code 1431 solved assignment spring 2021

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Aiou code 1431 basics of ict assignments spring and autumn.

In a period dominated by know-how , proficiency in Info and Communication Expertise (ICT) is an elementary ability for fulfillment in numerous fields. Allama Iqbal Open College (AIOU) acknowledges the significance of ICT schooling and presents Code 1431 – Fundamentals of ICT, a course designed to equip college students with the foundational data required to navigate the digital panorama . On this weblog , we are going to discover the assignments for AIOU Code 1431 in each of the Spring and Autumn semesters, shedding mild on the important things ideas, and sensible functions .

Significance of Fundamentals of ICT:

Prior to delving into the assignments, it is important to know why Fundamentals of ICT is a vital course. ICT encompasses a variety of applied sciences , together with computer systems , software program functions , networks, and the web . Proficiency in these areas is significant for people in nearly every career   because it allows environment-friendly communication, information administration , and problem-solving.

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علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی کی ہاتھ سے لکھی ہوِئی حل شدہ مشقیں حاصل کرنے کے لیے رابطہ کریں

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Download aiou past papers last five years old papers, aiou code 1431 curriculum overview:.

Code 1431 covers a broad spectrum of subjects , together with PC fundamentals, working programs , phrase processing, spreadsheets, web utilization , and more . The course is structured to make sure that college students develop a strong understanding of the fundamental ICT instruments and functions which can be broadly utilized in each educational {and professional} setting.

Spring Semester Assignments:

The Spring semester assignments for AIOU Code 1431 typically deal with constructing a foundational understanding of ICT ideas . College students could also be required to reveal their proficiency in utilizing primary PC functions , equivalent to phrase processors and spreadsheets. Assignments may contain exploring the web for analysis functions and understanding the moral implications of ICT use.

Autumn Semester Assignments:

Because the course progresses to the Autumn semester, assignments are inclined to grow to be extra superior , requiring college students to use their data in sensible situations . Matters equivalent to database administration , multimedia functions , and the usage of ICT in particular industries could also be lined . These assignments goal is to problem college students use their ICT abilities in real-world conditions , getting ready them for the calls of the fashionable office .

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AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1431 Spring & Autumn 2023 PDF

Here, We have provided AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1431 for both Spring and Autumn semesters. According to AIOU policy, The assignment marks are 50% of your total exam marks. So Without submission of your assignments of code 1431 for BA , you will be considered a Fail.

It’s important to submit your all assignments of code 1431 on time to avoid any problems using AIOU Aagahi Portal. For this purpose, we have provided AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1431 for BA in PDF Format.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1431 Spring & Autumn (PDF Download)

Basics Of ICT (English)

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AIOU Course Code 1431-1 Solved Assignment Spring 2022

Course: Basics of ICT (1431)

Semester: Spring, 2022

Level: BA/Associate Degree (AD)

                                                                Assignment No.1        

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Question no 01 .

Answer the following questions properly:

 (a) What is meant by ICT?

Diverse set of technological tools and resources used to transmit, store, create, share or exchange information. These technological tools and resources include computers, the Internet (websites, blogs and emails), live broadcasting technologies (radio, television and webcasting), recorded broadcasting technologies (podcasting, audio and video players and storage devices) and telephony (fixed or mobile, satellite, visio/video-conferencing, etc.).Introducing ICT into education is the answer for those who ask; ‘ how can we increase the reach of our institution, to a larger number of students?.’

The Mobile learning (m ‐learning) as a form of e ‐learning is a rising trend where the education has outgrown the physical constraints of the classrooms and acquired mobility. Students access information whenever and wherever they want, and institutions that provides such advanced technological terrains is rising in number day by day.

• Various devices/technology in ICT includes:
• Access of course materials through remote devices,
• Online digital repositories for lectures, course materials, and digital library,
• Online/ cloud based academic management systems,
• Employing the flipped classroom concept,

Making use of handheld computers, tablet computers, audio players, projector devices etc.

Also, the rising number of Massive Open Online Courses(MOOCs) like the coursera, khan academy, and edx tells us that there is a huge demand for off-the-classroom learning facilities. The future of our institutions will depend on whether or not they can satisfy those needs.

EXAMPLE OF USE

We reaffirm that the most effective policy to integrate ICT in education is through whole school-based planning, teacher training and professional development. We highlight that the challenge is not only to develop ICT competency standards for teachers and prepare teachers to integrate ICT in their pedagogy, but also to offer continuous support and to provide them with the incentives and the professional motivation to unlock ICT to enhance the quality of learning. To incentivize teachers, governments and institutions are recommended to integrate the evaluation of the use of ICT by institutions and teachers into the systems and practices for monitoring the quality of learning. (2017 Qindago Statement.

• Differentiate between “ICT” and “Telecommunication”.

Difference Between ICT And Telecommunications?

ICT refers to Information and Communication Technology. So, it’s quite evident from its definition that ICT is something related to sharing of information through technological means. Moreover, it’s also clear from the definition that ICT deals with communication aspects as well.

Information sharing and communication handling through technological mediums are basically the core dimensions of ICT. This is what the construct of ICT looks like.

Now, let’s explore what the telecommunication is and propose an argument on these reasonings that whether they’ve any correlation or not. Basically, the telecommunication is the transmission of signals carrying information through wired or wireless modes of mediums. This includes cables, satellites, antennas, telephones, etc

ICT deals with information and communication through technology while the telecommunication deals with transmission of signals containing information through different mediums. Telecommunication also uses technological grounds to operate and function.

So, what is the difference between ICT and telecommunications? Are they interlinked? Yes! We firmly believe that they have a strong correlation in between them and technology is the source of support of both these fields.

Question,no 2

What is the difference between memory and hard disk? Explain it with the help of proper examples.

