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Finance Case Studies

The Yale School of Management International Center for Finance (ICF) provides academic and professional support for research in financial economics. Part of the academic support that the ICF provides goes toward the development of finance case studies to be used in classes as teaching instruments. Along with the ICF’s financial contributions, Yale SOM alumni and ICF Advisory Board members also assist in funding and creating finance case studies.

ICF Faculty Director William Goetzmann and ICF Deputy Director Geert Rouwenhorst have created a number of new finance case studies and use them in their very own courses.  Over the years they have been able to produce cases on hot topics and trends which helps keep the Yale SOM curriculum current.

The case writing team has also teamed up with alumni and ICF Advisory Board members to create case studies based on real life problems that they have experienced firsthand or on topics that they find relevant to their professional industry. Last year, ICF Advisory Board member Adam Blumenthal ’98, worked with the case writing team to develop several private equity case studies which played an integral part in the elective course that he teaches at Yale SOM titled, MGT 806 Private Equity: Value Creation.

Below are some of the most recent finance case studies featured on our ICF website:  

Case Studies

       LIST OF CASE STUDIES

• ESG Investing: Perils and Pertinence
• Case Study: FTX and Sam Bankman-Fried
• Financial Ethics 101: Fiduciary Duty
• The Problem with ChatGPT Writing Your Essay
• EU Carbon Border Tax: Justice Matters
• Amazon Bestseller: Ethics in Finance
• Financial Ethics 101: Insider Trading
• Ethics in Finance Second Edition Now Available
• Native Colleges Need Money Not Apologies
• The Green Climate Fund Lacks Procedural Justice
• COP27: Adaptation Without Mitigation
• Financial Ethics 101: Money Laundering
• Higher Interest Rates in Australia: Burdens and Rewards
• The Ethics of India Buying Russian Oil
• The Justness of Russian Sanctions
• Ethics View: Cloudflare in Russia
• Seven Pillars Institute Special Report: An Ethics Assessment of the IEA’s Net Zero by 2020
• NFTs: Risks, Rewards, Ethics
• McKinsey and Its Opioids Scandal
• The Ethics of China’s Zero Covid Policy
• An Alternative Approach to Wealth Tax
• AI in Finance: Opportunities, Sustainability, Ethics
• Blockchain as a Force for Good (Part 1)
• Blockchain as a Force for Good (Part 2)
• Green Bonds without Greenwashing
• Ethics Update on Cryptocurrencies
• Covid-19 Pandemic Worsens Inequality
• Universal Basic Income: A Pandemic Based Reassessment
• Climate Change, Diversity, Inclusion: Where Warren Buffet Stands
• The EU Taxonomy
• Ethics Review: Global Minimum Corporate Tax
• Case Study: Luckin Coffee Accounting Fraud
• Council for Inclusive Capitalism: Greenwashing Dangers
• Ethics Review: DOL Fiduciary Rule
• Case Studies from a Woman’s Life on Wall Street
• Ethics Review: Donor Advised Funds
• Case Study: Equifax Data Breach
• Ethics Study: Silicon Valley Housing Crisis
• Ethics Review of Carbon Taxes
• The Ethics of Impact Investing
• Ethics Analysis: Fossil Fuel Divestment
• Central Banks: New Stakeholders of Human Rights
• CliFin Case Study: The European Green Deal
• Wirecard: Another Fintech Fraud
• Tax Avoidance, Its Effects, and Dutch Facilitation
• Ethics Analysis: The (Non)Use of University Endowments for Pandemic Shortfalls
• Finance Needs ‘Bilinguals’ Too
• Evaluating the Paycheck Protection Program
• Human Rights and Austerity: The IMF as a Handmaiden of Neoliberalism
• Ethics Review of Green Bonds
• High Frequency Trading(2): Ethics Assessment
• High Frequency Trading(1): Empirical Assessment
• Mutual Fund Fees: Transparency and Worth
• Are Museums Right to Refuse Sackler Money?
• Greenwashing: The Dow Jones Sustainability Indices Case
• Is Warren Buffett an Ethical Investor?
• The Case of Danske Bank and Money Laundering
• Banking Structure Shapes Banking Ethics
• Fintech Payday Lending: The Case of Wonga
• Hikvision and Dahua: The Case for Divestment
• CliFin: Asset Management and Climate Change
• Peer to Peer Lending: Lending Club
• CliFin: Climate Finance to Avoid Climategeddon
• Big Data and Impact Investing
• The Case of Vijay Mallya and Kingfisher Airlines
• Ethics of College Football Funding: The Case of the University of Kansas
• Islamic Financing: Malaysian Sukuk
• Technology and Unemployment
• India’s DEMONetization: An Ethics Analysis
• Conflicts of Interest: Wilbur Ross
• ANZ, Deutsche Bank, Citi: Criminal Cartel Case
• Financial Ethics in Catholic Social Justice
• Ethics Assessment: International Financial Institutions
• ESG and Government Regulation
• Payday Lending: An Ethics Evaluation
• Commonwealth Bank of Australia Money Laundering Case
• Morgan Stanley Code of Ethics: 2008 vs. 2018
• Ethical Investing: Norway’s Sovereign Wealth Fund
• A Sweet Deal? The Ethics of Sugar Taxes
• Universal Basic Income: More Empirical Studies
• Ethics Assessment: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
• Fairness Assessment: Australian Housing Tax Subsidies
• Och-Ziff’s African Bribery
• Globalization, Wealth Inequality…then Protectionism
• Flooding the Swamp: The Case of Michael Catanzaro
• CETA: Free Trade for the Common Good
• Impact Investing: Big Society Capital
• Battle for the Soul of Bitcoin
• Wealth Inequality Workshop: A Video Documentary
• Philosophical Foundations of Impact Investing
• Mylan’s EpiPen Pricing Scandal
• Bitcoin: To Regulate or Not To Regulate?
• Argentina vs. the Hedge Funds: the 2014 Argentina Bond Default
• Crash Interventions: Shanghai Stock Market Case
• Case Study: Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
• Case Study: Iceland’s Banking Crisis
• Impact Investments: Good Profits?
• When Businessmen Rule The State
• Case Study: Deutsche Bank Money Laundering Scheme
• Ethics Analysis: The Panama Papers
• Wells Fargo Fake Accounts Scandal
• Ethics Analysis: Foreign Bribery  Part 2: Trump Financial Ethics Watch Series
• Ethics Analysis: Trump’s Conflicts of Interest  Part 1: Trump Financial Ethics Watch Series
• Ethics of US Student Loan Debt
• Pharmaceutical Industry Ethics
• The Valeant Pharmaceuticals Case
• Trade Adjustment Assistance and Game Theory
• Universal Basic Income: Empirical Studies
• Ethics of Universal Basic Income
• The Ethics of Tax Breaks on Bank Fines
• The Transparency Task Force
• 2008 Financial Crisis
• Review: The Big Short
• Ethics of Socially Responsible Funds
• Mitigating TBTF: The Australian Four Pillars Policy
• The Ethics of China’s Land Expropriation Rules and Reforms
• Necessity and The Minimum Wage
• Financing America’s Public Schools Ethically
• The Alchemy of the G-30 Report on Banking Conduct and Culture
• Has Bank Culture Changed to Ensure Ethical Behavior?
• More on the Ethics of Bitcoin
• Ferguson: A Financial Ethics Explanation
• Tax Systems: A Brief Ethical Discourse
• The Case of Goldman Sachs and 1MDB
• The Ethics of Bitcoin
• Ethical Issues of the Puerto Rico Debt Crisis
• Forex Scandal: The Ethics of Exchange Rate Manipulation
• Codes of Ethics for Financial Institutions
• Income Inequality Series
• Insider Trading Cases
• Taxation Cases
• India Series
• Asian Cases
• Global Financial Leaders Insist on the Necessity of Financial Ethics
• JPMorgan: Code of Ethics and Revisions Since the 2008 Financial Crisis
• Goldman Sachs: Code of Ethics Post 2008
• Trans-Pacific Partnership: Common Good or Corporate Good?
• China and Corruption: The Case of GlaxoSmithKline
• Ethics and Trickle Down Economics: A Case Study of Kansas
• Community Banking: The Case of The Bank of Prairie Village
• Greek Debt Crisis: The EU Should Learn from UAE
• The Ethics of Executive Compensation: A Matter of Duty
• The Ethics of Swiss National Bank’s Currency Intervention
• Credit Default Swaps: An Update
• Profit and Ethics in Short Selling: The Case of Muddy Waters
• The Fall of Anglo Irish Bank
• Corporate Fraud in India: Case Studies of Sahara and Saradha
• Corporate Disasters in India: Bhopal, Uphaar and AMRI Hospital
• Hong Kong: Economic Freedom Belies Crony Capitalism
• An Ethical Analysis of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil
• Cross Border Securities Enforcement: The Case of Tiger Asia Management, LLC
• The Effectiveness and Ethics of Economic Sanctions
• The Vatican Bank: Conforming to Caritas in Veritate?
• Policy and Poverty: US, UK and China
• Cheung Kong and the Apex Horizon Hotel
• Chinese Investments in Africa: The Ethics of Transparency
• The Bangladeshi Factory Collapse: A Case for Intervention and Policy Change
• The LIBOR Scandal and Reform Agenda: Can We Trust These Rates Again?
• What Should We Charge the Poor: Ethics in Microfinance
• Shining a Light on Dark Pools
• The EU Financial Transaction Tax Debate
• HSBC Money Laundering Case: “Too Big to Fail” does not mean “Too Big to Jail”
• Quantitative Easing and Income Inequality
• Bank of America’s Takeover of Merrill Lynch
• Insider Trading in Japan: The Nomura Case
• Private Equity Funds: Christian Ethics and Leveraged Buyout Funding
• The FSA vs. David Einhorn: A Case of Regulatory Overreach?
• Nationalization: Argentina vs. Spain, The YPF Repsol Case
• Jon Corzine and MF Global
• Dimon and the Whale
• The Ethics of Taxation Trilogy: Part I – An Ethical Analysis of Inheritance Tax
• The Ethics of Taxation Trilogy: Part II – The Buffett Rule: The Ethics of a Millionaire’s Tax
• The Ethics of Taxation Trilogy: Part III – Carried Interest and Taxing Private Equity
• Taiwan’s Asset Management Corporations
• Insider Trading: What Would Rawls Do?
• The Dearth of Ethics and the Death of Lehman Brothers
• Financing, Ethics, and the Brazilian Olympics
• Islamic Finance
• Taiwan’s Credit Card Crisis
• The Accumulation of Greek Debt
• Goldman Sachs and the ABACUS deal
• High Frequency Trading
• Hedge Funds
• Disclosure: The Bernie Madoff Case
• Mark Cuban and Insider Trading
• IndyMac and the Office of Thrift Supervision
• Lehman Brothers and Repo Accounting
• Municipal Reinvestment Case
• Raj Rajaratnam and Insider Trading
• Name First Last
• Your Message

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CBSE Class 12 Case Studies In Business Studies – Financial Markets

FINANCIAL MARKET Financial Market: Definition A financial market is a market for the creation (new issue of securities) and exchange (sale of existing securities) of financial assets.

