assignment about computer memory

• Computer Fundamentals
• Computer - Home
• Computer - Overview
• Computer - Applications
• Computer - Generations
• Computer - Types
• Computer - Components
• Computer - CPU
• Computer - Input Devices
• Computer - Output Devices

Computer - Memory

• Computer - RAM
• Computer - Read Only Memory
• Computer - Motherboard
• Computer - Memory Units
• Computer - Ports
• Computer - Hardware
• Computer - Software
• Computer - Number System
• Computer - Number Conversion
• Computer - Data and Information
• Computer - Networking
• Computer - Operating System
• Computer - Internet and Intranet
• Computer - How to Buy?
• Computer - Available Courses
• Computer Useful Resources
• Computer - Quick Guide
• Computer - Useful Resources
• Selected Reading
• UPSC IAS Exams Notes
• Developer's Best Practices
• Questions and Answers
• Effective Resume Writing
• HR Interview Questions
• Computer Glossary

A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.

Memory is primarily of three types −

Cache Memory

• Primary Memory/Main Memory

Secondary Memory

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them.

The advantages of cache memory are as follows −

• Cache memory is faster than main memory.
• It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
• It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
• It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows −

• Cache memory has limited capacity.
• It is very expensive.

Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

Characteristics of Main Memory

• These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory

• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

Computer Memory

Decipher how memory actually works, layer by layer.

Retrieving Data from a Computer

Computers work by storing data both quickly and slowly, both persistently and temporarily.

Binary, Decimal, and Hexadecimal

These three numeric bases from discrete math are key for understanding how computers really work.

Linear Memory Model

Discover how every computer program really sees the computer's memory when you get under the hood.

Memory Layout

The linear memory model allows large pieces of data to be stored in byte-sized fragments.

End of Unit 1

Complete all lessons above to reach this milestone.

0 of 4 lessons complete

Compiling Source Files to Executables

The programs you run are made up of bytes in memory, just like everything else.

• Memory Segments

A running program uses four different parts of the computer's memory for different purposes.

The Code and Static Segments

Some parts of memory hold information that the program shouldn't be allowed to change.

The Stack Segment

The stack allows multiple functions to work together.

The Heap Segment

The heap is where memory for data structures can be easily allocated and freely shared.

End of Unit 2

0 of 5 lessons complete

A computer can hold many programs, each of which think they're using the same memory. How can this be?

Virtual and Physical Memory

Memory, as seen by every running computer program on your computer, is an elaborate virtual reality.

Memory Pages

The computer's actual memory is managed in large chunks, called "pages."

MMU and the OS

Your computer's processor and operating system work together to give each programs its own memory.

End of Unit 3

The page cache keeps information from the hard drive in RAM for faster access.

• Memory Mapping

A technique that helps the operating system access only small parts of big files.

Demand Load

Even after you think you've opened a file, the operating system may be lying to you.

Page Sharing and Copy-on-Write

Change is hard, and operating systems speed your computer up by assuming you'll avoid changes.

End of Unit 4

Programs do not exist in isolation. When they run, they need to be connected to libraries.

After the compiler is done with your program, there is still missing information.

• Position Independent Code

An advanced technique can avoid the need for relocations.

Procedure Linkage Table

See how the linkage information can be stored indirectly, without slowing programs down.

End of Unit 5

Caching Overview

Caching is a fundamental technique for speeding up computer systems.

Details of Caching

Computer processors use a few different techniques for deciding what to cache.

Practical Uses of Caching

The same caching techniques apply to your computer and to the global internet.

DRAM, SRAM, and CPU Caches

Caching always needs to consider tradeoffs between cost and performance.

Computer Memory Architecture

All modern processors use a similar pattern of caches.

End of Unit 6

Course description.

This course was created in collaboration with Kenji Ejima and Kristian Takvam, senior members of Brilliant's software engineering team. How is the memory managed in the running program? How does the OS manage it when multiple programs are running? What are the memory related features that the CPU provides? This course will guide you through understanding memory management, layer by layer, so that you can answer the questions above and write efficient programs.

Topics covered

• Compilation
• Computer Memory Hierarchy
• Copy-on-write
• Hardware Caching
• Least Recently Used Algorithm
• Time-aware Least Recently Used Algorithm
• Virtual Memory

Prerequisites and next steps

You'll need an understanding of basic programming and basic data structures. This course will use C for examples

Prerequisites

• Algorithms and Data Structures
• Introduction to Neural Networks
• Computational Biology

Browse Course Material

Course info, instructors.

• Kyle Murray

Departments

• Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

As Taught In

• Programming Languages
• Software Design and Engineering

Learning Resource Types

Introduction to c and c++, c memory management.

Topics: Computer memory layout (heap, stack, call stack), pointers and addresses, arrays, strings, and manual memory allocation/deallocation.

Lecture Notes

Lecture 3: C Memory Management (PDF)

Lab Exercises

The primary goal of this lab period is to introduce pointers, addresses, arrays, and manual memory management.

Take a look at the above code. In lecture, I pointed out that function variables are passed by value, not reference. So this program will currently print out 4 . Compile the code to confirm this.

