore more of umgc.

• Online Guide to Writing

Types of Documentation

Citing World Wide Web Sources

Web sources, like any other source material, must be documented if you use them in your assignment. In fact, all material on the web—text and graphics alike—is protected by  copyright , regardless of whether the individual source or page has a copyright notice.

Review the style guide your assignment requires to determine what information you need to cite the web source accurately and appropriately. 

Important Tips for Citing Web Sources

Sometimes an author name is not evident. If a person is not listed as an author, your style guide may permit using a corporate author or no author.

Some information, such as publication date, maybe be listed in the bottom banner of the website.

For more information, please consult UMGC Library’s page on Writing and Citing.

Key Takeaway

Web sources, like any other source material, must be documented if you use them in your assignment.

Mailing Address: 3501 University Blvd. East, Adelphi, MD 20783 This work is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . © 2022 UMGC. All links to external sites were verified at the time of publication. UMGC is not responsible for the validity or integrity of information located at external sites.

Table of Contents: Online Guide to Writing

Chapter 1: College Writing

How Does College Writing Differ from Workplace Writing?

What Is College Writing?

Why So Much Emphasis on Writing?

Chapter 2: The Writing Process

Doing Exploratory Research

Getting from Notes to Your Draft

Introduction

Prewriting - Techniques to Get Started - Mining Your Intuition

Prewriting: Targeting Your Audience

Prewriting: Techniques to Get Started

Prewriting: Understanding Your Assignment

Rewriting: Being Your Own Critic

Rewriting: Creating a Revision Strategy

Rewriting: Getting Feedback

Rewriting: The Final Draft

Techniques to Get Started - Outlining

Techniques to Get Started - Using Systematic Techniques

Thesis Statement and Controlling Idea

Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Freewriting

Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Summarizing Your Ideas

Writing: Outlining What You Will Write

Chapter 3: Thinking Strategies

A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone

A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone: Style Through Vocabulary and Diction

Critical Strategies and Writing

Critical Strategies and Writing: Analysis

Critical Strategies and Writing: Evaluation

Critical Strategies and Writing: Persuasion

Critical Strategies and Writing: Synthesis

Developing a Paper Using Strategies

Kinds of Assignments You Will Write

Patterns for Presenting Information

Patterns for Presenting Information: Critiques

Patterns for Presenting Information: Discussing Raw Data

Patterns for Presenting Information: General-to-Specific Pattern

Patterns for Presenting Information: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern

Patterns for Presenting Information: Specific-to-General Pattern

Patterns for Presenting Information: Summaries and Abstracts

Supporting with Research and Examples

Writing Essay Examinations

Writing Essay Examinations: Make Your Answer Relevant and Complete

Writing Essay Examinations: Organize Thinking Before Writing

Writing Essay Examinations: Read and Understand the Question

Chapter 4: The Research Process

Planning and Writing a Research Paper

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Ask a Research Question

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Cite Sources

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Collect Evidence

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Decide Your Point of View, or Role, for Your Research

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Draw Conclusions

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Find a Topic and Get an Overview

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Manage Your Resources

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Outline

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Survey the Literature

Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Work Your Sources into Your Research Writing

Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Human Resources

Research Resources: What Are Research Resources?

Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found?

Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Electronic Resources

Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Print Resources

Structuring the Research Paper: Formal Research Structure

Structuring the Research Paper: Informal Research Structure

The Nature of Research

The Research Assignment: How Should Research Sources Be Evaluated?

The Research Assignment: When Is Research Needed?

The Research Assignment: Why Perform Research?

Chapter 5: Academic Integrity

Academic Integrity

Giving Credit to Sources

Giving Credit to Sources: Copyright Laws

Giving Credit to Sources: Documentation

Giving Credit to Sources: Style Guides

Integrating Sources

Practicing Academic Integrity

Practicing Academic Integrity: Keeping Accurate Records

Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material

Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Paraphrasing Your Source

Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Quoting Your Source

Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Summarizing Your Sources

Types of Documentation: Bibliographies and Source Lists

Types of Documentation: Citing World Wide Web Sources

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - APA Style

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - CSE/CBE Style

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - Chicago Style

Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - MLA Style

Types of Documentation: Note Citations

Chapter 6: Using Library Resources

Finding Library Resources

Chapter 7: Assessing Your Writing

How Is Writing Graded?