Financial Markets: Purpose Financial market serves as an intermediary between the surplus sector (households which have savings) and deficit sector (business firms which needs funds).

Functions of Financial Market

• It performs the allocative function by mobilisation of savings and channelising them into the most productive avenues.
• It helps to determine the price for the financial asset in a particular financial market through the market forces of demand and supply.
• It provides liquidity to the financial assets by providing ready markets wherein the securities can be easily converted into cash or vice versa.
• It provides a common platform for exchange of securities thereby reducing the cost of transactions by saving time, effort and money spent by the buyers and sellers in locating each other.

Financial Intermediation: Definition Financial intermediation refers to the process through which allocation of funds is done by the savers in the household sectors through two main mechanisms; banks and financial markets. Types / Segments of Financial Market

• Capital Market
• Money Market

CAPITAL MARKET Capital Market: Definition Capital Market refers to facilities and institutional arrangements through which long term funds, both debt and equity, are raised and invested. Capital market is a segment of financial market.

Features of Capital Market

• It is a market for long term funds.
• The main participants in capital market are banks, financial institutions, corporate bodies, foreign investors and retail investors.
• Since the cost of securities may be low, investment can be made in the capital market with less capital.
• The securities in capital market enjoy good liquidity.
• The instruments in capital market carry high risk as the expected return on them is high.

Main Instruments in Capital Market

• Equity Shares
• Preference Shares

Types / Segments of Capital Market

• Primary Market
• Secondary Market

Constituents of the Capital Market

• Development Banks
• Commercial Banks
• Stock Exchanges

PRIMARY MARKET Primary Market: Definition Primary market is also known as new issue market as the securities are issued for the first time by the companies through this market. Primary Market is a segment of capital market.

Features of Primary Market

• It is the new issue market.
• Only buying of securities takes place.
• Prices of the securities are determined by the company.
• It involves dealings between the company and investors.
• There is no fixed location of primary market.

Instruments of Primary Market

Methods of Floatation in Primary Market

• Offer through Prospectus (The company approaches the members of the general public directly by issuing a prospectus)
• Offer For Sale (The company approaches members of the general public indirectly through intermediaries like issuing houses, stock brokers etc.)
• Private Placement (The company can raise finance by allotting securities to selective individuals and institutions only)
• e-IPOs (The investors may subscribe to the securities of a company online)
• Rights Issue (It is a pre-emptive right given only to the existing shareholders to subscribe to the securities of the company as per its terms and conditions)

SECONDARY MARKET Secondary Market: Definition It is a market for old or existing securities It is a segment of capital market.

Features of Secondary Market / Stock Exchanges

• It is the market for old/existing securities.
• Both buying and selling of securities takes place.
• Prices of the securities are determined by the forces of demand and supply.
• It involves dealings between two investors.
• Stock exchanges exist at fixed location.

MONEY MARKET The money market is a market for short term debt instruments whose period of maturity is upto one year. It is a segment of financial market.

Features of Money Market

• It is a market for short term funds.
• The main participants are institutional investors.
• Since the cost of securities may be high, investment in the money market may require huge capital outlay.
• The money market enjoys high liquidity as The Discount Finance House of India works as a compulsory market maker for it.
• The instruments in money market carry low risk as the expected return is low on

INSTRUMENTS IN MONEY MARKET

  STOCK EXCHANGE Stock Exchange: Definition According To Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956, “Stock Exchange means any body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying and selling or dealings in securities.”

Functions of Stock Exchange

• Ensures liquidity and marketability of existing securities by a providing a ready and continuous market for the sale and purchase of securities.
• Helps in determining the prices of the securities through the forces of demand and supply.
• It promotes the habit of saving and investment among the general public.
• It provides a legal framework for fair and safe dealings.
• It helps the companies in raising finance thus facilitating capital formation and economic growth.
• It provides scope for healthy speculation in a controlled and restricted way.

Dematerialisation: Definition Dematerialisation refers to the process of holding securities in electronic form.

Depository: Definition Depository is the organisation with which an investor has to open a D-Mat account to hold securities in electronic form. In India there are two depositories:

• National Secuities Depository Limited (NSDL)
• Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL)

The depository participant serves as a link between the investor and the depository i.e. either NSDL or CDSL.

Screen Based Trading: Definition Screen-based trading refers to the process of buying or selling securities on-line.

Advantages of Screen-based Trading

• As the investors get an access to the stock market during real time, there is complete transparency and in the dealings.
• It provides a common platform for exchange of securities thereby increasing the efficient transactions by saving time, effort and money.
• This virtual market has a very wide reach hence it increases its liquidity.

STEPS IN THE TRADING AND SETTLEMENT PROCEDURE

• The investor has to furnish certain details and information about himself including PAN number which is mandatory, date of birth, bank account details, income details etc.
• A broker acts as an intermediary between the buyers and sellers.
• After the completion of the above formalities, the broker opens a trading account in the name of the investor.
• The investor has to open a demat account with a depository participant and a bank account for trading transactions in cash.
• By giving clear instructions about the desired quantity and price.
• The broker will then make the investor aware about the feasibility of the order.
• The broker will issue an order confirmation slip to the investor.
• The broker will then execute the order through screen based trading by considering the best available deal.
• The broker will issue a trade confirmation slip to the investor.
• A contract note contains details about the deal i.e. the number of securities bought/sold, price, date and time of transaction etc. The contract note includes a unique order code generated by the stock exchange for that transaction.
• A contract note is a legal which may be used to settle the claims between the investor and the broker.
• Since the settlement cycle is T +2 therefore, within two days of receiving the Contract Note, the investor has to pay cash or deliver shares sold as the case may be. The broker can then forward it to the exchange. This is called pay-in-day.
• On the T+2 day, cash will be paid or shares will be delivered as the case may be by the exchange to the other broker. This is called pay-out-day. Then, in case of sale of shares, the broker has to make the payment to the investor within 24 hours.
• However, in the case of purchase of securities, the amount will be transferred electronically to the investor’s demat account.

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SEBI) The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulator for the securities market in India.

• It was established in the year 1988 by the Government of India. It was to function under the overall administrative control of Ministry of Finance of the Government of India.
• It was given statutory powers on 30th January 1992 through an ordinance.
• The ordinance was later on replaced by an Act of Parliament known as the SEBI Act, 1992.

The Organisation Structure of SEBI

• The various activities undertaken by SEBI are now divided into five operational departments.
• Each department is headed by an executive director.
• The head office of SEBI is located at Mumbai.
• Besides, regional offices have been set up in Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi to attend to consumers complaints and maintain liaison with the issuers, intermediaries and stock exchanges in the concerned regions.
• SEBI has also formed Primary Market Advisory Committee and Secondary Market Advisory Committee to assist in the process of SEBI’S policies formation.
• These two committees consist of the market players, the investor’s association recognised by SEBI and the eminent persons in the capital market.

Objectives of SEBI

• To prevent trading malpractice in thesecurities markets.
• To protect the rights and interest of investors, and to guide and educate them.
• To regulate and develop a code of conduct and fair practices by intermediaries like brokers, merchant bankers, etc. with a view to making them competitive and professional.
• To regulate stock exchanges and the securities market to promote their orderly functioning.

Purpose and Role of SEBI SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups, which constitue the market namely:

• The issuers of securities so as to provide them a platform for raising capital in an easy, effective and efficient manner.
• The investors so as to protect their interests in securities by keeping them abreast about the developments through true and appropriate information.
• The market intermediaries in order to provide them a framework so as to enable them to perform their functions effectively and efficiently.

Objectives of Advisory Committees Formed by SEBI

• To advise SEBI on matters relating to regulation of intermediaries for ensuring investor protection in the primary market.
• To advise SEBI on issues related to development of primary market in India.
• To advise SEBi on matters required to be taken by for changes in legal framework to introduce simplification and transparency in the primary market.
• To advise SEBI on disclosure requirements for companies.
• To advise the board in matters relating to the development and regulation of secondary market in the country.

FUNCTIONS OF SEBI Protective Functions of SEBI

• SEBI prohibits fraudulent and unfair trade practices in the securities market
• Promotion of fair practices and code of conduct in securities market
• Undertaking steps for investor protection
• Controlling insider trading and imposing penalties for such malpractices.

The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange Board of India describes the basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India as “…to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto”

Developmental Functions of SEBI

• Ensuring training of intermediaries of securities market
• Conducting research and publishing information useful to all market participants
• Facilitating flexibility in the working of capital markets.

Regulatory Functions of SEBI

• Registration and regulation of of brokers, sub-brokers and other players in the financial market.
• Registration of collective investment schemes and Mutual Funds.
• Conducting enquiries and audits of stock exchanges & intermediaries.
• Regulation portfolio exchanges, underwriters, merchant bankers and the dealings in the stock exchanges.
• Regulation of take over bids by the companies

LATEST CBSE QUESTIONS

Question 1. Meca Ltd. a reputed automobile manufacturer needs Rupees ten crores as additional capital to expand its business. Atul Jalan, the CEO of the company wanted to raise funds through equity. On the other hand the Finance Manager, Nimi Sahdev said that the public issue may be expensive on account of various mandatory and non-mandatory expenses. Therefore, it was decided to allot the securities to institutional investors. Name the method through which the company decided to raise additional capital. (CBSE, Delhi 2017) Answer: Private placement is method through which the company decided to raise additional capital.

Question 2. These days, the development of a country is also judged by its system of transferring finance from the sector where it is in surplus to the sector where it is needed most. To give strength to the economy, SEBI is undertaking measures to develop the capital market. In addition to this there is another market in which unsecured and short-term debt instruments are actively traded everyday. These markets together help the savers and investors in directing the available funds into their most productive investment opportunity.

• Name the function being performed by the market in the above case.
• Also, explain briefly three other functions performed by this market. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)
• Mobilisation of funds is the function being performed by the financial market in the above case. It performs the allocative function by mobilisation of savings and channelising them into the most productive avenues.

Question 3. These days, the development of a country is also judged by its system of transferring finance from the sector where it is in surplus to the sector where it is needed the most. To give strength to the economy, SEBI is undertaking measures to develop the capital market. In addition to this, there is another market in which unsecured and short-term debt instruments are actively traded every day. These markets together help the savers and investors in directing the available funds into their most productive investment opportunity.