Use pointers and addresses to modify the code so x is passed by reference instead and is squared. This will involve changes to the square function that does not involve changing void to int and giving square a return statement. Make sure your code compiles with -Wall flag without warnings.

While coding up this exercise, listening to Hakuna Matata, I was so worry-free I forgot how to use C!

Fix the following code so that it creates a string str and copies “ hakuna matata! ” into it.

After confirming your fix works, change the code to use heap memory instead of the stack. Remember, everything you malloc you must also free !

Assignment 3

In sort.c, I’ve implemented a basic implementation of insertion sort (not too efficient, but a very simple sorting algorithm). Look at and understand the code (read comments), and put the proper argument data type for the sort function’s first argument. Compile and run the code to make sure it works (it sorts the numbers).

Now, replace all array index access (places where I access the array with [] , such as in A[i] ) in the entire program by using pointer addition instead. Also, where I create the array (line 34, int array[n] ;), replace that with an array creation using malloc (of same size).

Hint: Since we’re using malloc, we must also make another change!

Make sure your program compiles and runs correctly (numbers are sorted).

The purpose of resize.c is to create an initial array of a user-specified size, then dynamically resize the array to a new user-specified size. I’ve given a shell of the code, including code to get user-specified sizes as int s.

However, the code is missing a few things. You must manage the memory for the array! Look at the comments in the code that describe what should be done and fill in blanks. Make sure the program compiles and runs as expected.

Assignment 3 solution (PDF)

You are leaving MIT OpenCourseWare

Computer Memory

Recently there were few changes made in banking exams. One of them was the introduction of the computer aptitude in IBPO exam. This has led to many speculations about the type of questions and the syllabus. But looking at 2017 paper, the questions that were asked were basic level questions. You only need to have the basic knowledge of computer to answer these questions. Computer aptitude covered a variety of questions from computer organizations to hardware and software related to computer memory related questions. We will try and cover every topic one by one so that you can have enough material with you before the main exam. Today we will discuss computer memory.

Suggested Videos

What is computer memory.

Computer memory is one of the most important parts of the computer. It stores and allows users to access the data anytime, anywhere they want. There are two types of computer memories.

• Volatile memory and
• Non-volatile memory.

Volatile memory is termed as RAM which stands for Random access memory. While non-volatile stands for ROM which is an acronym for Read-only memory. Computer memory is based on the two factors that include access time and capacity. The faster the speed of the memory is the lesser will be the access time. A computer uses the memory which is organized in such a way that it enables largest capacity of the memory and the faster speed.

                                                                                                            Source: Wikimedia Commons

Types of Memory

In computer terms, memory is divided into two categories:

1) Main memory or primary memory

2) Auxiliary memory or secondary memory

Stay updated and don’t get stuck in an exam. Prepare your General Awareness topics here.

Main memory or primary memory

The main memory unit that connects directly to the CPU is the primary memory. Further, there are two types of primary memory i.e RAM and ROM

1. Random Access Memory

RAM is also known as the volatile memory. It is in the form of the chip that is implemented with the use os semiconductors. Generally, RAM is used to store temporary storage of output data, input data, and intermediate results. RAM can be divided into two categories:

• Static RAM or SRAM
• Dynamic Ram or DRAM

2. Read-only memory

ROM is not as accessible as RAM and is, therefore, non-volatile memory. Once a ROM chip is programmed it cannot be rewritten or programmed. The only changes you can make in ROM is at the time of manufacturing. ROM has three categories which are:

• Programmable ROM or PROM
• Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM or EEPROM
• Erasable Programmable ROM or EPROM

Auxiliary memory or secondary memory

Secondary memory is a permanent storage device. It is non-volatile in nature and is used to store programs and data when they are not being processed. Because of this, the data remains in the same stage as long as they are not deleted or rewritten from the user’s end. A secondary memory includes devices such as:

• Optical disks like DVD, CD, and Blue-ray disks
• Magnetic disks like memory stick, floppy disk, and hard disk drive.
• Solid state disks like the thumb drive, pen, and flash.

Along with this one may also ask units and measurements as to how memory in computers is measured. We all use a hard disk and a pen drive to transfer the data from one place to another. But what are its units? Computer measures data in many forms such as Megabyte, Kilobyte, Byte, Bit, Nibble, Terabyte, Gigabyte, Exabyte, Petabyte, and many more. Here are the conversions of these data into one form or another:

In computer memory, bits is the smallest memory. While Geopbyte is the highest memory. 1 bit is the binary unit.

Want to see how smart you are? Want to exercise your brain? Click here for a wonderfully explained and lucid section of Reasoning Ability.

Abbreviations

EDO Extended data out

EGA Exterior gateway protocol or enhanced graphics array

DVR digital video recorder

EDSAC Electronic delay storage automatic calculator

EBCDIC Extended binary coded decimal interchange code

Having trouble with concepts like DBMS? Have an important exam soon? Click here and start your preparations now!

 Practice Questions

Q. Of what unit is a memory a part of?

A. Input device            B. Output device

C. Control unit            D. Central processing unit

Q. _______ is used to represent a character of information.

A. Field                         B. Bit

C. Byte                          D. Attribute

Q. Out of the following area ______ holds the information temporarily as the computer processes the information in the storage area of the computer itself.