Memories are made up of registers. Memory refers to the location of short-term data. Each register in the memory is one storage location. Storage location is also called as memory location. Memory locations are identified using Address. The total number of bit a memory can store is its capacity. Memory are of three type : Primary Memory, Secondary Memory, Cache Memory.

• Hard Disk :

Hard Disk is the magnetic disk made of aluminium. It is used as main storage device on the computer. It uses metallic disk which is known as platter. Both sides of disk is used for storing data except the upper side of the uppermost disk and lower side of the lowermost disk. Magnetic oxide is used to coat the data storing surface.

MEMORY.                                                                             HARD DISK

Question no 3.

What is the purpose of scanner? Also describe BCR &MICR with suitable examples.

Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) is also character scanning technology but it utilizes a magnetic ink and special characters. In order to scan a MICR document, it is subjected to a special scanner that magnetizes the special ink and then converts the magnetic information into characters. The banking systems uses this technology for swift processing of large volumes of cheques.

The banks that employ MICR implement it on to cheques. These cheques contain bank’s identification code, cheque number and account number which are previously printed on it by a unique magnetic ink that contains the particles of iron oxide. The advantage of using magnetic printing is that it helps in reading the characters with ease, even if there exist overwriting or marks. Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition technology is used by the banking industry for faster processing of the large volume of cheques. This technology also ensures accuracy of data entry, because most of the information is pre-printed on the cheque and is directly fed to the computer. Magnetic ink character reader is a device used in the technology.

The full form of MICR is Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. It is a system that is used for the recognition of characters with the help of a special ink as well as characters or in other words. It can be understood as a technology that is used to verify the originality and authenticity of physical documents (especially cheque) and is mostly used by banking institutions.

MICR Technique Works

MICR helps in encoding the numbers mentioned in magnetic ink displayed on the base of a cheque. MICR technique works by passing a physical document such as a cheque containing magnetic ink that needs to be read with a machine that can magnetize the ink on that document and then translate its magnetic information into characters. A laser printer is used for printing the magnetic ink, and this is not a regular printer. The laser printer used for MICR accepts Magnetic Ink and Character Recognition toner.

Magnetic Ink and Character Recognition is mandatory to be used to file various sorts of financial transaction forms like SIP form, investment form, or even for transferring funds. MICR must also be used to ensure the authenticity and originality of physical documents like cheques. MICR must also be used to eliminate the possibilities of human errors and initiate quicker transactions that are impossible to achieve in manual processing. MICR provides a higher security level, which eliminates the slightest probability of the documents getting forged. Banking institutions use MICR to verify the validity and enhance the security of authorized cheques.

Bar Code Reader (BCR)

A bar code is a machine-readable code in the form of a pattern of parallel vertical lines. They are commonly used for labeling goods that are available in supermarkets, numbering books in libraries, etc. These codes/strips are sensed and read by a photoelectric device called bar code reader that reads the code by means of reflective light. The information recorded in a bar code reader is fed into the computer, which recognizes the information from the thickness and spacing of bars.

Bar code reader (BCR)

This device reads bar codes and converts them into electrical pulses to be processed by a computer. A bar code is nothing but data coded in form of light and dark bars.

Voice Input Systems

This devices converts spoken words to M/C language. A microphone is used to convert human speech into electric signals. The signal pattern is then transmitted to a computer when it is compared to a dictionary of patterns that have been previously placed in a storage unit of computer. When a close match is found, the word is recognized.

Digital Camera

It converts graphics directly into digital form. It looks like an ordinary camera, but no film is used therein, instead a CCD (changed coupled divide) electronic chip is used.

When light falls on the chip through the lens, it converts light waves into electrical waves.

Question,no 4.

Explain the function of ATM machine and also describe Voice  Reproduction system with the help of proper examples.

An ATM, which stands for automated teller machine, is a specialized computer that makes it convenient to manage a bank account holder’s funds. It allows a person to check account balances, withdraw or deposit money, print a statement of account activities or transactions, and even purchase stamps.

ATMs were first used in London in 1967, and after 50 years, these machines can be found nationwide. ATMs can be on-premise or off-premise. On-premise ATMs are located in financial institutions. Clients enjoy more choice, convenience and availability, while banks can boost their revenue from transactions, lessen operational costs and maximize staff resources.

Off-premise ATMs are typically found in places such as airports, grocery and convenience stores and shopping centers where there is a simple need for cash.

ATMs are simple data terminals with four output and two input devices. They have to connect to a host processor and communicate through it. The host processor works like an Internet Service Provider (ISP), a portal through which all the various networks of ATMs become accessible to the bank account holder with either a credit card or debit card.

ATM examples

An account holder can use an ATM to carry out a number of transactions.

Withdrawals are the most common transaction among ATM cardholders. This allows them to withdraw cash from their accounts. For a withdrawal, account holders just have to key in the amount they wish to take out.

ATM deposits also are becoming popular. Account holders can deposit money and checks if their bank allows it.

Balance inquiries allow account holders to view their current account balance. This feature may be helpful if account holders need to know the amount of money they can spend with their debit card or credit card.

Transfers and payments are also available depending on the bank. This allows account holders to move money from one account to another, without withdrawing cash.

Account holders using an ATM not affiliated with their bank will most likely have to pay a fee. ATMs always disclose these fees on their screens, and they give users an option to cancel the transaction if they do not want to pay the fee.

In the U.S., the average fee for a single ATM withdrawal is about $4.52. This fee usually varies from state to state. Atlanta usually has the highest average fees at about $5.15, while Seattle has the lowest average ATM fees at $4.21.

Users should be aware of the threats that target these machines. For safety reasons, users should transact at ATMs located in well-lit public places.

Input Devices

The input devices like card reader and keypad.

