write urdu essay

• , March 15, 2024

Exploring The Beauty Of Urdu Writing: #1 Easy Guide

Growing up in New Delhi, I had always been fascinated by the remnants of Mughal architecture dotting the city skyline. But it was the Urdu writing – Urdu tehreer (اردو تحریر) carved on those centuries-old walls and minarets that would catch my attention every time.

Now, it might not be a ‘romance’ language like French, Italian, or Spanish, but many in north India and Pakistan consider Urdu a language of romance. Rekhta (ریختہ), one of its earlier names, is a language of culture – of Adab (ادَب – respectfulness) and Tahzeeb (تَہْذِیب – mannerism). It is the language of mystical Sufism, divine love, and poetry. It is the language of Sukhan (سخن) – speech, language, and Urdu words .

Let’s discover what makes Urdu a beautiful language to learn .

What Are The Features Of Urdu Writing

#1 the urdu script.

As we noted earlier, it uses the Nastaʻliq script and is typically written from right to left. After the Mughal conquest, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. The appearance of letters in cursive depends on their context and positions: Isolated form, initial position (starting from left), medial form (both sides), and final position (joined on the right).

#2 The Urdu Alphabet

There are 39 or 40 Urdu letters without any distinct letter case. Now, the ambiguity regarding the number of Urdu alphabet present in this script is quite clear. That’s because it is an ‘abjad’ script that evolved from the Persian script. 

This implies that the Urdu script only identifies consonants and long vowels. The pronunciation of short vowels is left to the reader’s inference. The first letter of the script is  ا  (pronounced:  Alif ), and the second letter is  ب  (pronounced:  Bē ).

#3 Sound System

There are 41 consonant sounds and 11 vowel sounds in this language. It is interesting to note that it has borrowed numerous phonemes (smallest unit of speech) from Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan languages. It has adopted 14 Indic sounds with aspirated consonants, retroflex consonants, and additional letters in the form of aspirated and unaspirated sounds.

#4 Word Order

The Urdu sentence structure follows the SOV pattern: Subject + Object + Verb. For instance, one can write the translation of “I am eating food” as میں کھانا کھا رہا ہوں ( Main khaana kha rahaa hoon ). Further, the verbs and adjectives agree with the subject (gender and plurality of nouns).

So, a male would say: میں کھانا کھا رہا ہوں ( Main khaana kha rahaa hoon ) whereas a female would say میں کھانا کھا رہی ہوں ( Main khaana kha rahi hoon ).

#5 Vocabulary

There’s no denying that this Asian language is unique when it comes to the terminologies it uses. In the case of the Urdu language, most of the terms are known to be greatly influenced by Persian, Turkish, and Arabic words that are not commonly found in other languages (as shown in the tables below). So, the next time you’re trying to connect with someone in Urdu, you might want to brush up on these useful words and phrases beforehand.

Fascinating Features Of The Urdu Language

Urdu is the native language of many Indians and Pakistanis, with a vast diaspora settled in the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia, and several Gulf countries. Though born in Delhi of yore, this language enjoys the status of being the official language of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and one of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India. It is also the official state language of several Indian states.

Its Origins

This language was born from the regional Apabhramsha (the literary language of northwestern India’s final phase of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages) in the 12th century. This new language came into existence in the region of present-day Delhi as an amalgamation of the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Urdu was derived from the Turkish word ‘ordu,’ meaning army.

Throughout the centuries, it came to be known by various names – Hindvi, Gujari, Dakkhani, Zaban-e-Hind, Hindi, Zaban-e-Delhi, and so on . In the late 17th and 18th centuries, it was called Hindustani and Zaban-e-Urdu (the language of the army), respectively.

Its Similarities With Hindi

Hindi and Urdu are considered sister languages . One can argue that on many parameters, they are almost identical. For instance, they sound intelligent to each other’s native speakers. At the conversational level, the spoken version of both these languages sounds the same as they both evolved from the same source – Khari Boli – the dialect of the Delhi region during the Delhi Sultanate’s reign.

The primary difference lies in their written forms. While Hindi is written in the Devanagari script from left to right, Urdu uses a modified form of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq (nastaʿlīq – نستعلیق ) and is written from right to left.

Moreover, the majority of the Hindi lexicon is borrowed from Sanskrit and Prakrit, while Persian, Arabic, and Turkish heavily influence the latter.

Want To Learn Urdu? Try Ling

Now, wasn’t that a solid start to making a foray into writing the Urdu language ? Yes, it might seem quite challenging at the beginning, but which learning curve doesn’t? The most important thing is to make a commitment to your resolve and stay determined to it. For everything else, you can always depend on Ling .

The Ling app offers unique linguistic techniques and modern technology to provide you with a fulfilling language learning experience. With its gamified interface, interactive exercises, and fun quizzes, you are bound to make quick progress in your language-learning journey. Picking up a language has never been this easy! So, without wasting much time, go to your Google Play Store or Apple App Store and download the Ling app for free now!

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Essay Writing Tips in the Urdu Language

• Post author: Mr-Teacher
• Post last modified: February 21, 2023

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Are you learning Urdu and need to write your first essay in the Urdu language? It won’t be as easy as ABC because you must do much research to complete a high-quality paper. Urdu refers to rare languages and has distinctive features and peculiarities. More and more students decide to contact professional academic writers at essay writing services not to fail and submit a flawless essay in Urdu. Want to write an insightful essay that will be evaluated positively? You’ve come to the right place. Here is a collection of expert writing tips from SmartWritingService that will make the essay writing process easier and more effective. 

Choose the Topic You Know the Best

First, choose the topic you can reveal in the Urdu language. If you are a beginner, you shouldn’t pick complex topics. It will be hard to discuss them, and you won’t be able to give information on all the topic issues. Don’t choose too broad or too narrow topics. Brainstorm ideas on the topics you are interested in and feel passionate about discussing. Ensure you know all the necessary Urdu words and terms to discuss the chosen subject.

Conduct Research and Analysis

The second thing you need to do is to search for credible sources of information. You need to use only educational websites and electronic libraries with trusted sources. Don’t use any facts or data until you make sure all the information is true. You can use books, articles from newspapers, and web sources. The more sources you use, the better. Collect all the information on the topic you can find and analyze what pieces of information are valuable for your essay.

Write a Detailed Essay Outline

Now you have a topic and enough material to get started. Make an essay outline to have a clear picture of how to structure your essay paper. Using a good outline you won’t miss any important ideas on the subject. 

Divide Your Content into 3 Parts

Your essay should consist of 3 parts: an introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. You should start with an engaging opening paragraph. The main key to success is to include interesting facts or a story about your topic. You should structure your essay, so the content is easy to perceive and understand. There is a wealth of literature in Urdu. This is the literature of Indian Muslims that dates back to the 13th century. Until the beginning of the 19th century, it was represented mainly by lyric poetry on religious-philosophical themes and was strongly influenced by Persian poetry. It’s a good idea to include poetry in your essay. Find several lines that reflect on your essay topic and use them at the beginning of your essay paper.

Write a short introduction to attract the reader’s attention and proceed to the main part of the essay. Here, you need to discuss all the key issues, give arguments for each of the discussion points, and start any new idea from the new paragraph. Finally, conclude your Urdu essay with several sentences that will make it clear to the reader why he/she has spent time learning the topic. Write about the possibility of further research on the topic. The conclusion should be brief, clear, and concise. 

Pay a Special Attention to Grammar in Urdu

The grammar of Urdu is generally similar to that of Hindi; however, due to the cultural separation of Muslims from Hindus, Urdu has incorporated some elements characteristic of the grammar of Arabic and Persian. 

• Nouns, pronouns, and verbs change in numbers (singular and plural) and cases (direct, indirect, vocative), verbs, some adjectives, and nouns also in gender (masculine and feminine). Some postpositions also vary in gender and number.
• Urdu pronouns are classified into several groups of meanings. Urdu has no negative pronouns; instead, negative constructions with indefinite pronouns are used. By the nature of the changes and functions in the sentence, pronouns are divided into pronouns-nouns, pronouns-adjectives, and pronouns-numerals. There are several types of participles in Urdu. The participles combine verbal and nominal signs. Foreign language (Arabic, Persian) participles in Urdu are used as ordinary adjectives.
• There are several types of verb tenses in Urdu. In terms of the present, there are two kinds, in terms of the past – three, and in terms of the future, the kind can both be expressed (in three forms) and remain unexpressed. Most tenses are formed by creating a nominal predicate from a participle and an auxiliary verb. The imperative mood has several forms, which differ in the degree of politeness. Also, in Urdu, there are “intensive verbs” – combinations of the stem of a verb with one of the 12 service verbs. As a result of this combination, the main verb receives a refined shade of its meaning. Intensive verbs are usually not recorded in dictionaries, they are not separate verbs, and in each particular case, they are formed directly in speech.