A. Control unit            B. ROM

C. Hard disk                D. Main memory

Click here to learn everything you need to know about the English Language .

Find all the topics of Reasoning Ability here!

We have the most complete syllabus of quantitative aptitude in one place for you! Click here

Q. What will happen when the memory chip is volatile?

A. Explodes due to high temperatures            B. Used for data storage

C. Loss of content due to loss of current         D. Used to write and read data

Q. RAM is located in ________

A. Motherboard                B. Extension board

C. External Drive              D. None of the above

Customize your course in 30 seconds

Which class are you in.

Basics of Computers

• Keyboard Shortcuts
• Basic Computer Terminology
• Computer Abbreviations
• Computer Languages
• Basic Internet Knowledge and Protocols
• History of Computers
• Basic Computer Knowledge – Practice Problems
• Computer Organization
• Input and Output (I/O) Devices
• Hardware and Software

One response to “Hardware and Software”

THANKS ,THIS IS THE VERY USEFUL KNOWLEDGE

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Download the App

Lecture 5/8: Memory and Pointers

May 8, 2020

📂Associated files

• CopyConstructor.zip
• Pointers.zip
• Questions and Answers

CS 106B: Programming Abstractions

Spring 2020, stanford university computer science department, lecturers: chris gregg and julie zelenski.

Announcements

• Keep an eye out for a long email from Nick with lots of mid-quarter assessment logistics, coming later today. You should also be receiving an email from your section leader today with information about how to sign up for an assessment slot. Make sure to sign up for a time slot!
• More assessment materials will be posted on the course website over the weekend, including practice problems and recorded mock assessment sessions.
• Assignment 4 is due end-of-day today (Friday). The grace period for submission is end-of-day Sunday.

Today's Goals:

• What are pointers?

Pointer Syntax

• Pointer Tips

Pointer Practice

• Back to classes
• The copy constructor

Introduction to Pointers

• The next major topic is about the idea of a pointer in C++. We need to use pointers when we create data structures like vectors and linked lists (which we will do next week!)
• Pointers are used heavily in the C language, and also in C++, though we haven't needed them yet (we briefly saw them last time when we introduced dynamic memory)
• Pointers delve under the hood of C++ to the memory system, and so we must start to become familiar with how memory works in a computer.

Your computer's memory system

• The memory in a computer can be thought of simply as a long row of boxes, with each box having a value in it, and an index associated with it.
• If this sounds like an array, it's because it is!
• Computer memory (particularly, Random Access Memory, or RAM) is just a giant array. The "boxes" can hold different types, but the numbers associated with each box is just a number, one after the other:
• In C++, the location of each box is the address of the box: the address can tell us where the variable is located (like a house address).
• Let's create string variable, called pet , with a value of "cat" :
• We can now refer to a particular value by its address. We can imagine it like this, based on the array above:
• The operating system determines the address, not you! In this case it happens to be 10 (according to our diagram), but it could be any value.

A pointer is just a memory address

• At this point, we have a variable, and we have said that the value has an address.
• If we store that memory address in a different variable, it is called a pointer .
• Let's say we have another variable, called petPointer that looks like this:
• petPointer 's value is a memory address.
• What is a pointer? A memory address!

What is a pointer??

• We generally use an arrow to "point" from a pointer to the address it points to:
• We really don't care about the actual memory address numbers themselves, and most often we will simply use the visual "pointer" arrow to show that a variable points to another variable, without the numbers:

What you need to know about pointers

• Every location in memory, and therefore every variable, has an address.
• Every address corresponds to a unique location in memory.
• The computer knows the address of every variable in your program.
• Given a memory address, the computer can find out what value is stored at that location.
• While addresses are just numbers, C++ treats them as a separate type. This allows the compiler to catch cases where you accidentally assign a pointer to a numeric variable and vice versa (which is almost always an error).

Pointer syntax can get tricky. We will not go too deep – you'll get that when you take cs107!

• Pointer Syntax #1 : To declare a pointer of a particular type, use the * (asterisk) symbol: string * petPtr ; // declare a pointer (which will hold a memory address) to a string int * agePtr ; // declare a pointer to an int char * letterPtr ; // declare a pointer to a char
• The type for petPtr is a string * and not a string . This is important! A pointer type is distinct from the pointee type.
• Pointer Syntax #2 : To get the address of another variable, use the & (ampersand) symbol. This is not a reference! It is the same symbol, but does not mean the same thing. string * petPtr ; // declare a pointer (which will hold a memory address) to a string // at this point, petPtr's value is bogus!
• So far, here is what we have:
• When we declare a pointer, its value is bogus! It doesn't have anything to point to yet, so the value isn't anything useful.
• Now, let's create a pet variable: string pet = "cat" ; // a string variable
• Now we have:
• In order to get petPtr to point to pet , we have to assign the address of pet to petPtr . We do this like any other assignment, except that we use the & symbol: petPtr = & pet ; // petPtr now holds the address of pet
• Finally, we have this situation:
• Notice that petPtr 's value is 10, which is the address of pet . That's because petPtr is a pointer, which means that its value is an address!
• By the way: you almost never need to do this in CS106B! You'll use it more in CS 107, but if you find yourself using it in this class, double-check your reasons.