• Name the market segment other than the capital market segment in which unsecured and short-term debt instrument are traded. Also, give any three points of difference between the two. (CBSE, OD 2017)

Question 4. ABC Ltd. issued prospectus for the subscription of its shares for Rs. 500 crores in 2008. The issue was oversubscribed by 20 times. The company issued shares to all the applicants on pro-rata basis. Later SEBI inspected the prospectus and found some misleading statement about the management of the company in it. SEBI imposed a penalty of Rs. 5 crores and banned its three executive directors for dealing in securities market for three years. Identify the function and its type performed by SEBI in the above case.  (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017) Answer: Protective function has been performed by SEBI in the above case. And the type of Protective function is Prohibition of fraudulent and unfair trade practices.

Question 5. “Money market is essentially a market for short-term funds’. In the light of this statement state any three features of money market. (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017) Answer: The three features of money market are described below:

• It is a market for short term funds whose maturity period is upto one year.
• Since the cost of securities may be high, investment in the money market requires huge capital outlay.

Question 6. “Unicon Securities Pvt. Ltd” was established to deal in securities. It was registered as a stock broker with National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) to trade in securities listed at these exchanges. It is also a depository participant with CDSL and NSDL. In the first three years, it developed its business successfully. After that the composition of Board of Directors changed. Some customers complained to the customer care centre of the company that shares purchased by them and for which the payment has been duly made, were not transferred to their D’mat Accounts by “Unicon securities Pvt. Ltd” . The executive of customer care centre promised the aggrieved customers that their shares will be transferred to their respective D’mat Accounts very soon. But the company delayed the matter and didn’t transfer the shares of the customers to their D’mat Accounts. This eroded investors confidence and multiplied, their grievances.

• Identify the step of trading procedure in a stock exchange which has not been followed by “Unicon Securities Pvt. Ltd” .
• Name the Apex statutory body of capital market to whom customer can complain to redress their grievances.
• Write two values not followed by Unicon Security Pvt. Ltd.(CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017)
• The step of trading procedure in a stock exchange which has not been followed by “Unicon Securities Pvt. Ltd” is settlement i.e. the delivery of shares through the D’mat Account of the broker to D’mat account of the investors.
• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the Apex statutory body of capital market to whom customer can complain to redress their grievances.
• Truthfulness
• Fair practices

Question 7. Reshu’s father has gifted her the shares of a large cement company with which he had been working. The securities were in physical form. She already has a bank account and does not possess any other forms of securities. She wished to sell the shares and approached a registered broker for the purpose. Mention one mandatory detail which she will have to provide with the broker. (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2016) Answer: Reshu will have to give her Permanent Account Number (PAN) to the broker as it is mandatory as per law.

Question 8. Squib Ltd. is a large creditworthy company operating in the Kashmir Valley. It is an export- oriented unit, dealing in exclusive embroidered shawls. The floods in the Valley have created many problems for the company. Many craftsmen and workers have been dislocated and raw material has been destroyed. The firm is therefore, unable to get an uninterrupted supply of raw materials and the duration of the production cycle has also increased. To add to the problems of the organisation, the suppliers of raw materials who were earlier selling on credit are asking the company for advance payment or cash payment on delivery. The company is facing a liquidity crisis. The CEO of the company feels that taking a bank loan is the only option with the company to meet its short-term shortage of cash. As a finance manager of the company, name and explain the alternative to bank borrowings that the company can use to resolve the crisis. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2016) Answer: Commercial Papers may be used by Squib Ltd. as it is a popular short term instrument which is issued by large and credit worthy companies. The instrument is an unsecured promissory note and is freely transferable by endorsement. Its maturity period may range from a fortnight to a year. It is sold at discount and redeemed at par.

Question 9. Mr. Sanjay Nehra was the Chairman of Taran Bank. The bank was earning good profits. Shareholders were happy as the bank was paying regular dividends. The market price of their shares was also steadily rising. The bank was about to announce taking over the ‘Vena Bank.’ Mr. Sanjay Nehra knew that the share price of Taran Bank would rise on this announcement. Being a part of the bank, he was not allowed to buy shares of the bank. He called one of his rich friends Sudhir and asked him to invest Rs.5 crores in shares of his bank promising him the capital gains. As expected, the share prices went up by 40% and the market price of Sudhir’s shares was now ? 7 crores. He earned a profit of Rs. 2 crores. He gave Rs. 1 crore to Mr. Sanjay Nehra and kept Rs. 1 crore with himself. On regular inspection and by conducting enquiries of the brokers involved, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was able to detect this irregularity. The SEBI imposed a heavy penalty on Mr. Sanjay Nehra. By quoting the lines from the above paragraph, identify and state any two functions that were performed by SEBI in the above case Answer: The two functions performed by SEBI in the given case are stated below:

• Regulatory function is being performed by SEBI: “On regular inspection and by conducting inquires of the brokers involved.”
• Protective function is performed by SEBI: “The SEBI imposed a heavy penalty on Mr. Sanjay Nehra.”

Question 10. Mr. Vikas Mehra was the Chairman of IBM Bank. The bank was earning good profits. Shareholders were happy as the bank was paying regular dividends. The market price of their shares was also steadily rising. The bank was about to announce the taking over of ‘UK Bank’. Mr. Vikas Mehra knew that the share price of IBM Bank, would rise on this announcement. Being a part of the bank, he was not allowed to buy shares of the bank. He called one of his rich friends Mukand and asked him to invest Rs. 4 crores in the shares of his bank promising him the capital gains. As expected, after the announcement, the share prices went up by 50% and the market price of Mukand’s shares was now Rs. 6 crores. Mukand earned a profit of Rs. 2 crores. He gave Rs. 1 crore to Vikas Mehra and kept Rs. 1 crore with him. On regular inspection and by conducting enquiries of the brokers involved, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was able to detect this irregularity. SEBI imposed a heavy penalty on Vikas Mehra. Quoting lines from the above paragraph, identify and state any two functions performed by the SEBI in the above case. (CBSE, OD 2016) Answer: The two functions performed by SEBI in the given case are stated below:

• Regulatory function is being performed by SEBI: “on regular inspection and conducting inquires of the brokers involved.”
• Protective function is performed by SEBI: “The SEBI imposed heavy penalty on Mr.Vikas Mehra.”

Question 11. Supriya’s grandmother who, was unwell, called her and gave her a gift packet. Supriya opened the packet and saw many crumpled share certificates inside. Her grandmother told her that they had been left behind by her late grandfather. As no trading is now done in physical form, Supriya wants to know the process by adopting which she is in a position to deal with these certificates.

• Identify and state the process.
• Also, give two reasons to Supriya why dealing with shares in physical form has been stopped. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2015)
• Dematerialisation refers to the process of holding securities in electronic form.
• When the shares certificates are held in physical form, there is danger of loss or theft.
• There is risk of forgery, as the buyer may be delivered fake certificates .

Question 12. Mission Coach Ltd. is a large creditworthy company that manufactures coaches for the Indian Railways. It now wants to export these coaches to other countries and decides to invest in new hi-tech machines. Since the investment is large, it requires long-term finance. It decides to raise funds by issuing equity shares. The issue of equity shares involves huge floatation cost. To meet the expenses of floatation cost, the company decides to tap the money market.

• Name and explain the money-market instrument the company can use for the above purpose.
• What is the duration for which the company can get funds through this instrument?
• State any other purpose for which this instrument can be used. (CBSE, OD 2015)
• Commercial Papers can be used for Bridge financing by Mission Coach Ltd. as it is issued by large and credit worthy companies. The instrument is in the form of an unsecured promissory note and is freely transferable by endorsement. It is sold at discount and redeemed at par.
• Its maturity period may range from a fortnight to a year.
• It is also used to meet the short term seasonal and working capital requirements of a business enterprise.

Question 13. Ganesh Steel Ltd. is a large and creditworthy company that manufactures steel for the Indian market. It now wants to cater to the Asian market and decides to invest in new hi-tech machines. Since the investment is large, it requires long-term finance. It decides to raise funds by issuing equity shares. The issue of equity shares involves huge floatation cost. To meet the expenses of floatation cost, the company decides to tap the money market.

• State any other purpose for which this instrument can be used. (CBSE, Delhi 2015)
• Commercial Papers can be used for Bridge financing by Ganesh Steel Ltd. as they are issued by large and credit worthy companies. The instrument is in the form of an unsecured promissory note and is freely transferable by endorsement. It is sold at discount and redeemed at par.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Question 1. Incorporated in 1990, Raju Dairy Ltd., is one of the leading manufacturers and marketers of dairy-based branded foods in India. In the initial years, its operations were restricted only to collection and distribution of milk. But, over the years it has gained a reasonable market share by offering a diverse range of dairy based products including fresh milk, flavoured yogurt, ice creams, butter milk, cheese, ghee, milk powders etc. In order to raise capital to finance its expansion plans, Raju Dairy Ltd. has decided to approach capital market through a mix of Offer for sale of Rs. 4 crore shares and a public issue of Rs. 2 crore shares. In context of the above case:

• Name and explain the segment of capital market being approached by the company.
• Identify the two methods of floatation used by the company to raise the required capital. Give one difference between them.
• Primary market is the segment of capital market being approached by the company. It is also known as the new issue market as the securities are issued for the first time by the companies through this market.
• The two methods of floatation used by the company to raise the required capital are – Issue through prospectus and Offer for sale. In case of issue through prospectus, the company approaches the members of the general public directly by issuing a prospectus whereas in case of Offer for sale, the company approaches members of the general public indirectly through intermediaries like issuing houses, stock brokers etc.

Question 2. The SEBI has imposed a penalty of Rs. 7,269.5 crore on Pearls Agrotech Corporation Limited (PACL) and its four directors — Tarlochan Singh, Sukhdev Singh, Gurmeet Singh and Subrata Bhattacharya who had mobilised funds from the general public through illegal collective investment schemes in the name of purchase and development of agriculture land. While imposing the penalty, the biggest in its history, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) said the company deserved “maximum penalty” for duping the common man. Its Prevention of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices Regulations provides for “severe to severe penalties” for dealing with such violations. As per SEBI norms, it can impose a penalty of Rs. 25 crore or three times of the profit made by indulging in fraudulent and unfair trade practices and in the present case, the regulator has imposed a fine equivalent to three times of the illicit gains. In the context of the above case:

• State the objectives of setting up SEBI.
• Identify the type of function performed by SEBI by quoting lines from the paragraph.
• To prevent trading malpractice in the securities markets.
• Protective function is performed by SEBI: “The SEBI has imposed a penalty of Rs. 7,269.5 crore on Pearls Agrotech Corporation Limited.”