Proofread and edit the essay, if necessary. Make sure it doesn’t contain grammar errors, and that the whole essay sounds logical. If you lack essay writing skills or knowledge of the Urdu language, don’t hesitate to ask custom writers to check your paper and make it error-free. Experienced writers will provide a high-quality essay sample on the necessary topic to get inspired and learn how to express your thoughts in Urdu.

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How to Write Urdu Essay | For Students of Competitive Exams

March 17, 2012 by Admin 9 Comments

How to write Urdu Essay? (For all competitive exams) Writing an Urdu essay seems difficult to many candidates but it is not at all difficult. In PMS Urdu Essay is included in Urdu compulsory paper and it comprises of 40 marks. In the exam of Tehsildar, it is of 50 marks. No matter how many marks it is comprised of, you can write it in a best way by following the tips given below. Following are the tips to write an essay worth reading. Step#1. You would be given options between different topics to write an essay on. Read all topics carefully and select the one about which you are sure that you have sufficient knowledge. Step#2. Let’s suppose that you have chosen an essay,”Sahafat aur hmari zimadarian”. Now you have to draw a rough sketch of all the points that are in your mind on rough sheet. Step#3. Jolt down all points in a sequence. Important tip: Essay is just like a body with head, abdomen and legs and you have to draw this drawing beautifully. Head of the Urdu Essay This is an opening paragraph and it should be free of mistakes. Moreover the words used in it must be eye catching. This paragraph is the theme statement of the essay and must reflects the main idea of the statement. Abdomen of Urdu Essay In this part of the essay you will discuss all the points but in a sequence

•  Write down the facts and figures about Sahafat.
•   Explore the role played by Sahafat on national, international and local level.
•   Discuss the causes, remedies and effects of “ azad-e-sahafat”
•   Put quotations, couplets, examples, hadith, ayats etc where needed.
•   You can handle this topic globally by discussing the role played by Bain ul aqwami Sahafat against Muslims and Islam and in this context what should be done by Qomi sahafat?
•   Disclose another side of this topic by discussing the importance of local sahafat in bridging the gap between the provinces.

Lower part of Urdu Essay or conclusion. In this part you will conclude all your efforts that were generated in the whole essay. Your end should be positive and hopeful. Either you are finding a way or not to any problem but you are not suppose to show yourself a pessimist person.

Reader Interactions

November 15, 2015 at 8:56 am

March 14, 2016 at 2:20 pm

It is not that good!

August 18, 2017 at 1:43 pm

meh….. its….difficult to do cause I REALLYYYYYYYYY DONT WANNA WRITE A RO;IGH SKETCKH

August 18, 2017 at 1:44 pm

fine just fine.

October 1, 2017 at 4:18 pm

Good but give some quotes to

October 25, 2017 at 3:01 am

IT IS VERY GOOD I LIKE IT

November 15, 2017 at 3:52 am

ITS NICE WAY TO WRITE AN ESSAY I LIKE IT

February 19, 2018 at 4:27 pm

You’ve encouraged us by saying it’s very easy.by the way I don’t know the meaning of sahafat.loll

November 18, 2019 at 2:47 pm

Yes you are right lol

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Essay On Education In Urdu

Back to: Urdu Essays List 1

تعلیم زندگی کی سب سے ضروری چیزوں میں سے ایک ہے جو انسان کی زندگی کے ساتھ ہی ساتھ ملک کی بہتری میں بھی ضروری ہے۔ آج کل یہ کسی بھی معاشرے کی نئی پیڑی کے اچھے مستقبل کے لیے ایک بہت ہی اہم چیز ہے۔ تعلیم کی اسی ضرورت کو نظر میں رکھتے ہوئے ہمارے ملک کے آئین نے 5 سال سے 15 سال تک کی عمر کے سبھی بچوں کے لیے تعلیم کو ضروری قرار دیا ہے ۔

تعلیم زندگی کو صحیح طریقے سے گزارنے کا ہنر بخشتی ہے اور ہمیں زندگی کی چھوٹی اور بڑی پریشانیوں کا سامنا کرنا سکھاتی ہے۔ معاشرے کی فلاح و بہبود کے لیے تعلیم کی سخت ضرورت ہے ، اور اتنے بڑے درجے پر آگاہ کرنے کے بعد بھی ملک کے سبھی حصّوں میں تعلیم ایک جیسی نہیں ہے۔

انسانی زندگی میں گھر تعلیم کا اولین درجہ ہوتا ہے اور والدین اپنے بچوں کے اولین استاد ہوتے ہیں۔ ہر بچہ اپنی والدہ سے سب سے پہلے بولنا سیکھتا ہے ،بچہ والدین کے نقش قدم پر چلتے ہوئے چھوٹی چھوٹی باتوں کو گھر سے سیکھنا شروع کرتا ہے۔پھر دھیرے دھیرے اپنے اساتذہ سے تعلیمی ہنر حاصل کرتے ہوئے اپنی منزل مقصود کی طرف روانہ ہوتا ہے۔

تعلیم انسان کی سوچ کو بدل کر رکھ دیتی ہے اور اپنی کامیابی میں آگے بڑھنے کی سیکھ دیتی ہے۔ تعلیم کے بغیر انسان زندگی کے کسی بھی میدان میں کامیاب نہیں ہو سکتا۔ تعلیم کے ذریعے ہی انسان اچھے اور برے کی تمیز کر سکتا ہے۔ ایک تعلیم یافتہ انسان کی ہر کوئی عزت کرتا ہے۔ اسے سماج میں عزت کی نگاہ سے دیکھا جاتا ہے۔اور وہ اپنی زندگی کو خوشگوار طریقے سے گزارتا ہے۔اس کے برعکس ایک جاہل انسان کی زندگی بہت ہی دکھوں اور تکلیفوں بھری ہوتی ہے۔ اس کی سماج میں کوئی عزت نہیں ہوتی۔

ہم سبھی اپنے بچوں کو کامیابی کی طرف جاتے ہوئے دیکھنا چاہتے ہیں ۔ جو صرف اچھی اور بہترین تعلیم کے ذریعہ سے ہی ممکن ہے۔ سبھی والدین کو اپنے بچوں کو بچپن سے ہی زندگی میں تعلیم کی اہمیت اور اس کے فائدوں کے بارے میں بتاتے رہنا چاہیے کہ آج کے زمانے میں تعلیم کتنی اہمیت رکھتی ہے۔ تاکہ وہ اس کا خیال رکھیں اور بہتر مستقبل اور تعلیم کی طرف جا سکیں۔

شروعاتی تعلیم طلباء کے لیے ایک نیا موقع دیتی ہے جو زندگی بھر ان کی مدد کرتا ہے۔ ہماری تعلیم اس بات کا خلاصہ کرتی ہے کہ ہم اپنے مستقبل میں کس طرح کے انسان بنیں گے۔ تعلیم ہی انسان اور جانور میں فرق بتاتی ہے، کیونکہ ایک جانور کو کسی بات کی بھی تعلیم نہیں ہوتی، لیکن ایک انسان اچھے اور برے کے بارے میں بہت بہتر طریقے سے سمجھ سکتا ہے۔

موجودہ دور میں تعلیم حاصل کرنا بہت ہی آسان ہوگیا ہے۔ سرکار کی طرف سے ملک کے ہر گاؤں قصبے میں بہت سے اسکولوں، کالجوں اور یونیورسٹیوں کا بہترین انتظام کیا گیا ہے۔اب ہم لیپ ٹاپ اور موبائل کے ذریعے سے اپنی تعلیم کو بہترین بنا سکتے ہیں۔انٹرنیٹ اور یوٹیوب پر دنیا کے کونے کونے سے بہترین اساتذہ کے لیکچر اپنے گھر میں بیٹھ کر ہی سن سکتے ہیں۔اس کے برعکس پرانے زمانے میں تعلیم حاصل کرنا بہت ہی مشکل کام ہوتا تھا۔اس لیے ہمیں چاہیے کہ ان وسائل کا بہترین استعمال کرکے اچھی تعلیم حاصل کریں اور اپنے ماں باپ اور اپنے ملک کا نام روشن کریں۔

اچھی تعلیم مستقبل میں کامیابی کی منزل پر پہنچنے والے راستوں کو تیار کرتی ہے۔ اور بہتر تعلیم زندگی میں بہت سے خوابوں کو سچ کرنا سکھاتی ہے۔ انسان کی کامیابی کا دارومدار بہترین تعلیم پر ہے۔ بہترین تعلیم کے ذریعے ہی انسان نے چاند پر قدم رکھا، ہوائی جہاز کے ذریعے ہوا میں تیرنا سیکھا، اس کے علاوہ ایسی مشینیں تیار کی جن کو استعمال کرکے گھنٹوں کا کام منٹوں میں ہو جاتا ہے۔ اور ان سبھی قابلیتوں کو تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے بعد ہی پایا جاسکتا ہے۔

Tips for Writing an Urdu Essay in O Level 

By Benjamin Oaks | February 16, 2022

A seemingly accelerating globalization trend and diversity in all social spheres suggest an appetitive for more multilingual professionals. The more languages one knows, the more chances to become a valuable, successful employee. If you are a student, there is no better time to learn a foreign language than now. If Urdu is your second or even third language, you may face challenges along the way, as mastering this language is not an easy task. While assignment writers can help you complete some tasks, most of the work associated with learning this language requires substantial intellectual effort and skills on your part. In this article, grade miners share some top tips for writing a simple, O-level Urdu essay.  