• Pointer Syntax #3 : To get value of the variable a pointer points to, use the * (asterisk) character (in a different way than before!): string * petPtr ; // declare a pointer to a string string pet = "cat" ; // a string variable petPtr = & pet ; // petPtr now holds the address of pet cout << * petPtr << endl ; // prints out "cat"
• When we use * in this way, we say that we are dereferencing the pointer, which follows the address to its location and gets what is at that location.

Pointer tips

• Instead of this: string * petPtr ; // declare a pointer to a string with no defined value
• We do this, instead: string * petPtr = nullptr ; // declare a pointer to a string that points to nullptr
• Pointer Tip #2 : If you are unsure if your pointer holds a valid address, you should check for nullptr void printPetName ( string * petPtr ) { if ( petPtr != nullptr ) { cout << * petPtr << endl ; // prints out the value pointed to by petPtr // if it is not nullptr } else { cout << "petPtr is not valid!" << endl ; } }

Pointer practice

• The little boxes we draw to show the memory are so, so important to understanding what is happening. Always draw boxes when learning pointers! int * nPtr = nullptr ;
• What type does this pointer point to?
• What should we draw?
• The type that the pointer points to is an int – in other words, if we follow the pointer's value (which is an address!), we will find an int .
• We should draw the following:
• The operating system determines what that value is!
• I just made up the value for this example, and you will almost never care what the address of the pointer itself is (in this class, anyway – you will care about that in CS 107!). The 7224 just tells us where nPtr is located, and we don't care!
• Let's continue the previous example: int * nPtr = nullptr ; int n = 16 ;
• We have two variables, nPtr and n . They are not related to each other in any way yet:

I made up the number 5432 because we don't know (or care) what it is.

• Let's add one more line: int * nPtr = nullptr ; int n = 16 ; nPtr = & n ;
• We update the value of nPtr to the address of n :
• We now say that nPtr points to n .
• Let's look at the following code, and draw our pictures: string * sPtr = nullptr ; string s = "hello" ; sPtr = & s ; cout << * sPtr << endl ;
• After the first two lines, this is what we have:
• After the third line, we have:
• The last line prints out: hello
• What is the output of the following? string * sPtr = nullptr ; string s = "hello" ; cout << * sPtr << endl ;

• This is what we have in memory:
• When you dereference a nullptr , you seg fault!
• You can also use the dereferencing operator to set the value of the "pointee" (the variable being pointed to): string * sPtr = nullptr ; string s = "hello" ; sPtr = & s ; * sPtr = "goodbye" ; cout << s << endl ;
• This is what we have in memory after the first three lines:
• Then, the third line changes the picture to this:
• And this is the output: goodbye
• If you set one pointer equal to another pointer, they both point to the same variable! string * sPtr1 = nullptr ; string * sPtr2 = nullptr ; string s = "hello" ; sPtr1 = & s ; cout << * sPtr1 << endl ; sPtr2 = sPtr1 ; cout << * sPtr2 << endl ;
• After the pointers and string are created:
• Next, we set sPtr1 to point to s , and print it out:
• Output: hello
• The last two lines (repeated here) produce the following: sPtr2 = sPtr1 ; cout << * sPtr2 << endl ;

Notice that both pointers have the same value, 9988 , which is the address of s , and therefore, they both point to s .

• Let's keep going with this example, with three more lines of code: * sPtr1 = "goodbye" ; cout << * sPtr1 << endl ; cout << * sPtr2 << endl ;
• This code dereferences sPtr1 , goes to the location it points to, and sets the value of that string to goodbye . What do we have now?
• Because both pointers point to the same location, they both end up print out the same thing! goodbye goodbye

More information about addresses

• This is a base-16, hexadecimal representation. The 0 x just means "the following number is in hexadecimal notation."

The letters are used because base 16 needs 16 digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f

• This is a base-16, or "hexadecimal" representation. The 0x just means "the following number is in hexadecimal."
• So, you might see the following – remember, we don't care about address values, just that they are memory locations:
• In 1999 (!), a certain Nick Parlante produced a little stop-animation video, called Pointer Fun with Binky
• Here it is in all its glory:

