assignment for operating system

CS 140: Operating Systems (Spring 2020)

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CS 161: Operating Systems (2020)

This is an in-depth course in operating systems design and implementation, focusing on multicore operating systems kernels. Operating systems are some of the most complex software artifacts that exist. Kernels abstract the features provided by computer hardware, making those features safer and more convenient to use. This means that OS designers have to understand how hardware works (at least at the level of specifications) and how software works. OS programmers also must become comfortable with navigating in, and contributing to, code bases too large to wholly understand. Most of us can pick up this important skill.

The course uses Chickadee , an operating system based on CS 61 WeensyOS . Chickadee takes advantage of newer hardware, language, and OS design features than many teaching operating systems.

Lecture: Monday/Wednesday, 3–4:15pm, Pierce 301 Section: Biweekly mandatory sections ( see schedule )

Class participation is mandatory.

Problem sets . There will be five:

• Warmup and virtual memory .
• More memory and scheduling .
• VFS and pipes .
• File systems .
• Threads and a final project .

These labs will use the Chickadee framework. For some labs, you will also need to engage with (meaning, read code from) other operating systems, such as Linux. Each student has a total of 4 late days, with a maximum of 2 late days being applicable to any single assignment.

Students may partner up. However, each student will turn in individual labs . Don’t stress out; see “Policies.”

Papers . In some sections we will discuss OS research papers. You’ll need to read the papers before class and engage in paper discussion on Piazza.

Exams . There will be an in-class midterm and an in-class final.

Grading schema . A student’s final numerical grade will be calculated using this formula:

Problem set 1 : 8%

Problem set 2 : 15%

Problem set 3 : 15%

Problem set 4 : 15%

Problem set 5 : 22%

Midterm 1 : 8%

Midterm 2 : 12%

Participation : 5%

Final letter grades will be assigned using numerical grade bands that span at least 10 points. For example, if your final numerical grade is between 100 and 90, you are guaranteed to get an A or an A-; if your final numerical grade is between 89.9999 and 80, then you are guaranteed to get some kind of B. Grading bands may be more lenient than 10 points, depending on the overall performance of all students. For example, depending on the overall performance of all students, the grades of A and A- might be mapped to the range [100, 87).

CS 161 labs may be completed in groups, but we expect every student to turn in a separate code repository—even if partners’ code is very similar. Here’s what that means and why we’re doing it.

Partner/group work is an important part of CS 161. Students benefit from talking through their code with partners. There’s less stress and loneliness and easier debugging.

But partner dynamics can hurt too. We want every student to understand the work of every problem set. In partner classes, though, sometimes students shirk work, or trade off (“you do pset 4 and I’ll do pset 5”), which isn’t fair to others and reliably causes problems later. CS 161 has even broken up some relationships! And partner issues force us to put more grading weight on exams.

We seek a happy medium. We want to allow partners but avoid the pathologies of group turnin. So, we ask every student to turn in separate code for each lab. Partners may create this code together, but the code partners turn in must not be wholly identical . A good way to ensure this would be for partners to discuss ideas and code and help each other debug, but type their code individually.

All coursework other than labs must be completed individually.

Collaboration is encouraged on all aspects of the course except exams. You are welcome to communicate with your classmates about strategies for solutions and about specific bugs, and you are welcome to use Internet resources for general information. However:

• You must not ask questions on Stack Overflow, paper.camp, or any similar site. (Of course, if you search for some C++ problem, Stack Overflow answers may come up—just don’t ask questions yourself.)
• You must not use solutions from past (or future) years.
• Cite help. If a classmate, other collaborator, or online resource helps you, acknowledge it in your assignment. (You do not need to cite help from course staff or resources directly linked from this site.)

Do not post your solutions in a public place.

Textbooks and resources

There are no mandatory texts for CS 161, but we can recommend some helpful texts if you like that sort of thing. They can be rented for Kindle.

• Operating Systems In Depth: Design and Programming , by Thomas W. Doeppner. This was a required text in prior years.
• Understanding the Linux Kernel , by Daniel P. Bovet. Though this describes a somewhat-old version of Linux, it’s well written and clear.

There are also extensive online resources on kernel design, architecture, and operating systems development.

• Linux kernel documentation

And also many online resources (of varying quality and age) on C++. Here are some good ones.

• C++ Super-FAQ
• cppreference.com

Course staff

Lecturer: James Mickens : [email protected] Office hours: Tuesdays, 3pm–4:30pm, Maxwell Dworkin 335 TFs: Tina Lu: [email protected] Office hours: Thursdays, 7pm–9pm, Leverett dining hall Noah Singer: [email protected] Office hours: Sundays, 1pm–3pm, Pfoho dining hall Vincent Viego: [email protected] Office hours: Fridays, 2pm–4pm, Maxwell Dworkin first-floor lounge

YouTube playlist with all videos below

CS 372 Operating Systems Schedule, Assignments, and Lecture Notes

Course overview ,  Miscellaneous links ,  Syllabus

Reading assignments marked MOS are from Modern Operating Systems by Tannenbaum.  That text is the recommended text for the course. Readings marked OSC are from Operating Systems Concepts with Java, by Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne. Ranges do not include the terminating section, e.g., 1.1-6 is sections 1.1...1.5, without 1.6. These assignments are provided for your reference.  You can read either MOS or OSC, both is probably overkill.  I recommend MOS, but either is fine.  In the MOS book, they have studies for Windows and Linux.  I encourage you to read this material, but it does not appear on the reading list. The ppt files will be updated throughout the course, but the pdf files will not.