How Is Writing Graded?: A General Assessment Tool

The Draft Stage

The Draft Stage: The First Draft

The Draft Stage: The Revision Process and the Final Draft

The Draft Stage: Using Feedback

The Research Stage

Using Assessment to Improve Your Writing

Chapter 8: Other Frequently Assigned Papers

Reviews and Reaction Papers: Article and Book Reviews

Reviews and Reaction Papers: Reaction Papers

Writing Arguments

Writing Arguments: Adapting the Argument Structure

Writing Arguments: Purposes of Argument

Writing Arguments: References to Consult for Writing Arguments

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Anticipate Active Opposition

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Determine Your Organization

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Develop Your Argument

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Introduce Your Argument

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - State Your Thesis or Proposition

Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Write Your Conclusion

Writing Arguments: Types of Argument

Appendix A: Books to Help Improve Your Writing

Dictionaries

General Style Manuals

Researching on the Internet

Special Style Manuals

Writing Handbooks

Appendix B: Collaborative Writing and Peer Reviewing

Collaborative Writing: Assignments to Accompany the Group Project

Collaborative Writing: Informal Progress Report

Collaborative Writing: Issues to Resolve

Collaborative Writing: Methodology

Collaborative Writing: Peer Evaluation

Collaborative Writing: Tasks of Collaborative Writing Group Members

Collaborative Writing: Writing Plan

General Introduction

Peer Reviewing

Appendix C: Developing an Improvement Plan

Working with Your Instructor’s Comments and Grades

Appendix D: Writing Plan and Project Schedule

Devising a Writing Project Plan and Schedule

Reviewing Your Plan with Others

By using our website you agree to our use of cookies. Learn more about how we use cookies by reading our  Privacy Policy .

World Wide Web Assignment

Your website must contain:

Standard homepage (no deviations in format or colors on first page please until after the assignment is graded) ; 3 image references, including a recent personal photograph; 2 hypertext links to other pages you created and stored on your UMSL web server account, these pages may contain your resume or any other type of document; ONE of these two pages must be another . htm or. html page one bulleted list; one table;

Link to your personal blog: BE SURE YOUR NAME IS ON YOUR BLOG PAGE SO I KNOW THAT IT IS YOU;

Link to your LINKED in Account

MAILTO command to your UMSL email address ; change in font colors on one of your other two pages (not the home page);

Of course, you are encouraged to be creative. You can put more images, pictures, hypertext links to other pages, embed forms, animation, video, etc.

To complete this assignment you will use 3 software applications:

1.       a browser to copy files from the internet (explorer, firefox—instructions below are for firefox, etc.), 2.       an editor to change the files you copied (i recommend notepad because it does not add extra html codes), 3.       access to your public_html folder on the jinx server (student k drive), how to create your homepage; directions are for firefox, i.   copy the four files from my standard homepage.

Using A Browser (FIREFOX), click on Standard homepage

On Browser menu, click on "file"

Select " Save Page As":

Save file to the DESKTOP (If DESKTOP is not appearing as an option, select Libraries-Documents and it will save to your desktop) using the filename index.html save as type WEBPAGE, HTML ONLY

Please note index.html must be in lower case.    

Stay where you are to copy three images

Point the curser on the yellow line, hit the right mouse button, and select SAVE IMAGE AS , line_gol.gif to desktop

Point the curser on the umsl logo, hit the right mouse button, and select SAVE IMAGE AS , umsllogo.gif to desktop

Point the curser on the yellow ball, hit the right mouse button, and select SAVE IMAGE AS regball.gif to desktop

MINIMIZE your browser and verify that you have four files on your desktop:

line_gol.gif

umsllogo.gif

regball.gif

To edit the index.html file, right click on the file and select OPEN WITH and select notepad

Edit the file to personalize your webpage; As a first step, just insert your name.

Let’s make pretend your name is Sally Smith:

Be sure to SAVE your index.html file each time you edit it.

Please be sure to change all references to /~ lacitym to your /~SSOID

II. Upload your files to the   PUBLIC _HTML FOLDER ON UNIX SERVER FROM CAMPUS

In this step, you will copy your files that are stored locally (desktop, c drive, flash drive) onto your public_html folder on the k: server.  , if you are on campus ,   logon to mygateway ., minimize the mygateway window, on the desktop, click on the icon my computer.   you should see your k: drive., click on the k: drive, you should see a public_html subdirectory, click on the public_html subdirectory.