If we have time: Copy Constructors

• Let's take a look at a simple Rectangle class to demonstrate a problem that we need to be aware of.
• Here is the header file, rectangle . h , for the program: #pragma once class Rectangle { public: Rectangle ( double width = 1 , double height = 1 ); // constructor ~ Rectangle (); // destructor double area (); double perimeter (); double getHeight (); double getWidth (); private: double * height ; // pointer to a double double * width ; // pointer to a double };
• Here is the rectangle . cpp file: #include "rectangle.h" Rectangle :: Rectangle ( double width , double height ) { // constructor this -> width = new double ; this -> height = new double ; * ( this -> width ) = width ; * ( this -> width ) = height ; } Rectangle ::~ Rectangle () { // destructor delete height ; delete width ; } double Rectangle :: area () { return * width * * height ; } double Rectangle :: perimeter () { return 2 * * width + 2 * * height ; } double Rectangle :: getHeight () { return * height ; } double Rectangle :: getWidth () { return * width ; }
• Here is the main function for our program: int main () { Rectangle r ( 3 , 4 ); cout << "Width: " << r . getWidth () << ", " ; cout << "Height: " << r . getHeight () << endl ; cout << "Area: " << r . area () << endl ; cout << "Perimeter: " << r . perimeter () << endl ; // let's make a copy: Rectangle r2 = r ; // THIS CRASHES!!! return 0 ; }
• We need to dig under the hood
• Let's look at what the following two lines do: Rectangle r ( 3 , 4 ); Rectangle r2 = r ;
• The two private variables we have are int * pointers, width and height . Becuase we use new to allocate space for the data for those pointers, we don't have variables with names for the data, but the data is still in memory. This is r :
• That means that what gets copied are two addressese width and height , which are pointers.
• That means that what gets copied are two addresses. Below, we have r on the left, and r2 on the right:
• Notice that both r . width and r2 . width point to the same pointee, and likewise for r . height and r2 . height . This is bad news! Now, when the destructor gets called, both will try to delete the value that was allocated, and this isn't allowed! The program crashes!
• What do we do? We define a copy constructor that tells the compiler how to copy our class. Without it, it will simply copy the values in the class variables, which isn't what we want in this case.
• Here is the copy constructor definition in rectangle . h : class Rectangle { public: Rectangle ( double height = 1 , double width = 1 ); // constructor Rectangle ( const Rectangle & src ); // copy constructor ...
• Here is the copy constructor itself. We need to allocate new memory for the new data, then we assign the old data to our new copy. This goes into rectangle . cpp : Rectangle :: Rectangle ( const Rectangle & src ) { // copy constructor width = new double ; // request new memory height = new double ; // copy the values * width = * src . width ; * height = * src . height ; }

© Stanford 2020 · Website by Julie Zelenski · Page updated 2020-May-08

If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.

If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked.

To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser.

Computers and the Internet

Course: computers and the internet   >   unit 2, what are the parts of a computer.

• CPU, memory, input & output
• Input & output devices
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Computer memory
• Secondary memory
• Computer components
• Exploring microcomputers

Want to join the conversation?

• Upvote Button navigates to signup page
• Downvote Button navigates to signup page
• Flag Button navigates to signup page

Computer RAM Memory

Computer RAM Memory is one of the most ordinary memory units which are lengthily used in all of the desktop computers that you find nowadays. RAM is an short form for Random Access Memory and it principally takes the name from nature of the effort. Computer Memory is of dissimilar forms and capacities and all type of memory is used for dissimilar purposes.

Email Faster

Major uses of fiber optic technology, the kip 70 series, fiber fever, net material product (nmp), customer satisfaction of exim bank limited., virus latency, sample invitation letter to parents for school exhibition, smart growth tactics can put account-based marketing within reach for startups and smbs, latest post, mid-ocean ridge (mor), harnessing hydrogen at the genesis of life, ngc 5728’s faint characteristics are exposed, astronomers discover the oldest black hole ever observed, atomic hydrogen welding, variable-frequency transformer (vft).

CS101: Introduction to Computer Science I (2019.A.01)

Enrollment options.

• Time: 52 hours
• College Credit Recommended ($25 Proctor Fee) -->
• Free Certificate

• IBPS RRB Exam 2023 - Free Course
• Current Affairs
• General Knowledge
• SSC CGL Pre.Yrs.Papers
• SSC CGL Practice Papers
• SBI Clerk PYQ
• IBPS PO PYQ
• IBPS Clerk PYQ
• SBI PO Practice Paper
• SBI PO Practice Papers

SBI PO Computer Practice Questions

• Important Questions On Computer Internet For Bank Exam
• Important Computer Abbreviations for Bank Exams
• Practice Questions on Internet for Bank Exams
• Practice Questions for Computer Keyboard Shortcuts
• Important Questions for Computer Keyboard Shortcuts

Important Questions on Computer Memory for Bank Exams

• MCQ on Computer Memory for Bank Exams
• MCQ on Computer Software for Bank Exams
• MCQ on Computer MS-Office for Bank Exams
• Computer Abbreviations Questions for Bank PO/Clerk Exams
• MCQ on Computer Networking for Bank Exams
• Computer Awareness MCQ for Bank Exams
• MCQ on Computer Fundamentals for Bank Exams
• Important Questions on Computer Operating System for Bank Exams
• MCQ on Computer Operating System for Bank Exams
• Important Questions on Computer Hardware for Bank Exams
• MCQ on Computer Hardware for Bank Exams
• Important Questions on Computer Software for Bank Exams
• MS Office MCQ for Competitive Exams