Card Reader

The card reader is an input device that reads data from a card. The card reader is part of the identification of your particular account number and the magnetic strip on the backside of the ATM card is used for connection with the card reader. The card is swiped or pressed on the card reader which captures your account information i.e. the data from the card is passed on to the host processor (server). The host processor thus uses this data to get the information from the cardholders.

The card is recognized after the machine asks for further details like your identification number, withdrawal, and your balance inquiry Each card has a unique PIN so that there is little chance for some else to withdraw money from your account. There are separate laws to protect the PIN code while sending it to the host processor. The PIN is mostly sent in encrypted form. The keyboard contains 48 keys and is interfaced to the processor.

Output Devices

The output devices are speaker, display screen, receipt printer, and cash depositor.

The speaker provides audio feedback when a particular key is pressed.

Display Screen

The display screen displays the transaction information. Each step of withdrawal is shown by the display screen. A CRT screen or LCD screen is used by most of the ATMs.

Receipt Printer

The receipt printer prints all the details recording your withdrawal, date and time, and the amount of withdrawal and also shows the balance of your account in the receipt.

Cash Dispenser

The cash dispenser is the heart of the ATM. This is a central system of the ATM from where the required money is obtained. From this portion, the user can collect the money. The cash dispenser must count each bill and give the required amount. If in some cases the money is folded, it will be moved to another section and becomes the reject bit. All these actions are carried out by high precision sensors. A complete record of each transaction is kept by the ATM with the help of an RTC device.

However, several different ATM technologies have not yet reached worldwide acceptance, such as:

Videoconferencing with human tellers, known as video tellers.

Biometrics, where authorization of transactions is based on the scanning of a customer’s fingerprint, iris, face, etc.

Cheque/cash Acceptance, where the machine accepts and recognises cheques and/or currency without using envelopes] Expected to grow in importance in the US through Check 21 legislation.

Bar code scanning.

• On-demand printing of “items of value” (such as movie tickets, traveler’s cheques, etc.)
• Dispensing additional media (such as phone cards)
• Co-ordination of ATMs with mobile phones.
• Integration with non-banking equipment.
• Games and promotional features.

CRM through the ATM

Videoconferencing teller machines are currently referred to as Interactive Teller Machines. Benton Smith, in the Idaho Business Review writes “The software that allows interactive teller machines to function was created by a Salt Lake City-based company called uGenius, a producer of video banking software. NCR, a leading manufacturer of ATMs, acquired uGenius in 2013 and married its own ATM hardware with uGenius’ video software.

ATMs were originally developed as cash dispensers, and have evolved to provide many other bank-related functions:

Paying routine bills, fees, and taxes (utilities, phone bills, social security, legal fees, income taxes, etc.)

• Printing or ordering bank statements
• Updating passbooks
• Cash advances
• Cheque Processing Module

Paying (in full or partially) the credit balance on a card linked to a specific current account.

Transferring money between linked accounts (such as transferring between accounts)

Deposit currency recognition, acceptance, and recycling.

In some countries, especially those which benefit from a fully integrated cross-bank network (e.g.: Multibanco in Portugal), ATMs include many functions that are not directly related to the management of one’s own bank account, such as:

Loading monetary value into stored-value cards

Adding pre-paid cell phone / mobile phone credit.

• Concert tickets
• Lottery tickets
• Movie tickets
• Postage stamps.
• Train tickets
• Shopping mall gift certificates.

Question no 5 .

Write short notes on the following topics:

• ICT Applications

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a broader term for Information Technology (IT), which refers to all communication technologies, including the

• cell phones
• middleware,
• video-conferencing,

social networking, and other media applications and services enabling users to access, retrieve, store, transmit, and manipulate information in a digital form.

ICTs are also used to refer to the convergence of media technology such as audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks, by means of a unified system of cabling (including signal distribution and management) or link system. However, there is no universally accepted definition of ICTs considering that the concepts, methods and tools involved in ICTs are steadily evolving on an almost daily basis. To define professional skill levels for its ICT professional education products, the IEEE Computer Society has adopted, for example, the Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA). The value of ICT strategies as a means of bridging the digital divide and as a powerful tool for economic and social development around the world should not be underestimated in agricultural and related sectors. Improving extension of ICT services to farmers would effectively improve the transmission of global open data for agriculture and nutrition for development of sensible solutions addressing food security, nutrition and sustainable agriculture issues. By using ICTs, there have already “been diverse types of innovations taking place in the agriculture sector, which include commodity and stock market price information and analysis, meteorological data collection, advisory services to farmers for agricultural extension, early warning systems for disaster prevention and control, financial services, traceability of agricultural products, agricultural statistical data gathering, etc.” (ICT for sustainable agriculture, FAO, 2013).

Types of Monitors

A monitor is an electronic output device that is also known as a video display terminal (VDT) or a video display unit (VDU). It is used to display images, text, video, and graphics information generated by a connected computer via a computer’s video card. Although it is almost like a TV, its resolution is much higher than a TV. The first computer monitor was introduced on 1 March 1973, which was part of the Xerox Alto computer system. Older monitors were built by using a fluorescent screen and Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), which made them heavy and large in size and thus causing them to cover more space on the desk. Nowadays, all monitors are made up by using flat-panel display technology, commonly backlit with LEDs. These modern monitors take less space on the desk as compared to older CRT displays.

There are several types of monitors; some are as follows:

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors

It is a technology used in early monitors. It uses a beam of electrons to create an image on the screen. It comprises the guns that fire a beam of electrons inside the screen. The electron beams repeatedly hit the surface of the screen. These guns are responsible for generating RGB (Red, Green, Blue) colors, and more other colors can be generated with the help of combining these three colors. Today’s Flat Panel Monitors replace the CRT monitors.