Question 3. Harsh works as a manager in a software company. He opened a Demat account with a broking house in order to trade in securities with the money he received as his first performance bonus. Since then he has been very active in stock trading under the guidance of a stock broker. However, when he was hospitalised for a few days this year, his wife received several calls from the his stock broker for permission to transact on Harsh’s behalf. Though she told him to wait till her husband had recovered, the stock broker went ahead and executed the transactions. When Harsh got home from hospital, he discovered that the unauthorised transactions had led to a loss for him. Harsh complained to the broking house, but they claimed he had authorised the transactions. Keeping in view, the guidelines issued by the National Stock Exchange that he had read in the national newspaper Harsh demanded proof and threatened to file a complain. Since, the broking house had no evidence that the deals had been authorised they made good the loss that Harsh had incurred due to the transactions. In the context of the above case:

• What is a Demat account?
• Who is acting as the depository participant for Harsh?
• Name the document that is legally enforceable and helps to settle the claims between the investor and the broker.
• A Demat account is an account used for holding securities in electronic form.
• The Broking house is acting as the depository participant for Harsh.
• A contract note is a legally enforceable document that helps to settle the claims between the investor and the broker.

Question 4. Make Good Technologies Ltd. is one of the top suppliers of security software products and solutions in India with a market share of over 20% in the retail segment. Its customers includes people all sections of the society i.e. both households and corporates. Its unique threat detection system works to detect security threats including virus attacks in real time to protect users’ IT assets across varied platforms and devices. The company has an established track record of growth and financial performance. At present the company operates only through its website. The company now intends to launch a range of computer accessories and plans to market it by opening its own retail outlets. So, the board of directors of the company have decided to only raise capital for the first time through an issue of shares, but at the same time they do not wish to get into the hassles of launching a public issue of shares. In context of the above case:

• Name and explain the way through which the company can raise finance by allotting securities to selective individuals and institutions only.
• Can the company also raise capital through a right issue? Why or why not? Give a reason to justify your answer.
• The company can raise finance by allotting securities to selective individuals and institutions only through Private Placement. It is a relatively economical way of raising money as it helps to save time, cost and money involved in the process of issuing securities.
• No, the company cannot raise capital through a right issue as it is issuing securities for the first time. A rights issue is a pre-emptive right given only to the existing shareholders to subscribe to the securities of the company as per its terms and conditions.

Question 5. After doing a course in online trading, Arsh started an online portal for stock trading under the name ‘Investment Guru’. He met his school friend Ajay after a long time in a bank where Ajay had come to open a D-Mat account. Arsh urged Ajay to invest in the forthcoming IPO of a blue chip companies whereas Ajay was inclined to buy existing securities of the other companies to build his investment portfolio. In context of the above case:

• Identify the two different types of capital market being referred to by quoting lines from the para.
• State any four differences between the two different types of capital markets as identified in part (1).
• Primary Market: “Arsh urged Ajay to invest in the forthcoming IPO of a blue chip companies.”
• Secondary Market: “Ajay was inclined to buy existing securities of the other companies to build his investment portfolio.”

Question 6. Ketan won a cash prize of Rs. 20,000 in the National level Robotics Competition. On the advise of his father, he visits a nearby bank to open a Fixed deposit account in his name with the prize money. His sister Suhasini accompanied him to the bank. On reaching the bank, he notices big banners which are placed within the premises containing information about the various arrangements through which corporates may raise their capital through the bank. Being a finance graduate, Suhasini explains to Ketan that banks play the role of the financial intermediary by helping in the process of channelizing the savings of the households into the most profitable business ventures. In context of the above case: .

• Name another financial intermediary that helps in the process of channelizing the savings of the households into the most productive use.
• Also, outline any two functions of another financial intermediary as identified in part (1).
• Financial markets is the other financial intermediary that helps in the process of channelizing the savings of the households into the most productive use.
• It provides liquidity to the financial assets by providing ready markets wherein the securities can be converted into cash or vice versa easily.

Question 7. Ragu works as a waiter in a five star hotel in Mumbai. While serving the customer he overhears him at the table saying that the he has made profits higher than expected by investing in securities market. So, Ragu also decides to make a nominal investment from his savings in the stock market in pursuit of higher gains. In context of the above case: As a financial consultant, apprise him of the steps involved in the working of a Demat system. Answer: Ragu will have to initiate the following steps for trading through a Demat system:

• He will have to first open a Demat account with a depository participant (DP) who may either be a bank, broker or financial services company by furnishing certain details and information about himself including PAN number, date of birth, bank account details, income details etc.
• If he plans to buy shares through a public offer he will have to give details of his Demat account, bank account etc. On allotment the shares will be directly credited to his account.
• If he decides to buy shares otherwise, he will have to instruct his broker with the details about the name of the company, number of shares, price etc. The transaction will be executed through the depository participant and he will have to make payment for them within T + 2 days.
• On contrary, whenever he decides to sell shares, he will have to instruct his broker with the details about the name of the company, number of shares, price etc. The transaction will be executed through the depository participant and his account will be debited accordingly. He will receive the payment in T + 2 days.

Question 8. The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is Asia’s first stock exchange and the world’s 11th largest stock exchange. It became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the Indian Government under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act. Its automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-Line Trading (BOLT) had a capacity of 8 million orders per day. The BSE has also introduced a centralized exchange-based internet trading system, BSEWEBx.co.in to enable investors anywhere in the world to trade on the BSE platform. In context of the above case:

• Name the organisation that regulates the working of stock exchanges in India.
• State any three functions performed by stock exchanges.
• Give any two advantages of screen-based trading.
• Securities And Exchange Board of India (SEBI) regulates the working of stock exchanges in India.
• As the investors get access to the stock market during real time, there is complete transparency in the dealings.

Question 9. Ragunath Ahuja is one of the Promoter-Director of Vishwas Ltd. The company is engaged in the real estate sector, which has recently witnessed a steady fall in its revenue and the value of its assets due to a downward trend persisting in the market in specific and the economy in general. The periodical financial results of the company were to be declared in a fortnight time. Ragunath Ahuja, being an insider, had access to unpublished price sensitive information related to it. Consequently, he sells a major portion of his holdings in an anticipation of a fall in the market price of the shares of the Company subsequent to the announcement of periodical financial results of the company. Moreover, he doesn’t inform The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) about the dealings. On conducting a probe, Securities and Exchange Board Of India (SEBI) finds Ragunath Ahuja guilty of insider trading. As per law, company directors, officials or any individual with a stake of 10% or more in the company are considered to be insiders and they are required to report their insider transactions within two business days of the date the transaction occurred. In context of the above case:

• State the purpose of setting up SEBI.
• The market intermediaries in order to provide them a framework so as to enable them perform their functions effectively and efficiently.
• Regulatory function is being performed by SEBI: “On conducting a probe Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) finds Ragunath Ahuja guilty of insider trading.”

Question 10. Sumita is a professor in a reputed business institute. While explaining the procedure of stock exchange trading, she shared with her students that many years back she had bought 200 shares of a leading automobiles company. As per the settlement procedure she paid for the shares and received the share certificates in physical form. However, when she had sent those certificates to the company to get them endorsed in her name, she was informed by the company that those certificates were duplicate. Therefore, in order to protect the investors from many such malpractices, now only screen-based trading is done and dematerialisation is compulsory. In context of the above case:

• What is screen based trading?
• Give the meaning of ‘dematerialisation’. State any two of its advantages.
• Screen-based trading refers to the process of buying or selling securities online.
• The securities in the demat account can be offered as security to raise loans.
• Since the shares certificates are not held in physical form, there is no danger of loss, theft or forgery.

Question 11. Madhav’s is one of the India’s most trusted brands in Indian sweets and snacks segment. The company has manufacturing plants in Kota, Kanpur, New Delhi, and Mumbai. Madhav’s has its own retail chain stores and a range of restaurants in these cities. Now, the company plans to extend its business in 12 more cities in India. In order to raise the funds, its directors have decided to float a public issue through prospectus. Besides, it intends to raise money to meet the floatation costs in terms of brokerage, underwriting commission, advertising etc. In context of the above case:

• What is the other name used for the funds required to meet floatation costs?
• Describe briefly the short term instrument popularly used by the companies to raise for the funds required to meet floatation costs. Who can issue them?
• Distinguish between the two types of financial markets that the company intends to approach to meet its financial needs.
• Bridge financing is the other name used for the funds required to meet floatation costs.
• Commercial Papers issued by large and credit worthy companies. The instrument is in the form of an unsecured promissory note and is freely transferable by endorsement. It is sold at discount and redeemed at par. Its maturity period may range from a fortnight to a year. It is also used to meet the short term seasonal and working capital requirements of a business enterprise. For example it is used for the purpose of bridge financing.

Question 12. During navratras ,Varun finalises a deal to buy a new house. So, he visits a nearby branch of ‘Subh Bank’ to withdraw Rs. 10 lakhs from his account in order to pay the token money to the seller. In the bank he observes that a large number of customers are present to make cash with drawls, probably because it is an auspicious time to make purchases. After sometime, he overhearsone of the bank staff members telling his colleague that, “Today ‘Subh Bank’ is likely to fall short of cash and to make up for the deficit and maintain its cash reserve ratio it will have to approach another bank.” In context of the above case:

• Identify the instrument that ‘Subh Bank’ will use to meet its short term requirements of funds.
• State any three feature of the instrument as identified in part (1).
• Call money is the instrument used by ‘Subh Bank’ to meet its short term requirements of funds.
• Call money is an instrument through which one bank may borrow money from another bank to maintain the cash reserve ratio as per the guidelines of RBI.
• Its maturity period may be from a single day to a fortnight.
• The rate at which the interest is paid on call money is called call rate.

Question 13. The stock market regulator, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), has initiated a certification programme for all market intermediaries. Under this programme, people associated with stock markets in any way, will have to obtain a qualifying certificate from the regulator.The National Institute of Securities Market (NISM), a trust formed by SEBI, is tasked with the certification programme. In the context of the above case:

• Identify the type of function performed by SEBI.
• Outline any two reasons for setting up SEBI.
• Developmental function is being carried out by SEBI by starting a certification programme for all market intermediaries.
• To curb malpractices in the financial market.
• To enhance the confidence of the investors by ensuring fair, efficient and transparent dealings.

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Top 10 FinTech Case Studies [A Detailed Exploration] [2024]

In the dynamic realm of financial technology—often abbreviated as FinTech—groundbreaking innovations have revolutionized how we interact with money, democratizing access to myriad financial services. No longer confined to traditional banking and financial institutions, today’s consumers can easily invest, transact, and manage their finances at their fingertips. Through a deep dive into the top five FinTech case studies, this article seeks to illuminate the transformative power of financial technology. From trailblazing start-ups to industry disruptors, we will unravel how these companies have reshaped the financial landscape, offering invaluable lessons for consumers and future FinTech leaders.

Top 10 FinTech case studies [A Detailed Exploration] [2024]

Case study 1: square – democratizing payment processing.

Launched in 2009 by Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey, Square sought to fill a gaping hole in the financial services market—accessible payment processing for small businesses. In an industry overshadowed by high costs and complexity, Square introduced a game-changing point-of-sale (POS) system, using a tiny card reader that could be plugged into a smartphone.