SBI PO Reasoning Practice Questions

• Inequality Questions for Bank and SSC Exams
• Advanced Level Inequality Questions for Bank and SSC Exams
• Practice Questions on Statement and Conclusion
• Advanced Level Order and Ranking Questions For Bank and SSC Exams
• Alphanumeric Series Reasoning Questions and Answers
• Input Output Reasoning Questions
• Practice Set On Blood Relation
• Latest Pattern Coding-Decoding For Bank Exams
• Letter Word Arrangement of Logical Reasoning
• Number Analogy Questions
• Reasoning Questions For Bank Exams
• Statement and Argument Reasoning Questions
• Cause And Effect Reasoning Questions
• Practice Questions For Circular Seating Arrangement
• Practice Test Based on Judgement
• Different Types of Seating Arrangement Questions
• Data Sufficiency
• Order and Ranking Questions & Answers
• Alphabet Test For SSC CGL
• Seating Arrangement Questions For IBPS Exams
• Triangular Based Puzzle For Bank PO Exams
• Syllogism: Verbal Reasoning Questions and Answers
• Practice Set For Syllogism
• Practice Set For Alphabetical Series
• Practice Set For Calendar Reasoning
• Direction & Distance Advance Level
• Direction and Distance: Concepts, Questions, Solved Examples
• Inequality Reasoning: Concept, Questions & Answers

SBI PO Quantitative Aptitude Practice Questions

• Practice Set For Profit and Loss
• Mixtures and Alligation
• Mixture and Alligation | Set 2
• Permutation and Combination
• DI Table Graph and Chart Questions For Bank PO Exams
• Data Interpretation
• Probability
• Mensuration 2D
• Mensuration 3D | Set-2
• Time Speed Distance
• Ratio and Proportion
• Percentages
• Practice Set For Height & Distance
• Practice Question On Area And Perimeter Of All Shapes
• Time and Work - Aptitude Questions and Answers
• Advance Level of Simple Interest
• Tricks To Solve Probability Questions
• Speed and Distance Advance Level
• Tips & Tricks To Solve Ratio & Proportion - Advance Level
• Tricks To Solve Partnership Problems

SBI PO English Practice Questions

• Practice Set For Spotting Error asked in SBI PO
• Boost Your Preparation With Spotting Error Practice Questions Based On Articles
• Spotting Errors for Bank Exams- Practice Set
• MCQ on Important Books and Authors

SBI PO General Awareness

• Most Important Questions on Indian Dance forms
• Important Questions on Agriculture Economics
• MCQs on Basic Economics

SBI PO Economics

Here is the second practice set of questions for the IBPS PO exams in computer aptitude section. It is very scoring if understand what type questions are asked from memory topic. Therefore, its very important to go through this section. We have provided a comprehensive sets of 40 question in this topic in two sets. Please go through it and I am sure that it will helps you in an actual exam as well.

Directions: Following is the set of questions followed by four options. You have to pick the correct choice and mark the answer.

Ques 1. Any information or commands that naturally enter a computer’s memory are referred to as-

(a) storage

(d) information

(e) None of these

Answer- Option (a)

Explanation-

Any information that a computer automatically loads into memory is referred to as storage.

Ques 2. The information stored on a disc at the time of manufacture, which cannot be altered or deleted by the user, is —

(a) Memory only

(b) Read only

(c) Run only

(d) Write only

Answer- Option (b)

Explanation:

Read only is the only information that cannot be deleted or altered at the time of manufacture. 

Ques 3. Hard disc drives are considered …………. storage –

(b) Non-volatile

(c) Temporary

(d) Non-permanent

Today’s most popular type of primary storage is a volatile type of random access memory (RAM), which means that anything kept in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off. However, the majority of non-volatile memory types have drawbacks that prevent them from being used as primary storage. In general, volatile random access memory is more affordable, has better performance, and has better write endurance. 

Ques 4. Using a CD, you can –

(c) read and write

(d) either read or write

Answer-option (a)

A compact disc is used to write within the memory any data, audio, or video file. This has nothing to do with the system. These all are done digitally.

Ques 5. Data collection by computers enables the use of……………. data.

(a) Present

(e) None of the above

Computers collect data, which means that users can enter data into them. A computer file called input data comprises information that is used as input by a device or software.

Ques 6. Data storage or retention after power loss is referred to as –

(a) Volatile storage

(b) Non-volatile storage

(c) Sequential storage

(d) Direct storage

Answer- Option (b) 

Data storage or retention after power loss is referred to as non-volatile storage. 

Ques 7. A typical acronym of reusable optical storage will be …………….

A digital optical disc storage format is called CD-RW (Compact Disc-Re Writable). A CD-RW disc is a type of compact disc that allows for unlimited writing, reading, and erasing cycles.

Ques 8. A huge volume of permanently recorded information on a flat metallic disc that can be read optically is known as a………………..

(a) Monitor

Answer- Option (c)

A CD-ROM is a flat metal disc with a lot of permanently recorded data that can be read optically.

Ques 9. Data, programs, and processed information are temporally stored in the following during processing.

(a) Secondary storage

No matter where the data is physically located inside the memory, a random-access memory device enables data items to be accessible (read or written) in approximately the same amount of time.

Ques 10. The location where the computer keeps its software and data is known as

(b) Storehouse

(c) Storage unit

The storage unit is the location where the computer keeps its data and programs. A storage device is a crucial component of the computer hardware that stores data and information needed to process a computation’s output.

Ques 11. Which of the following is the property of secondary storage?

(a) does not need continuous power

(b) utilizes no magnetic media

(c) includes four major categories of equipment.