What Is an Urdu O-Level Essay?  

Cambridge O Level stands for ordinary language level. O Level is designed with international students in mind, as they often struggle with learning a new language. Therefore, it has less complex requirements and demands than the advanced level for proficient language learners. However, even O Level may turn out to be an insurmountable barrier for many Urdu language learners if they lack proper guidance and support. The problem is that this Indo-European language is moderately difficult. It may be harder to learn Urdu than master English or German.  

Essay writing is one of the basic assignments designed to help Urdu learners to write and express their ideas. Creating an essay in O Level pursues several goals:

• Expanding vocabulary
• Improving grammar and punctuation
• Learning word order
• Expressing ideas and opinions

Essays are well-suited for different language levels, including Urdu O, because the writing assignments can be adjusted to fit students’ language skills. For example, an advanced Urdu essay may examine more complex topics (e.g., social implications of climate change) and be several pages long. In contrast, O level-students can write on simpler topics and complete short essays (1-2 pages are usually enough).  

How Can I Write an Urdu O-Level Paper?  

Learning a foreign language may be a nightmare, but many pro tips can make this process less daunting. To begin, you need to practice a lot. Although it may be tempting to use the best writing services , you need to complete as many essays as possible to prepare for the language exam. We recommend using the Cambridge O Level books that usually contain all the needed vocabulary and grammar rules. Therefore, look through the book before writing your essay and write down some useful words and phrases that fit the topic. In this way, you will have a broader set of language tools to write your paper. Moreover, Cambridge books also contain grammar rules and other information you will need while writing your O-Level essay.  

Next, you need to be able to work with the literature. Using your own ideas is always welcomed, but you also need to know how to support your arguments with solid evidence and hard facts. Find reliable Urdu sources and quote them to make your essay more impressive.  

Of course, the structure is everything when it comes to essay writing. No matter what language you use, your essay should have the following organization:

• Introduction with a thesis statement
• Body paragraphs

No matter how many witty ideas you discuss or how rich your language is, your Urdu essay does not make sense without this structure. If used effectively, essay structure can make essay writing more manageable because it shows where you should put your ideas.  

Finally, revising and editing are of paramount importance. Essays written by students whose first language is not Urdu are often riddled with multiple errors. Therefore, don’t overestimate your language abilities and never skip editing. When you practice, you can use the best essay writer service for editing your papers to understand your weaknesses better.  

Need inspiration and guidance? Check Urdu O-Level essays online. Samples may help you understand what level of language knowledge you are expected to possess and how your essay should look. Samples are also helpful in expanding your vocabulary (make sure you take notes, though).  

If you are given a chance to choose a topic, never opt for the most impressive one. Choose topics you are familiar with because you need sufficient knowledge to complete a good paper. Moreover, don’t try to be clever but always rely on facts. Last but not least, make sure you know how much time each of the essay parts takes. If you practice much, you should know how to organize your time not to submit a half-finished paper.  

Introducing Benjamin Oaks – the man of many talents, including academic writing. Graderminer to the backbone, Benjamin takes great pride in helping new generations of college graduates in the U.S. to get their diploma successfully and be able to pay off college loans faster. Also, Benjamin is a cool guy to talk to on non-work related topics, from sports to high cuisine.

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Nice Post. Thanks to develop the Writing skills of other Languages.

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Urdu (draft) Nastaliq Arabic

Updated 13 November, 2022

This page brings together basic information about the Arabic script and its use for the Urdu language. It aims to provide a brief, descriptive summary of the modern, printed orthography and typographic features, and to advise how to write Urdu using Unicode.

Select part of this sample text to show a list of characters, with links to more details. Source Change size:   28px

دفعہ ۱۔ تمام انسان آزاد اور حقوق و عزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پیدا ہوئے ہیں۔ انہیں ضمیر اور عقل ودیعت ہوئی ہے۔ اس لئے انہیں ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سلوک کرنا چاہیئے۔

دفعہ ۲۔ ہر شخص ان تمام آزادیوں اور حقوق کا مستحق ہے جو اس اعلان میں بیان کئے گئے ہیں، اور اس حق پر نسل، رنگ، جنس، زبان، مذہب اور سیاسی تفریق کا یا کسی قسم کے عقیدے، قوم، معاشرے، دولت یا خاندانی حیثیت وغیرہ کا کوئی اثر نہ پڑے گا۔ اس کے علاوہ جس علاقے یا ملک سے جو شخص تعلق رکھتا ہے اس کی سیاسی کیفیت دائرہ اختیار یا بین الاقوامی حیثیت کی بنا پر اس سے کوئی امتیازی سلوک نہیں کیا جائے گا۔ چاہے وہ ملک یا علاقہ آزاد ہو یا تولیتی ہو یا غیر مختار ہو یا سیاسی اقتدار کے لحاظ سے کسی دوسری بندش کا پابند ہو۔

Usage & history

The Urdu alphabet, in the nastaliq style, is used to write the Urdu language, spoken in Pakistan and India.

اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی

The orthography is a modification of Perso-Arabic, which derives from the Arabic alphabet with additions for Indo-European pronunciation. After the Mughal conquest, Nasta'liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan, and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it.

See the comparison table

See the Arabic script summary

Basic features

Urdu uses the Arabic script, with extensions to covers its much wider repertoire of sounds. A number of the extensions are based on those developed for Persian (Farsi). The Arabic script is an abjad . This means that in normal use the script represents only consonant and long vowel sounds. See the table to the right for a brief overview of features for the modern Urdu orthography.

Urdu text runs right-to-left in horizontal lines , but numbers and embedded Latin text are read left-to-right.

It is principally written using the nasta'liq style of Arabic writing. Glyphs are more drawn out, and the baseline tends to be sloping from word to word.

The script is cursive , and some basic letter shapes change radically, depending on what they join to. The nastaliq styling creates diagonal baselines between joined characters, and tends to reduce clarity about where one letter ends and the next starts. (The dots and other diacritics associated with letters become particularly useful for the reader.)

There is no case distinction .

Words are separated by spaces.

Modern Urdu has 39 basic consonant letters and 18 aspirated digraphs in its alphabet to represent native sounds, but tends to spell words loaned from Persian and Arabic using additional characters. Although it is not always easy to guess the vowel sounds in a word, the consonants are largely reliable phonetically. There is mostly a one-to-one correspondance between letters and sounds. Vowels, however, are a different story.

The script draws on combinations of 5 code points in order to write 10 vowel sounds in unvowelled text, but uses an additional 5-10 diacritics when precision is needed. Nasalisation is indicated by a special letter in word-final position, but by a normal n-letter word-medially, although sometimes this has an additional diacritic.

The way Urdu indicates vowels that follow another vowel without an intervening consonant, and the way it represents the izafat conjunction, use a hamza diacritic and other diacritics and letters in a somewhat complicated pattern. The choice between precomposed and decomposed realisations of characters used for these features is also complicated.

A mandatory ligature is used for combinations of lam + alif .

Additional diacritics indicate the absence of a vowel in consonant clusters , and gemination .

Urdu uses native digits , though the code points are different from those used for the Arabic language, and Arabic code points are used for several of the more common punctuation marks.

Joining forms

Because the Arabic script is 'cursive' (ie. joined-up) writing, letters tend to have different shapes depending on whether they join with adjacent letters or not (see cursive ). Here we clarify some of the terminology used in this page to refer to these different forms.

Several characters have no left-joining form. This has an effect on the following letter shape.

When we say 'initial' forms, we generally refer to glyphs that only join to the left. Consonants that don't have a left-joining form use the unjoined glyph at the beginning of a word. Initial forms occur in word-medial position if they follow a glyph that doesn't join to the left.

Where we illustrate 'initial' forms of a vowel we typically show the word-initial form, which is always attached to or preceded by an aleph, eg. اَ or ای‍ـ . If an initial form is immediately preceded by a consonant, the consonant takes the place of the aleph, eg. رَ‍ـ or ری‍ـ .

In illustrations of shaping forms we normally show the 'isolated' form of a vowel as preceded by aleph, as it would be if written alone, eg. ای . In use following another letter, however, the aleph is dropped.

Word-final vowel forms come in two types. A vowel that can join with the preceding character uses the right-joining glyph, eg. بی . One that follows a letter that doesn't join to the left uses the isolated form, eg. ری . When we refer to the 'final' form, we are usually referring to the former, ie. the right-joined form.

Character index

Not used for urdu, combining marks, punctuation.

These are sounds of the Urdu language.

