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View and download CSS CSS English Essay Paper 2021

Federal public service commission competitive examination for recruitment to pin bs-17 under the federal government, english essay css paper 2021.

1. “Do not waste water even if you were at a running stream”.

2. Meaning purposive education.

3. COVID-19: A wake up call for Pakistani researchers.

4. Human inventions move the societies backward.

5. Universal human equality is utopic.

6. Bureaucracy doldrums.

7. Gender equality: A popular slogan

8. Pros and cons of globalization.

9. Intercultural communication is panacea to avoid 3rd world war.

10. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed”.

Check Complete CSS 2021 Past Papers below

• CSS Pakistan Affairs Paper 2021 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2021
• CSS Political Science Paper-I 2021 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2021
• CSS International Relations Paper-II 2021 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2021
• CSS International Relations Paper-I 2021 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2021
• CSS Current Affairs Paper 2021 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2021
• CSS General Science & Ability Paper 2021 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2021
• CSS Islamic Studies Paper 2021 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2021
• CSS English (Precis & Composition) Paper 2021 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2021

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Shahzad Faisal Malik is the administrator of CSSTimes.pk and is responsible for managing the content, design, and overall direction of the blog. He has a strong background in Competitive Exams and is passionate and sharing information with others. Shahzad Faisal Malik has worked as a Graphic Designer/Content Creator at CSSTimes in the past. In his free time, Shahzad Faisal Malik enjoys watching Cricket, writing blogs for different websites and is always on the lookout for new and interesting content to share with the readers of this website. As the website administrator, Shahzad Faisal Malik is dedicated to providing high-quality content and fostering a welcoming and engaging community for readers. He looks forward to connecting with readers and hearing their thoughts and feedback on the website.

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CSS-2021 English Précis and Composition Solved Paper by expert professors

• Post author: Shehzad Hamid
• Post published: February 24, 2021
• Post category: Solved CSS 2021 Papers
• Post comments: 0 Comments

Question no. 1

1.       Defenestration: 

      A: Ejection

2.      Sot:

      B: Drunkard

3.       Visceral

      C: Intuitive

4.       Deracinated 

      A: Uprooted

5.       Bricolage

      A: Medley

6.       Miscegenation

      D: Crossbreed

7.       Demiurge

8.       Alluvial

C: Deposited

9.       Hagiographic

C: Adulatory

10.   Tousled

A: Disheveled

11.   Clerisy

A: Domesticated

13.   Demagogue

C: Reconciler

14.   Bibulous

B: Nonabsorbent

15.   Pabulum

16.   Quisling

A: Loyalist

17.   Chiaroscuro

18.   Caitiff

19.   Anachronistic

C: Contemporary

20.   Nymphomaniac

A: Un-erotic     

Question No. 2.

English Precis:

Title: Works and Contribution of Nazir Hussain 

Nazir Hassan, a Palestinian filmmaker, produced two documentaries about Israeli occupation of his homeland. In the documentary, “Independence,” he brought out the irony in Israeli celebration of freedom after they displaced the indigenous population. His second documentary, “My Grandfather’s Path,” is a long but excellent narrative that pays homage to the Palestinians’ struggle. The epic highlights the needs for the oppressed not to become dehumanized like their oppressors. The avenues of film, art and literature can save the persecuted peoples form destructive resentments.

Question No. 3.

Comprehension:

1) The need for waging pre-emptive wars is the neo-imperial American doctrine that only considers the country’s perceived interests. Whenever US deems its national security at risk, it denies any room for counselling as it resorts to aggression and kinetic force.

2. As pacifists argue, there is no moral justification for war. However, neoconservative talk-show host, Bill O’Reilly drew on the fallacy of moral equivalence to push for the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. The way he argued for war, among others, manifested the logic of a hyperpower.

3. The countries occupied by hyperpower have no peace because the invading forces do not make substantive space to nurture institutional democracy. In Afghanistan, for example, the Taliban regime was replaced with the warlords who failed to democratize the country, plunging it into a renewed chaos.

4. The US invasion of Iraq in 2003 demonstrated that some European countries, at least, did not agree with the manifestation of American hyperpower in pre-emptive use of force against Iraq. One of those EU countries, France, did not see the invasion as just war.

5. Tony Blair, as Prime Minister, expressed the need for restraining American’s hyperpower – through wise counsel. This policy, however, did not work and the events took ironic turn as Britain participated in the invasion of Iraq.

Question No. 4.

1.       They were lieing in the sun. (lying)

2.       He will not come without he is asked. (unless)

3.       John as well as Harry bear witness to it. (bears)

4.       The crew were now on board and they soon busied themselves with preparations to meet the coming storm.

5.       Could I have piece of please? (Could I have another piece, please?) (Could I have a piece of cake, please?)

6.       Is there a sport club nearby? (sports)

7.       The coat is quite big . (large)

8.       It is only a short travel by rain. (journey)

Question No. 5.

(a) Punctuate the following text, where necessary.

That familiarity produces neglect, has been long observed. The effect of all external objects, however great or splendid, ceases with their novelty: the courtier stands without emotion in the royal presence; the rustic tramples under his foot the beauties of the spring, with little attention to their fragrance; and the inhabitant of the coast darts his eye upon the immense diffusion of waters, without awe, wonder, or terror.

(b).Preposition

        I.             The knavish wolf was able to convince the pig to let him into his home.

      II.             I looked this word up in the dictionary but I still don’t understand it.

   III.             I need to learn these verbs by heart by/till tomorrow.

   IV.             The morgue is redolent with the odor of deceased individuals.

     V.             He is cogitating upon some means of revenge.

   VI.             He was reticent to do anything about the problem.

  VII.             His body is impervious to moisture.

VIII.             Ahmed applied to the bank for a loan.

Question No. 6.