This schedule is subject to change throughout the semester. This web page will reflect any changes.

Emmett Witchel, The University of Texas at Austin

185+ Best & Innovative Operating System Projects for Students

Explore engaging operating system projects for students, designed to enhance understanding of computer systems and programming concepts. Hey there! Ever wondered what makes your computer tick? Operating System Projects for Students is your chance to dig deep into the guts of computers.

We’ll explore how they run, play with coding magic, and have a ton of fun along the way. Whether you’re new to this or a seasoned explorer, these projects will turn you into a computer whiz in no time!

Table of Contents

The Significance of Operating System Projects

Operating system (OS) projects are like hidden gems for computer science students (CSE), no matter your experience level. Here’s why they’re so cool:

• Hands-On Fun: You get to dive into the heart of OS stuff, like managing processes and memory, turning theory into real fun.
• Peek Inside: OS projects show you how the OS talks to your computer’s hardware, revealing the magic behind computers.
• Boost Your Coding Skills: They help you sharpen your coding skills in languages like C or C++, dealing with system calls and kernel-level things.
• Problem-Solving Wizard: Tackling OS project challenges is like a brain gym, making you ace tough problems with smart solutions.
• Go Advanced: If you’re up for a challenge, dive into kernel development for a deeper understanding of how the OS works.
• Learn Beyond Tech: OS projects teach you project management skills, like planning and meeting deadlines, super useful for future projects.
• Bug Detective: Become a pro at finding and fixing bugs, boosting your problem-solving skills like a champ.
• Unleash Creativity: OS projects are a playground for trying out new ideas and customizing systems, letting your creativity run wild.
• Big Picture Understanding: Dive into why design choices matter in operating systems, gaining deeper insights into computer workings.

In short, OS projects are your ticket to becoming a top-notch CSE student, blending theory with hands-on fun and preparing you for success in the tech world. Dive in and discover your full potential!

Choosing the Right Operating System Projects

Choosing the right operating system (OS) project depends on what you’re into and where you’re at with your skills. Here’s a roadmap to help you find your perfect match:

Know Yourself

• Skill Level: Figure out if you’re starting out or ready for a challenge. Beginners stick to basics, while pros dive into kernel stuff.
• Interests: Pick what excites you – process management, memory magic, or hardware talks.

Exploring Projects

• Simulators: Play with CPU tricks or memory puzzles.
• File Systems: Create and manage files like a pro.
• Device Drivers: Make hardware friends with simple drivers.
• Virtual Memory Fun: Dive into virtual memory worlds.
• Microkernel Magic: Build a mini OS brain.
• System Call Showdown: Get hands-on with system calls.
• Online Help: Check out sites like GitHub, GeeksforGeeks, and OSDev Wiki for ideas.
• Blend with Class: Match your project with what you’re learning in class.
• Get Support: Don’t go solo – ask teachers or online pals for help.

The right OS project is like finding your favorite game – challenging, fun, and totally you. So, dive in and enjoy the OS adventure!

Operating System Projects for Students

Check out some of the best operating system projects for students:-

Process Management Projects

• Process scheduling algorithms simulation
• Multi-threaded process scheduling
• Interprocess communication mechanisms
• Process synchronization techniques
• Deadlock detection and prevention
• Real-time process scheduling
• Job scheduling in batch systems
• Process priority management
• CPU scheduling simulator
• Implementation of round-robin scheduling

Memory Management Projects

• Virtual memory simulation
• Page replacement algorithms comparison
• Memory allocation strategies analysis
• Buddy memory allocation system
• Fragmentation analysis and mitigation
• Memory leak detection tool
• Implementing memory segmentation
• Demand paging simulation
• Memory swapping techniques
• Memory mapping in operating systems

File System Projects

• File system implementation from scratch
• File compression and decompression tool
• File versioning system
• File recovery and backup system
• File system encryption and decryption
• Hierarchical file system design
• Implementing file permissions and access control
• File system integrity checker
• File synchronization tool
• File indexing and searching algorithms

Device Management Projects

• Device driver development for a specific hardware
• Interrupt handling mechanisms
• USB device management system
• Network device driver implementation
• Disk I/O scheduling algorithms
• Plug and Play support in operating systems
• Printer spooling system
• Power management strategies
• Device monitoring and diagnostics tool
• Virtual device management simulation

Security and Protection Projects

• User authentication and access control system
• Secure login mechanisms
• Intrusion detection system for OS
• File and directory encryption tool
• Firewall implementation for OS
• Malware detection and removal tool
• Digital signature verification system
• Secure communication channels implementation
• User-level and kernel-level protection mechanisms
• Security audit and logging system

Networking and Communication Projects

• TCP/IP stack implementation
• Network protocol analysis tool
• Socket programming for network communication
• Network packet sniffing tool
• Routing algorithms simulation
• Network bandwidth management system
• Implementing VPN services
• Network performance monitoring tool
• Network configuration management
• Network security protocols implementation

Distributed Systems Projects

• Distributed file system design
• Distributed process management
• Distributed mutual exclusion algorithms
• Replication strategies in distributed systems
• Fault tolerance mechanisms
• Distributed deadlock detection and recovery
• Load balancing algorithms in distributed systems
• Distributed consensus algorithms
• Distributed database management system
• Peer-to-peer file sharing system

Real-Time Systems Projects

• Real-time task scheduling algorithms
• Priority-based scheduling in real-time systems
• Deadline scheduling simulation
• Real-time kernel development
• Real-time data acquisition and processing
• Time synchronization protocols
• Real-time embedded system design
• Fault tolerance in real-time systems
• Real-time operating system benchmarking
• Real-time communication protocols implementation