Click on the sounds to reveal locations in this document where they are mentioned.

Phones in a lighter colour are non-native or allophones. Source Wikipedia .

Vowel sounds

There are 10 vowel sounds, though there are also allophonic variants. They are usually grouped into pairs of 'short' and 'long' sounds - although the difference is qualitative, rather than just length. The basic phonemes are as follows:

The phoneme ə is often written a in phonemic transcriptions. Its pronunciation may also be slightly lower as far down as ɐ , so it is shown slightly lower than normal on the chart.

iː and uː in word-final position are typically shortened to i and u , whp,#Vowels eg. شَکتی وَستُو

Where ɦ has inherent vowels on either side, those vowels may become ɛ , eg. کَہنا A similar process occurs for word-final ɦ , whp,#Vowels eg. کَہہ

For more details, see Wikipedia .

Consonant sounds

Urdu, like other Indic languages, has four forms of plosives, illustrated here with the bilabial stop: unvoiced p , voiced b , aspirated pʰ , and murmured bʱ . It also has a set of retroflex consonants.

v and w are allophones of ʋ in Urdu. w typically occurs between a consonant and vowel, whp,#Allophony_of_[v]_and_[w] eg. compare پکوان ورت

Vowel sounds to characters

This section maps Urdu vowel sounds to common graphemes in the Arabic orthography, grouped by word-initial ( i ), medial ( m ), and final ( f ) types. Click on a grapheme to find other mentions on this page (links appear at the bottom of the page). Click on the character name to see examples and for detailed descriptions of the character(s) shown.

Sounds listed as 'infrequent' are allophones, or sounds used for foreign words, etc.

Urdu follows Arabic in using diacritics to express short vowel sounds, but also rarely uses them in normal text. Given the extra phonetic sounds in Urdu, compared to Arabic, the way characters are used to express vowels is much more complicated.

The three short vowels are not typically found in final position.

Vowel diacritics are shown here, but are not normally shown in Urdu text.

اِیـ [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+0650 ARABIC KASRA + U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] , eg. اِینٹ .

◌ِـیـ [ U+0650 ARABIC KASRA + U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] , eg. تِین .

◌ِـی   [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] , eg. گاری .

اِ [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+0650 ARABIC KASRA ], eg. اِنسَان .

◌ِ [ U+0650 ARABIC KASRA ] , eg. دِن .

‍ئ‍    [ U+0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE ]   after another vowel with no intervening consonant, eg. کوئلہ .

اُ [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+064F ARABIC DAMMA ] , eg. اُڑنَا .

◌ُ [ U+064F ARABIC DAMMA ] , eg. سُست .

و [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] in two very common words: خود , and خوش .

اُو [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+064F ARABIC DAMMA + U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. اُوپر .

اوٗ [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW + U+0657 ARABIC INVERTED DAMMA ] , eg.   اوٗپر .

◌ُو [ U+064F ARABIC DAMMA + U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. پُورا .

وٗ [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW + U+0657 ARABIC INVERTED DAMMA ] , eg. پوٗرا . 

◌ُو [ U+064F ARABIC DAMMA + U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. ہندُو .

وٗ [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW + U+0657 ARABIC INVERTED DAMMA ] , eg. ہندوٗ . 

ایـ [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] , eg. ایک .

ـیـ    [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] , eg. بیٹا .

ـے    [ U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE ] , eg. بجے .

او [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. اوس .

و [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. ٹوپی .

و [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. کو .

◌ِ [ U+0650 ARABIC KASRA ] , when used as izafat, eg. شیرِ پنجاب .

ۂ [ U+06C2 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL WITH HAMZA ABOVE ] as izafat when the preceding word ends in a silent ہ [ U+06C1 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL ] , eg. درجۂ حرارت .

ٔ [ U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE ] as izafat when the preceding word ends with ی [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] or ۓ [ U+06D3 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE WITH HAMZA ABOVE ] , eg. آزادئ مذہب .

  ئے [ U+0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE + U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE ] as izafat when the preceding word ends in ا [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF ] or و [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. روئے زمین .

اَیـ [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+064E ARABIC FATHA + U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] , eg. اَیسا .

May also replace inherent vowels alongside ɦ , per the description above .

◌ـَیـ [ U+064E ARABIC FATHA + U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] , eg. کَیسَا .

◌ـَے [ U+064E ARABIC FATHA + U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE ] , eg. ہَے .

اَو [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+064E ARABIC FATHA + U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. اَور .

◌َو [ U+064E ARABIC FATHA + U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. شَوق .

◌َو [ U+064E ARABIC FATHA + U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. نَو .

اَ [ U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF + U+064E ARABIC FATHA ] , eg. اَب .

◌َ [ U+064E ARABIC FATHA ] , eg. سَر .

ـئـ [ U+0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE ]   after another vowel with no intervening consonant, eg. ہیئت .

آ [ U+0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE ] , eg. آج .

◌َـا [ U+064E ARABIC FATHA + U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF ] , eg. بَاغ .

◌َـا [ U+064E ARABIC FATHA + U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF ] , eg. لِکھنَا .

ـہ [ U+06C1 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL ] at the end of many words derived from Arabic or Persian, eg. مَکّہ . 

ـیٰ [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH + U+0670 ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF ] at the end of a few Arabic words, eg. اعلیٰ . 

ں [ U+06BA ARABIC LETTER NOON GHUNNA ] when word final, eg. نہیں .

ن [ U+0646 ARABIC LETTER NOON ] elsewhere , eg. دانت , اونچا .

ن٘ [ U+0646 ARABIC LETTER NOON + U+0658 ARABIC MARK NOON GHUNNA ] if the author wishes to emphasise that this is nasalisation. 

Vowels without diacritics

When text is unvowelled (as it usually is), there are only a few ways of writing vowels, and a good deal of ambiguity for the novice reader about which sound is represented by a given letter.

This table shows the characters and their basic mappings to sounds. (The table should be read right-to-left.)

The vowels ə ɪ ʊ are not marked in medial position, and generally do not occur in final position.

See also vowel_mappings .

Vowel diacritics

In situations where it is necessary to unambiguously indicate the underlying vowel sounds, the following diacritics can be added to base letters.

The following table summarises the main vowel to character assigments. Note that some sounds are distinguished in vowelled text by an absence of diacritics. More information can be found by clicking on the characters above, or in the section vowel_mappings .

Each table cell shows word-initial, word-medial, and word-final forms from right to left. Click/tap on items to see a list of the components for that cell.

◌ٗ [ U+0657 ARABIC INVERTED DAMMA ] is used to indicate that the vowel is uː or ʊ rather than ɔ . It is not usually needed, and serves only to emphasise that this is a vowel, eg. ہندوٗ

ٓ [ U+0653 ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE ] is only found in decomposed text, and is associated only with alef . See آ [ U+0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE ] .

Other diacritics

The doubled vowel diacritics, ◌ً [ U+064B ARABIC FATHATAN​ ] , ◌ٌ [ U+064C ARABIC DAMMATAN​ ] , and ◌ٍ [ U+064D ARABIC KASRATAN​ ] are used at the ends of certain Arabic adverbs in vowelled text. The doubled zabar (fathatan) is the most common of the three marks of this type, and is usually written over an alif , although the vowel sound is short. Examples, یقیناً مثلاً

◌ٰ [ U+0670 ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF ] is used in a few Arabic words over the final form of ی [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] to produce the sound ɑ: eg. اعلیٰ دعویٰ

The similar diacritic ◌ٖ [ U+0656 ARABIC SUBSCRIPT ALEF ] is (rarely) used to indicate that a vowel is iː or i rather than e , eg. نُحْیٖ nuh͓yᵢ

AIN as a vowel carrier

ع [ U+0639 ARABIC LETTER AIN ] is used in words of Arabic origin. In these words it is typically not pronounced but can support vowels. In this way, at the beginning of a word it can fulfill the same function as the alif, but the spelling can distinguish homophones, eg. compare عَرب اَرَب

Note, in particular, that the equivalent of آ [ U+0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE ] ɑː is عا , as in عادت

A following ع may also affect a short vowel diacritic to produce a long vowel sound as follows:

ɑː from zabar followed by 'ain , eg. بَعد

e from zer followed by 'ain , eg. شِعر

o from peʃ followed by 'ain , eg. شُعلہ

Sound changes before HE

ہ [ U+06C1 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL ] and ح [ U+062D ARABIC LETTER HAH ] can also modify preceding short vowels as follows:

ɛ from zabar followed by he , eg. اَحمد رَہنا

ɛ from zer followed by he , eg. مِہربانی واضِح

o from peʃ followed by 'ain , eg. شُہرت توجُّہ

The so-called 'silent' he that appears at the end of many words of Arabic or Persian derivation is pronounced ɑː , مکَہ

Nasalisation

Vowels may be nasalised, like at the end of the French word élan .