Pair of words;

         i.                               Gibe : Because it is a relatively new city, Islamabad has frequently faced the gibe that it is a sleepy town.

Jibe : Most superstitious belief-systems do not jibe well with scientific findings.

       ii.                                 Epigram : Alexander Pope’s satire is known for its wit and epigram.

Epigraph : He chose an irrelevant epigraph for his book.

     iii.                               Brawl : The two rival groups usually brawl over mundane things.

Bawl : As she was not ready for the shocking news, she started to bawl as soon as she heard it.

     iv.                                Crib : The baby was sound asleep in the crib.

Crypt : He is buried in the crypt of his hometown church.

       v.                               Barmy : The non-stop use of social media is addictive and makes you go barmy.

Balmy : We met our old friends on a balmy afternoon last year.

     vi.                               Peat : Global warming will dry out peat bogs in the area.

            Petite : In most competitions, petite gymnasts outperform those with longer frames.

    vii.                             Monogamous : Some birds live in monogamous pairs.

        Monogenous : In linguistics, there is a theory that suggests that all human languages had  monogenous beginnings with a single proto-language.

  viii.                          Postilion : The coach was guided forward by a postilion riding on one of the horses.

          Posterior : He strained his posterior muscles during the game.

Question No. 7.

Translation:

Both Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and his distinguished as well as enlightened son Syed Mehmood treated the British as their equals and of equal stature.  This is contrary to the subservient and  obedient behavior – in line with pro-imperialist designs – promoted by the British Raj that had widespread following in the sub-continent. The incident of Agra Durbar in 1867 was well known to the whole Indian nation, and not just the Muslim India. Syed Ahmed Khan had stayed away from the Court because the Indians had been given seats inferior to the British officials. A medal was to be conferred upon Syed Ahmed Khan at the Durbar. Williams, Commissioner of Meerut, was later asked to present the medal to Syed Ahmed Khan at Aligarh railway station. 

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50 Years CSS English Essay Past Papers 1971 to 2021

Title: 50 Years CSS English Essay Papers Edition: 2021 Edition Papers: 1971 to 2021 Pages: 57 Publisher: The CSS Point Subject: CSS English Essay

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CSS Solved General Science And Ability Past Paper 2021

• July 22, 2022
• CSS , CSS Solved GSA
• 37661 Views

The CSS Solved General Science & Ability (GSA) Past Paper 2021 is Solved by Pakistan’s top GSA Coaches, Miss Iqra Ali and Dr. Nishat Afshan . They are the only coaches available in Pakistan who have solved the last 20 years GSA solved papers to help aspirants know how to attempt the paper to score above 80. And they have guided thousands of CSS and PMS aspirants. Both coaches have been known for their teaching methodology and imparting concepts to their students, who scored the highest marks in this subject. At the special request of CSSPrepForum, both coaches have solved the paper.

Question – 02

(a) differentiate between a start and a planet. what is the magnitude of a star, and how the color of stars is correlated with their temperatures, question breakdown.

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to explain the understandable differences between a star and a planet. Remember, making a table elaborating the differences between the various characteristics of the two entities would assure you maximum marks. In the second part of the question, you are supposed to define the magnitude of a star in your own words and correlate the colors of stars with their temperature in no more than three to four lines. Remember, writing too much will never reward you highest marks; what awards you maximum marks is to address what is asked with appropriate diagrams.

Difference between a star and a planet:

The magnitude of a star:.

The measure of the brightness of a star is called the magnitude of a star. It is measured with a stellar magnitude scale that ranges from +30 to -30. On this scale, the brightest object has the smallest number, and the faintest object has the largest number. For instance, the star of magnitude -10 is brighter than the start of magnitude +10.

Example: Sirius is the brightest star with a magnitude of -1.46.

Relation between the color and temperature of a star:

The surface temperature of a star determines the color it emits. The color, in turn, depends on wavelength, and wavelength depends on a given magnitude. Thus, According to Plank’s Equation:

Where, E= energy and λ= wavelength of emitted light.

Hence, the blue stars- with a low wavelength- have high energy as well as high temperature, and thus are hot. Whereas the red stars- with a high wavelength- have low energy and low temperature, thus are cold.

For instance, Sirius is a hot star emitting blue light, and Betelgeuse is a cold star that emits red light.

(B) Semiconductors are the Brains of Modern Electronics: Explain in detail what this quotation means.

Question breakdown:.

In this question, the examiner requires you to elaborate the significance semiconductors hold in the modern day electronics. So, what you have to do is to mention the uses of semiconductors in various items of daily use, specifically focusing on the “how” aspect of the working of semiconductors. Remember, writing too much will never reward you highest marks; what awards you maximum marks is to address what is asked. Lastly, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to make you stand out from other aspirants.

Semiconductors:

Semiconductors are the type of material that has electrical resistance between the resistance of metals (conductors) and the resistance of insulators, as the name indicates “semi-conductor”. It is sometimes referred to as an integrated circuit or microchip made from pure elements like silicon and germanium or compounds like gallium and arsenide.

Semi-conductors in modern electronics:

It is a matter of fact that semiconductors are critical components of millions of electronic devices used in computing, telecommunication, household appliances, banking, security, healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing, etc.

Microchips, as used in computers, became the first modern means of computation. Depending on the type of chip, a semiconductor uses binary codes to launch a program or download and save a document.