• Flat Panel Monitors

These types of monitors are lightweight and take less space. They consume less power as compared to CRT monitors. These monitors are more effective as they do not provide harmful radiation. These monitors are more expensive than CRTs. The flat-panel monitors are used in PDA, notebook computers, and cellular phones. These monitors are available in various sizes like 15″, 17″, 18″ & 19″ and more. The display of a flat-panel monitor is made with the help of two plates of glass. These plates contain a substance, which is activated in many ways.

• Touch Screen Monitors

These monitors are also known as an input device. It enables users to interact with the computer by using a finger or stylus instead of using a mouse or keyboard. When users touch the screen by their finger, it occurs an event and forward it to the controller for processing. These types of screens include pictures or words that help users to interact with the computer. It takes input from the users by touching menus or icons presented on the screen.

• LED Monitors

It is a flat screen computer monitor, which stands for light-emitting diode display. It is lightweight in terms of weight and has a short depth. As the source of light, it uses a panel of LEDs. Nowadays, a wide number of electronic devices, both large and small devices such as laptop screens, mobile phones, TVs, computer monitors, tablets, and more, use LED displays.It is believed that James P. Mitchell invented the first LED display. On 18 March 1978, the first prototype of an LED display was published to the market at the SEF (Science and Engineering Fair) in Iowa. On 8 May 1978, it was shown again in Anaheim California, at the SEF. This prototype received awards from NASA and General Motors.

• OLED Monitors

It is a new flat light-emitting display technology, which is more efficient, brighter, thinner, and better refresh rates feature and contrast as compared to the LCD display. It is made up of locating a series of organic thin films between two conductors. These displays do not need a backlight as they are emissive displays. Furthermore, it provides better image quality ever and used in tablets and high-end smartphones.Nowadays, it is widely used in laptops, TVs, mobile phones, digital cameras, tablets, VR headsets. The demand for mobile phone vendors, more than 500 million AMOLED screens were produced in 2018. The Samsung display is the main producer of the AMOLED screen. For example, Apple is using AMOLED OLED panel made by SDC in its 2018 iPhone XS – a 5.8″ 1125×2436. Additionally, iPhone X is also using the same AMOLED display.

• DLP Monitors

DLP stands for Digital Light Processing, developed by Texas Instruments. It is a technology, which is used for presentations by projecting images from a monitor onto a big screen. Before developing the DLP, most of the computer projection systems produced faded and blurry images as they were based on LCD technology. DLP technology utilizes a digital micromirror device, which is a tiny mirror housed on a special kind of microchip. Furthermore, it offers better quality pictures that can also be visible in a lit room normally.

• TFT Monitors

It is a type of LCD flat panel display, which stands for a thin-film transistor. In TFT monitors, all pixels are controlled with the help of one to four transistors. The high-quality flat-panel LCDs use these transistors. Although the TFT-based monitors provide better resolution of all the flat-panel techniques, these are highly expensive. The LCDs, which use thin-film transistor (TFT) technology, are known as active-matrix displays. The active-matrix displays offer higher quality as compared to older passive-matrix displays.

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علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی  کی   حل شدہ اسائنمنٹس۔ پی ڈی ایف۔ ورڈ فائل۔ ہاتھ سے لکھی ہوئی، لیسن پلین، فائنل لیسن پلین، پریکٹس رپورٹ، ٹیچنگ پریکٹس، حل شدہ تھیسس، حل شدہ ریسرچ پراجیکٹس انتہائی مناسب ریٹ پر گھر بیٹھے منگوانے کے لیے  واٹس ایپ پر رابطہ کریں۔ اس کے علاوہ داخلہ بھجوانے ،فیس جمع کروانے ،بکس منگوانے ،آن لائن ورکشاپس،اسائنمنٹ ایل ایم ایس پر اپلوڈ کروانے کے لیے رابطہ کریں۔

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Solved Assignment # 2 :Code # 1431 -aiou - Spring 2021