Word-medially, this is written using the normal ن [ U+0646 ARABIC LETTER NOON ] , eg. سانپ انگریزی

Word-finally, this is indicated in Urdu by nun ghunna , which looks like the letter nun except that it has no dot. For this, use ں [ U+06BA ARABIC LETTER NOON GHUNNA ] , eg. ماں کروں

The diacritic ◌٘ [ U+0658 ARABIC MARK NOON GHUNNA ] is used when people want to make it clear that a noon character represents nasalisation rather than the sound n , eg. ٹان٘گ

It is not used in a standard way, just when the user prefers, and is fairly uncommon. 

A hamzā plays more than one role in Urdu, related to vowels. It is used within a word to separate standalone vowel sounds from a preceding vowel (see standalone ). It is also used at the end of a word to express a short ɛ sound between 2 words, which is typically translated 'of' (see izafat ).

An isolated form of hamza, ء [ U+0621 ARABIC LETTER HAMZA ] , is occasionally used, but generally hamza is written above a preceding base letter using ٔ [ U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE ] or a precomposed character with a hamza.

A number of precomposed combinations of base letter and hamza are encoded in Unicode. Many of these decompose and recompose under normalisation as canonical alternatives, but a few do not and need to be treated with care.

For information about which precomposed characters are used or not used here see hamza_choices .

When represented by a combining character, hamza can also have two different shapes, one like the initial form of 'ain and the other more like an italic 's'.

Standalone vowels

A vowel that follows another vowel, with no preceding consonant, is commonly marked with a hamzā diacritic. This generally applies to words where the second vowel is one of the following: iː e ɪ uː oː , and the graphemes used are:

See hamza_choices for notes on the use of precomposed characters, especially ئ [ U+0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE ] .

Yeh. When the second vowel is an iː or e represented by ی [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] or ے [ U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE ] , the hamzā 'sits on a chair' before it. The hamza on its chair is written using ئ [ U+0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE ] , eg. کئی تیئیس کوئی گئے گائے

The short vowel ɪ as a second vowel is also represented by hamzā 'on its chair' alone, eg. کوئلہ لائن

Waw. When the second vowel is an uː or oː represented by و [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , the hamzā typically sits directly on top of the و . To represent this in Unicode use ؤ [ U+0624 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE ] , eg. آؤ جاؤں

Unmarked. Often the hamzā is omitted in this situation. Many words have the vowel combinations iːɑ̃ iːe iːo , where hamzā is not typically used, eg. لڑکیاں چلیے لڑکیوں کا

Izāfat ɪzɑːfat is the name given to the short vowel ɛ used to describe a relationship between two words. It may be translated of , eg. as in the Lion of Punjab , and appears at the end of the initial word in a 2-word sequence.

Zer This is mostly represented using zer , although in unvowelled text the combining mark is commonly not shown ub,99 we , eg. شیرِ پنجاب طالبِ علم

Heh If ہ [ U+06C1 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL ] is pronounced as h at the end of a word, then zer is used, as for any other consonant sound, eg. براہِ راست

However, when it represents a vowel sound or is silent, izafat is represented by a combining hamza ub,99 we , eg. درجۂ حرارت قطرۂ آب

Yeh When the preceding word ends in ی [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] or ے [ U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE ] , izafat is represented by a the respective letter with a hamza ub,99 we , eg. آزادئ مذہب ولئ کامل vly‘ kɑml valiː ɛ kɑːmɪl perfect saint

Alef or waw When the preceding word ends in a vowel written with ا or و , izafat is represented using hamza 'on it's chair' followed by baɽiː je , ie. ئے [ U+0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE + U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE ] dmt,250 ub,99 we , eg. صدائے بلند روئے زمین

Consonant sounds to characters

This section maps Urdu consonant sounds to common graphemes in the Arabic orthography. Click on a grapheme to find other mentions on this page (links appear at the bottom of the page). Click on the character name to see examples and for detailed descriptions of the character(s) shown.

پ [ U+067E ARABIC LETTER PEH ] , eg. پانی .

ب [ U+0628 ARABIC LETTER BEH ] , eg. بہت

پھ [ U+067E ARABIC LETTER PEH + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. پھل .

بھ [ U+0628 ARABIC LETTER BEH + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. بھاری

ت [ U+062A ARABIC LETTER TEH ] , eg. تین .

ط [ U+0637 ARABIC LETTER TAH ] , in words of Arabic origin, eg. خُطُوط . 

د [ U+062F ARABIC LETTER DAL ] , eg. دو .

تھ [ U+062A ARABIC LETTER TEH + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. تھوکنا .

دھ [ U+062F ARABIC LETTER DAL + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. دھول .

ٹ [ U+0679 ARABIC LETTER TTEH ] , eg. ٹانگ .

ڈ [ U+0688 ARABIC LETTER DDAL ] , eg. انڈا‎ .

ٹھ [ U+0679 ARABIC LETTER TTEH + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. ٹھنڈا .

ڈھ [ U+0688 ARABIC LETTER DDAL + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ]

ک [ U+06A9 ARABIC LETTER KEHEH ] , eg. کتا‎ .

گ [ U+06AF ARABIC LETTER GAF ] , eg. گردن‎ .

کھ [ U+06A9 ARABIC LETTER KEHEH + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. کھانا‎ .

گھ [ U+06AF ARABIC LETTER GAF + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. گھاس‎ .

ق [ U+0642 ARABIC LETTER QAF ] , eg. قلم .

چ [ U+0686 ARABIC LETTER TCHEH ] , eg. چار‎ .

ج [ U+062C ARABIC LETTER JEEM ] , eg. جانور‎ .

چھ [ U+0686 ARABIC LETTER TCHEH + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. چھوٹا‎ .

جھ [ U+062C ARABIC LETTER JEEM + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. جھیل‎ .

ف [ U+0641 ARABIC LETTER FEH ] , eg. سفید‎ .

و [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , as an allophone of ʋ , eg. ہوا ḫvɑ ɦə.ʋɑː wind ورت .

س [ U+0633 ARABIC LETTER SEEN ] , eg. سورج‎ .

ص [ U+0635 ARABIC LETTER SAD ] in words of Arabic origin, eg. صابُن .

ث [ U+062B ARABIC LETTER THEH ] in words of Arabic or Persian origin, eg. ثابت .

ز [ U+0632 ARABIC LETTER ZAIN ] , eg. نزدیک

ذ [ U+0630 ARABIC LETTER THAL ] , eg. . جذبہ

ض [ U+0636 ARABIC LETTER DAD ] , in words of Arabic origin, eg. ضِد .

ظ [ U+0638 ARABIC LETTER ZAH ] , in words of Arabic origin, eg. ظَاہِر .

ش [ U+0634 ARABIC LETTER SHEEN ] , eg. بارش‎ .

ژ [ U+0698 ARABIC LETTER JEH ] , eg.

خ [ U+062E ARABIC LETTER KHAH ] , eg. خون‎ .

غ [ U+063A ARABIC LETTER GHAIN ] , eg. غُلام .

ہ [ U+06C1 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL ] , eg. ہڈی‎ .

ح [ U+062D ARABIC LETTER HAH ] in words of Arabic origin, eg. حَاکِم . 

م [ U+0645 ARABIC LETTER MEEM ] , eg. مچھلی‎ .

ن [ U+0646 ARABIC LETTER NOON ] , eg. ناک‎ .

ن [ U+0646 ARABIC LETTER NOON ] , eg.

نیْا [ U+0646 ARABIC LETTER NOON + U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH + U+0652 ARABIC SUKUN + U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF ] , eg.

ن [ U+0646 ARABIC LETTER NOON ]

و [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] , eg. توچا‎ .

و [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] as an allophone of ʋ commonly occuring between a consonant and vowel, eg. پکوان .

ر [ U+0631 ARABIC LETTER REH ] , eg اردو .

ر [ U+0631 ARABIC LETTER REH ] , eg. آرام . Allophone of r that ends to occur between vowels.

ڑ [ U+0691 ARABIC LETTER RREH ] , eg. بڑا‎ .

ڑھ [ U+0691 ARABIC LETTER RREH + U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] , eg. گاڑھا‎ .

ل [ U+0644 ARABIC LETTER LAM ] , eg. لال‎ .

ی [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] , eg. نیا‎ .

Sources: Wikipedia Anunaadam -->, and Google Translate.

Basic letters

The alphabet standardised in 2004 by the National Language Authority in Pakistan counts 39 letters, and 18 digraphs representing aspirated consonants. Follow the links to the character notes for the letters described below to find examples and detailed information.

و [ U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW ] and ی [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] represent both consonants and vowels. See vowel_mappings .

ہ [ U+06C1 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL ] normally represents the sound ɦ in Urdu, but it is also pronounced ɑː or is silent in certain contexts.  ح [ U+062D ARABIC LETTER HAH ] is used for words of Arabic origin.

There are 3 letters for s , and 4 for z , due the retention of Arabic spelling for words of Arabic origin. The most common letter for s is س [ U+0633 ARABIC LETTER SEEN ] , and for z is ز [ U+0632 ARABIC LETTER ZAIN ] .