System Performance Optimization Projects

• System resource utilization monitoring tool
• Performance profiling and analysis tool
• System benchmarking suite development
• CPU and memory usage optimization techniques
• Disk I/O optimization strategies
• Network bandwidth optimization tool
• Cache management algorithms analysis
• System load balancing mechanisms
• Parallel processing optimization techniques
• Virtualization for performance enhancement

Cloud Computing Projects

• Cloud operating system design
• Cloud resource allocation and management
• Virtual machine migration strategies
• Cloud storage system implementation
• Cloud security and privacy mechanisms
• Scalability testing in cloud environments
• Load balancing algorithms for cloud servers
• Cloud-based data analytics platform
• Cloud-based application deployment system
• Hybrid cloud integration strategies

IoT and Embedded Systems Projects

• Embedded operating system development
• IoT device management platform
• Sensor data collection and analysis system
• IoT communication protocols implementation
• Real-time operating system for embedded devices
• Low-power consumption strategies for IoT devices
• Edge computing solutions for IoT
• Firmware development for embedded systems
• IoT security and privacy measures
• IoT gateway implementation

Mobile and Smartphone Projects

• Mobile operating system customization
• App sandboxing and isolation techniques
• Mobile device management system
• Mobile data synchronization tool
• Mobile application virtualization platform
• Mobile device security suite
• Battery life optimization strategies
• Location-based services implementation
• Mobile payment and authentication system
• Mobile augmented reality application development

User Interface and Experience Projects

• GUI toolkit development for OS
• User-friendly command-line interface design
• Accessibility features for OS
• Customizable desktop environment
• Touchscreen interface optimization
• Voice recognition and control system
• Multi-language support in OS
• Adaptive display resolution management
• Gesture-based user interactions
• User experience analytics tool

System Monitoring and Logging Projects

• System log analysis and visualization tool
• Real-time system monitoring dashboard
• Performance metrics collection and reporting
• Anomaly detection in system logs
• Automated system health checks
• Centralized logging system
• Resource usage trend analysis tool
• Event correlation and alerting system
• Log file compression and archiving
• Network traffic monitoring and analysis

Backup and Recovery Projects

• System backup and restoration tool
• Incremental and differential backup strategies
• Disaster recovery planning and simulation
• Automated backup scheduling system
• Cloud-based backup solutions
• Data deduplication techniques
• Backup verification and integrity checking
• Encrypted backup storage options
• Bare-metal recovery solutions
• Version control for backup files

Data Management Projects

• Database management system integration
• Data indexing and searching algorithms
• Data deduplication in storage systems
• Data compression techniques
• Data replication strategies
• Data migration tools and processes
• Data lifecycle management system
• Database performance tuning
• Data warehousing and analytics platform
• Data privacy and security measures

Collaboration and Communication Projects

• Collaboration platform development
• Real-time messaging and chat application
• Document collaboration and versioning system
• Video conferencing system integration
• Project management tool integration
• Virtual team workspace environment
• Workflow automation and orchestration
• Secure file sharing and collaboration
• Remote desktop access solution
• Team collaboration analytics tool

Education and Learning Projects

• Learning management system integration
• Online course delivery platform
• Interactive educational content creation tool
• Student performance analytics system
• Virtual classroom environment
• Adaptive learning algorithms implementation
• Gamification in education software
• Personalized learning pathways system
• Automated grading and assessment tool
• Virtual laboratory simulations

Entertainment and Media Projects

• Media player development for OS
• Multimedia streaming server integration
• Digital content creation and editing software
• Virtual reality content platform
• Augmented reality applications for entertainment

How do I make an operating system project?

Creating your own operating system (OS) from scratch might sound daunting, but it’s a super cool learning adventure! Here’s a laid-back guide to help you kickstart:

Before You Dive In

• Get the Basics: Make sure you’ve got the lowdown on computer stuff like how it’s built, memory handling, and how tasks are managed by an OS. You can hit up textbooks, online courses, or tutorials to get up to speed.
• Pick Your Playground: Choose where you want to build your OS. You can go old school with x86 (a common type of CPU) or play around with emulators like QEMU. Also, grab a comfy text editor or IDE for coding and a compiler like GCC to turn your code into machine language.

Learning by Doing – Baby Steps

• Start Easy: Begin with a fun little project to get the hang of things. Maybe create an OS that boots up and flashes a message on the screen, or whip up a simple text-based kernel to handle basic hardware stuff.
• Check Out Tutorial Frameworks: There are cool frameworks like Cosmos ( https://cosmosos.github.io/articles/GettingStarted.html ) that give you a head start with essential kernel features like memory management and handling interruptions. You can build on these to add your own flair.

Building Blocks of Your OS

• Kernel: This is like the heart of your OS, managing all the hardware stuff like memory, CPU, and devices. It does tasks like deciding what runs when and handling stuff like keyboard taps.
• Device Drivers: These are like little translators between your OS and hardware pieces like keyboards, screens, and drives. They help your OS chat with these devices smoothly.
• System Calls: These are like special requests your OS fulfills for programs, like reading a file or showing something on the screen.