Drag and drop your files from the DESKTOP (or C: drive or flash drive—wherever your files are locally stored) to the the public_html subdirectory

These files include:

§   index.html   ( must be in lower case!)

§   line_gol.gif

§   umsllogo.gif

§   regball.gif

Note: It is vital that your active subdirectory is public_html everytime you want to upload files to your website.  

Note: You may have an existing index_html file on your public_html , so you will have to answer YES to the question “Do you want to replace the file?”

Note:   If you want to save a copy of your old index.html, save it under another names like indexold.html.

Be sure to test your homepage using a browser.

Sometimes you have to hit the refresh button to see the changes.

To continue editing, you make open index.html with NOTEPAD from your K drive (Please note—faculty use a different drive so follow the text instructions and ignore the part of the picture that points to a Z drive)

III. Upload your files to the   PUBLIC _HTML FOLDER ON K: SERVER FROM OFF CAMPUS

Follow the instructions for FTP SSH Secure Shell or VPN on:

http://www.umsl.edu/technology/tsc/StudentResources/filestorage.html

http://www.umsl.edu/technology/networking/TritonVPN/index.html

https://tritonvpn.umsl.edu/+CSCOE+/logon.html

I can’t help you diagnose problems if you are having connection problems from home.   But you can always work on the assignment in the on campus computing labs:

            http://www.umsl.edu/technology/iss/StudentLabs/index.html

IV. ADDING FILES TO YOUR WEB PAGES

The previous steps successfully loaded your homepage on the WWW.

The assignment calls for two additional pages that are linked from your homepage.   There are many options:

Option A: You may copy page2.html and page3.html using the same procedure for copying my standard home page.   Process is copy-edit-upload.

Option B.   Link to a document you created.

Suppose you want to load a resume stored in a file called myresume.doc .   The process is:

1. Open your index_html file with NOTEPAD and find this code:

< img src ="regball.gif" ><a href ="http://www.umsl.edu/~lacitym/page2.html">Add meaningful lable to page2</a>< br >

2. Edit this line of code to read:

< img src ="regball.gif" ><a href ="http://www.umsl.edu/~ SSOid/myresume.doc "> Click here for my resume </a>< br >

Of course, you type in your actual SSOid not the word SSOid

3. Save index_html file

4. Make sure myresume.doc is stored in your public_html subdirectory

IF YOU DON’T SEE YOUR K: DRIVE WHEN YOU OPEN MY COMPUTER:

Right click on My Computer

Select Map Network Drive

In the FOLDER window type \\soulard.umsl.edu\SSOid

(Of course, you type in your actual SSOid not the word SSOid )

Click on reconnect at logon option

Click on finish

• Faculty/Staff
• Faculty Affairs
• Administration
• Financial Aid
• University Catalog
• Human Resources
• Career Center
• Careers at CSUDH
• IT Help Desk

World Wide Web Assignment

Latest News

This assignment is a basic exercise is using the WWW. Unlike the other assignments, all you need to do is print this page or copy the assignment down. As you work through the assignment, the most effective way to provide evidence of the completion of a step is to print the web page. If your search has returned a very large web document, just print the first page.

• Identify three different internet search engines, excluding Yahoo!, go to their home pages and print the page. If everyone in the class turns in the same three search engines, I won't be a happy camper.
• Select any element.
• Using the search engines chosen above, find the total number of sites which "respond" to the search on your element.Tabulate the results (or print the first page of the search response).
• Select one of the three search engines which permits Boolean keys. Perform an advanced search which contains both "or" and "and" with your element as the first search term. Print the first page of the search response.
• From the Boolean search select a single web site. For the site provide the complete URL as well as a one or two sentence summary of the content of the web site.

Find a chemistry related news story (must be in the print media within the last month). Select a topic from the news story. Using only Yahoo! find at least five sites with information related to your topic. For this section report:

• The complete reference to the original news story.
• The topic you selected from the news story and how it relates to the original story.
• The complete URLs for the fives sites with an brief statement of the content found at each.

Search code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...

Provide feedback.

We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.

Saved searches

Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly.