Solved Assignment # 2            Code # 1431                   aiou          Spring 2021 Question No 1:(a) What is meant by computer software? Differentiate between system software and application software? Ans: Computer Software:  A computer cannot do anything at its own rather than it must be provided some sequence-wise instructions and relevant data to perform its functions. This sequence of instructions is called a computer programm which is commonly referred to as computer software. Software is a generic term used for collection of data and instructions given to the computers to perform specific tasks. It also refers to set of programs, procedures and associated documents designed for the working of computers. The software is logical part of the computer that user can not touch but use to make computer operate. Computer software controls the operation of hardware or some other software by implementing the instructions given to it in an ordered way. Hardware Devices: hollowing are the main hardware devices in any computer system: Input Devices i.e. Keyboards, Mouse, Microphones etc. ☆ Output Devices i.e. Printers, Speakers, Monitors etc. Main Memory comprising of RAM and ROM . I/O Device i.e. Driver, Terminals, Touch Screen etc. Secondary Memory i.e. Hard disk, Floppy disk, Compact disk, Tape etc. - ☆ Inter-connectors i.e. Cables, Ports, Buses etc. ☆ Networking Devices i.e. Modem, Bridge, Router etc. Software Classification: Software can be classified into following main two categories: 1- System Software 2- Application Software 7- . System Software: System software is used to control the usage and allocation of different hardware components and enables the other application programs to execute. For example, ☆ Operating Systems ☆ Utility Programs (Backup/Restore) ☆ Drivers The system software may be a combination of many such programs. 2- Application Software: entertainment to the users. It may be categorized as under: 'it Custom-built  ☆ Packaged Custom-built Software: This is the software that is designed and developed for a particular customer. - Packaged software: This software is the kind of off-the-shelf programs or components, developed for sale to the potential software developers/users for their use. The examples are: MS-Word, MS-Power point, Personal Oracle etc. Question No 1:(b) What is meant by word processing? List key features provided by .......... Ans: Word Processing Software: Word processor: Word processor is an application program used for creating editing, storing, and printing personal and official documents. Word processor became popular in 1970s and 1980 when the electric typewriter was merged with a dedicated processor (like a computer processor) for the editing of text. Since then different companies are developing Word Processor with new and enhanced features. Standard Features of Word Processor / Key functions: Word processors have several text manipulating features. The standard features include: Text editing includes entering the text, cut I copy and paste the text, making insertions and deletions etc. Word Wrap: The cursor automatically moves to next line when the line is completed with the text. Status Line: Status line provides all the information about the current document. Search and Replace: Search and Replace allows the user to search for a particular word or expression and replace it with some other word or expression. Headers, Footers, and Page Numbers: It allows users to insert tailored headers and footers that the word processor will put at the top and bottom of every page. Similarly page numbers can also be inserted at top or bottom of the pages: Spell Checker: Spell checker allows the user to check the spelling of words. It spotlights any word that it does find in its dictionary. Table.. Word processor allows inserting tables comprising of rows and columns. Save and Print: Once a document has been created, edited and formatted it can be saved and printed. Some well known Word Processor includes the following: iv. In Page (used for urdu typing)  Question No 2:(a) What is meant by operating system? Define it in detail with the help of different examples. Ans: Introduction: An operating system is the most important and major program that  runs on a system (computer). Every computer system must have an operating system in order to run different programs. The operatingsystem is collection of softwares Which manage various computer hardware resources. It additionally provides common services to  different computer programs. An operating system performs several tasks such as: 1. Recognize input from a keyboard 2. Send output to a display screen (monitor) 3. Keep track of files as well as directories on a disk 4. Control various peripheral devices like hard drive, printer, video or sound card etc. An operating system generally acts as an ” interaction" between computer user and computer hardware. The most observable feature of an operating-system is its interface. The operating system basically provides an environment where users can execute different programs. As soon as a user turn-on or boot a computer, the operating system is loaded into memoty automatically. The term booting basically refers to the complete process of loading any operating system into a .computer's memory. This process is usually done through a program (commonly known as boot-strap loader) which is permanently stored in a computer's electronic circuitry (generally on a ROM-chip). Types of Operating System The operating systems are generally categorized into two major types depending on the basis of numerous features such as Graphical User Interface (GUI) Operating- System and Command Line Operating-System. The description of these both types of operating systems is given below: Graphical User Interface (GUI) Operating-System A GUI operating-system basically provides a raphical-user-interfacc to its users in order to communicate with system/computer. In this interface, the icons, menus or graphical . objects are being used for issuing commands. I he users of GUI operating systems don't need to memorize different commands while interacting with computer. The examples of GUI operating-system include: Windows (I he windows (operating system) are very popular among all others). Linux etc. 1 he best features of graphical-user-interface may include: Easy to learn (As it is described above that the users of GUI don't need to memorize different commands while interacting with computer) Simple to use (More User Friendly as compared to command line operating system) , j More interactive Efficient (It provides various shortcuts) Multi-tasking (It easily enables users to view, control as well as manipulate multiple tasks at a time). The drawbacks of the graphical-user-interface (GUI) operating-system may include: It is not so faster as compared to command line operating-system. It doesn't provide a powerful and significant scripting facility as compared to command line operating-system (but it provides various shortcuts). It doesn't provide full/complete access, to computer- resources (It basically provides very less control to the file system as well as operating system). In terms of use, it is slow as compared to command line operating system. Command Line Operating-System A command line operating-system basically provides a command-prompt in order to type different commands.The users use these commands while their interaction with computer.The users of command line operating systems need to memorize different commands for performing various tasks.Thc examples of command line operating-system include: ☆ DOS 54 Unix etc. The features of command line operating-system may include: 'fr It is faster than GUI operating system. ☆ It provides a powerful and significant scripting facility. '& It provides full/complete access to computer-resources. There are also some drawbacks of the command line operating-system such as: ☆ Not very' easy to learn ☆ Not very simple to use ☆ Few' command line operating-systems provide the facility of multitasking (but it is very difficult to implement). Question No 2:(b) Write Short notes on the following topics. a. Popular Operating System b. Network Connection and Ip-Setting Ans: Commonly Used Operating System The computer operating systems usually categorize by their different characteristics such as technology, working state, ownership, licensing as well as usage etc. There are number of operating systems which have become very famous at the time of their releases such as DOS (Disk Operating System), Windows 95, Windows NT (New Technology), UNIX, Linux, Macintosh Operating System, Windows 98, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7, etc. The use of these operating systems depends upon user's choice. Different users may use different types of computers with different operating systems. Main characteristics of commonly used operating systems may include: 1) System Reliability (It includes different functions such as windows error reporting, automated system recovery and improved system restore etc.) 2) Faster Start-Up 3) User Friendly Interface 4) Hardware support improvements (This support can be related to USB, Firewall, Windows image acquisition or Media transfer protocol etc.) 5) Remote Desktop Features (Those features which can allow users to connect with a system across a network and access their different applications like files or printers etc.) 6) Various improvements to "System Administration Tools" like Windows installer, Windows task manager, Disk defragmenter or Windows script host etc.) 7) Network Features (such as Windows firewall and Internet connection sharing) 8) Important Security Features (such as Encrypting file system improvement, Credential manager, Software restriction policies etc.) The indows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 have emerged as very popular among the users of all ages which are described below in detail: Windows XP Windows XP is a famous and highly compatible operating system. It was produced by "Microsoft". It is one of the most famous versions of Window's. The name XP is mainly abbreviated as "eXPerience". It was released worldwide both in "home" and "professional" versions in 2001. The Windows XP (a successor to "Windows-2000" and "WTndow's-Me") was basically a first consumer-oriented operating-system. _ This operating system is highly used and very well accepted by users. There are a number of characteristics of this popular operating system such as: a) New Task Based GUI (Graphical User Interface) b) Updated Start-menu and Taskbar c) System Reliability d) Faster Start-Up e) User Friendly Interface f) Hardware Support Improvements g) Remote Desktop Features h) Various improvements to "System Administration Tools i) Network Features j) Important Security Features. Setting Up Network Connection The purpose of setting up network connection is to use internet. To setup a "Network Connection" using "Network and Sharing Center" in Windows 7, follow the following steps: 1. Click "Start button" to view the "Start Menu" and then choose an option "Control Panel" as shown in the following image. 