(d) does not retain data for later access

Secondary storage does not require continuous power for its operation. The benefit of this storage is that we can later view the content. It utilizes magnetic media as one of the types of secondary storage is magnetic media.

Ques 12. What can be done to store data and programs on a floppy disk?

(a) A floppy disk has only one side so it can store neither of them

(b) Programs and data both can be stored in a floppy disk

(c) A floppy can neither store data nor programs

(d) Floppy disks can only store programs not data

There are two sides to a floppy disc: aside for data and a side for programming. Both software and data can be stored in any type of memory device. Programs and data both can be stored in floppy disks.

Ques 13. CD ROM disk has the characteristic:

(a) data can be erased

(b) holds more data than any other disk

(c) data neither be erased nor rewritten

(d) data can be rewritten once in a while

A pre-pressed optical compact disc called a CD-ROM is a data-carrying disc. “Compact Disc Read-Only Memory” is the acronym for the name. Although CD-ROMs can neither be written to nor erased, computers can read them.

Ques 14. What are the properties of RAM?

(a) volatile, temporary

(b) nonvolatile, permanent

(c) nonvolatile, temporary

(d) Volatile, Permanent

Answer: Option (a)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is typically linked with volatile types of memory, where recorded information is lost if power is removed (such as DRAM memory modules). RAM is therefore volatile and temporary.

Ques 15. Where is data permanently stored?

(b) Storage

(d) Printer

Answer: Option (b).

Folders and drives both contain storage for files and folders. A storage device is a piece of equipment that can keep data safe long after the computer has been turned off. 

Ques 16. Which of the following uses laser technology to store a large amount of information?

(a) Floppy disk

(c) Hard disk

Answer: Option (b) 

Compact Disc is the name of the format. Using an optical laser to read small pits on a polycarbonate disc’s aluminized layer, read-only memory is a type of mass storage.

Ques 17. The computer’s starting instructions are located in 

(c) ROM Chip

(d) All of these

Answer: option (c) 

The ROM chip contains the startup instructions for the computer. Because the initial program that launches when a stored-program computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution may be stored on a non-volatile storage medium (i.e., a medium that keeps its contents even when power is removed) (a process known as bootstrapping, often abbreviated to “booting” or “booting up”). 

Ques 18. Which of the following are used for capacitor data storage?

Answer: Option (b)

DRAM or dynamic RAM used capacitors to store data. It is a type of RAM that stores data dynamically as it stores data in capacitors and hence requires refreshing.

Ques 19. Which of these memories costs a lot of money?

Answer: Option (e)

A semiconductor memory called cache memory serves as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is the most expensive memory since it is the fastest.

Ques 20. Which of these is a magnetically coated circular plate used to store data?

(a) Magnetic Tape

(b) Magnetic Disc

A secondary storage device used to store data is a magnetic disc. Data is kept on a spherical plate with a magnetic covering. Magnetic discs are no longer the only option due to the development of solid-state drives (SSDs), although they are still widely utilized.

Please Login to comment...

Similar reads.

• SSC/Banking
• How to Use ChatGPT with Bing for Free?
• 7 Best Movavi Video Editor Alternatives in 2024
• How to Edit Comment on Instagram
• 10 Best AI Grammar Checkers and Rewording Tools
• 30 OOPs Interview Questions and Answers (2024)

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

Talk to our experts

1800-120-456-456

• Introduction to Computer
• Computer Science

What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data and outputs information. An electronic device that takes data as input and transforms it using a set of special instructions known as Programs to produce the desired output. A computer has an internal memory that stores data and instructions that are temporarily awaiting processing, as well as the intermediate result (information) before it is communicated to the recipients via the Output devices

What Does the Computer Require in Order to be Operational?

A Computer requires hardware devices and an operating system in order to be operational.

1. Hardware Devices

Monitor: It is a big television-like screen. It is an output device where you see what is happening on the computer.

Keyboard: It is an input device. It is a way of giving commands to a computer with the help of keys over it.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is a processing unit.It is considered the brain of the computer as it can’t perform any activity without CPU.

Mouse: It is an input device. This is the alternate method for cooperating with your PC. Most mice have two buttons — a right and a left button — and a looking over wheel.

Hardware Devices

2. Operating System (OS)

Operating System

PCs without an OS are precisely similar to TVs without a signal. They will turn on, yet you will be checking a clear screen out without any desire to collaborate with it. The most famous working framework is "Microsoft Windows," and it is used by most PC.

The OS acts as the sensory system of the PC, interfacing the computer processor to all the PC programs. The OS permits you to run other programs, work on projects, and do essentially all the other things that PCs are prepared to do.

There are a wide range of renditions of Microsoft Windows, and a new adaptation is delivered every several years.

How to Operate a Computer

There are three states in which a computer is at any given time.

OFF : This is precisely the exact thing it seems like: The PC is off, and no parts are running or working. The screen is dark (no pictures), there is no "humming" sound from the central processor, and the PC is inert to mouse developments or pressing keys on the keyboard. 

ON : When a PC is on, you ought to see pictures on the screen, conceivably hear a "buzzing" commotion coming from the central processor and the pointer on the screen ought to answer when you move the mouse.