Key Challenges

1. High Costs: The financial burden of traditional payment systems made it difficult for small businesses to participate, affecting their growth and market reach.

2. Complexity: Legacy systems were cumbersome, requiring hefty upfront investments in specialized hardware and software, with a steep learning curve for users.

3. Limited Accessibility: Many small businesses had to resort to cash-only operations, losing potential customers who preferred card payments.

Related: Important FinTech KPIs Explained

Strategies Implemented

1. User-Friendly Hardware: Square’s portable card reader was revolutionary. Easy to use and set up, it integrated seamlessly with smartphones.

2. Transparent Pricing: A flat-rate fee structure eliminates hidden costs, making budgeting more predictable for businesses.

3. Integrated Business Solutions: Square went beyond payment processing to offer additional services such as inventory management, analytics, and loans.

Results Achieved

1. Market Penetration: As of 2023, Square boasted over 4 million sellers using its platform, solidifying its market position.

2. Revenue Growth: Square achieved significant financial gains, reporting $4.68 billion in revenue in Q2 2021—a 143% year-over-year increase.

3. Product Diversification: Expanding its ecosystem, Square now offers an array of services from payroll to cryptocurrency trading through its Cash App.

Key Learnings

1. Simplicity is Key: Square’s user-centric design proved that simplifying complex processes can open new markets and encourage adoption.

2. Holistic Ecosystems: Offering integrated services can foster customer loyalty and increase lifetime value.

3. Transparency Builds Trust: A clear, straightforward fee structure can differentiate a FinTech solution in a market known for its opaqueness.

4. Accessibility: Providing easy-to-use and affordable services can empower smaller businesses, contributing to broader economic inclusion.

Related: Benefits of Green FinTech for Businesses

Case Study 2: Robinhood – Democratizing Investment

Founded in 2013, Robinhood burst onto the financial scene with a disruptive promise—commission-free trading. Unlike traditional brokerage firms that charged a fee for every trade, Robinhood allowed users to buy and sell stocks at no direct cost. The platform’s user-friendly interface and sleek design made it particularly appealing to millennials and Gen Z, demographics often underrepresented in the investment world.

1. High Commissions: Traditional brokerages often had fee structures that discouraged individuals, especially younger investors, from participating in the stock market.

2. Complex User Interfaces: Many existing trading platforms featured clunky, complicated interfaces that were intimidating for novice investors.

3. Limited Access: Entry-level investors often felt the investment landscape was an exclusive club beyond their financial and technical reach.

1. Commission-Free Trading: Robinhood’s flagship offering eliminated the financial barriers that commissions presented, inviting a new cohort of individual investors into the market.

2. User-Friendly Design: A sleek, intuitive interface made stock trading less intimidating, broadening the platform’s appeal.

3. Educational Resources: Robinhood provides educational content to help novice investors understand market dynamics, equipping them for more informed trading.

1. Market Disruption: Robinhood’s model has pressured traditional brokerage firms to rethink their fee structures, with several following suit by offering commission-free trades.

2. User Growth: As of 2023, Robinhood has amassed over 23.2 million users, a testament to its market penetration.

3. Public Scrutiny: Despite its success, Robinhood has not been without controversy, especially regarding its revenue model and lack of transparency. These issues have sparked widespread debate about ethical practices in fintech.

1. User-Centricity Drives Adoption: Robinhood’s easy-to-use platform illustrates that reducing friction encourages higher user engagement and diversifies the investor base.

2. Transparency is Crucial: The controversies surrounding Robinhood serve as a cautionary tale about the importance of transparent business practices in building and maintaining consumer trust.

3. Disruption Spurs Industry Change: Robinhood’s entry forced a reevaluation of longstanding industry norms, underscoring the influence a disruptive FinTech company can wield.

Related: How to Get an Internship in the FinTech Sector?

Case Study 3: Stripe – Simplifying Online Payments

Founded in 2010 by Irish entrepreneurs Patrick and John Collison, Stripe set out to solve a significant problem—simplifying online payments. During that time, businesses looking to accept payments online had to navigate a complex labyrinth of banking relationships, security protocols, and regulatory compliance. Stripe introduced a straightforward solution—APIs that allow businesses to handle online payments, subscriptions, and various other financial transactions with ease.

1. Complex Setup: Traditional online payment methods often require cumbersome integration and extensive documentation.

2. Security Concerns: Handling financial transactions online raised issues about data safety and compliance with financial regulations.

3. Limited Flexibility: Most pre-existing payment solutions were not adaptable to specific business needs, particularly for start-ups and SMEs.

1. Simple APIs: Stripe’s suite of APIs allowed businesses to integrate payment gateways effortlessly, removing barriers to entry for online commerce.

2. Enhanced Security: Stripe implemented robust security measures, including tokenization and SSL encryption, to protect transaction data.

3. Customization: Stripe’s modular design gave businesses the freedom to tailor the payment experience according to their specific needs.

1. Broad Adoption: Stripe’s intuitive and secure payment solutions have attracted a diverse client base, from start-ups to Fortune 500 companies.

2. Global Reach: As of 2023, Stripe operates in over 46 countries, testifying its global appeal and functionality.

3. Financial Milestone: Stripe’s valuation skyrocketed to $50 billion in 2023, making it one of the most valuable FinTech companies globally.

1. Ease of Use: Stripe’s success proves that a user-friendly, straightforward approach can go a long way in attracting a wide range of customers.

2. Security is Paramount: Handling financial data requires stringent security measures, and Stripe’s focus on secure transactions sets an industry standard.

3. Scalability and Flexibility: Providing a modular, customizable solution allows businesses to scale and adapt, increasing customer satisfaction and retention.

Related: FinTech Skills to Add in Your Resume

Case Study 4: Coinbase – Mainstreaming Cryptocurrency

Founded in 2012, Coinbase set out to make cryptocurrency trading as simple and accessible as using an email account. At the time, the world of cryptocurrency was a wild west of complicated interfaces, murky regulations, and high-risk investments. Coinbase aimed to change this by offering a straightforward, user-friendly platform to buy, sell, and manage digital currencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and many others.

1. User Complexity: Before Coinbase, cryptocurrency trading required high technical know-how, making it inaccessible to the average person.

2. Security Risks: The lack of centralized governance in the crypto world led to various security concerns, including hacking and fraud.

3. Regulatory Uncertainty: The absence of clear regulations concerning cryptocurrency created a hesitant environment for both users and investors.

1. User-Friendly Interface: Coinbase developed a sleek, easy-to-use platform with a beginner-friendly approach, which allowed users to start trading with just a few clicks.

2. Enhanced Security: The platform incorporated advanced security features such as two-factor authentication (2FA) and cold storage for digital assets to mitigate risks.

3. Educational Content: Coinbase offers guides, tutorials, and other educational resources to help demystify the complex world of cryptocurrency.

1. Mass Adoption: As of 2023, Coinbase had over 150 million verified users, contributing significantly to mainstreaming cryptocurrencies.

2. Initial Public Offering (IPO): Coinbase went public in April 2021 with a valuation of around $86 billion, highlighting its commercial success.

3. Regulatory Challenges: While Coinbase has succeeded in democratizing crypto trading, it continues to face scrutiny and regulatory hurdles, emphasizing the sector’s evolving nature.

1. Accessibility Drives Adoption: Coinbase’s user-friendly design has played a pivotal role in driving mass adoption of cryptocurrencies, illustrating the importance of making complex technologies accessible to everyday users.

2. Security is a Selling Point: In an ecosystem rife with security concerns, robust safety measures can set a platform apart and attract a broader user base.

3. Regulatory Adaptability: The ongoing regulatory challenges highlight the need for adaptability and proactive governance in the fast-evolving cryptocurrency market.

Related: Top FinTech Interview Questions and Answers

Case Study 5: Revolut – All-In-One Financial Platform

Founded in 2015, Revolut started as a foreign currency exchange service, primarily focusing on eliminating outrageous foreign exchange fees. With the broader vision of becoming a financial super-app, Revolut swiftly expanded its services to include digital banking, stock trading, cryptocurrency exchange, and other financial services. This rapid evolution aimed to provide users with an all-encompassing financial solution on a single platform.

1. Fragmented Services: Before Revolut, consumers had to use multiple platforms for various financial needs, leading to a fragmented user experience.

2. High Costs: Traditional financial services, particularly foreign exchange and cross-border payments, often have hefty fees.

3. Slow Adaptation: Conventional banking systems were slow to integrate new financial technologies, leaving a gap in the market for more agile solutions.

1. Unified Platform: Revolut combined various financial services into a single app, offering users a seamless experience and a one-stop solution for their financial needs.

2. Competitive Pricing: By leveraging FinTech efficiencies, Revolut offered competitive rates for services like currency exchange and stock trading.

3. Rapid Innovation: The platform continually rolled out new features, staying ahead of consumer demand and forcing traditional institutions to catch up.

1. User Growth: As of 2023, Revolut has amassed over 30 million retail customers, solidifying its reputation as a financial super-app.

2. Revenue Increase: In 2021, Revolut’s revenues climbed to approximately $765 million, indicating its business model’s viability.

3. Industry Influence: Revolut’s multi-functional capabilities have forced traditional financial institutions to reconsider their offerings, pushing the industry toward integrated, user-friendly solutions.

1. User-Centric Design: Revolut’s success stems from its focus on solving real-world consumer problems with an easy-to-use, integrated platform.

2. Agility Wins: In the fast-paced world of fintech, the ability to innovate and adapt quickly to market needs can be a significant differentiator.

3. Competitive Pricing is Crucial: Financial services have always been a cost-sensitive sector. Offering competitive pricing can draw users away from traditional platforms.

Related: Surprising FinTech Facts and Statistics

Case Study  6 : Chime – Revolutionizing Personal Banking

Essential term: digital banking.

Digital banking represents the digitization of all traditional banking activities, where financial services are delivered predominantly through the internet. This innovation caters to a growing demographic of tech-savvy users seeking efficient and accessible banking solutions.

Founded in 2013, Chime entered the financial market with a bold mission: to redefine personal banking through simplicity, transparency, and customer-centricity. At a time when traditional banks were mired in fee-heavy structures and complex service models, Chime introduced a revolutionary no-fee model complemented by a streamlined digital experience, challenging the status quo of personal banking.

1. Fee-Heavy Structure: Traditional banks heavily relied on various fees, including overdraft and maintenance charges, alienating a significant portion of potential customers, particularly those seeking straightforward banking solutions.

2. Complexity and Inaccessibility: Conventional banking systems were often marred by cumbersome procedures and lacked user-friendly interfaces, making them less appealing, especially to younger, more tech-savvy generations.

3. Customer Service: The traditional banking sector frequently struggled with providing proactive and responsive customer service, creating a gap in customer satisfaction and engagement.