• Telecommunication

The principle of semiconductors for telecommunication is the same as in computing. A smartphone’s semiconductor chips affect its display, navigation, battery use, 4G reception, and a lot more features. Not just mobile phones, all modern means of communication use semiconductors to function.

• Household appliances

Refrigerators, microwave ovens, washing machines, air conditioners, and other machines around homes and offices operate properly, thanks to semiconductors, in which different chips control temperature, timer, and other automated features.

Considering the banking sector, banks are the major investors in microchips as banks deal with digital accounting, cloud platforms, cash withdrawal via ATMs, security cameras, and even automated locking mechanisms.

Medical professionals, nowadays, make use of advanced technology (semiconductor-based) while carrying out complex surgical procedures, like heart surgeries or organ transplants for accuracy, precision, and safety. Even having discussions with patients, getting their history, and diagnosing them is possible via video conferencing.

In short, semiconductors have, undoubtedly, revolutionized modern electronics and, thus, the way we live.

(C)  Briefly describe the most popular and accepted theory about the origin of the Universe

In this question, the examiner has asked you to describe the most accepted theory about the origin of the universe. Thus, you need to focus mainly on writing all about the Big Bang Theory with a proper definition and its steps. Remember, writing too much about other theories would have a negative impact on the examiner. However, just eluding the evidence of it in the context of “Why Big Bang is the most accepted theory” and drawing a neat diagram and flow chart can help you get maximum marks.

There are a number of theories and hypotheses that tried to explain the origin of the universe. However, the most accepted among all is “ The Expanding Universe Theory” or “Big Bang Theory” formulated by Georges Lemaitre, a well-known mathematician, and astronomer of his time.

Big Bang Expansion Theory:

According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe is a result of an expansion and is continually expanding.  

The theory states the following points:

• Singularity:

Before the creation of anything, there was present a singularity. Singularity means that our Universe was a very dense and hot single point and time and space were zero. Similarly, the matter and energy had same state and temperature was 10 bn. centigrade. Further, gravity was the dominant energy at that time.

About 13.5 billion years ago, some force suddenly expanded the singularity, resulting in the evolution of time and space.  As the space started to expand, the temperature started to cool down gradually as a result of which the energy was converted into the Quarks- the first particle of matter to be formed.

Eventually, the Quarks started making groups and created different sub-atomic particles, which then formed atoms, elements, and molecules in the form of larger chunks. As gravity was present, it converted these irregular chunks into round and elliptical shaped galactic content that, ultimately, lead to the creation of the galaxies, solar systems, planets, etc. This is the universe we see today. The universe is still expanding at an accelerated rate.

Evidence of Big Bang Theory:

Hubble’s Law provides scientific reasoning to the Big Bang Theory and provides the basis for its authenticity. The law explains that the galaxies are continuously expanding without affecting the size of galaxies. Additionally, the presence of cosmic background radiation also supports the theory.

(D) What are the advantages and limitations of renewable energy resources? Briefly explain the prospects of non-conventional energy resources in Pakistan.

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to explain the advantages and limitations of renewable energy resources. Remember, in solving such questions, always start your answer by defining the term. Hence, you are supposed to define renewable energy with a few examples at first; then, address three advantages and three limitations. In the second part, write the prospects of the renewable/ non-conventional energy resources in bullets to address the question efficiently.

Renewable Energy Resources:

As the name explains, renewable energy resources are the sources that are continuously replenished. These sources of energy include solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and hydroelectric power. Following are some advantages and limitations of renewable energy resources:

Advantages of Renewable sources of energy:

• These sources are naturally occurring; therefore, they replenish naturally.
• They are clean to use as they do not emit carbon and greenhouse gases. Consequently, they minimize global warming and protect our environment.
• The installation of renewable energy plants creates lot of employment opportunities.

Limitations of Renewable sources of energy:

• The installation of renewable energy plants is expensive and acquires a lot of resources.
• The power generation from these sources depends greatly on geographical locations and weather conditions.
• The storage cost of these energy sources is very high.

Prospects of Non-Conventional Sources in Pakistan:

Pakistan is a country rich in alternative sources of energy and has great potential of non-conventional energy sources. Some of the prospects of non-conventional energy sources are discussed below.

• Wind Energy:

Wind is an abundant resource in Pakistan. Since the country has several well-known wind corridors and an average wind speed of 7.87 m/s in 10 percent of its windiest areas, the country still has a potential installable capacity of around 346,000 MW.

• Solar energy:

Pakistan has tremendous potential to generate solar energy. According to the World Bank, the country can fulfill its current electricity demand by utilizing just 0.071 percent of the country’s area for solar voltaic power generation. Moreover, it can generate more than 2,900 gigawatts of  solar power  capacity.

A large amount of solid waste is wasted every year due to improper solid waste management. However, if Pakistan properly manages its solid waste and animal dump, a large amount of biomass can be produced. According to estimation, the potential of biomass energy in Pakistan is 50,000 GW h/year.

Do you know on a yearly basis nearly 30 to 40 thousands aspirants fail to join Govt. of Pakistan just because of poor English. Let’s give it a read

Question – 03

(a) explain with examples the relationship between cells, tissues, and organs..

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to explain the relationship between cells, tissues, and organs, and then, you are required to give relevant examples that elaborate the aforementioned relationship. Remember, writing too much will never reward you highest marks; what awards you maximum marks is to address what is asked. Lastly, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to make you stand out from other aspirants.

Understanding Cells, Tissues, and Organs and their Relationship

Cells are the simplest units of life that are capable of performing biological functions, and similar types of cells performing a similar function combine to form a tissue. Eventually, the tissues performing similar actions make up an organ.