Step-by-Step Guide (Made Simple)

• Boot-Up Buddy: Write a small program that loads your kernel into memory when your computer wakes up.
• Kernel Craft Time: Start with the basics of memory management, making sure your OS can give out and take back memory as needed.
• Interrupts Are Your Friends: Set up routines to handle events like someone hitting keys or time ticking away.
• Text Fun (optional): Fancy making a basic command-line interface so folks can talk to your OS? Go for it!
• Hardware Helpers (optional): Write drivers for simple hardware stuff so your OS can do cool things like showing words on the screen or taking keyboard taps.
• This is just a chilled-out guide, and each step means some fun coding and fixing bugs.
• Start small, set goals you can hit, and build up from there.
• Online guides, tutorials, and hangouts like osdev.org are awesome for tips and support.
• Break It Down: Slice up your OS project into small chunks so it’s less overwhelming.
• Write It Down: Keep your code clear with comments explaining what’s what. Makes it easier for you and others to understand and tweak later.
• Test and Fix: Keep poking at your code to find and squash bugs. Debuggers are your pals here!
• Building your own OS is a big deal, but with some chill vibes, good resources, and a step-by-step approach, you’ll totally rock it!

Simply put, operating system projects offer a glimpse into the inner workings of computers. Whether you’re drawn to managing programs, memory, or files, there’s a project tailored to your interests.

These endeavors provide practical experience with real-world computer challenges, teaching you to tackle them with finesse. More than just school assignments, they’re hands-on journeys into the realm of computer science and its influence on technology.

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B.C.A study

Bca full study material for mgkvp university, unit- 1: introduction of operating system.

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.

Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.

Following are some of important functions of an operating System.

• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Control over system performance
• Job accounting
• Error detecting aids
• Coordination between other software and users

Applications of Operating System

Following are some of the important activities that an Operating System performs −

• Security  − By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents unauthorized access to programs and data.
• Control over system performance  − Recording delays between request for a service and response from the system.
• Job accounting  − Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and users.
• Error detecting aids  − Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other debugging and error detecting aids.
• Coordination between other softwares and users  − Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various users of the computer systems.

Types of operating system

Operating systems are there from the very first computer generation and they keep evolving with time. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the important types of operating systems which are most commonly used.

Batch operating system

The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.

The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −

• Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
• CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
• Difficult to provide the desired priority.

Time-sharing operating systems

Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor’s time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.

The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of Multiprogrammed batch systems, the objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the objective is to minimize response time.

Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, the processor executes each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is, if  n  users are present, then each user can get a time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response time is in few seconds at most.

The operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time. Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing systems.

Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows −

• Provides the advantage of quick response.
• Avoids duplication of software.
• Reduces CPU idle time.

Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems are as follows −

• Problem of reliability.
• Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.
• Problem of data communication.

Distributed operating System

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.

The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as  loosely coupled systems  or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.

The advantages of distributed systems are as follows −

• With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.
• Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
• If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
• Better service to the customers.
• Reduction of the load on the host computer.
• Reduction of delays in data processing.

Real Time operating System

A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the  response time . So in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.

Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated application. A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail. For example, Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

There are two types of real-time operating systems.

Hard real-time systems

Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In hard real-time systems, secondary storage is limited or missing and the data is stored in ROM. In these systems, virtual memory is almost never found.

Soft real-time systems

Soft real-time systems are less restrictive. A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains the priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time systems. For example, multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea exploration and planetary rovers

Batch processing

Batch processing is a technique in which an Operating System collects the programs and data together in a batch before processing starts. An operating system does the following activities related to batch processing −

• The OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands, programs and data as a single unit.
• The OS keeps a number a jobs in memory and executes them without any manual information.
• Jobs are processed in the order of submission, i.e., first come first served fashion.
• When a job completes its execution, its memory is released and the output for the job gets copied into an output spool for later printing or processing.

• Batch processing takes much of the work of the operator to the computer.
• Increased performance as a new job get started as soon as the previous job is finished, without any manual intervention.

Disadvantages

• Difficult to debug program.
• A job could enter an infinite loop.
• Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs.

Multitasking

Multitasking is when multiple jobs are executed by the CPU simultaneously by switching between them. Switches occur so frequently that the users may interact with each program while it is running. An OS does the following activities related to multitasking −

• The user gives instructions to the operating system or to a program directly, and receives an immediate response.
• The OS handles multitasking in the way that it can handle multiple operations/executes multiple programs at a time.
• Multitasking Operating Systems are also known as Time-sharing systems.
• These Operating Systems were developed to provide interactive use of a computer system at a reasonable cost.
• A time-shared operating system uses the concept of CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time-shared CPU.
• Each user has at least one separate program in memory.

• A program that is loaded into memory and is executing is commonly referred to as a  process .
• When a process executes, it typically executes for only a very short time before it either finishes or needs to perform I/O.
• Since interactive I/O typically runs at slower speeds, it may take a long time to complete. During this time, a CPU can be utilized by another process.
• The operating system allows the users to share the computer simultaneously. Since each action or command in a time-shared system tends to be short, only a little CPU time is needed for each user.
• As the system switches CPU rapidly from one user/program to the next, each user is given the impression that he/she has his/her own CPU, whereas actually one CPU is being shared among many users.

Multiprogramming

Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory at the same time, is referred as  multiprogramming . Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor. Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute.

The following figure shows the memory layout for a multiprogramming system.

An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming.

• The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.
• This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
• The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.
• Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active programs and system resources using memory management programs to ensures that the CPU is never idle, unless there are no jobs to process.
• High and efficient CPU utilization.
• User feels that many programs are allotted CPU almost simultaneously.
• CPU scheduling is required.
• To accommodate many jobs in memory, memory management is required.

Interactivity

Interactivity refers to the ability of users to interact with a computer system. An Operating system does the following activities related to interactivity −

• Provides the user an interface to interact with the system.
• Manages input devices to take inputs from the user. For example, keyboard.
• Manages output devices to show outputs to the user. For example, Monitor.