To see all available qualifiers, see our documentation .

• Notifications

MoizFarooquii/World-Wide-Web-Coursera-Assignment

Folders and files, repository files navigation, the world wide web project.

The son of computer scientists, Berners-Lee was born in London in 1955 (the same year as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates) and studied physics at Oxford. While employed at CERN in the 1980s, Berners-Lee observed how tough it was to keep track of the projects and computer systems of the organization’s thousands of researchers, who were spread around the globe. As he later stated: "In those days, there was different information on different computers, but you had to log on to different computers to get at it. Also, sometimes you had to learn a different program on each computer."

In March 1989, Berners-Lee gave managers at CERN a proposal for an information management system that used hypertext to link documents on different computers that were connected to the Internet. (Hypertext, a term coined in 1963, allows a person to get a document or piece of content by clicking on a coded word or phrase.) Labelled “vague but exciting” by his boss, the proposal at first wasn’t accepted. Berners-Lee teamed up with Robert Cailliau, a Belgian engineer at CERN, to refine the proposal, and in 1990 the Englishman’s boss gave him time to work on the project. After originally calling the project Information Management, Berners-Lee tried out names such as Mine of Information and Information Mesh before settling on WorldWideWeb.

By the end of 1990, Berners-Lee, using a Steve Jobs-designed NeXT computer, had developed the key technologies that are the bedrock of the Web, including Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), for creating Web pages; Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), a set of rules for transferring data across the Web; and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), or Web addresses for finding a document or page. He also had devised a basic browser and Web server software.

The beginning of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet arrived on August 6, 1991, when Berners-Lee published the first-ever website. Fittingly, the site was about the World Wide Web project, describing the Web and how to use it. Hosted at CERN on Berners-Lee’s NeXT computer.

Problem Statement

Replicate the World's First Web Site as shared in the PDF .

Instructions

• Download and unzip the boilerplate code.
• Run the command npm install to install the dependencies required for automated testing.
• Open the boilerplate code in VSCode to develop the assignment solution.
• Add required code in the index.html file
• First, test the solution locally by running the command npm run test .
• Refactor the solution to ensure all test cases are passing.
• DO NOT MODIFY THE PROVIDED CODE, ELSE THIS MAY IMPACT THE TEST CODE EXECUTION.
• Zip the solution code by selecting all the files and folders excluding the node_modules folder and give the name same as assignment name to the zipped file.
• Upload the zipped solution for submission.
• HTML 100.0%

• Assignment Help Australia
• Assignment Writing Help
• Do My Assignment
• Writing assignment for University
• Project Management Assignment Help
• In-Class Assignment Help
• Top Homework Helpers
• Coursework Writing Service
• Dissertation Writing Services in UK
• Thesis Writing Service
• Programming Language Assignment Help
• Adobe InDesign Assignment Help
• Advanced Network Design Assignment Help
• Artificial Intelligence Assignment Help
• Assembly Language Assignment Help
• Computer Programming Assignment Help
• C Assignment Help
• Coding Assignment Help
• Data Structure Assignment Help
• IT Assignment Help
• Machine Learning Assignment Help
• ODOO Assignment Help
• R Programming Assignment Help
• UML Assignment Help
• Web Designing Assignment Help
• Big Data Assignment Help
• Data Mining Assignment Help
• Matlab Assignment Help
• Xero Accounting Pod Assignment Help

Accounting Assignment Help

• MYOB Assignment Help
• Statistics Assignment Help
• Research Proposal Assignment Help
• Industry Research Project Assignment Help
• Civil Engineering Assignment Help
• AUTOCAD Assignment help
• ANSYS Assignment Help
• SOLIDWORKS Assignment Help
• Predictive Analytics Assignment Help

Article Writing

• Strategic Business Plan
• Capstone Project Writing Services in Australia

Tap to Chat Get instant assignment help

Get Assisted by Experience Writers for Custom Assignment Help Service

Cherish personalized and custom  assignment writing services at a fair  price from assignment world.

How Assignment Help Happens?

To get assignment help, comply to the following 4 steps and avail professional help you can be proud of

Request a Quote

Fill out the form or contact us by using live chat or WhatsApp to place an order for Assignment.

Chat with Us

Share all the instructions for the expert to help you effectively per your demand.