Examples to Illustrate the Relationship:

• Muscle cells , known as muscle fibers, are the basic building block of muscles.
• The two types of muscle cells are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
• Different muscle cells combine to form muscle tissues that keep the body upright, move it, and pump the heart.
• Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle tissues form cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles (organs) forming the muscular system.
• Brain and the Spinal Cord:
• Neurons and glia are the basic functional units of the nervous system.
• The neurons and glia combined to form nervous tissues .
• Nervous tissues, muscle tissues, and other tissues to form the Brain and Spinal Cord , which together constitute the nervous system.
• Cardiac, smooth, endothelial, and connective cells are the basic unit of cardiovascular organs.
• These cells combine to form cardiac tissues , smooth tissues, endothelial, connective tissues.
• Different cardiac, smooth, endothelial, and connective tissues help heart to function properly.

(B) Explain the difference in structure & function between a cell wall and a cell membrane.

In this question, the examiner has asked you to differentiate cell wall and cell membrane-two components of a cell- on the basis of two main characteristics, i.e., structure and function.  Solving the question in the tabular form can help you make your answer more presentable and distinguished. Thus, you have to draw a table with three columns with first column dealing with the names of characteristics and other two columns explaining cell wall and cell membrane in bullets form respectively. In this question, you do not need to draw any diagram.

(C) What is meant by transpiration? Explain in detail the significance of leaf structure in the process of transpiration.

This question is quite simple. First, the examiner has asked you to explain the understanding of transpiration in your own words. Next part of the question demands the role of leaf structure-stomata- in the process of transpiration. Remember, never attempt any procedural question without diagram; otherwise, it could affect your efficiency. Lastly, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to make yourself stand out from other aspirants.

Transpiration:

Transpiration is the biological process by which the excessive water is evaporated from the surface of leaves of plants into the atmosphere in the form of moisture and water vapors.

Role of leaves structure in Transpiration:

Plant leaves have the tiny pores on their epidermal surface that play a significant role in transpiration. These special pores are called stomata. Stomata are microscopic parts consisting of two kidney shaped guard cells. As soon as the water absorbed by the roots reaches the tissues of the leaves through veins, the spongy surface of mesophylls is responsible for taking this water to stomata. Moreover, the 90% of transpiration in plants takes place through stomatal transpiration. In stomatal transpiration, water vapors move through stomata of leaf as the guard cells open and close respectively.

Opening and closing of stomata:

The opening and closing of stomata depend on the turgid or flaccid state of guard cells. In the flaccid state of guard cells, stomata are closed. In turgid state, they are open. Consequently, transpiration occurs when the stomata are open, and it stops when they are closed. Moreover, during daytime, transpiration is more because guard cells are swollen. This swelling caused by the higher concentration of carbohydrates resulting from photosynthesis provides greater area for the release of water. On the other hand, during night time, the guard cells are shrunk providing less area for the release of water.

 (D) What is meant by the term double circulation? Briefly describe how the heart is adapted to keep blood flowing in a double circulation.

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to elaborate the term “double circulation”. Next, he has asked you to explain concisely the way the heart functions to perform double circulation, i.e. the mechanism and components of the circulatory system involved in the process. Remember, writing too much will never reward you highest marks; what awards you maximum marks is to address what is asked. Lastly, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to make you stand out from other aspirants.

What is double circulation?

The heart has two sides from which the blood flows in and out twice per circuit. This circulation of blood twice per circuit is called double circulation. The right side of the heart pumps the deoxygenated blood from the body into the lungs. On the other hand, the left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the body.

Brief description of the blood flow in heart

As there are two sides in the heart, each side is divided into two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers).

• The venae cava, the largest vein in the body, carries deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium. From the right atrium, the blood goes into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve from where it further goes into the lungs.
• Now, the lungs oxygenate the blood and take it into the left atrium. From the left atrium, oxygenated blood flows into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. Afterwards, blood flows from the left ventricle into the body, and aorta, the largest artery of the body, supplies it to the whole body.

Consequently, double circulation in right and left side of the heart takes place simultaneously.

Question – 04

(a) what is the sequence of strata of the atmosphere and on what factors does it depends.

In this question, since the examiner has asked you to describe the strata of atmosphere, initiate the answer with explaining atmosphere briefly in your own words. When done, write down the layers of the atmosphere in the bullet form and a to the point description. Remember, writing too much will not help you secure good marks in any way. Next, write all the possible factors on the basis of which the layers vary, for instance, temperature, width, density, etc. using headings and bullets. Lastly, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to make yourself stand out from other aspirants. Therefore, add a schematic diagram illustrating the layers of atmosphere.

What is Atmosphere?

The layers of gases around the earth are called the Atmosphere. In other words, an atmosphere contains the air that we breathe and is a blanket of gases that surrounds Earth. Moreover, it is held near the surface of the planet by Earth’s gravitational attraction.

Strata of Atmosphere:

The atmosphere is comprised of five distinct layers that are determined by the changes in temperature that occurs because of increasing altitude.

• Troposphere: The bottom-most layer of the atmosphere where we live in the troposphere. It extends upward to about 10km above sea level starting from the ground level. It comprises of 75% of all air in the atmosphere; its lowest part is known as the boundary layer while the topmost layer is called the tropopause.
• Stratosphere:  Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere. Its distance from the surface of the earth is 12 -50 Km. the ozone layer lies in the stratosphere; the stratosphere is the layer where airplanes fly.
• Mesosphere: The layer of ions is Mesosphere. It extends to a height of about 85km from the ground level.
• Thermosphere: The topmost layer of the strata of the atmosphere is the thermosphere. Its distance from the earth’s surface is 80-320 Km. Satellites orbit Earth within the thermosphere.
• Exosphere: The pseudo or false atmosphere above 500 km is the exosphere. It is the final frontier of the Earth’s gaseous envelope. The exosphere is 10, 000 km from the earth’s surface. However, there’s no clearcut upper boundary where it finally fades away into the space.