The response time of the OS needs to be short, since the user submits and waits for the result.

Real Time System

Real-time systems are usually dedicated, embedded systems. An operating system does the following activities related to real-time system activity.

• In such systems, Operating Systems typically read from and react to sensor data.
• The Operating system must guarantee response to events within fixed periods of time to ensure correct performance.

Introduction to Memory Management

Main Memory refers to a physical memory that is the internal memory to the computer. The word main is used to distinguish it from external mass storage devices such as disk drives. Main memory is also known as RAM. The computer is able to change only data that is in main memory. Therefore, every program we execute and every file we access must be copied from a storage device into main memory.

All the programs are loaded in the main memeory for execution. Sometimes complete program is loaded into the memory, but some times a certain part or routine of the program is loaded into the main memory only when it is called by the program, this mechanism is called  Dynamic Loading , this enhance the performance.

Also, at times one program is dependent on some other program. In such a case, rather than loading all the dependent programs, CPU links the dependent programs to the main executing program when its required. This mechanism is known as  Dynamic Linking .

A process needs to be in memory for execution. But sometimes there is not enough main memory to hold all the currently active processes in a timesharing system. So, excess process are kept on disk and brought in to run dynamically. Swapping is the process of bringing in each process in main memory, running it for a while and then putting it back to the disk.

Contiguous Memory Allocation

In contiguous memory allocation each process is contained in a single contiguous block of memory. Memory is divided into several fixed size partitions. Each partition contains exactly one process. When a partition is free, a process is selected from the input queue and loaded into it. The free blocks of memory are known as  holes . The set of holes is searched to determine which hole is best to allocate.

Memory Protection

Memory protection is a phenomenon by which we control memory access rights on a computer. The main aim of it is to prevent a process from accessing memory that has not been allocated to it. Hence prevents a bug within a process from affecting other processes, or the operating system itself, and instead results in a segmentation fault or storage violation exception being sent to the disturbing process, generally killing of process.

Memory Allocation

Memory allocation is a process by which computer programs are assigned memory or space. It is of three types :

• First Fit: The first hole that is big enough is allocated to program.
• Best Fit: The smallest hole that is big enough is allocated to program.
• Worst Fit: The largest hole that is big enough is allocated to program.

Fragmentation

Fragmentation occurs in a dynamic memory allocation system when most of the free blocks are too small to satisfy any request. It is generally termed as inability to use the available memory.

In such situation processes are loaded and removed from the memory. As a result of this, free holes exists to satisfy a request but is non contiguous i.e. the memory is fragmented into large no. Of small holes. This phenomenon is known as  External Fragmentation.

Also, at times the physical memory is broken into fixed size blocks and memory is allocated in unit of block sizes. The memory allocated to a space may be slightly larger than the requested memory. The difference between allocated and required memory is known as  Internal fragmentation  i.e. the memory that is internal to a partition but is of no use.

A solution to fragmentation problem is Paging. Paging is a memory management mechanism that allows the physical address space of a process to be non-contagious. Here physical memory is divided into blocks of equal size called  Pages . The pages belonging to a certain process are loaded into available memory frames.

A Page Table is the data structure used by a virtual memory system in a computer operating system to store the mapping between  virtual address  and  physical addresses.

Virtual address is also known as Logical address and is generated by the CPU. While Physical address is the address that actually exists on memory.

Segmentation

Segmentation is another memory management scheme that supports the user-view of memory. Segmentation allows breaking of the virtual address space of a single process into segments that may be placed in non-contiguous areas of physical memory.

Segmentation with Paging

Both paging and segmentation have their advantages and disadvantages, it is better to combine these two schemes to improve on each. The combined scheme is known as ‘Page the Elements’. Each segment in this scheme is divided into pages and each segment is maintained in a page table. So the logical address is divided into following 3 parts :

• Segment numbers(S)
• Page number (P)
• The displacement or offset number (D)

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Simple Operating system

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A simple Operating system made in C

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• Engineering Mathematics
• Discrete Mathematics
• Operating System
• Computer Networks
• Digital Logic and Design
• C Programming
• Data Structures
• Theory of Computation
• Compiler Design
• Computer Org and Architecture
• Operating System Tutorial
• What is an Operating System?

Functions of Operating System

• Types of Operating Systems
• Need and Functions of Operating Systems
• Commonly Used Operating System

Structure of Operating System

• Operating System Services
• Introduction of System Call
• System Programs in Operating System
• Operating Systems Structures
• History of Operating System
• Booting and Dual Booting of Operating System

Types of OS

• Batch Processing Operating System
• Multiprogramming in Operating System
• Time Sharing Operating System
• What is a Network Operating System?
• Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

Process Management

• Introduction of Process Management
• Process Table and Process Control Block (PCB)
• Operations on Processes
• Process Schedulers in Operating System
• Inter Process Communication (IPC)
• Context Switching in Operating System
• Preemptive and Non-Preemptive Scheduling

CPU Scheduling in OS

• CPU Scheduling in Operating Systems
• CPU Scheduling Criteria
• Multiple-Processor Scheduling in Operating System
• Thread Scheduling

Threads in OS

• Thread in Operating System
• Threads and its types in Operating System
• Multithreading in Operating System

Process Synchronization

• Introduction of Process Synchronization
• Race Condition Vulnerability
• Critical Section in Synchronization
• Mutual Exclusion in Synchronization