2. The"Control Panel" window opens up. Then click an option "Network and Internet". 3. Then click another option "Network and Sharing Center". 4. After that just click "Set up a new connection or network". 5. Another window will be opened then click "Connect to the Internet". Then press "Next". Note: After the above step, if internet is working on your system then you will find a message ’’You are already connected to the internet’’. It is simply meant that you can go to your internet browser and use internet. Otherwise follow the next step below: 6. If internet facility is not available on your system then after step 5 you will find a window with this message "Ilow do you want to connect?" Here one can find different options such as Wireless or Broadband 7. Select any one option like Broadband. 8 After selecting this option, you will enter a user name and password (which you will get from "internet Service Provider (ISP)"). 9 Then click "Connect". When it is connected successfully then the IP-Setting An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a numerical label. It is basically assigned to each computer which is being participated in a computer-network (that uses the "Internet Protocol" for communication). • In order to assign an IP-address to a system (with an operating system "Windows-7"), just follow the following steps: ' 1. Click "Start button" to view the "Start Menu" and then choose an option "Control Panel". 2. The"Control Panel" window opens up. Then click an option "Network and Internet". 3. Then click another option "Network and Sharing Center". 4. Then click an option "Local Area Connection". 5. A window will be opned then press a button "Properties". 6. Another window will be opened then select an option "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)" and press button "Properties". After that another window will be opened immediately. 7. Here you will find two options which are described below: ☆ "Obtain an IP address automatically". Select this option and then press button "OK". Your system will automatically get an IP address and you will be able to use internet. ☆ On the.other hand if you will select the second option "Use the following IP address". Then you will give the following information (which you will get from "Internet Service Provider (ISP)"): 'fr IP address ☆ Subnet mask ☆ Default gateway ☆ Preferred DNS server ☆ Alternate DN S server After giving this information, just press '"OK" and close all other windows. Now you will be able to use internet. Question No 3:(a) Identify basic elements of a communication system. Ans: Data Communication: Data communication is the flow of electronic data among two nodes (computers and other devices) through communication media. In order to manage the communication, the nodes must be part of communication system and linked with each other via some media like cables or microwave. Furthermore the data communication software is used to transfer data from one node to another. The communication system is governed by three fundamental principles that include deliver, accuracy and timeliness. 1- Delivery: The system must carry data to the correct end or destination. Data must be received by the correct recipient (device / user). 2- Accuracy: The system must deliver the data with accuracy. The altered or incomplete data is unusable, therefore it should be accurate as per sending format. The node that is used for transferring data is called transmitter, source or sender. In recent digital communication system, the source is mostly a computer or a mobile device. ■ ' ' 3- Medium: Medium is the pathway through which data is sent from one point to another. If the receiver and transmitter are within a building, a wire can connect them. If they are located at different locations,- they may be connected through telephone lines, fiber optics or microwaves. 4- Reveiver: The node that receives the data is called receiver. The receiver can be a computer, mobile device or a printer. 5- Protocols: A protocol is set of rules which govern the data transmission between sender and receiver. Without protocol the information is useless for the receiver as a person understanding only Urdu cannot understand English messages. Therefore messages sent over through communication protocols can only be understood by the receiver. Data Representations Forms: Different kind of information can be sent over through a communication channel. It includes the following: Text and Numbers: Text and numbers are sequence of bits (Os or Is). They are represented by a set of bit patterns called code. The code is sent over the communication channel from a sender to a receiver. 2- Images: Images are also characterized by spacial bit patterns. It is comprised of matrix of pixels (picture elements). The size of image is larger than that of te\t and numbers therefore data transmission speed is important for reliable and fast delivery of images. 3- Audio and Video: Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of music or sound and video refers to the recording or broadcasting of a movie or picture. They both are also sent over the communication system. Question No 3:(b) What are important types of communication media? Differentiate between analog and digital transmission. 2- Digital Transmission: Digital is the transmission of data using distinct on and off electrical states. As you can switch on or off your light the data bit can have values 0 or 1. The combination of these bits actually forms the binary code. In this way the signals are converted into a binary code by grouping of binary numbers 0 (off) and 1 (on). The binary code forms the digital data. The data stored in computer memory is an example of digital data. It can be converted into digital signal where it is transferred from one computer to other. At the receiving end it is again converted into analog signal. Digital signals are represented by discrete or discontinuous values as shown in the figure. Digital Transmission Data Transmission Media: Data Transmission Media is the pathway used to carry a communication signal from one system to another. It is the means of communication from sender to receiver. There are two types of transmission media: ☆ Guided Media: Use a physical path for communication   Un-guided Media: Does not require any physical path for Data Transmission Forms: There are two forms of data transmission i.e. Analog and Digital. 7- Analog Transmission: Analog is the transmission of data in a continuous wave form. Analog signals are represented by continuous signals which reflect the time varying quantities over a time interval. The human voice is an example of analog data. When someone talks, an analog wave is created in the air medium. The voice can be captured by a microphone and transformed to an analog signal. The outputs of many sensors, such as temperature and pressure sensors, are also examples of analog data. Analog signals are represented by continuous range of values as shown in the following figure. Question No 4:(a) Write notes (in your own words) on the following. a. Multimedia Kiosk b. Multimedia Software c. Multimedia presentation d. Multimedia Conferencing Multimedia Kiosk Any type of big computer terminal which is mostly located in a public-place where people may use it for various purposes are generally referred to as kiosk. The multimedia kiosk which can also be call6d interactive kiosk basically contains a physical structure which holds various essential hardware components like: 1) Central Processing Unit (CPU) 2) Touch Screen Monitor * ~ 3) Stereo Speakers and 4) Printer etc. The multimedia kiosk also contains different software applcations in order to store data, exchange mesages, administer transactions or dispense various products to customers etc. In addition, the multimedia components like text, images, graphicas as well as animations make this important application of multimedia very attractive, useful and effective. With these-major multimedia components, the people can use this multimedia application effeciently and gain a lot of benefits. The major and most important example of the multimedia kiosk is ATMs (Automatic Teller Machines). Almost every bank offers the facility of ATM. This facility provides a lot of benfits to the users and the users also engage in a self-service activity. Today, a lot of people use ATMs because it provides the facility of safe transaction and one can withdraw cash at any time without visiting bank(s). The multimedia kiosks are mostly some major places like: 1) Supermarkets 2) Shopping Malls 3) Airports 4)Banks 5) Educational Areas Overall, after viewing the above description, it Can be said that all these multimedia applications play an important role in different areas and are very useful, valuable and effective. 