Aspirated consonants

Other letters.

ۃ [ U+06C3 ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL ] is rarely used except in certain loan words from Arabic. It is not pronounced. When replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words ہ [ U+06C1 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL ] is normally used.

Consonant clusters

The absence of a vowel sound can be indicated with the diacritic  ْ [ U+0652 ARABIC SUKUN ] , called sukūn or jazm , although this diacritic is not normally shown in text, eg. سَخْت

It has various possible forms, including a small round circle, something that looks like peʃ , and something like a circumflex, see fig_sukun .

This diacritic is never written above the final character in a word, mainly because as a rule a short vowel is not pronounced in this position.

Consonant lengthening & gemination

Most native consonants may be lengthened, but not bʱ , ɽ , ɽʱ , or ɦ . Geminate consonants are always medial and preceded by one of ə , ɪ , or ʊ . whp,#Consonants

In vowelled text, which is very rare, this is shown using the diacritic  ّ [ U+0651 ARABIC SHADDA​ ] , called taʃdiːd , eg. ستّر More often than not, this is not written.

Arabic definite article

The pronunciation of ال ( alif followed by lām ) varies when it represents the Arabic definite article. This affects many words in Urdu that have come from Arabic, in particular names and adverbial expressions.

The lām is not pronounced if it precedes one of the following characters:

Instead, the following sound is doubled. A tašdīd may sometimes be used to indicate this. Example: السلام علیکم

Often the alif is not pronounced after a short preceding word that ends in a vowel. If the preceding vowel was long, it is shortened in this process. Examples: بالکل فی الحال

Often the vowel is pronounced ʊ , eg. دارالحکومت

Encoding choices

In the Urdu orthography different sequences of Unicode characters may produce the same visual result. Here we look at those, and make notes on usage.

Hamza & precomposed characters

Unicode support for the various uses of the hamza are complicated. u,384 For notes on the usage of the hamza in Urdu, see standalone and izafat .

Canonically equivalent alternatives

A number of combinations with the hamza diacritic can be represented as either a precomposed character or a decomposed sequence, where the parts are separated in Unicode Normalisation Form D (NFD) and recomposed in Unicode Normalisation Form C (NFC), so both approaches are canonically equivalent. These include the following:

The single code point per vowel-sign is the form preferred by the Unicode Standard and the form in common use for Urdu, but either could be used.

The last item is a special case. The precomposed form has a canonical decomposition, but it is to hamza over ي [ U+064A ARABIC LETTER YEH ] rather than ی [ U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH ] . This is used in particular for 'hamza on its chair', but also for word medial standalone vowels, and it is usually only when those are decomposed that the ي [ U+064A ARABIC LETTER YEH ] is found in Urdu.

Glyphs that are not canonically equivalent

The following alternatives are not converted to each other during normalisation. The precomposed characters represent letters in languages such as Pashto, Ormori, and Adamawe Fulfulde where the hamza is an ijam (ie. part of the letter) rather than a combining diacritic. These precomposed characters are therefore not appropriate for use with Urdu.

The decomposed forms are recommended for use with Urdu. However, if the font supports them, both approaches may yield exactly the same result when displayed, so applications will need to recognise both precomposed and decomposed alternatives as the same grapheme in case users use the precomposed character. Input mechanisms, on the other hand, can produce one rather than the other, and that choice should be made with advisement.

Confusables & spelling errors

The following lists some common errors found in Urdu text due to the similarity of Unicode characters, or perhaps sometimes due to problems inputting the correct character. Wikipedia is a rich source of such.

① The Arabic YEH doesn't drop the dots below in isolate and final positions. As mentioned above, ي [ U+064A ARABIC LETTER YEH ] is only found in decomposed text representing yeh with a hamza ; in those circumstances the font should not display the dots below.

② Common fonts tend not to show the difference between these two characters, but the ability to search and compare text is impaired unless the application is aware of and takes counter-measures against this substitution.

③ The function of this glyph is that of the sukun , so the correct semantic character should be used. Although ٛ [ U+065B ARABIC VOWEL SIGN INVERTED SMALL V ABOVE ] looks like the Urdu jazm , as described in the name of the character, it was introduced to Unicode to serve as a vowel sign for African languages § .

Observation: In the Noto Nastaliq Urdu and SIL Awami Nastaliq fonts the sukun is automatically displayed with the inverted-v shape if the language of the content is declared to be Urdu ( ur ). It is therefore important to ensure that the language of content is correctly declared for web pages if you expect to see this shape.

A number of combining marks are used with names as honorifics, eg. قاضی نور محمّدؒ qɑẑy nvr mhmᵚdؒ kaziː nur mamed rahmatulla alayhe Qazi Nur Muhammad, may God have mercy upon him! They are combining characters that appear over the name at a point chosen by the author.

Urdu may use ASCII digits, or may use the extended arabic-indic digits in the Arabic block.

This is a separate set of characters from those used for Arabic, to accommodate different shaping and directional behaviour. Shapes differ from those of Arabic for the digits 4, 5, and 7.

Persian also uses the same characters for digits, but there are some systematic shape differences between Persian and Urdu for the digits 4, 6, and 7.

Urdu also has special characters for the thousands and decimal separators: ٬ [ U+066C ARABIC THOUSANDS SEPARATOR ] and ٫ [ U+066B ARABIC DECIMAL SEPARATOR ] (see fig_percent_sign ), although the ASCII full stop and comma may also be used.

See expressions for a discussion of how to handle numeric ranges.

Percentages

Urdu may use the Arabic percent sign, ٪ [ U+066A ARABIC PERCENT SIGN ] .

The percent sign is typed and stored after the numbers. Like the numeric sequences using the ASCII hyphen (mentioned in expressions ), it will appear to the left of a number if that number is preceded by Urdu characters. However, if the percentage appears alone or at the beginning of a line it is necessary to use an ALM formatting character just before it to prevent the sign appearing on the right.

Observation: Wikipedia uses an ASCII percent sign with ASCII digits

Number sign

Urdu has a sign ؀ [ U+0600 ARABIC NUMBER SIGN ] which can be used to indicate a number. As shown in fig_number_sign , its length varies with the number of digits in the number.

To use this sign, type it before the digits. Even though it displays beneath the digits, it is a formatting character, and not a combining mark.

Dates in Urdu may be based on the Gregorian calendar or the Hijri calendar. Dates in the Gregorian calendar are followed with this word (usually represented by the abbreviation ء [ U+0621 ARABIC LETTER HAMZA ]): عیسوی ʿysvy iːsviː Christian Era

Dates using the Muslim calendar are followed by this word (abbreviated as ھ [ U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] ): ہجری ḫʤry hɪʤriː

یکم جمادی الاول 1423 ھ

The word hijri in Arabic is written with ه [ U+0647 ARABIC LETTER HEH ] rather than ہ [ U+06C1 ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL ] (see the Urdu spelling just above), and the abbreviation in Arabic is ه‍ [ U+0647 ARABIC LETTER HEH + U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER ] , whereas in Urdu it is ھ [ U+06BE ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE ] . Here is the Arabic spelling: هجري

Dates may also be indicated by placing the long sweep of ؁ [ U+0601 ARABIC SIGN SANAH ] below the year digits.

Like the number sign, SANAH is typed before the digits (see fig_sanah ). It is not a combining character, even though it displays beneath the digits. The length of the symbol may vary according to the number of digits. It is terminated by a non-digit character.

؄ [ U+0604 ARABIC SIGN SAMVAT ] is another subtending mark, intended to indicate a year in the Śaka calendar.  

؍ [ U+060D ARABIC DATE SEPARATOR ] is used in Urdu between the date and the month name u14,379 .

This is one of the few characters in the presentation forms blocks that is valid for use in normal content.

﷽ [ U+FDFD ARABIC LIGATURE BISMILLAH AR-RAHMAN AR-RAHEEM ] is used by Muslims in various contexts including the constitutions of countries where Islam has a significant presence. The shape varies significantly from font to font and usage to usage.

Formatting characters

The Arabic script uses a number of Unicode characters that affect the way that other characters are rendered. Many of those have no visible form of their own. The following set of characters used in Urdu text does have a visual representation.

Follow the links to learn more about each of these characters.

Observation: The subtending character display is broken in the Noto Nastaliq Urdu font. That font only produces the expected display if (a) a RTL override is applied to the characters, or (b) the SANAH is typed after the digits (in a RTL normal base direction, but not an override). The Awami Nastaliq font handles them as expected, as long as the sign precedes the digits and the base direction is set to RTL (but not if a directional override is applied).

Urdu text also makes use of a relatively large set of invisible formatting characters, especially in plain text, many of which are used to manage text direction (see directioncontrols ), and others are used to control cursive shaping behaviour (see shapingcontrols ).

Text direction

Urdu is written horizontally and right-to-left in the main, but (as with most RTL scripts) numbers and embedded LTR script text are written left-to-right (producing 'bidirectional' text).