Critical Section Problem Solution

• Peterson's Algorithm in Process Synchronization
• Semaphores in Process Synchronization
• Semaphores and its types
• Producer Consumer Problem using Semaphores | Set 1
• Readers-Writers Problem | Set 1 (Introduction and Readers Preference Solution)
• Dining Philosopher Problem Using Semaphores
• Hardware Synchronization Algorithms : Unlock and Lock, Test and Set, Swap

Deadlocks & Deadlock Handling Methods

• Introduction of Deadlock in Operating System
• Conditions for Deadlock in Operating System
• Banker's Algorithm in Operating System
• Wait For Graph Deadlock Detection in Distributed System
• Handling Deadlocks
• Deadlock Prevention And Avoidance
• Deadlock Detection And Recovery
• Deadlock Ignorance in Operating System
• Recovery from Deadlock in Operating System

Memory Management

• Memory Management in Operating System
• Implementation of Contiguous Memory Management Techniques
• Non-Contiguous Allocation in Operating System
• Compaction in Operating System
• Best-Fit Allocation in Operating System
• Worst-Fit Allocation in Operating Systems
• First-Fit Allocation in Operating Systems
• Fixed (or static) Partitioning in Operating System
• Variable (or Dynamic) Partitioning in Operating System
• Paging in Operating System
• Segmentation in Operating System
• Virtual Memory in Operating System

Page Replacement Algorithms

• Page Replacement Algorithms in Operating Systems
• Program for Page Replacement Algorithms | Set 2 (FIFO)
• Belady's Anomaly in Page Replacement Algorithms
• Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm
• Program for Least Recently Used (LRU) Page Replacement algorithm
• Techniques to handle Thrashing
• Storage Management
• File Systems in Operating System
• File Allocation Methods
• Free space management in Operating System
• Disk Scheduling Algorithms
• RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks)

OS Interview Questions

• Last Minute Notes – Operating Systems
• Operating System Interview Questions

OS Quiz and GATE PYQ's

• OS Process Management
• OS Memory Management
• OS Input Output Systems
• OS CPU Scheduling
• 50 Operating System MCQs with Answers

An Operating System acts as a communication bridge (interface) between the user and computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide a platform on which a user can execute programs conveniently and efficiently.

An operating system is a piece of software that manages the allocation of Computer Hardware. The coordination of the hardware must be appropriate to ensure the correct working of the computer system and to prevent user programs from interfering with the proper working of the system. 

The main goal of the Operating System is to make the computer environment more convenient to use and the Secondary goal is to use the resources most efficiently. 

What is an Operating System?  

An operating system is a program that manages a computer’s hardware. It also provides a basis for application programs and acts as an intermediary between the computer user and computer hardware. The main task an operating system carries out is the allocation of resources and services, such as the allocation of memory, devices, processors, and information. The operating system also includes programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, a memory management module, I/O programs, and a file system. The operating system simply provides an environment within which other programs can do useful work.

Why are Operating Systems Used?

Operating System is used as a communication channel between the Computer hardware and the user. It works as an intermediate between System Hardware and End-User. Operating System handles the following responsibilities:

• It controls all the computer resources.
• It provides valuable services to user programs.
• It coordinates the execution of user programs.
• It provides resources for user programs.
• It provides an interface (virtual machine) to the user.
• It hides the complexity of software.
• It supports multiple execution modes.
• It monitors the execution of user programs to prevent errors.

Functions of an Operating System

The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up of a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main memory is fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory. An operating system manages the allocation and deallocation of memory to various processes and ensures that the other process does not consume the memory allocated to one process. An Operating System performs the following activities for Memory Management :

• It keeps track of primary memory, i.e., which bytes of memory are used by which user program. The memory addresses that have already been allocated and the memory addresses of the memory that has not yet been used. 
• In multiprogramming, the OS decides the order in which processes are granted memory access, and for how long. 
• It Allocates the memory to a process when the process requests it and deallocates the memory when the process has terminated or is performing an I/O operation. 

Processor Management

In a multi-programming environment, the OS decides the order in which processes have access to the processor, and how much processing time each process has. This function of OS is called Process Scheduling . An Operating System performs the following activities for Processor Management . 

An operating system manages the processor’s work by allocating various jobs to it and ensuring that each process receives enough time from the processor to function properly. Keeps track of the status of processes. The program which performs this task is known as a traffic controller. Allocates the CPU that is a processor to a process. De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.

Device Management

An OS manages device communication via its respective drivers. It performs the following activities for device management.

• Keeps track of all devices connected to the system. Designates a program responsible for every device known as the Input/Output controller.
• Decide which process gets access to a certain device and for how long.
• Allocates devices effectively and efficiently. Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.
•  There are various input and output devices. An OS controls the working of these input-output devices.
• It receives the requests from these devices, performs a specific task, and communicates back to the requesting process.

File Management

A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System carries out the following file management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access settings, the status of every file, and more. These facilities are collectively known as the file system . An OS keeps track of information regarding the creation, deletion, transfer, copy, and storage of files in an organized way. It also maintains the integrity of the data stored in these files, including the file directory structure, by protecting against unauthorized access.

User Interface or Command Interpreter

The user interacts with the computer system through the operating system. Hence OS acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware. This user interface is offered through a set of commands or a graphical user interface (GUI) . Through this interface, the user makes interacts with the applications and the machine hardware.

Command Interpreter

Booting the Computer

The process of starting or restarting the computer is known as booting. If the computer is switched off completely and if turned on then it is called cold booting. Warm booting is a process of using the operating system to restart the computer.

The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data. The operating system provides various techniques which assure the integrity and confidentiality of user data. The following security measures are used to protect user data:

•  Protection against unauthorized access through login.
• Protection against intrusion by keeping the firewall active.
• Protecting the system memory against malicious access.
• Displaying messages related to system vulnerabilities.