Factors affecting the composition of the atmosphere:

The atmosphere is divided into the above layers based on following factors:

• Temperature and Altitude of the layer
• Gravity and Pressure in the layer

Another factor that affects the sequence of strata is pressure and gravity. Gravity pulls the molecules in the air towards the earth exerting pressure on molecules. The pressure causes molecules to behave in a specific way. When a parcel of air moves upwards, it expands, and when air expands it gets colder.

• Chemical Composition of the layer

The chemical composition of the layer is also another major factor, which in some ways is affected by the gravity, temperature, and pressure in the respective layers.

(B) Describe the water cycle and briefly explain the major processes involved in the water cycle?

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to define the water cycle. Then, you have to delineate the processes that make up the whole water cycle. Remember, writing too much will never reward you highest marks; what awards you maximum marks is to address what is asked. Lastly, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to making yourself stand out from other aspirants; thus, draw the water cycle and label it properly to score maximum marks.

What is a water cycle?

The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, describes how the water is exchanged through evaporation from the surface of Earth, rises into the atmosphere, gets colder, and then condenses into raindrops, and, at last, falls back to Earth’s surface as precipitation. It is a continuous cycle that preserves the availability of water on earth. Moreover, this precipitation of water in and out of the atmosphere is a notable aspect of the weather patterns on Earth. Lastly, the water cycle is powered by solar energy and gravity.

Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important ones are Evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and reabsorption.

• Evaporation: Evaporation is one of the major processes in the cycle. Here, the water is converted into gaseous water vapors that occur when the water molecules have attained a sufficient amount of kinetic energy which helps them to eject themselves from the water surface. By evaporation, during the water cycle, all the water from earthly water bodies like seas, oceans, rivers, streams, and lakes in the form of water vapors go into the atmosphere. Factors that are mainly involved in this process are temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Moreover, the statistics show that 90% of water vapors in the atmosphere are formed by evaporation.
• Evapotranspiration: The evaporation of water in the form of water vapors from the bodies of living organisms, like animals and plants, is called evapotranspiration. From plants, water is released through minute pores or stromata present in leaves by a process called transpiration, and from animals, it is released in the process of sweating. The statistics show that 10% of water vapors in the atmosphere are formed by evapotranspiration. Moreover, almost all the water vapors are confined to the troposphere -the bottom-most layer of the atmosphere.
• Condensation: The transition process in which gaseous vapors are converted into liquid or solid is known as condensation. During the water cycle, as water vapors start moving upwards, they start to condense in form of clouds, dew, fog, and frost. They are called the product of condensation. By condensation, water vapors in the atmosphere are released to form precipitates.
• Precipitation: When the product of condensation, such as clouds, falls towards Earth’s surface in large bulk in the form of precipitates, this whole process is called precipitation. It is, then, distributed in four main ways:
• Some of its parts return to the atmosphere by the process of evaporation
• Some may percolate into the soil through the process of infiltration
• Some of its parts may intercept by the process of vegetation which is then evaporated from the leaves’ surface
• Some flow directly as surface runoff into the sea
• Lastly, during the water cycle, since clouds have been formed, they fall to the ground in the form of rain, snow, sleet, and hail.
• Surface Runoff:  It is basically the flow of water that occurs on the ground surface when the water from rain, snow, and hail starts moving from greater heights towards the lower areas, and can no longer infiltrate in the soil rapidly. In other words, water that flows from higher to lower levels and finally into oceans instead of getting absorbed into the soil is what we know as surface runoff. For example, rivers, streams, seas, lakes, etc. Moreover, the geomorphological factors involved in this process include the type of soil, area, shape, slope, and network of drainages.
• Infiltration: During surface runoff, some water is infused into subsurface soils, making underground water reservoirs. This process is called infiltration in the water cycle. The result of infiltration is water tables and aquifers. If the aquifers are porous enough that they allow the water to move freely through them, wells can be drilled into the aquifers.
• Re-absorption of water: Plants and animals absorb the underground water that again goes into the atmosphere through evapotranspiration.

(C) What is the difference between asthenosphere and lithosphere? Explain various components of the lithosphere.

In this question, the examiner has asked you to differentiate asthenosphere and lithosphere- the two mechanical layers of the earth’s interior. Thus, answer the question by simply drawing the table of differences between both. Try to write the clear differentiating points in bullet form. In the next part, the examiner has asked you to explain the various component of the lithosphere. Lastly, Draw a diagram and label it properly to gain maximum marks in your examination.

Components of the lithosphere :

The lithosphere, the rigid and outermost shell of the earth, is essentially comprised of two main elements:

• The lithosphere contains crust which is its lightest, most buoyant layer. It further comprises of continental and oceanic crust.
• The Continental crust is significantly thicker (20 to 80 km) than the oceanic one (5 to 10km) and its upper part is more exposed as compared to its lower part. It is comprised of granite rock that is lighter in color. It mainly constitutes silicon, aluminum, and oxygen.
• Oceanic crust is that part of the Earth’s crust that comprises dark-colored rocks which are made up of silicon, oxygen, and magnesium. Moreover, it scarcely floats on the mantle.
• The upper and lower mantle
• The upper mantle is located beneath the crust of the Earth and ends at the lower mantle. It is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanoes. Its thickness is round about 200 to 250 miles. Here, the temperature ranges from 900 to 1600 degrees Fahrenheit. The upper mantle is not homogenous throughout. Its lowest layer of the upper mantle is known as the aesthenosphere which comprises of fluid and is able to move. This fluidity causes the tectonic plates to move.
• The lower mantle is located approximately 400 to 1800 miles below the earth’s surface. It makes up the most bulk of the entire mantle. It contains solid rock and minerals. It is located above the outer core. Additionally, the lower mantle is extremely hot around about 7000 degrees Farenheit because it helps in transferring heat from the core to the upper mantle.