2- Multimedia Software: Educational software involves text, audio, video and animation also called multimedia software. These types of software can help learners (students) to learn easily and improve their learning skills regarding their education. Multimedia CDs are the best examples w here instructions are integrated through the form of text, images, audio, video, animations and graphics. Multimedia Presentation The multimedia presentation is one of the major multimedia applications. It includes almost every component of multimedia. There are many important features of this application such as. 1) It can be used almost everywhere such as educational areas, industrial areas or business sectors. 2) It is a best way to present different views to others. The presenter can deliver his/her ideas in a very good way with the help of different significant multimedia components. 3) The learners can understand different views easily with the help of images, audio, videos and animations. 4) Overall, these types of multimedia presentations put very fine and positive impact on target audience. Multimedia Conferencing The multimedia conferencing is an important and significant application of multimedia. It is basically a videoconferencing : which is a computer based multi modal medium called multimedia because it includes almost every multimedia component. It is a platform where two or more people can be linked together and can be interacted with each other with, the help of computer networks. A multi modal system is basically a system in which user is capable to use natural communication modalities which include voice, video, facial expressions and body movements. As in this system, the users can be able to utilize natural communication modalities, so they can interact with each other and the information can be exchanged easily between them. The videoconferencing is a live connection that allows people in different locations to interact with one another for the purpose of communication by using computer networks. It includes both audio and moving video images. The most important part of videoconferencing is suitable network service. To provide predictable performance, a broadband or high speed internet connection is needed for videoconferencing. The videoconferencing requires adequate upload and download speeds from both sides, it requires significant bandwidth with minimal delay in data transfer, jitter.(a distortion in digitally transmitted or  recorded sounds or images) and data loss. The inability to provide the suitable network service can be the big hurdle in the popularity and success of IP videoconferencing. The videoconferencing is basically used for the purpose of communication by using computer networks. There are many advantages of this multimedia- application but the main feature of this application is defined as: Persons or users interact with each other by using their communication modalities such as: Voice Video and Facial expressions Question No 5:(a) What is programming language? How computer program is related with a programming language? Ans: Programming Language; A computer cannot perform any operations at its own. It requires some instructions to perform a task. The computer executes these instructions in a sequence and performs the required job. Now the question is how to formulate the instructions that a computer can understand? The instructions are formulated according to a predefined  format and that format is based on the syntax and semantics of a programming language. A computer language is an artificial language used for writing instructions or programs. A computer language is also known as programming language. A programming language provides a way of giving instructions to the computer. It is used to communicate and give commands to a computer. Computer Program:. A program is set of commands or instructions given to computer to perform a task. A program instructs the computer to perform the task and produce the required result. The computer executes these instructions and gives the desired output. A person who writes a program for computers is known as software programmer. The process of writing set of instructions in a computer language is called programming. The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers can understand and execute to perform explicit operations in order to produce the desired results. Question No 5:(b) What is the difference between Low level and High level Language? Ans: Types of Programming Languages: There is a large number of programming languages developed by different organizations and each language has its own characteristics and scope. The computer languages are divided into two broad categories. These are: 9.5.1 Low-Level Language 9.5.2 High-Level Language 9.5.1 Low Level Language: Low level language is a language that comprises of instructions directly understood by the computer. These languages are considered to be closer to computers. Programs and applications written in low-level language are directly executable on the computing hardware without any interpretation or translation. Therefore low level language programs run very quickly and use very small memory. There are two kinds of low level languages. These are: 1 Machine Language. 9.5.1.2 Assembly Language 9.5.1.1 Machine Language: Machine language is the fundamental language of the computer. Originally, computer programs were written in machine language and the machine language was the only language the computer can use while giving instructions. Machine language statements are generally composed of a string of On, Off or Os and 1 s i.e. binary numbers. The computer uses the.language directly during the processing. Today most programs are written in High Level Languages; however, all programs executed by the computer are actually processed in machine language. Machine language instructions are composed  of and an operand. The operation code defines the function that the con^ut^ must perform. Typical operation involves reading, writing, addin J subtracting, and so on. The operand represents the variables or items of data involved in this function. Each instruction tells the control unit of the CPU what to do and the length and location of the data fields that are involved in the operations. ☆ Advantages of Machine Level Language: • It has fast execution. • It requires no translator to decode the instructions. Disadvantages of Machine Level Language: • These languages are machine specific i.e. a particular machine language can be used on only one type of a system. • A programmer has to know the details of computer hardware of the computer before writing a program. • It is difficult to find errors in a program coded in machine language • A programmer has to memorize large number of instructions to write a program. In case of any small mistake an error may be raised in the program.  A program becomes lengthy and creates difficulty for debugging. Assembly language was developed by the programmers to overcome the drawbacks of the machine level language. It was a remarkable improvement over machine language. Assembly language uses letters, words and symbols instead of binary digits. Assembly language is a little bit easier than machine language. Since; Assembly language is also machine dependent language, the programmers need to know many mnemonics for each computer. A mnemonic code is usually an abbreviation of words used in Assembly language. Examples of mnemonics include add, which add up the data items, and move, which moves data from one location to another. A program written in assembly language is called source program. This program is converted into machine code by an assembler. The important elements of Assembly Language include Label, OP Code and Operand. The Label identifies each instruction and distinguishes instruction from another. The label is also referred to as the tag. code defines the computer operations to be performed. The mnemonics identifies specific operations and directs the computer to complete these Operation Defiued Mnemonic Code Operation Defined Mnemonic Code Addition Move data MVC Division Multiplication Store data Subtraction Assembly Language Statements Advantages of Assembly Language: • The programs written in machine language are replaced by mnemonics which are easier to remember. • It is easy to make insertions and deletions in programs. - • It requires fewer instructions than machine to accomplish the same result. ☆ Disadvantages of Assembly Language: • The language Assemblers are exclusive to particular types of computers. • The programs are not portable and therefore cannot be executed on other computers. High Level Language: High Level Language (HLL) is a type of computer language that uses English and mathematical symbols for its program construction. They are also considered as third generation. In a HLL, each statement is equivalent to large number of assembly language commands or instructions that perform complex computing operations. The programmers concentrate only on the logic of applications without considering about the machine architecture. ' , •fr Advantages of High Level Language: • The high level language is machine independent and program oriented. • It is easy to learn and use. • It requires less time and effort to write a program in a HLL. • It provides better documentation of programs due to similarity with natural language. • The debugging of programs is also easy in HLL. As a result high level languages are used more often than machine or assembly language. However the programs written in high level language need to be translated into machine language during execution process. For this purpose language translators and linkers are used for this purpose. Language translators include Compiler and Interpreter. High level < language comes with compilers and interpreters. 