1. No-Fee Model: By eliminating common banking fees such as overdraft fees, Chime positioned itself as a customer-friendly alternative, significantly attracting customers frustrated with traditional banking penalties.

2. User-Friendly App: Chime’s app was designed with user experience at its core, offering an intuitive and accessible platform for everyday banking operations, thereby enhancing overall customer experience.

3. Automatic Savings Tools: Chime innovated with features like automatic savings round-up and early paycheck access, designed to empower customers in their financial management.

1. Expansive Customer Base: Chime successfully captured a broad market segment, particularly resonating with millennials and Gen Z, evidenced by its rapid accumulation of millions of users.

2. Catalyst for Innovation: The company’s growth trajectory and model pressured traditional banks to reassess and innovate their fee structures and service offerings.

3. Valuation Surge: Reflecting its market impact and success, Chime’s valuation experienced a substantial increase, marking its significance in the banking sector.

1. Customer-Centric Approach: Chime’s journey underscores the importance of addressing customer pain points, such as fee structures, and offering a seamless digital banking experience, which can be instrumental in rapid user base growth.

2. Innovation in Features: The introduction of genuinely helpful financial management tools can significantly differentiate a FinTech company in a competitive market.

3. Disruptive Influence: Chime’s success story illustrates how a digital-first approach can disrupt and challenge traditional banking models, paving the way for new, innovative banking experiences.

Related: Is FinTech Overhyped?

Case Study  7 : LendingClub – Pioneering Peer-to-Peer Lending

Essential term: peer-to-peer (p2p) lending.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending is a method of debt financing that enables individuals to borrow and lend money without using an official financial institution as an intermediary. This model directly connects borrowers and lenders through online platforms.

LendingClub, founded in 2006, emerged as a trailblazer in the lending industry by introducing a novel P2P lending model. This innovative approach offered a substantial departure from the traditional credit system, typically dominated by banks and credit unions, aiming to democratize access to credit.

1. High-Interest Rates: Traditional loans were often synonymous with high-interest rates, rendering them inaccessible or financially burdensome for many borrowers.

2. Limited Access to Credit: Conventional lending mechanisms frequently sidelined individuals with lower credit scores, creating a significant barrier to credit access.

3. Intermediary Costs: The traditional lending process involves numerous intermediaries, leading to additional costs and inefficiencies for borrowers and lenders.

1. Direct Platform: LendingClub’s platform revolutionized lending by directly connecting borrowers with investors, reducing the overall cost of obtaining loans.

2. Risk Assessment Tools: The company employed advanced algorithms for assessing the risk profiles of borrowers, which broadened the spectrum of loan accessibility to include individuals with diverse credit histories.

3. Streamlined Process: LendingClub’s online platform streamlined the loan application and disbursement processes, enhancing transparency and efficiency.

1. Expanded Credit Access: LendingClub significantly widened the avenue for credit, particularly benefiting those with less-than-perfect credit scores.

2. Influencing the Market: The P2P lending model introduced by LendingClub prompted traditional lenders to reconsider their rates and processes in favor of more streamlined, borrower-friendly approaches.

3. Navigating Regulatory Hurdles: The journey of LendingClub highlighted the intricate regulatory challenges of financial innovation, underscoring the importance of adaptive compliance strategies.

1. Efficiency of Direct Connections: Eliminating intermediaries in the lending process can lead to substantial cost reductions and process efficiency improvements.

2. Broadening Credit Accessibility: FinTech can play a pivotal role in democratizing access to financial services by implementing innovative risk assessment methodologies.

3. Importance of Regulatory Compliance: Sustainable innovation in the FinTech sector necessitates a keen awareness and adaptability to the evolving regulatory landscape.

Related: Who is a FinTech CTO?

Case Study  8 : Brex – Reinventing Business Credit for Startups

Essential term: corporate credit cards.

Corporate credit cards are specialized financial tools designed for business use. They offer features like higher credit limits, rewards tailored to business spending, and, often, additional tools for expense management.

Launched in 2017, Brex emerged with a bold vision to transform how startups access and manage credit. In a financial landscape where traditional corporate credit cards posed steep requirements and were often misaligned with the unique needs of burgeoning startups, Brex introduced an innovative solution. Their model focused on the company’s cash balance and spending patterns rather than relying on personal credit histories.

1. Inaccessibility for Startups: Traditional credit systems, with their reliance on extensive credit history, were largely inaccessible to new startups, which typically lacked this background.

2. Rigid Structures: Conventional corporate credit cards were not designed to accommodate rapidly evolving startups’ fluid and dynamic financial needs.

3. Personal Guarantee Requirement: A common stipulation in business credit involves personal guarantees, posing a significant risk for startup founders.

1. No Personal Guarantee: Brex innovated by offering credit cards without needing a personal guarantee, basing creditworthiness on business metrics.

2. Tailored Financial Solutions: Understanding the unique ecosystem of startups, Brex designed its services to be flexible and in tune with their evolving needs.

3. Technology-Driven Approach: Utilizing advanced algorithms and data analytics, Brex could assess the creditworthiness of startups in a more nuanced and comprehensive manner.

1. Breaking Barriers: Brex made corporate credit more accessible to startups, removing traditional barriers.

2. Market Disruption: By tailoring its product, Brex pressures traditional financial institutions to innovate and rethink its credit card offerings.

3. Rapid Growth: Brex’s unique approach led to rapid adoption within the startup community, significantly growing its customer base and market presence.

1. Adapting to Market Needs: Brex’s success underscores the importance of understanding and adapting to the specific needs of your target market.

2. Innovative Credit Assessment: Leveraging technology for credit assessment can open new avenues and democratize access to financial products.

3 Risk and Reward: The move to eliminate personal guarantees, while riskier, positioned Brex as a game-changer, highlighting the balance between risk and innovation in FinTech.

Related: Is FinTech a Dying Career Industry?

Case Study  9 : SoFi – Transforming Personal Finance

Essential term: financial services platform.

A financial services platform offers a range of financial products and services, such as loans, investment options, and banking services, through a unified digital interface.

SoFi, short for Social Finance, Inc., was founded in 2011 to revolutionize personal finance. Initially focused on student loan refinancing, SoFi quickly expanded its offerings to include a broad spectrum of financial services, including personal loans, mortgages, insurance, investment products, and a cash management account. This expansion was driven by a vision to provide a one-stop financial solution for consumers, particularly catering to the needs of early-career professionals.

1. Fragmented Financial Services: Consumers often had to navigate multiple platforms and institutions to manage their various financial needs, leading to a disjointed financial experience.

2. Student Loan Debt: Many graduates needed more flexible and affordable refinancing options with student debt escalating.

3. Accessibility and Education: A significant segment of the population lacked access to comprehensive financial services and the knowledge to navigate them effectively.

1. Diverse Financial Products: SoFi expanded its product range beyond student loan refinancing to include a suite of financial services, offering more holistic financial solutions.

2. Tech-Driven Approach: Utilizing technology, SoFi provided streamlined, user-friendly experiences across its platform, simplifying the process of managing personal finances.

3. Financial Education and Advice: SoFi offered educational resources and personalized financial advice, positioning itself as a partner in its customers’ financial journey.

1. Expanding Consumer Base: SoFi succeeded in attracting a broad customer base, especially among young professionals looking for integrated financial services.

2. Innovation in Personal Finance: The company’s expansion into various financial services positioned it as a leader in innovative personal finance solutions.

3. Brand Recognition and Trust: With its comprehensive approach and focus on customer education, SoFi built a strong brand reputation and trust among its users.

1. Integrated Services Appeal: Offering a broad array of financial services through a single platform can attract customers seeking a unified financial management experience.

2. Leveraging Technology for Ease: Using technology to simplify and streamline financial services is key to enhancing customer experience and satisfaction.

3. Empowering Through Education: Providing users with financial education and advice can foster long-term customer relationships and trust.

Related: FinTech vs Investment Banking

Case Study  10 : Apple Pay – Redefining Digital Payments

Essential term: mobile payment system.

A mobile payment system allows consumers to make payments for goods and services using mobile devices, typically through apps or integrated digital wallets.

Launched in 2014, Apple Pay marked Apple Inc.’s foray into the digital payment landscape. It was introduced with the aim of transforming how consumers perform transactions, focusing on enhancing the convenience, security, and speed of payments. Apple Pay allows users to make payments using their Apple devices, employing Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. This move was a strategic step in leveraging the widespread use of smartphones for financial transactions.

1. Security Concerns: The rising incidences of data breaches and fraud in digital payments made consumers skeptical about the security of mobile payment systems.

2. User Adoption: Convincing consumers to shift from traditional payment methods like cash and cards to a digital platform requires overcoming ingrained habits and perceptions.

3. Merchant Acceptance: For widespread adoption, a large number of merchants needed to accept and support Apple Pay.

1. Enhanced Security Features: Apple Pay uses a combination of device-specific numbers and unique transaction codes, ensuring that card numbers are not stored on devices or servers, thereby enhancing transaction security.

2. Seamless Integration: Apple Pay was designed to work seamlessly with existing Apple devices, offering an intuitive and convenient user experience.

3. Extensive Partnership with Banks and Retailers: Apple forged partnerships with numerous banks, credit card companies, and retailers to ensure widespread acceptance of Apple Pay.

1. Widespread Adoption: Apple Pay quickly gained a significant user base, with millions of transactions processed shortly after its launch.

2. Market Leadership: Apple Pay became one of the leading mobile payment solutions globally, setting a standard in the digital payment industry.

3. Influence on Payment Behaviors: The introduction of Apple Pay substantially accelerated the shift towards contactless payments and mobile wallets.

1. Trust Through Security: The emphasis on security can be a major driving force in user adoption of new financial technologies.

2. Integration and Convenience: A system that integrates seamlessly with users’ daily lives and provides tangible convenience can successfully change long-standing consumer habits.

3. Strategic Partnerships: Building a network of partnerships is key to the widespread acceptance and success of a new payment system.

These stories of globally renowned FinTech trailblazers offer invaluable insights, providing a must-read blueprint for anyone looking to make their mark in this rapidly evolving industry.

1. Square shows that focusing on user needs, especially in underserved markets, can drive innovation and market share.

2. Robinhood serves as both an inspiration and a cautionary tale, advocating for democratization while emphasizing the importance of ethical practices.

3. Stripe proves that simplifying complex processes through customizable, user-friendly solutions can redefine industries.

4. Coinbase highlights the transformative potential of making new financial instruments like cryptocurrency accessible while reminding us of regulatory challenges.

5. Revolut sets the bar high with its user-centric, all-in-one platform, emphasizing the need for agility and competitive pricing in the sector.

The key to FinTech success lies in simplicity, agility, user focus, and ethical considerations. These case studies serve as guiding lights for future innovation, emphasizing that technological superiority must be balanced with customer needs and ethical responsibilities.