This part of lithosphere, as a whole, is about 1800 miles thick. The magma in its solidified form is present in Lithosphere. Moreover, to scientists, the mantle is a crucial part of the interior of earth.

(D) Differentiate between food contaminants and food adulterants.

In this question, the examiner has simply asked you to differentiate between food contaminants and food adulterants. So, you need to write down the maximum differences between the two of the terms. First of all, start the first point by defining both the terms. Additionally, adding examples for both of the terms to elaborate them is what will award you maximum marks. Finally, making a table to differentiate the two is what would make your paper standout from other aspirants. Lastly, there’s no need to draw any sort of diagram in this question.

Question – 05

(a) define the term “malnutrition: elaborate its major causes and consequences..

There are three parts of this question. In this first part, the examiner has simply asked you to define the term malnutrition. Therefore, start with defining the term briefly in your own words. When done, write down the main causes of malnutrition in bullets, which is the second part of this question. Moreover, write down the major consequences of malnutrition that too in bullet points. Remember, making headings, subheadings, and bullets is what will award you maximum marks in your paper. Lastly, you are not supposed to draw any diagram in this question.

Definition of Malnutrition

Malnutrition, in all its forms, refers to the deficiency, excess, or imbalance of the nutrients in a person’s diet. The term is used to refer poor nutrition and overnutrition. However, it commonly refers to undernutrition, a condition when a person does not intake right number of dietary intakes -a condition when the body is deprived of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that are significant to maintain the tissues, cells, and bones healthy.

Major causes of Malnutrition

There are various factors that can lead to malnutrition:

• Acquired Causes: In this case, a quantitatively inadequate diet, mainly in calories or protein, is the main factor behind malnutrition. I.e.,
• Unavailability of sufficient food
• Inadequate agricultural processes
• Imperfect distribution of food
• Malabsorption of vitamins, such as A, K, and D, minerals, and nutrients
• Poor eating habits and food preferences
• Role of metabolic defects:

Malnutrition can also arise from acquired or inherited metabolic defects, notably those involving the digestive tract, liver, kidney, and red blood cells, etc.

Consequences of malnutrition

• Social consequences
• Child malnutrition : Undernourished children have weak immune systems; therefore, they are prone to many diseases, like diarrhea, anemia, stunting, rickets, etc.
• Adult malnutrition: Improper intake of nutrients badly affects an adult’s weight, height, eyesight, health, and other mental capabilities.
• Economic consequences
• Malnutrition slows economic growth and perpetuates poverty.
• Morbidity and mortality due to malnutrition cause loss in human capital and productivity.

(B) Explain how a slice of bread after few days decomposes due to the growth of fungi.

In this question, the examiner has asked you to elaborate the reason why a slice of bread gets decomposed because of fungal growth. Here, first of all, you will describe which fungus is responsible for the decomposition of the bread. When done, you are supposed to elaborate that how this fungus causes the decomposition of bread slice. Moreover, elaborating the factors which accelerate the growth of mold at the end of your answer in bullets is what will award you maximum marks. Lastly, there’s no need to draw any diagram in this question.

A fungus called bread mold is responsible for the bread decomposition. When bread is kept in warm temperature for a few days, mold grows on bread.

How does mold decompose the bread?

Since there are tiny spores present in the air, they fall on the slice of bread and the mold starts to grow. These spores germinate to form hyphae that release secretive enzymes on the particles of bread and break them down into smaller pieces. Afterward, mold absorbs the moisture and nutrients from the bread and starts to spread throughout the bread decomposing the bread.

Factors accelerating the growth of mold

• Temperature : Temperature is the most important factor determining the growth of mold. It grows faster in warm temperatures; therefore, it can be prevented by keeping the bread in the refrigerator.
• Moisture: Moist bread is likely to decompose faster.
• Acidity: Mold grows more in acidic foods. Bread with a higher ph value is less likely to decompose. If the pH value is less than 7, mold grows faster.

(C) What is computer memory? Describe its units and discuss various types of memories.

This question has three parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to describe computer memory in your own words. Remember, elaborating too much about the term will never reward you good marks being relevant to the term are what will award you maximum marks. When done, describe its units, which is the second part of the question. Before describing its units, try to define what a memory unit actually means. Lastly, write down the types of computer memory, which is the third and last part of this question.

What is computer memory?

Computer memory is the storage space where the computer stores data, instructions, and programs. These memory spaces keep the data that is to be processed and the instructions required for processing. Moreover, a computer stores the data in specific locations with unique memory addresses.

Computer Memory Units

The units that represent how much data can be stored in a computer are called memory units. Following are some of the memory units:

• Bit: it is the smallest memory unit that stores two digits 0 and 1.
• Byte: 8 bits make one byte. However, a byte can store multiple characters, alphabets, digits, etc. it is also a pattern that stores data in numbers between 0 and 255.
• Kilobyte: 1024 bytes makes 1 kilobyte. It stores up to 1000 characters.
• Megabyte: 1024 kilobytes make 1 megabyte. It stores 1 million characters.
• Gigabyte : 1024 megabytes make 1 gigabyte. It stores 1 billion characters.
• Terabyte: 1024 gigabytes make 1 terabyte. It stores 1 trillion characters.