رکھتا ہے اور 2009ء میں UEFA کپ کے

The Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm automatically takes care of the ordering for all the text in fig_uefa , as long as the 'base direction' is set to RTL. In HTML this can be set using the dir attribute, or in plain text using formatting controls .

If the base direction is not set appropriately, the directional runs will be ordered incorrectly as shown in fig_bidi_no_base_direction .

Show default bidi_class properties for characters in the Urdu orthography described here.

For more information about how directionality and base direction work, see Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm basics . For information about plain text formatting characters see How to use Unicode controls for bidi text . And for working with markup in HTML, see Creating HTML Pages in Arabic, Hebrew and Other Right-to-left Scripts .

On this page, see also expressions and breaking_latin for additional features related to direction.

Managing text direction

Unicode provides a set of 10 formatting characters that can be used to control the direction of text when displayed. These characters have no visual form in the rendered text, however text editing applications may have a way to show their location.

For more information about how to use these formatting characters see How to use Unicode controls for bidi text . Note, however, that when writing HTML you should generally use markup rather than these control codes. For information about that, see Creating HTML Pages in Arabic, Hebrew and Other Right-to-left Scripts .

Expressions & sequences

A sequence of numbers separated by hyphens (for example a range) runs from right to left in Urdu.

fig_range shows some Urdu text, which is right-to-left overall, containing a numeric range that is also ordered RTL, ie. it starts with 100 and ends with 999.

100–999 تصدیق شدہ کیس

؜10-01-2018

Alternatively, you could use a different separator, such as – [ U+2013 EN DASH ] (as in fig_range ) or ‐ [ U+2010 HYPHEN ] . No special arrangements are then necessary.

Similar RTL ordering is applied to numbers in equations, such as 1 + 2 = 3 , for Urdu language text.

See also percent_sign .

Glyph shaping & positioning

This section brings together information about the following topics: writing styles ; cursive text ; context-based shaping ; context-based positioning ; baselines, line height, etc. ; font styles ; case & other character transforms .

You can experiment with examples using the Urdu character app .

The orthography has no case distinction, and no special transforms are needed to convert between characters.

Font styles

Urdu is normally written in a nasta'liq writing style. Key features include a sloping baseline for joined letters, and overall complex shaping and positioning for base letters and diacritics alike. There are also distinctive shapes for many glyphs and ligatures.

مستحق  •  شخص  •  کیفیت

This is achieved in Unicode by applying the correct font – the underlying characters used are not different for nasta'liq vs. other styles.

کوئی شخص محض حاکم کی مرضی پر اپنی قومیت سے محروم نہیں کیا جائے گا اور اس کو قومیت تبدیل کرنے کا حق دینے سے انکار نہ کیا جائے گا۔

Not only does the baseline slope for connected glyphs in a word, but the sloping sequences can overlap, as shown in fig_overlap , which uses the Awami Nastaliq font.

Cursive script

Arabic script joins letters together. Fonts need to produce the appropriate joining form for a code point, according to its visual context. This results in four different shapes for most letters (including an isolated shape). The highlights in fig_cursive below show the same letter, ع [ U+0639 ARABIC LETTER AIN ] , with two different joining forms. 

A few Arabic script letters only join on the right-hand side.

There are 2 Unicode blocks containing Arabic presentation forms: these contain individual characters corresponding to the various joining forms and ligatures. With only a handful of exceptions, characters in those blocks should not be used for text content; they are only for managing legacy encodings. Instead, characters in the main Arabic block should be used, and the font will manage the necessary cursive shaping.

Cursive joining forms

Most dual-joining characters add or become a swash when they don't join to the left. A number of characters, however, undergo additional shape changes across the joining forms. fig_joining_forms and fig_right_joining_forms show the basic shapes in Urdu and what their joining forms look like.

Two pairs of characters in the first table have base shapes that are identical, but they manage the dots differently in different joining forms. These have been put onto separate rows.

Managing glyph shaping

ZWJ permits a letter to form a cursive connection without a visible neighbour. It can be used for illustrating cursive joining forms, eg. ان‍‍   ‍س‍‍   ‍ان Characters from the Presentation Forms blocks in Unicode should not be used in such cases.

ZWNJ prevents two adjacent letters forming a cursive connection with each other when rendered, eg. ان‌س‌ان

Context-based shaping & positioning

Context-based shaping is everwhere in Urdu due to the combination of the cursive behaviour of the script plus the strong tendency to arrange joined characters in cascades or vertical arrangements.

As in Arabic, lam followed by alef ligates, eg. اسلام and there are other such commonly ligated forms. There are also common rules about special joining arrangements when certain characters appear side by side, for example a KA followed by an ALEF takes the special shape کا

Positioning of cursive joining forms is already complicated in the nastaliq style because of the vertical placement; adding dots and hamzas then complicates matters in that they need to be aligned with the appropriate base character without overlapping adjacent character glyphs or other dots, etc. Positioning vowel diacritics, shadda, etc. then adds to the complexity.

The table in fig_gpos selects just a handful of situations to illustrate the kinds of positioning that take place.

Font styling & weight

Grapheme clusters, punctuation & inline features, word boundaries, phrase & section boundaries.

Urdu uses a mixture of ASCII and Arabic punctuation.

معاشرے، … پڑے گا۔

In poetry, ؎ [ U+060E ARABIC POETIC VERSE SIGN ] is used to mark the beginning of poetic verse, and ؏ [ U+060F ARABIC SIGN MISRA ] is used to indicate a single line ( misra ) of a couplet ( shayr ) from an Urdu poem, when quoted in text. It is used at the beginning of the line, and is followed by the line of verse. For more information and examples, follow the links on the character names.

Bracketed text

Urdu commonly uses ASCII parentheses to insert parenthetical information into text.

Quotations & citations

Urdu texts use quotation marks around quotations. Of course, due to keyboard design, quotations may also be surrounded by ASCII double and single quote marks. Note, however, that the order of use is different from that in LTR text, because they are not automatically mirrored.

Abbreviation, ellipsis & repetition

Inline notes & annotations, other punctuation, other inline text decoration, line & paragraph layout, line breaking & hyphenation.

Basic line-break opportunities occur between the space-separated words.

They are not broken at the small gaps that appear where a character doesn't join on the left.

Breaking between Latin words

When a line break occurs in the middle of an embedded left-to-right sequence, the items in that sequence are rearranged visually so that the reading direction remains top-to-bottom. latin_line_breaks shows how two Latin words are apparently reordered in the flow of text to accommodate this rule.

In digital text the rearrangement is automatic. Only the positions of the font glyphs are changed: nothing affects the order of the characters in memory.

Show (default) line-breaking properties for characters in the Urdu orthography described here.

Text alignment & justification

Calligraphic justification It is difficult to find information in English about justification of Urdu text in a nastaliq font. The following information is from Asad et al. ma , and is based on studies of calligraphy. It's not clear that it is currently possible to achieve the results described in web pages.

Interword spacing is only used as a last resort for Urdu justification. It is also noteworthy that, unlike it use in Arabic language text, ـ [ U+0640 ARABIC TATWEEL ] is not used, and moreover is not even functional in some fonts. For example, it is completely ignored by Noto Nastaliq Urdu, and while it actually produces a glyph for Awami Nastaliq, it doesn't join with adjacent characters.

According to Asad et al. there are 2 main ways to deal with justification: by stretching certain letter shapes (to increase line width), or by positioning some letters above the word they appear in (to decrease line width). Some of the examples they use, such as fig_justification include both.

The rules about which letters can be stretched or repositioned, and when, and how, are somewhat complex. For some additional detail, see Asad et al, page 594ff (page 4 in the PDF). Some letters are never stretched, and others only stretched in certain positions within a word. Given those constraints, it is then necessary to apply rules about which of the set of available letters to stretch within a word and across a line in order to achieve the desired line length.

Other rules or judgement calls are also involved.

• Variations in stroke thickness between adjacent letters contribute to decisions about how to stretch letters.
• In some contexts, such as poetry, all lines may be stretched at the same location in the line.
• Given that there is usually only one stretched letter per word, certain letters are prioritised over others for stretching, based on how commonly they are stretched.

The last line in a paragraph of ordinary text is never normally stretched, however a final line in a poem is likely to be stretched.

Newspaper justification fig_justification_newspaper shows part of a column from a newspaper. The majority of columns in the newspaper are fully justified, but don't employ the stretching and positioning techniques described just above. Instead, they appear to use inter-word spacing. Note that very little spacing tends to be needed, given that Urdu words are usually short and the diagonal baseline and glyph shaping tend to further reduce the amount of horizontal space taken by a word. This means that it is relatively easy to fit approximately the right number of words on a line before applying the additonal spacing needed.

Text spacing

This section looks at ways in which spacing is applied between characters over and above that which is introduced during justification.