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Aiou solved assignments B.A Code 1431 Basics of ICT (Urdu)

 allama iqbal open university aiou solved assignments b.a spring 2021 code 1431 basics of ict (urdu).

Aiou Solved Assignments B.A Code 1431

AIOU Allama Iqbal Open University B.A Solved Assignments  Code 1431 Basics of ICT (Urdu) Download in PDF. Are you Looking for AIOU Allama Iqbal Open University B.A Solved Assignment you come to the best place?

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Aiou B.A solved Assignment spring 2021 download pdf

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Assignments No.2

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AIOU Solved Assignments 1&2 Code 1431 Autumn & Spring 2024

AIOU Solved Assignments Code B.A/ B.Com 1431 Autumn & Spring 2024 Course: Basic of ICT  (1431) Spring 2024. AIOU past papers

ASSIGNMENT No:   1& 2 Basic of ICT (1431) B.A/B.Com  (2 years) Autumn & Spring 2024

AIOU Solved Assignment  1& 2 Code 1431 Autumn & Spring 2024

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Introduction of ICT Code 1431 Assignments of Spring 2022

Aiou introduction of ict code 1431 assignments of ba class spring 2022.

Download Free AIOU Introduction of ICT Code 1431 Assignments For Exam Preparation

AIOU Introduction of ICT Code 1431

There are 2 assignments  for this course. you will find all the assignments below. اس کورس کی 2 اسائنمنٹ ہیں آپ کو سب اسائنمنٹ نیچے مل جائے گی۔, aiou introduction of ict code 1431 assignment number 1.

AIOU Introduction of ICT Code 1431 Assignment Number 2

• Important Note:

1. Allama Iqbal Open University  ASSIGNMENTS :-

First and foremost Assignments are an essential part of the students. Because this plays a very important role.  Moreove r , you can’t clear your semester without assignments. Most Importantly send your assignments in time. However, you can not pass exams without assignments. In other words, your attendance in exams is wasteless.

2. Assignments Recommendation:-

You will be considered to fail without submitting your assignment. In other words, even if you get 95% marks in the examination you will be considered as fail. If you clear your assignments, you have the chance to appear in the examination. Therefore you can have 3 attempts to appear.

Following are the passing marks of each assignment

• 1st Assignment must have at least 50% marks.
• 2nd Assignment must have at least 50% marks.

In contrast, subjects having 2 assignments follow the above same percentage.

Above All  AIOU Master Academy  strives to help AIOU students. Moreover, we provide exam preparation notes like  Key books ,  Guess papers , and  5 years papers.

3. Academy Mission:-

First of all our mission is to educate our young generation. Secondly Academy tries its best to build civilized and sophisticated mankind in our  country.  besides, we are not indulged in any kind of miscellaneous activity that detracts students to take any shortcut in their education. subsequently, we always promote legal education as a priority, as well as help students self-learning and build skills to perform best in their future.

4. Earnings:-

Our basic earning is by selling hardcopy notes like  Key books ,  Guess papers , and  5 years’ Papers  to students at a very reasonable price. The Academy doesn’t earn by providing any kind of consultancy services. We assist students on  Call  or  WhatsApp  nor do we have premium support like others to earn money from needy students.

5. Free Notes:-

We also provide free  Guess Papers ,  5 Years Papers , and Soft Copy of  Assignments  to students on our website. Assignments are only available on the website for guidelines and awareness about the conten t   and   pattern of related courses.

6. Online Earning:-

Despite this, our earnings are from the internet,  YouTube ,  and  Google . Similarly, They pay us because of the ads they publish on our  YouTube channel  or on our website.

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