Types of computer memory:

There are various types of computer memory: Cache Memory, Primary Memory, and Secondary Memory.

• Cache Memory

The memory that acts as a buffer between CPU and main memory is called cache memory. The programs that are most frequently used by CPU are kept in this memory. Therefore, it increases the speed of the CPU.

• Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds the data and instructions on which a computer is currently working. They are volatile memories since data is lost when the computer is switched off. RAM and ROM are examples of main memory.

• Secondary memory

The external or non-volatile memory of a computer is called secondary memory. The data and instructions are permanently stored in them. Also, CPU does not directly access them; instead, they are accessed through input-output devices. DVD, CD-ROOM, USB, is some examples of secondary memory.  

(D) Differentiate between natural and artificial satellites. Briefly describe the working of communication satellites with some applications.

The question has three parts. In the first part of this question, the examiner has asked to differentiate between the two terms. So, draw a table and write down the main differences between natural and artificial satellites. Remember, in GSA paper, being relevant to the question is the key. Thus, avoid writing too much about what is being asked. When done, describe the working of a communication satellite with examples. Last, write down the applications of communication satellite using bullet points and subheadings. Finally, in this question, you are not supposed to draw any sort of diagram.

The working of a communication satellite with examples :

Communication satellites use high-frequency and high-wavelength waves called radio waves to send and receive signals.

Communication satellites have two transmission systems to communicate with earth:

• Uplink: The transmission of signals from earth to the satellite is called uplink
• Downlink: whereas the transmission signals from the satellite to the earth are called downlink.

Moreover, the communication to and from the satellite is done in three steps:

• Sending signals from earth station
• Retransmitting signals from satellites
• Receiving signals on satellite footprint.

Applications of communication satellite

• Television satellite : To watch a cricket match, live from England in Pakistan, the signals from the earth station, and the stadium, are sent to the television satellite. The satellites receive, interpret, and retransmit the signals to the earth station in the coverage area of Pakistan. The coverage area, known as satellites footprint, includes various television stations in Pakistan that receive signals through antennas and send to television sets in houses.
• Radio satellite Similarly, to listen to a podcast on radio, the signals from radio station are sent to the satellites. Radio satellites receive, interpret, and retransmit the signals to the satellite footprint of the area where the podcast is being heard. Moreover, the frequency of the radio set catches the frequency of radio station through antennas to play the podcast.
• Mobile phone satellites. These satellites work on the same principle of communication satellites. The voice from one mobile tower is sent to the mobile satellite which retransmits the signal to the other mobile tower through antennas.

Question – 06

(a) a man is now 3 times as old as his son. in ten (10) years’ time, the sum of their ages will be 76. how old was the man when his son was born.

This question was taken from the Age problem Unit in which we need to find out the age of the father when his son was born that depends upon the son age ,

So assume Age of Son = x Age of Father = 3x (Man is 3 times as old as his son)

In 10 years’ time, the sum of their ages will be 76. Now in 10 years’ time Age of son = x+10 Age of Father = 3x+10

Age of Son + Age of Father = 76 (According to question statement) (x+10) + (3x+10) = 76 (Now Solve to get the age of son)

x +10 + 3x + 10 = 76 4x + 20 = 76 4x = 76 -20 4x = 56 x = 14 (Age of Son in 10 years’ time)

Now put the son age to get the father age Age of Father = 3x = 3(14) = 42 (Age of Father in 10 years’ time)

Now just subtract the son’s age from father’s age to get the answer.

Age of Father when his son was born = 42 -14 = 28 Years So, the Father’s age was 28 years when his son was born.

(B) How many tiles of 20cm2 will be required to have a footpath 1m wide carried around the outside of grassy plot 24m long and 14m broad?

This question was taken from the Geometry Unit, in which we need to find out the number of tiles for making the footpath 1 meter wide outside around the grassy plot.

According to question grassy plot area

We use the following formula to calculate the area, Area = Length * Width So So the area of the grassy plot = 24 * 14 = 336 m2

Now we need find the total area of grassy plot with footpath

Now calculate the area with a footpath Area = Length * Width = 26 * 16 = 416 m2

Now subtract the area of the grassy plot from the area of the grassy plot with a footpath to get the area of a footpath.

= 416 m2 – 336 m2 = 80 m

Let’s convert the m2 to cm2

80 m2 = 800,000 cm2 (As 1 m2 = 10,000 cm2) One tile = 20 cm2

Now divide the total area to find out the number of tiles;

Number of tiles = 800,000/20 Number of tiles = 40,000

(C) Mr. Faheem has dinner with his family at a restaurant that offers a 10% discount on food. The marked price of the food that they order was Rs. 15000/- Given that there were service charges of 10% and GST is 17%, calculate the total amount of money he has to pay.

From the information given in the question, we conclude that the problem deals with discount, GST, and service charges on the paid amount. So,

Total price after discount is

        D. Price= List price x discount rate

                      = 15000 x 10%

                      = 15000 x 10/100

                      = 1500

Total price after discount= 15000-1500

                                             = 13500

Now service charges are 10%

                      = 13500x 10/100

                      = 1350

And, GST is 17% so,

                      = 13500 x 17/100

                      = 2295

Therefore, the total amount the family needs to pay= 13500 + 1350 + 2295

      = 17145

Hence, 17145 is the total amount that the family needs to pay after all the taxes and discount.

(D) Mr. Khawaja walked for 45 minutes at the rate of 3km/h and then ran for half an hour at a certain speed. At the end of that time, he was 6km away from the starting point. How fast did he run?