Complex, two-dimensional arrangements of letters in words are common in newspaper titles. See fig_newspaper_titles . They are normally created by hand.

Baselines, line height, etc.

The alphabetic baseline is a strong feature of Arabic script on the whole, since characters tend to join there. The nastaliq style of the script, on the other hand, uses arrangements of joined glyphs that cascade downwards from right to left, and ressemble a strongly sloping baseline. See the examples in fig_baseline and fig_gpos .

fig_overlap shows overlapping baselines in the Nafees Nastaliq font. (In the Awami and Noto fonts, there is no overlap for that text.)

This cascading effect can lead to a need for quite large line height settings, compared to many other orthographies.

fig_baselines shows Urdu text glyphs from the Noto Serif and Noto Nastaliq Urdu fonts compared to the basic metrics of Latin text. The figure clearly shows the potential differences in line height requirements for the two scripts.

Counters, lists, etc.

Styling initials, page & book layout.

This section is for any features that are specific to Urdu and that relate to the following topics: general page layout & progression ; grids & tables ; notes, footnotes, etc ; forms & user interaction ; page numbering, running headers, etc .

General page layout & progression

Grids & tables, notes, footnotes, etc.

؂ [ U+0602 ARABIC FOOTNOTE MARKER ] is used to indicate that a number is a reference to a footnote. The number sits above the symbol, although this is not a combining character. The marker should come before the number in logical order, eg. ؎۵ .

(Note that, although it looks very similar, this is not the same character as ؎ [ U+060E ARABIC POETIC VERSE SIGN ] .)

Forms & user interaction

Page numbering, running headers, etc, online resources.

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Urdu
• Jang News (images of printed text & links to web pages)

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Usmaan ( عثمان ‬/‬ ਉਸਮਾਨ ) for information about YEH+HAMZA.

Ilmlelo.com

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Quaid e Azam essay in Urdu language

Today we are going to write Quaid e Azam essay in Urdu language .Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25 December 1876 in Karachi. He was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah had a long and distinguished political career.

He served as the first Governor-General of Pakistan and is credited for leading the nation through its formative years. After independence, Jinnah worked tirelessly to promote unity and stability in the fledgling country. He remains a towering figure in Pakistani history and is revered by millions of people worldwide.

Simple Short Essay on quaid e azam in urdu 150 words

Quaid-e-Azam is honest and brave. He is the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah is the great leader of Muslims. He is the symbol of freedom and struggled for the release of Muslims. Quaid faced many difficulties but did not give up. He is the real hero of Muslims

Jinnah is considered the most crucial figure in the history of Pakistan. He respected his role in the Pakistan Movement and his dedication to democracy and the rule of law.

essay on quaid e azam in urdu pdf download

Jinnah was a brilliant lawyer and a talented orator. He was known for his courage and determination. He was also known for his honesty and integrity. Jinnah played a vital role in the struggle for independence from the British. He is also my favorite personality.

10 points short essay on Jinnah in Urdu

My Favourite Personality Quaid e Azam essay in Urdu for 5 , 7 and Other Classes

Mazmoon on Quaid e Azam in Urdu Poetry

Quaid e Azam Essay for 10th Class with quotations

This blog post is about Quaid e Azam mazmoon in the Urdu language for class 5, 7, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 6, 1, 12, and 4 with headings, quotations, and poetry. This Pakistani leader is brilliant and the father of the nation. He was a great leader and made many contributions to Pakistan. He is a martyr and a national hero. If you love to read essays in Urdu, follow and comment on this post to learn more.

You can also read allama iqbal essay in urdu

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is remembered in Bangladesh as the founder of the nation. He is celebrated as a leader who fought for the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan and for the rights of Bengali people. His vision of a united and prosperous nation and his commitment to democracy, social justice, and secularism are also remembered. Jinnah is seen as a symbol of hope and progress in Bangladesh, and his life and legacy are celebrated in many commemorative events and national holidays.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah had seven brothers. His eldest brother was Ahmad Ali Jinnah, followed by six other brothers: Bunde Ali, Rahmat Ali, Shamsuddin, Nasiruddin, Ahmad Din, and Mohamed Ali.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was called the ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity because of his commitment to promote religious harmony and cooperation between Hindus and Muslims. He was strongly in favor of a unified India, and worked hard to bridge the differences between the two communities. He was also actively involved in negotiations between the Muslim League and Indian National Congress to reach a consensus on the independence of India from British rule. His efforts to bring about a peaceful resolution to the Hindu-Muslim tensions of the time

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was given the title of ‘Ambassador of Peace’ for his efforts in leading the Muslim League to successfully achieve the creation of the independent state of Pakistan in 1947. His vision of a unified and independent homeland for the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent was achieved through a peaceful and diplomatic struggle.

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aaj ik aur baras biit gayā us ke baġhair

jis ke hote hue hote the zamāne mere

by Syed Zaheeruddin Madni

• READ NOW See Book Index

Author : Syed Zaheeruddin Madni

V4ebook_editionnumber : 002, publisher : maktaba jamia limited, new delhi, origin : delhi, india, year of publication : 1970, language : urdu, pages : 190, contributor : ghalib academy, delhi.

More From Author

Read the author's other books here.

Mazameen-e-Madni

Urdu Essays

Urdu Ghazal Gujrat Main

Urdu Ghazal Wali Tak

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‘In Flames’ Review: A Patriarchy Horror Story

Set in Pakistan, the story of a young woman and her family, hemmed in by men, shifts from realism to genre, with heart-pumping consequences.

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By Alissa Wilkinson

It takes about an hour for “In Flames” to reveal itself as proper genre horror, but trepidation lurks from the start. In Karachi, Pakistan, the 20-something Mariam (Ramesha Nawal) lives with her widowed mother, Fariha (Bakhtawar Mazhar), and her younger brother, Bilal (Jibran Khan), who’s mostly glued to his video games. The family has been financially dependent on Fariha’s father-in-law, but as the film opens, he has just died — and Fariha’s brother-in-law, Uncle Nasir (Adnan Shah Tipu), is suddenly very interested in the relatives he had been neglecting.

Fariha teaches at an elementary school, and Mariam is studying for exams that will qualify her to be a doctor. They’re smart, capable women who are less concerned with dismantling established social orders than they are with keeping their home and family intact. Yet their lives are hemmed in by the men around them, with a constriction that’s suffocating. For one, there is Uncle Nasir, who has offered to pay the family’s outstanding debts if Fariha signs some documents, which Mariam pleads with her to avoid doing. But there’s also the man who throws a brick through the car window when Mariam is driving to the library, calling her a whore. Or the man who lurks outside her window, masturbating. Or even the nice young man from the library, Asad (Omar Javaid), who won’t leave Mariam alone.

As the women scramble to save their home, the walls close in on them, and that’s the point: “In Flames,” a confident feature debut written and directed by Zarrar Kahn, is one of several recent films from around the world that frame patriarchy as a nightmare. The most recent may be “ Shayda ,” set in Iran, but even movies like “Poor Things” and “Promising Young Woman” play with the same idea, albeit with a lighter touch. This one is set in Pakistan, in the midst of debates about religious fundamentalism and gender roles, but the outlines are familiar even to audiences in very different circumstances. Men commit obvious, blatant offenses, confident the system is stacked in their favor. But even the “good guys” are locked in a culture that rewards them for refusing to listen to the women who, it’s made clear, are holding the country together.

That means the horror extends to the male perpetrators, who couldn’t find their way out of the maze of unjust systems if they tried. But there’s no question the women bear the brunt of it, whether the perpetrator is abusive, or greedy, or just clueless. To seek help is fruitless, and dangerous; being in debt to yet one more man is another way to put yourself at risk.

Kahn manages to assemble the story in a way that escapes feeling like a series of object lessons. He centers the story on Mariam, giving Nawal’s expressive eyes plenty of time to convey emotions she dares not speak aloud. Mariam’s environment signals her inner life. Sometimes the character is in claustrophobic interiors, where she can’t escape others’ prying eyes; sometimes she’s blessedly alone; and sometimes she’s experiencing brief moments of respite in expansive, beautiful scenery. She feels a pull between the freedom she craves and the responsibility she feels to her family. Technically, Mariam is a plucky heroine. But she isn’t rebellious, or even defiant. She’s just trying to survive.

Wisely, Kahn creates a world in which Mariam and Fariha cannot help but be pulled apart, ruptured by the patriarchy’s force. The only way for each to endure is to depend on yet another man to help them, which has profoundly middling results, and an element of always-present danger. When the film finally gives way to full horror, the pace picks up, and we see what the movie’s been doing all along. Oppression isn’t always blatant, and it isn’t the work of individuals acting alone. It comes like night terrors, paralyzing both oppressor and oppressed — and escape can require drastic action.

In Flames Not rated. In Urdu, with subtitles. Running time: 1 hour 38 minutes. In theaters.

Alissa Wilkinson is a Times movie critic. She’s been writing about movies since 2005. More about Alissa Wilkinson

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