Control Over System Performance

Operating systems play a pivotal role in controlling and optimizing system performance. They act as intermediaries between hardware and software, ensuring that computing resources are efficiently utilized. One fundamental aspect is resource allocation, where the OS allocates CPU time, memory, and I/O devices to different processes, striving to provide fair and optimal resource utilization. Process scheduling, a critical function, helps decide which processes or threads should run when preventing any single task from monopolizing the CPU and enabling effective multitasking.

Job Accounting

The operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of users. In a multitasking OS where multiple programs run simultaneously, the OS determines which applications should run in which order and how time should be allocated to each application.

Error-Detecting Aids

The operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid malfunctioning computer systems. From time to time, the operating system checks the system for any external threat or malicious software activity. It also checks the hardware for any type of damage. This process displays several alerts to the user so that the appropriate action can be taken against any damage caused to the system.

Coordination Between Other Software and Users

Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters , compilers , assemblers , and other software to the various users of the computer systems. In simpler terms, think of the operating system as the traffic cop of your computer. It directs and manages how different software programs can share your computer’s resources without causing chaos. It ensures that when you want to use a program, it runs smoothly without crashing or causing problems for others. So, it’s like the friendly officer ensuring a smooth flow of traffic on a busy road, making sure everyone gets where they need to go without any accidents or jams.

Performs Basic Computer Tasks

The management of various peripheral devices such as the mouse, keyboard, and printer is carried out by the operating system. Today most operating systems are plug-and-play. These operating systems automatically recognize and configure the devices with no user interference.

Network Management

• Network Communication: Think of them as traffic cops for your internet traffic. Operating systems help computers talk to each other and the internet. They manage how data is packaged and sent over the network, making sure it arrives safely and in the right order.
• Settings and Monitoring: Think of them as the settings and security guard for your internet connection. They also let you set up your network connections, like Wi-Fi or Ethernet, and keep an eye on how your network is doing. They make sure your computer is using the network efficiently and securely, like adjusting the speed of your internet or protecting your computer from online threats.

Services Provided by an Operating System

The Operating System provides certain services to the users which can be listed in the following manner: 

• User Interface: Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI). This interface can take several forms. One is a command-line interface(CLI), which uses text commands and a method for entering them (say, a keyboard for typing in commands in a specific format with specific options). Another is a batch interface, in which commands and directives to control those commands are entered into files, and those files are executed. Most commonly, a graphical user interface (GUI) is used. the interface is a window system with a pointing device to direct I/O, choose from menus, and make selections and a keyboard to enter text.
• Program Execution: The Operating System is responsible for the execution of all types of programs whether it be user programs or system programs. The Operating System utilizes various resources available for the efficient running of all types of functionalities.
• Handling Input/Output Operations: The Operating System is responsible for handling all sorts of inputs, i.e., from the keyboard, mouse, desktop, etc. The Operating System does all interfacing most appropriately regarding all kinds of Inputs and Outputs.  For example, there is a difference between all types of peripheral devices such as mice or keyboards, the Operating System is responsible for handling data between them.
• Manipulation of File System: The Operating System is responsible for making decisions regarding the storage of all types of data or files, i.e., floppy disk/hard disk /pen drive, etc. The Operating System decides how the data should be manipulated and stored.
• Resource Allocation: The Operating System ensures the proper use of all the resources available by deciding which resource to be used by whom for how much time. All the decisions are taken by the Operating System.
• Accounting: The Operating System tracks an account of all the functionalities taking place in the computer system at a time. All the details such as the types of errors that occurred are recorded by the Operating System.
• Information and Resource Protection: The Operating System is responsible for using all the information and resources available on the machine in the most protected way. The Operating System must foil an attempt from any external resource to hamper any sort of data or information.
• Communication: The operating system implements communication between one process to another process to exchange information. Such communication may occur between processes that are executing on the same computer or between processes that are executing on different computer systems tied together by a computer network.
• System Services: The operating system provides various system services, such as printing, time and date management, and event logging.
• Error Detection: The operating system needs to be detecting and correcting errors constantly. Errors may occur in the CPU and memory hardware ( for eg. a memory error or a power failure), in I/O devices (such as a parity error on disk, a connection failure on a network, or a lack of paper in the printer), and in the user program ( an arithmetic overflow, an attempt to access an illegal memory location or a too-great use of CPU time). For each type of error, the operating system should take the appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.

All these services are ensured by the Operating System for the convenience of the users to make the programming task easier. All different kinds of Operating Systems more or less provide the same services.

Characteristics of Operating System

• Virtualization: Operating systems can provide Virtualization capabilities, allowing multiple operating systems or instances of an operating system to run on a single physical machine. This can improve resource utilization and provide isolation between different operating systems or applications.
• Networking: Operating systems provide networking capabilities, allowing the computer system to connect to other systems and devices over a network. This can include features such as network protocols , network interfaces, and network security .
• Scheduling: Operating systems provide scheduling algorithms that determine the order in which tasks are executed on the system. These algorithms prioritize tasks based on their resource requirements and other factors to optimize system performance.
• Interprocess Communication: Operating systems provide mechanisms for applications to communicate with each other, allowing them to share data and coordinate their activities.
• Performance Monitoring: Operating systems provide tools for monitoring system performance, including CPU usage, memory usage, disk usage, and network activity. This can help identify performance bottlenecks and optimize system performance.
• Backup and Recovery: Operating systems provide backup and recovery mechanisms to protect data in the event of system failure or data loss.
• Debugging: Operating systems provide debugging tools that allow developers to identify and fix software bugs and other issues in the system.