Complete the Transaction

Pay using secure gateway mode using a Credit/Debit Card or bank transfer.

Get Desired Delivery

Our professional writers ensure that you receive on-time every time.

Assignment Help Features by Assignment World

Assignment Help is a vast service and to lead the industry following are some service attributes that help us stand ahead of others & ensure the best assignment assistance.

Select among the most skilled writers who hold PHDs and master's degrees from our team and let them handle your Assignment.

Get assistance upfront with our active customer support. We are available 24*7 all 365 days.

Our services are AI and plagiarism-free, written from scratch without grammatical errors.

We provide reasonable prices with great discounts so every student can benefit from our services.

On-time delivery is our primary responsibility. We are dedicated to delivering the Assignment before the given deadlines.

Our professional experts are available 24*7 to meet even the tightest deadlines and provide urgent assignment help.

Assignment World: Services

Assignment help.

Assignment. world is a one-stop solution for all your academic needs. With a team of PhD and master's level experts, we assure you to provide the best quality service in online assignment assistance. Our experts ensure all the assignments are made according to your guidelines and are 100% plagiarism free, unique, and made from scratch. Assignment help is an online platform for academic students to complete assignments and get better assessment results. Assignment help covers almost all the subjects at every level of an educational career. Our Assignment Helper Australia experts provide authentic solutions to all students across the globe. Writers thoroughly know subjects and ensure you score apex grades in your batch. On our website, you can get custom-made solutions for various subjects.

Homework Help

As a homework help provider, our website provides good-quality assignments. It helps students score exceptionally high grades in their academic careers. Our team has the best homework experts who always ensure your homework is written according to your requirements. Each online homework help is done from scratch using genuine sources and references. We desire to serve every student with quality work and promise to deliver timely assignments. Irrespective of your academic level, we ensure that our top homework helpers deliver every homework assignment per the guidelines and instructions shared.

Coursework Help

Completing students' coursework with superior content quality is our main target. We provide high-standard work at affordable prices and offer discounts on all types of coursework help . Our team is always here to help you with your coursework, allowing you to handle your other college responsibilities. We have over 500+ professional experts on staff. They are all highly trained and qualified to assist in any difficult subject coursework. As a result, our customers can expect to receive high-quality projects within predetermined timeframes.

Essay Writing

Many students find it hard to write essays, especially when they lack the skills and resources to do it themselves. They can use our essay writing services to get custom essays written for them. We provide top-notch support with our simple-to-order essay writing service. Our experts are well-trained to provide a structured essay with 100% original and plagiarism-free content per your needs and guidelines. With the help of our efficient essay writing services , you may succeed academically and reach new heights.

Article writing is a skill that requires creativity, knowledge, and expertise. The article-writing process starts with brainstorming ideas and then narrowing them down to a few. Ultimately it requires a huge effort and is time-consuming. Assignment. world takes great pride in providing professional article writing services with the best mixture of experience, expertise, and opinions. Our skilled writers know the ideal tone, style, and length for each piece to have the greatest impact.

Thesis Help

Your search for an ideal thesis writing service ends with us. Our team of writers conducts high-level research to help you with your thesis. Most of our writers hold PhD degrees and will help you meet your professor’s expectations. With Assignment.World. Your aspiration of earning a master’s degree with a high score is within your reach. We promise to dedicate our full time to relieve you from the stress of writing a thesis.

Dissertation Help

A prolonged form of academic writing is the dissertation. A dissertation must be submitted in time to qualify for degree conferral for all PhD candidates. Assignment.world provides research-based quality work on Dissertation writing services and Dissertation Help . Our website is the perfect companion for helping you with the arduous task of writing a dissertation. Years of experience have aided us in building a systematic strategy for writing the best dissertations for our students.

Programming Assignment Help

Our team of writers is efficient and qualified enough to cater to you with coding and programming assignment help. We assure supreme standards of quality to meet your requirements. All the services are available to you effortlessly, around the clock. We have solutions to every problem you face with programming assignments. Our team aims to meet your academic needs and provide substantial computer programming assignment help . You name it; we have it, whether it’s Java, C++, C, Matlab, HTML, etc. We have multiple services like Big Data, Data Mining, along with AI and ML Services like Machine Learning Assignment Help . Our team of Programming Assignment Helpers is efficient and qualified enough to cater to you with programming and coding assignment help. We assure supreme standards for quality to meet your requirements. All the services are available to you effortlessly any time round the clock.