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The days, when sovereign governments used to administer almost insulated economic systems, are gone. And gone with them is the age of savings by individual investors, secured and guaranteed by their respective governments. Post-globalisation, financial markets have become highly relevant to human society. Individual investors today look up to these markets and have become savvy enough to tuck in the trends. From the macroeconomic viewpoint, interesting trends are the influence of the dollar on other nations, consolidation in financial markets, and the resurgence of Asian markets. The dollar�s influence persists mainly due to its continued acceptance as the anchor for international trade. This makes US domestic economic policy effects to spill over into the distant economies. On the one hand, globalisation abetted by proliferation of Internet has influenced this. To counter US supremacy, capital markets especially in Europe have resorted to integration. They have embraced modern technology in a big way, worrying the US capital markets. On the other hand, globalisation has helped Asian countries benefit from the proliferation of manufacturing technology; also making them economic powerhouses. Resurgent Southeast Asian economies were dubbed as �Asian Tigers�. These nations � saddled by the vestiges of old practices smacked of red tape and nepotism. But economic imperatives have made them embrace professional management practices. Of late, India and China emerged as potential economic superpowers. Experts predict they will exert greater influence on financial markets.

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Title: what do llms know about financial markets a case study on reddit market sentiment analysis.

Abstract: Market sentiment analysis on social media content requires knowledge of both financial markets and social media jargon, which makes it a challenging task for human raters. The resulting lack of high-quality labeled data stands in the way of conventional supervised learning methods. Instead, we approach this problem using semi-supervised learning with a large language model (LLM). Our pipeline generates weak financial sentiment labels for Reddit posts with an LLM and then uses that data to train a small model that can be served in production. We find that prompting the LLM to produce Chain-of-Thought summaries and forcing it through several reasoning paths helps generate more stable and accurate labels, while using a regression loss further improves distillation quality. With only a handful of prompts, the final model performs on par with existing supervised models. Though production applications of our model are limited by ethical considerations, the model's competitive performance points to the great potential of using LLMs for tasks that otherwise require skill-intensive annotation.

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Case Studies - Financial Markets | Business Studies (BST) Class 12 - Commerce PDF Download

Q. 1. Supriya’s grandmother who was unwell, called her and gave her a gift packet.  Supriya opened the packet and saw many crumpled share certificates inside.  Her grandmother told her that they had been left behind by her late grandfather. As no trading is now done in physical form, Supriya wants to know the process by adopting which she is in a position to deal with these certificates.

• Identify and state the process.
• Also give two reasons to Supriya
•  Why dealing with shares in physical form had been stopped.                       (3 Marks)
• Dematerialization: It is a process where securities held by the investor in physical form are cancelled and the investor gives an electronic entry or number so that she/he can hold it as an electronic balance in an account
• Problems with dealing in physical form:                                                                    (Any two) (i) Theft (ii) Fake/forged transfers (iii)  Transfer delays (iv)  Paper work associated with share certificates or debentures held in physical form.
• The shareholders who continue to hold shares and other types of securities of listed companies in physical form even after this date, will not be able to lodge the shares with company / its RTA for further transfer. They will need to convert them to demat form compulsorily if they wish to effect any transfer.

  Q. 2. The directors of a company want to modernize its plant and machinery by making a public issue of shares.  They wish to approach the stock exchange, while the finance manager prefers to approach a consultant for the new public issue of shares.  Advise the directors whether to approach the stock exchange or a consultant for new public issue of shares and why.  Also advise them about different methods which the company may adopt for the new public issue of shares.                                            (3 Marks) Ans.  The directors should approach to the consultant for new public issue of shares as this is the case of primary market. The stock exchange is only meant for securities already issued. Following are the methods which the company may adopt for the new public issue of shares:

• Public Issue:  Under this method, the company issues a prospectus and invites the general public to purchase shares or debentures.
• Offer for Sale:  Under this method, firstly the new securities are offered to an intermediary (generally firms of stock brokers) at a fixed price. They further resell the same to the general public at a higher price. The advantage of doing this is that the issuing company feels free from the tedious work of making a public issue.
• Private Placement:  Under this method, the company sells securities to the big financial institutions or brokers instead of selling them to the general public. They, in turn, sell these securities to the selected clients at a higher price. This method is preferred as it is a cheaper method of raising funds as compared to a public issue.
• Right Issue:  This method is used by those companies who have already issued their shares. When an existing company issues new shares, first of all it invites its existing shareholders. This issue is called the right issue. In this case, the shareholder has the right either to accept the offer for himself or assign a part or all of his rights in favour of another.
• Electronic Initial Public Issue (e-IPOs):  Under this method, companies issue their securities through the electronic medium (i.e., internet). The company issuing securities through this medium enters into a contract with a Stock Exchange. SEBI registered broker have to be appointed for the objective of accepting applications. This broker regularly sends information about it to the company. The company issuing security also appoints a Registrar, who helps in making the issue a success by establishing contact with the stock exchange.

Q. 3. Reshu’s father has gifted her shares of a large cement company, with which he had been working.  The securities were in physical form. She already has a bank account and does not possess any other forms of securities. She wished to sell the shares and approached a registered broker for the purpose.  Mention one mandatory detail which she will have to provide with the broker.                      (1 Mark) Ans.  Permanent account Number (PAN)

Q. 4. Saqib Ltd. is a large credit worthy company operating in the Kashmir Valley.  It is an export oriented unit, dealing in exclusive embroidered shawls.  The floods in the valley have created many problems for the company.  Many craftsmen and workers have been dislocated and raw material has been destroyed.  The firm is therefore, unable to get an uninterrupted supply or raw material, and the duration of the production cycle has also increased.  To add to the problems of the organization, the suppliers of raw material who were earlier selling on credit are asking the company, for advance payment or cash payment on delivery.  The company is facing a liquidity crisis.  The CEO of the company feels that taking a bank loan is the only option with the company to meet its short term shortage of cash.  As a finance manager of the company name and explain the alternative to bank borrowing that the company can use to resolve the crisis.                                        (3 Marks) Ans.  Commercial Paper: It is a short term unsecured promissory note, negotiable and transferable by endorsement and delivery with a fixed maturity period.  It is issued by large and creditworthy companies to raise short term funds at low companies tht are generally considered to be financially strong.

Q. 5. ‘Ganesh Steel Ltd.’ is a large and credit-worthy company manufacturing steel for the Indian market.  It now wants to cate to the Asian market and decides to invest in new hi-tech machines.  Since the investment is large, it requires long-term finance.  It decides to raise funds by issuing equity shares. The issue of equity shares involves huge floatation cost.  To meet the expenses of floatation cost the company decides to tap the money market.

• Name and explain the money-market instrument the company can use for the above purpose.
• What is the duration for which the company can get funds through this instrument?
• State any other purpose for which this instrument can be used.                   (4 Marks)
• Commercial paper: It is an instrument issued by large and credit worthy companies to raise short-term funds at lower rates of interest than market rates. It is an unsecured, negotiable promissory note with a fixed maturity period.
• 15 days to one year
• It can also be used for seasonal and working capital needs.

Q. 6. The Trading Procedure on Stock Exchange has been replaced by on-line screen based electronic trading system.  This is mainly done to eliminate problems like theft, fake/forged transfers, transfer delays and paper work associated with share certificates or debentures in physical form.  This is a process where securities held by the investor in the physical form are cancelled and the investor is given an electronic entry or number so that he/she can hold it as an electronic balance in an account.  This has increased the equity cult among the people.

• Identify and state the process mentioned above.
• What is the most important requirement for the process identified in (a)?  State.
• State any two values which you think have enhanced the equity cult in the society.

  Ans. 

• Dematerialization – It is the process of holding securities in an electronic form.
• For this, the investors has to open a ‘Demat account’ with a depository participant (DP) for holding and transferring securities in the demat form. He / She will also have to open a bank account for cash transactions in the securities market.
• Fair dealings (i.e., no danger of loss, theft or forgery of share certificates)
• Transparency (i.e., participants can see the prices of all securities during real time)
• Increased efficiency of information (i.e., computer screens displays information on prices)
• Increased efficiency of operations (i.e., reduction in time, cost and risk error) (any two)

Q. 7. Sakshi Ltd, a well known real estate company has managed to carve a niche for itself in this sector.  Recently, it was revealed that the directors of the company have used price sensitive information for their own personal interest Adequate public disclosures were also not made.  SEBI is considering action against these directors.

• Name the term used for trading malpractice done by the directors of this company.
• Identify any two values that the company should have adhered to in order to gain the trust of its investors.
• Insider trading
• Protection and promotion of investors’ interests
• Transparency
• Efficiency of information
• Efficiency of operations                                                                            (any two)

Q. 8. ‘R’ Limited is a real estate company which was formed in 1950.  In about 56 years of its existence the company has managed out from a niche for itself in this sector.  Lately this sector is witnessing a boom due to the fact that the Indian economy is on the rise.  The income of middle class are rising.  More people can afford to buy homes for themselves due to easy availability of loans and accompanying tax concession. To expand its business in India and abroad the company is weighing various options to raise money through equity offerings in India.  Whether to tap equity or debt market whether to raise money from domestic market or international market or combination of both Whether to raise the necessary finance from money market or capital market.  It is also planning to list itself in New York Stock Exchange to raise money through ADR. To make its offering attractive it is planning to offer lots of financial plans, products to its stakeholders and investors and also explain its listing at NSE after complying with the regulations of SEBI.

• What are the regulation so SEBI that company must comply with?
• How does the SEBI exercise control over 'R' Limited in the interest of investors?  
• Company must comply with the following regulations of SEBI: Regulatory functions of SEBI   (a) Registration of brokers and sub-brokers and other players in the market. (b)   Registration of collective investment schemes and Mutual funds. (c) Regulation of stock brokers, portfolio exchanges, underwriters and merchant brokers and any business in other securities market. (d) Calling for information by undertaking inspection, conducting enquires and audits of stock exchanges and intermediaries. (e) Regulation of takeover bids by companies. (f)   Levying fee or other charges for carrying out the purposes of the Act. (g) Performing and exercising such power under Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956, as may be delegated by the Government of India.
• SEBI controls 'R' Limited in the interest of investors by exercising following protective functions:   (a) Prohibition of fraudulent and unfair trade practices like making misleading statements, manipulations, price rigging, etc. (b)   Controlling insider trading and imposing penalties for such practices. (c) Undertaking steps for investor protection. (d) Promotion of fair practices and code of conduct in securities market.

Q. 9. A company require Rs. 2 crore for inventory, payment of wages, salaries, maintaining bank balance, etc.

• Suggest which financial market company may approach and why?
• State the instruments to raise finance in that market.
• Money market is the market from where it can raise money to fulfill its requirement.  The reason is company require money for working capital i.e. maximum for 1 year and market for short-term is money market.
• The instrument to raise money in money market are: (a) Call money (b) Treasury bill (c) Commercial bill (d) Commercial paper (e) Certificate of deposit.