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How to elevate device security with a custom operating system.

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Yadhu Gopalan is the cofounder and CEO of Esper . Esper provides next-gen device management for company-managed hardware.

In today’s world, digital threats are everywhere. They’re increasingly sophisticated in nature, making the security of company-owned and managed hardware more critical than ever. For businesses of all sizes, data breaches can break a company’s reputation, destroying customer trust and often causing financial destruction.

A custom operating system (OS) is one way to mitigate the constantly evolving risks and navigate an ever-changing threat landscape. A custom OS can provide unparalleled control over security features, updates, patches and enhanced device management, offering a robust first line of defense against cyber threats.

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Off-the-shelf hardware from reputable vendors is a great starting point—especially for consumers. But when organizations rely on devices for critical functionality in their businesses, a great starting point isn’t good enough. You need great long-term support, robust security and well-thought-out countermeasures against the growing cyber threat.

A custom operating system allows you to incorporate bespoke encryption methods, offers deeper control of device security and allows you to build features that align with your company’s security posture—not that of the device maker. For your business, that means reduced risk of a data breach, which saves time and money. For your customers, that means better data protection and retention.

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The biggest benefit of having full control over your devices’ operating systems is the ability to offer security updates and patches on your own schedule. With off-the-shelf software, you will always be at the mercy of the manufacturer to provide timely updates and security patches to your hardware, leaving the door open for vulnerabilities for weeks, months or even years.

With direct control over updates, rapid deployment of security patches isn’t just a pipe dream—it’s reality. This proactive stance allows you to protect your devices and data against the latest threats, increasing the overall security profile of your device fleet.

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Non-Negotiable Compliance

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A security-first approach to digital hardware management will be a defining factor for forward-thinking organizations as we navigate a future where digital security simply cannot be an afterthought.

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Dr. Archie Holmes, the executive vice chancellor for academic affairs at The University of Texas System, will give the commencement addresses during Stephen F. Austin State University’s four graduation ceremonies May 10-11.

NACOGDOCHES, Texas — Dr. Archie Holmes, the executive vice chancellor for academic affairs at The University of Texas System, will give the commencement addresses during Stephen F. Austin State University’s four graduation ceremonies May 10-11. Holmes provides oversight and guidance for the nine UT System academic institutions, which enroll more than 228,000 students, produce nearly 60,000 graduates a year, and have an aggregate annual operating budget of more than $7.7 billion. Prior to joining the UT System in October 2020, Holmes was the vice provost for academic affairs at the University of Virginia and was a faculty member at both the University of Virginia and The University of Texas at Austin.  Holmes received his bachelor’s and doctoral degrees, both in electrical engineering, from The University of Texas at Austin and the University of California, Santa Barbara, respectively. To attend commencement, attendees 5 years and older must have a ticket to enter Johnson Coliseum. Tickets are free and will help university officials ensure the venue is not overcrowded. A limited number of tickets per each graduate candidate is available. These tickets are reserved in advance by the candidate. All commencements will take place in Johnson Coliseum. The public also is invited to attend, and community tickets will be issued on a first-come, first-served basis at the coliseum ticket office one hour before the ceremony begins. Candidates from the Nelson Rusche College of Business and Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture will participate in a ceremony at 6 p.m. Friday, May 10. Candidates from the James I. Perkins College of Education will participate in a ceremony at 9 a.m. Saturday, May 11. Candidates from the College of Liberal and Applied Arts are slated for the 1 p.m. ceremony Saturday, followed by the College of Sciences and Mathematics and the Micky Elliott College of Fine Arts ceremony at 4 p.m. Degrees to be awarded include 1,039 bachelor’s degrees, 266 master’s degrees and two doctoral degrees. Nearly 500 students will graduate with honors, including 119 cum laude, 153 magna cum laude and 217 summa cum laude. Twenty-eight students will graduate with the university scholar designation. For more info, visit the SFA commencement webpage .

ABOUT STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY   Stephen F. Austin State University, the newest member of The University of Texas System, began a century ago as a teachers’ college in Texas’ oldest town, Nacogdoches. Today, it has grown into a regional institution comprising six colleges — business, education, fine arts, forestry and agriculture, liberal and applied arts, and sciences and mathematics. Accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, SFA enrolls approximately 11,000 students while providing the academic breadth of a state university with the personalized attention of a private school. The main campus encompasses 421 acres that include 37 academic facilities, nine residence halls, and 68 acres of recreational trails that wind through its six gardens. The university offers more than 80 bachelor’s degrees, more than 40 master’s degrees and four doctoral degrees covering more than 120 areas of study. Learn more at the SFA website .  ABOUT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM   The University of Texas System has enhanced the lives of Texans and individuals worldwide through its commitment to education, research and health care for 140 years. With 14 institutions collectively enrolling over 254,000 students, the UT System stands as one of the largest public university systems in the United States. UT institutions annually produce over 66,000 graduates and award more than one-third of the undergraduate degrees in Texas, as well as over 60% of the state's medical degrees. The combined efforts of UT-owned and affiliated hospitals and clinics resulted in over 10.7 million outpatient visits and more than 2 million hospital days last year. The UT System’s $3.8 billion research enterprise is one of the nation’s most innovative and ranks No. 1 in Texas and No. 2 in the nation for federal research expenditures. The UT System has an operating budget of $29.1 billion for fiscal year 2024 and employs more than 116,000 faculty, health care professionals, support staff and student workers.

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