Web Development

Get your project built, code reviewed, and problems solved by web development help services online from a simple to a complicated website. We create gorgeous, fully responsive, and mobile-friendly websites. Our experts are skilled enough to tackle programming problems at any level. Assignment. world is a one-stop solution for all web development assignment help . Count on us for great results. We are committed to excellence and go the extra mile to satisfy clients.

Research Paper Writing

Writing a research paper requires a high standard of understanding and effort, which can sometimes be tough for students. Here at Assignment.world, we aim to make your academic life stress free by providing you with all the research paper writing services . We offer excellent work within a speculated time frame, ensuring speedy delivery. Professionals undertake qualitative, quantitative, analytical, and scientific research to draw reliable solutions and summarise the content appropriately. We will do you all the Research Paper assignment help at the most affordable prices.

Research Proposal

The research proposal assignment is a dreadful task for many students. Writing the proposal requires a lot of time and effort, but it also requires an in-depth understanding of the topic. At Assignment. world, we have a pool of writers who use the most authentic sources for gathering materials. Our bunch of writers are proficient enough in their several fields. Experts provide authentic solutions to all students across the globe and help to release their stress. So, no need to wait anymore; avail our best research proposal assignment help and boost your grades.

Data Assignment Help

Data Assignment Help covers all data-related projects. It provides the tools needed to manage and analyze data effectively. Some of the services include Big Data Assignment Help Data Mining Assignment Help Data Structure Assignment Help At Assignment.world, we have experts in data assignment help who provide impeccable quality assignments within the required timeframe. With the help of experienced professionals, you can get your data assignments done quickly and accurately. You can save time and effort while still achieving your desired results.

CAD Assignment Help

CAD Assignment help services cover software tools and technical concepts well utilized in Assignment.world. Related our CAD Assignment help services include: Civil Engineering Assignment Help AutoCAD Assignment help Solidworks assignment help and many more We have top-notch experts available 24*7 at your services. With the help of their experience and skills, Assignment.world provides the top quality CAD assignment help services at the most reasonable price.

Accounting assignment help is a great way for students to get the support they need to complete their accounting assignments. With the help of experts, students can get assistance with topics such as Xero Assignment Help, financial statements, and many more. With the help of our accounting assignment help service, students can be sure that their assignments are completed accurately and on time.

Marketing Plan

Creating a detailed marketing plan is an essential part of any business. It will help you develop a strategy for reaching your target audience and achieving your goals. Having a well-crafted marketing plan that helps identify potential customers, defines the most effective tactics and channels, and creates measurable objectives. Assignment.world can provide valuable assistance in creating an effective marketing plan. Our experts have extensive experience creating successful plans tailored to meet the needs of different businesses and industries. Our services give students a comprehensive marketing plan to reach their desired outcomes.

Subjects Covered by Assignment World

Our professional writers have in-depth knowledge in every subject to fetch you top quality assignment help.

Programming and Mobile App Development

We serve in all Languages like Python, Java, C/C++, iOS / Android Apps, and Software Engineering.

Science & Mathematics

We offer help in Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, Oceanology, Topology, Number Theory & etc.

Business Management & Law

We offer a wide range of expertise in Marketing, HRM, Strategic Mgmt, Contract / Company Law & etc.

Nursing, Biology & Medicine

We assist in Biology, Medical, Pharma, Nursing, healthcare, child care, pedagogy, mental health, Ecology, Life Science, & etc.

Computer Science and Business Intelligence

Comp. Architecture, Network & Security, Project Mgmt, Database, Digital Forensics, Capstone.

Engineering & Architecture

We cater services to Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Chemical Automobile Engineerings, & etc.

Economics & Statistics

Providing help in Micro. Macro, Managerial, Linear Programming, Quantitative Economics & etc.

Accounting & Finance

We cater Accounting, Taxation, MYOB / PERDISCO, Ratio Analysis, Management Accounting, Capital Market, Financial Modelling & etc.

Assignment World: Hallmark & Benefits

Assignment World is a domain where one should take quality seriously and here we go an extra mile to ensure all orders meet the highest academic standards.

Our University Pages

Have a look at our magnificent University Page and select any course. We have got your back for the daunting assignments !