Rest Mode : Most PCs have a mode called "Rest," in which the PC is on, yet has expected an energy-productive, insignificant power mode. To "wake" the PC, basically move the mouse around or press the spacebar on the console, and it will "awaken" and return to the identical spot that it was at the point at which it fell asleep.

Signing on Screen

When you turn the PC on, the PC will go through a progression of mechanized undertakings before it is prepared for you to associate with it; this cycle is called "startup." This cycle will endure somewhere in the range of one and two minutes. Assuming the PC is not working accurately, you might see a blunder message during startup.

After you sign on, the PC will show what is known as your work area inside a couple of moments to a couple of moments. Here you will see a computerized portrayal of something almost identical to real-life office space, complete with a work area, documents and record organizers, and a recycling bin.

Features of Computer

Below mentioned are some of the features of a computer..

When executing mathematical computations, a computer works significantly faster and more accurately than a human.

Speed of Computer

Calculations made by computers are always accurate. Data inaccuracy or consistency might lead to errors.

A computer contains internal storage for data called main memory. Data is also stored on removable media like CDs, pen drives, and other types of secondary storage.

Computer Memory

Reliability

When given the same set of data repeatedly, a computer will consistently provide the same output, demonstrating its dependability.

The computer completes every task automatically, that is, without human interaction.

Computer Automation

Drawbacks of Computer

Although using a computer has numerous benefits, there are also risks and drawbacks. If used improperly, computers can cause a number of health problems.

The computer is emotionless.

It can't function alone. It requires somebody to work on it and give it instructions.

The computer must be supplied with each command.

No choice can be made by a computer on its own.

What is a Machine?

A machine is a tool that facilitates our job.

It helps us save time and effort.

Humans are not as productive as machines .

Machine Examples Include the Following:

For enjoyment, people use televisions.

To iron the clothes, use an iron box.

An automobile is used for transportation.

Calling is done on a mobile device.

Mobile Device

Points to Remember 

Computer is an electronic machine.

The main components required for a computer are mouse, monitor and  keyboard.

The CPU is also known as the “Brain” of the computer.

OS stands for operating system.

The first screen you see when it starts is called the desktop.

Learning by Doing

Choose the correct answer:.

1. Which part of the computer contains the computer's brains?

B. Keyboard

D. All of above

Write True or False

1. Windows, Linux, and Android are examples of Operating devices(True/False)

2. Keyboard is an Input device. (True/False)

Sample Questions

1. Choose the correct statement

A. Computer is an electronic machine

B. It performs arithmetic operation

C. Both A) and B)

2.  What is an OS? 

Ans: OS stands for operating system.The OS permits you to run other programs, work on projects, and do essentially all the other things that PCs are prepared to do.

3. List various primary parts of the computer.

1. A Motherboard

2. A CPU i.e. Central Processing Unit’

3. RAM i.e. Random Access Memory

5. Hard drives

6. Computer Mouse

The monitor, CPU, keyboard, mouse, printer, sound system, RAM, hard drive, and many other components make up the computer system's hardware. There are various operating systems in computers such as Microsoft Windows, Linux and so on.

FAQs on Introduction to Computer

1. Which OS does Apple use?

An Apple Computer is called a Macintosh (Mac). Its Operating System is OS X while other PCs use windows.

2. Do computers require the Internet to operate?

A computer does not need to access the Internet in order to run properly. The Internet is a way of connecting to other computer users. You can interface with the web utilizing a telephone line, a link association, or by utilizing a remote interfacing gadget (wi-fi). For most home PC clients, this is a paid help, however you can use the Web for free in a few public areas, similar to the library or a café. A PC will actually want to carry out most normal roles (play music, type records, alter pictures) and run programs without a Web association. Notwithstanding, to see a page or send an email, you will require a Web association. 

3. What “My Computer is Possessed!” means?

“My Computer is Possessed!” It is a common misconception that computers have “a mind of their own.” In spite of the fact that PCs can play out specific assignments significantly more effectively and quicker than people (like counting, performing numerical computations, and so on), they are, eventually, machines and can't have an independent mind. Any reasonable person would agree that the PC can do nothing that you don't advise it to do.

Memory assignment and allocation

In some cases, the amount of memory you assign to a partition is not the same as the amount of memory that is actually allocated by the system.

At boot time, some system processes, such as kdump and the Run-Time Abstraction Service (RTAS), require memory to run. That memory is drawn from the same memory pool as the resources you assigned to your partitions. As a result, the real memory allocated by your system is less than what you assigned.

You can release the memory used by kdump if your memory needs are higher than your problem determination needs, but in most cases, the difference between assigned memory and allocated memory is not enough for users to notice.

• Comparing assigned memory to actual memory You can compare the amount of memory you have designated for a partition with the amount of memory that is actually allocated by your system.
• Disabling kdump to free memory Because kdump requires memory to run, the amount of memory you have assigned to the logical partition might not be the actual amount of memory that the partition is able to use.
• Checking memory used by the RTAS In addition to kdump, the Run-Time Abstraction Service (RTAS) uses memory resources during boot and can affect the amount of real memory available to your logical partition.
• PDF file for Memory assignment and allocation Use this to view and print a PDF of this information.