Q. 10. Few years ago, there were many malpractices, unfair trade practices and frauds and scams were taking place in stock Exchange.  All these affected investor’s confidence, faith and trust in Stock Exchange.  The Government of India decided to set up a separate body for this purpose who was given control of stock exchange.  This separated ownership and control of stock exchange.

• Name the concept which separate the ownership and control of stock exchange.
• Name the body set up by the government of India to contract the stock exchange.
• State the objectives of that regulating body.
• The concept which separate ownership and control is called as demutualization.
• The regulatory body set up by government of India is “SEBI” Securities Exchange Board of India.
• The objectives of SEBI are: The overall objectives of SEBI are to protect the interest of investors and to promote the development of stock exchange and to regulate the activities of stock market.The objectives of SEBI are:

Q. 11. Mr. Vikas Mehra was the Chairman of IBM Bank.  The bank was earning good profits.  Shareholders were happy as the bank was paying regular dividends.  The market price of their shares was also steadily rising.  The bank was about to announce the taking over of ‘UK Bank’.  Mr. Vikas Mehra knew that the share price of IBM Bank would rise on this announcement.  Being a part of the bank, he was not allowed to buy shares of the bank.  He called one of his rich friends Mukand and asked him to invest Rs. 4 crores in the shares of his bank promising him the capital gains. As expected, after the announcement, the share prices went up by 50% and the market price of Mukand’s shares was now Rs. 6 crores.  Mukand earned a profit of Rs. 2 crores.  He gave Rs. 1 crore to Vikas Mehra and kept Rs. 1 crore with him.  On regular inspection and by conducting enquiries of the brokers involved, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was able to detect this irregularity.  SEBI imposed a heavy penalty o Vikas Mehra. Quoting lines from the above paragraph, identify and state any two functions performed by the SEBI in the above case.

Ans.  The two functions performed by SEBI in the given case are stated below:

• Regulatory function is being performed by SEBI: “on regular inspection and conducting inquiries of the brokers involved.”
• Protective function is performed by SEBI: “The SEBI imposed heavy penalty on Mr. Vikas Mehra.

Q. 12. Mission Coach Ltd. is a large creditworthy company that manufactures coaches for the Indian Railways.  It now wants to export these coaches to other countries and decides to invest in new hi-tech machines.  Since the investment is large, it requires long-term finance.  It decides to raise funds by issuing equity shares.  The issue of equity shares involves huge floatation cost.  To meet the expenses of floatation cost, the company decides to tap the money market.

• Name the explain the money-market instrument the company can use for the above purpose.
• State any other purpose for which this instrument can be used.
• Commercial Papers can be used for Bridge financing by Mission coach Ltd. as it is issued by large and credit worthy companies.  The instrument is in the form of an unsecured promissory note and it freely transferable by endorsement.  It is sold at discount and redeemed at par.
• It maturity period may range from a fortnight to a year.
• It is also used to meet the short term seasonal and working capital requirements of a business enterprise.

Q. 13. Incorporated in 1990.  Raju Dairy Ltd., is one of the leading manufacturers and marketers of dairy-based branded foods in India.  In the initial years, its operations were restricted only to collection and distribution of milk.  But, over the years it has gained a reasonable market share by offering a diverse range of dairy based products including fresh milk, flavoured yogurt, ice creams, butter milk, cheese, ghee, milk powders etc. in order to raise capital to finance its expansion plans.  Raju Dairy Ltd. has decided to approach capital market through a mix of Offer for sale of Rs. 4 crore shares and a public issue of Rs. 2 crore shares. In context of the above case:

• Name and explain the segment of capital market being approached by the company.
• Identify the two methods of floatation used by the company to raise the required capital.  Give one difference between them.
• Primary market is the segment of capital market being approached by the company. It is also known as the new issue market as the securities are issued for the first time by the companies through this market.
• The two methods of floatation used by the company to raise the required capital are: (a) Issue through prospectus and Offer for sale. (b) In case of issue through prospectus, the company approaches the members of the general public directly by issuing a prospectus whereas in case of Offer for sale, the company approaches members of the general public indirectly through intermediaries like issuing houses, stock brokers etc.

Q. 14. Harsh works as a manager in a software company.  He opened a Demat account with a broking house in order to trade in securities with the money he received as his first performance bonus.  Since then he has been very active in stock trading under the guidance of a stock broker.  However, ,when he was hospitalized for a few days this year, his wife received several calls from the his stock broker for permission to transact on Harsh’s behalf.  Though she told him to wait till her husband had recovered, the stock broker went ahead and executed the transactions.  When Harsh got home from hospital, he discovered that the unauthorized transactions had led to a loss for him. Harsh complained to the broking house, but they claimed he had authorized the transactions.  Keeping in new, the guidelines issued by the National Stock Exchange that he had read in the national newspaper Harsh demanded proof and threatened to file a complain.  Since, the broking house had no evidence that the deals had been authorized they made good the loss that Harsh had incurred due to the transaction. In the context of the above case?

• What is a Demat account?
• Who is acting as the depository participant for Harsh?
• Name the document that is illegally enforceable and helps to settle the claims between the investor and the broker.
• A Demat account is an account used for holding securities in electronic form.
• The Broking house is acting as the depository participant for Harsh.
• A contract note is a legally enforceable document that helps to settle the claims between the investor and the broker.

Q. 15. Ketan won a cash prize of Rs. 20,000 in the National level Robotics Competition.  On the advise of his father, he visits a nearby bank to open a Fixed deposit account in his name with the prize money.  His sister Suhasini accompanied him to the bank.  On reaching the bank, he notice big banners which are placed within the premises containing information about the various arrangements through which corporates may raise their capital through the bank.  Being a finance graduate, Suhasini explains to Ketan that banks play the role of the financial intermediary by helping in the process of channelizing the savings of the households into the most profitable business ventures. In context of the above case:

• Name another financial intermediary that helps in the process of channelizing the savings of the households into the most productive use.
• Also, outline any two functions of another financial intermediary as identified in part (a)
• Financial markets is the other financial intermediary that helps in the process of channelizing the savings of the households into the most productive use.

Q. 16. Ragu works as a waiter in a five star hotel in Mumbai.  While serving the customer he overhears him at the table saying that the he has made profits higher than expected by investing in securities market.  So, Ragu also decides to make a nominal investment from his savings in the stock market in pursuit of higher gains. In context of the above case: As a financial consultant, apprise him of the steps involved in the working of a Demat system. Ans.  Ragu will have to initiate the following steps for trading through a Demat system:

Q.17. Sumita is a professor in a reputed business institute. While explaining the procedure of stock exchange trading, she shared with her students that many years back she had bought 200 shares of a leading automobiles company.  As per the settlement procedure she paid for the shares and received the share certificates in physical form.  However, when she had sent those certificates to the company to get them endorsed in her name, she was informed by the company that those certificates were duplicate. Therefore, in order to protect the investors from many such malpractices, now only screen – based trading is done and dematerialization is compulsory. In context of the above case:

• What is screen based trading?
• Give the meaning of ‘dematerialization’.  State any two of its advantages.
• Screen based trading: Form of trading that uses modern telecommunication and computer technology to combine information transmission with trading in financial markets.
• Dematerialization offers flexibility along with security and convenience. Holding share certificates in physical format carried risks like certificate forgeries, loss of important share certificates, and consequent delays in certificate transfers. Dematerialization eliminates these hassles by allowing customers to convert their physical certificates into electronic format. Two Advantages: The risks pertaining to physical certificates like loss, theft, forgery and damage are eliminated completely with a DEMAT account. The lack of paperwork enables quicker transactions and higher efficiency in trading. A DEMAT account holder can buy or sell any amount of shares.

Q. 18. Madhav’s is one of the India’s most trusted brands in Indian sweets and snacks segment.  The company has manufacturing plants in Kota, Kanpur, New Delhi, and Mumbai.  Madhav’s has its own retail chain stores and a range of restaurants in these cities.  Now, the company plans to extend its business in 12 more cities in India.  In order to raise the funds, its directors have decided to float a public issue through prospectus.  Besides, it intends to raise money to meet the floatation cost in terms of brokerage, underwriting commission, advertising etc. In context of the above case:

• What is the other name used for the funds required to meet floatation costs?
• Describe briefly the short term instrument popularly used by the companies to raise for the funds required to meet floatation costs.  Who can issue them?
• Distinguish between the two types of financial markets that the company intends to approach to meet its financial needs.
• Bridge financing is the other name used for the funds required to meet floatation costs.
• Commercial Papers
• Capital Market and Money Market.

  Q. 19. During navratras, Varun finalizes a deal to buy a new house.  So, he visits a nearby branch of ‘Subh Bank’ top withdraw Rs. 10 lakhs from his account in order to pay the token money to the seller.  In the bank he observes that a large number of customers are present to make cash with drawls, probably because it is an auspicious time to make purchases.  After sometime, he overhears one of the bank staff members telling his colleague that, “Today ‘Shubh Bank’ is likely to fall short of cash and to make up for the deficit and maintain its cash reserve ratio it will have to approach another bank.” In context of the above case:

• Identify the instrument that ‘Shubh Bank’ will use to meet its short term requirements of funds.
• State any three feature of the instrument as identified in part (a).
• Call money is the instrument used by ‘Subh Bank’ to meet its short term requirements of funds.
• Three features of call money: (i) It is short term finance which is repayable on demand with a maturity period of I to 15 days. (ii) The interest paid on call money loans is known as call rate. It is highly volatile rate that varies from day to day and some times even from hour to hour. (iii) It is a intra bank transaction and it is also called as intra bank call money market

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LIBF UNIT 4 APRIL 2024 CASE STUDY 2 QUIZ - 'Leslie' | FINANCIAL STUDIES DipFS U4 CS2 75x Q&A

Subject: Business and finance

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Last updated

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LIBF Diploma in Financial Studies Unit 4 (SFS) April 2024 Part B Exam - 75x ‘Leslie’ Case Study Questions

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The questions can be used flexibly either within class or given to students to complete as an independent learning/homework activity. By getting students to complete these 75x questions you can be sure that they have read and understood the case study.

As part of the purchase you will be provided with:

• PowerPoint that goes through all questions then goes through all questions and answers
• Word document that contains a list of all the questions
• Word document that contains a list of all the questions and answers

PowerPoint and Word documents do not include any names or school logos so can be used straight away without any further work on your part - A READY-TO-USE RESOURCE!!!

LIBF Certificate in Financial Studies LIBF Diploma in Financial Studies

Unit 4 - Sustainability of the Financial Services System (SFS)

Also available for April 2024 examination: UNIT 2 MARCH 2024 CASE STUDY 1 QUIZ - ‘Hugo and Sarah’ https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-12996360

Tes paid licence How can I reuse this?

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