Over-the-top universities are where education meets experience

Make your dreams come true by enrolling yourself in Kaplan

Melbourne institute of technology is all set to fulfil all your dreams.

Enroll now at the #1 University in student support.

Encash this golden ticket to study at one of the finest Universitie.

Get admission to the #1 University for two years Higher Education Ranking.

Assignment.world has been the leading organization in assignment writing services for the last 10 years. We have a team of 2150+ experts working with us who are always ready to assist you with any assignment help queries. We have the best PhD experts who can provide quality plagiarism-free work, student-friendly pricing, and certain discounts. Our top-notch services are available within a stipulated delivery time for custom and urgent assignments. Our services are spread across the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, and almost worldwide. Our primary focus areas are dissertations, thesis help, research papers, programming assignments, homework help, coursework help, and many more. Many university students have benefited from our service and achieved top grades in their assignments. As a result of our quality assignment writing, students keep returning to us when it comes to assignments. With tremendous customer satisfaction and support, we could put our name forward as a standard for others.

Excellent work, the assignment was clear and concise, and all the calculations were done properly. Thank you.

Amazing paper. They provided it to me ahead of schedule, it was properly written, and I earned an excellent grade.

I appreciate the experts that worked on it. Very precise work. Also received before the timeframe. Great work. Thank you so much.

United Kingdom (UK)

Twice revision was more satisfying. I received the assignment before the deadline. Overall, it was a good experience.

Thank you so much for your hard work; Keep it up, Assignment.world. The specialists have solid knowledge and understanding of their subject.

Awesome assignment work. The project was well-organized as per my requirement. I appreciated the assignment's writing style.

The Assignment work was of excellent quality, and the information was relevant. The specialist worked superbly. Great work.

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Both a strong vocabulary and the absence of plagiarism were awesome parts. Prompt delivery of an assignment. Very satisfied with work.

I received the assignment service customized as per my university's guidelines. On-time delivery. Very pleased with the work.

Thank you for the timely delivery, proper feedback, and high-quality content. Excellent referencing. I will advise my friends as well.

Secure And Confidential Assignment Help

Put all your doubts aside. Assignment.world works for its customer loyalty. We never share and reveal our customers’ information and details to outside parties. No third-party services have access to our customer list or any data. We guarantee that your personal information is secure and confidential with us. We are here to provide you with quality assignment help. Assignment help from certified and qualified writers only wishes to serve you with high standards and plagiarism-free content, maintaining your privacy. We do not collect or disclose personal information with unscrupulous ad agencies or academic institutions.

As a result, your professor will have no idea you used our custom assignment writing help services. Everything is done online, which is how we deliver your assignments, completed papers, dissertations, thesis, research papers, and discounts to you. We never see your credit card information because payments are made through secure channels. So put your worries aside and leave your academic assignments to us!

Assignment Help By Top Experts

Our website has a team of the brightest and most skilled academic writers on the internet. We’re delighted to present them to you! Our assignment writers are the cream of society, with most holding PhD degrees in their respective fields. Suppose you require assistance in completing your university assignments. We will gladly provide you with a list of qualified and seasoned writers to choose from. A rigorous hiring technique is used to pick only the best academic writers. Our subject experts are ready to work for you and provide you with the highest-quality content. Experts are well-versed in different academic formats and can help you with your assignments quickly and accurately. A wide range of services, including proofreading, editing, formatting, and plagiarism checking, ensures your assignments are perfect before submission. Assignment help by top experts covers all subjects at academic levels. Whether you are in school, college, university, or have professional degrees. Our writers can handle all assignment writing services, like complex dissertations, thesis, research papers, homework, coursework, essays, etc.

Assignment Help At Affordable Prices

Assignment help, which balances price and quality, might be challenging for students. But not anymore, Assignment.world provides custom and legit assignment help at pocket-friendly prices. Students worldwide recognize that we provide an excellent balance of affordability and professionalism for all academic writing services. We guarantee high-quality solutions and believe that excellent service does not have to be expensive.

We are committed to aiding students in all subject areas at all stages of their academic careers at the most affordable prices, along with 30% discount offers. Although this may appear to be a tall aim, we are committed to attaining it. Hire an expert for all your academic assignments and experience excellent quality at a reasonable price.