This question was taken from the Time and Distance Unit in which we need to calculate the speed of Mr. Khawaja running

We used the following formula to solve this type of question, Distance = Speed * Time

In given question, there are 2 part,

• He walked for 45 minutes at a speed of 3km/h. (Find distance covered)
• He runs at a certain speed for half-hour and covers a distance. (Find distance and speed)

So, calculate the distance according to first part by using the above formula,

Distance = Speed * Time = 3 Km/h * 0.75 h = 2.25 Km

We need to convert the minutes in hours = 45/60 = 0.75 hour

So in the first 45 minutes, he covers 2.25 km. Now find the distance cover by him by running as his total covered distance is 6 km.

Distance covered by running = Total distance covered – Distance covered by Walked = 6 – 2.25 = 3.75 km

As you calculate

Distance = 3.75 km Time = half hour = 0.5 hours (30min/60 = 0.50)

Solve the 2 part to find the speed of his running,

Distance = Speed * Time ????? = ???????? / ???? Speed = 3.75 / 0.5 Speed = 7.5 Km/h

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Question – 07

(a) a child went 90 meters in the east then he turned right and went 20 meters. subsequently, he turned right and after going 30 meters he reaches his uncles home. from there, he went 100 meters to his north. determine how far he is from the starting point.

This question was taken from the Direction problem Unit in which we required to calculate the distance from the starting point:

According to the question statement

Point A is the Starting point of the child and point F is the ending and we need to find the distance from point A to F, for this first we find the distance between A to E and E to F,

AE = AB – EB (AB=90 and DC=EB=30) = 90 m – 30 m = 60 m

EF = DF – EF = 100 m – 20 m = 80 m (DF=100 and BC=DE=20)

Now According to Pythagoras Theorem

(AF)2 = (AE)2 + (EF)2

Put the value of AF and EF as calculated above

Using the Pythagorean theorem

x²= 80² + 60² m

Taking square root on both sides

So, the child is 100m away from his starting point.         

(B) The average of 11 numbers is 63, that of first 6 numbers is 60, and that of last 6 numbers is 65, find the 6th number

This question was taken from Average Unit in which we required to find the 6th number, We use following formula to calculate the average;

??????? = ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????????/????? ??????????? According to question statement Average of; 11 numbers = 63 First 6 number = 60 Last 6 number = 65 Now we just need to calculate the sum of all number, first and last 6 number, So according to above formal:

??? ?? ??????????? = ??????? ∗ ????? ??????????n Sum of 11 Numbers = 11 * 63 = 693 Sum of first 6 Numbers = 6 * 60 = 360 Sum of last 6 Numbers = 6 * 65 = 390

Now add the sum of first and last 6 numbers and subtract the sum of 11 numbers to get the 6th number Sum of first 6 Numbers = 360 Sum of last 6 Numbers = 390/750 (Addition)

Sum of 11 Numbers = 693

6th number = 57 (Subtraction)

Now the 6th number is 57

(C) This question was taken from the Polynomial function unit in which we required to complete the table and draw a graph.

According to question:

Now draw a graph according to the above-completed table:

(D) Mr. Raheel invested Rs. 60,000 in an account that earns simple interest at the end of five years, the investment is worth Rs. 85000. Calculate the rate of simple interest per year.

This question was taken from Simple interest Unit in which we required to calculate the rate of interest per year. According question statement:

Principal amount / invested amount = Rs.60,000

Time Period = 5 Years

Amount including interest after 5 years = Rs. 85,000

Simply find the interest earn on invested amount

Interest = Amount after 5 years – Invested amount

Interest = 85,000 – 60,000 = Rs.25,000

Now use the following formula for calculating the Interest rate per year;

Simple interest = Principal amount ∗ Interest rate ∗ time/100

???????? ???? = ?????? ???????? ∗100/????????? ?????? ∗ ????

Put the value in the above formula to get the interest rate per year

??????? ???? = 25,000 ∗100/60,000 ∗ 5 = 2,500,000/300,000 = 25/3

By dividing we get

Interest rate = 8.33 % per year

Question – 08

(a) this question is taken from the jumbled word unit in which we required to find the correct word.

(B) This question was taken from the Geometry Unit in which we required to find the triangles in given shapes

So, if we total triangles from above (fig. 1. And 2.), it will become 10 triangles.

So, if we total the above, it will become 6 triangles

Total Triangles = 10 + 6 = 16.

(C) This question was taken from the Geometry Unit in which we required to calculate the area and perimeter of the given shape.

For calculating the area use following formula: Area = Length * Width

(D) This question was taken from the number series Unit in which we required to find the missing figures .

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Watch CBS News

Revisit the 2023 March Madness bracket results as the 2024 NCAA tournament kicks off

By Caitlin O'Kane

March 21, 2024 / 12:53 PM EDT / CBS News

March Madness is upon us and over the next three weeks, dozens of teams will compete to win the  2024 NCAA Division I  men's basketball tournament. Fans have locked in brackets – trying to predict who will make it through all six rounds of the tournament and come out on top. Here's a look back on what last year's final bracket looked like.

Full results for the 2023 March Madness bracket

University of Connecticut won the 2023 NCAA Division I men's basketball  championship, beating San Diego State. UConn is five for five in title games, winning the tournament five times in the last 25 years and Dan Hurley became the  third UConn coach to win a national championship , joining Jim Calhoun and Kevin Ollie.

Below are the full results of the 2023 tournament. 

In the final four were UConn, University of Miami, San Diego State and Florida Atlantic University.

What were the biggest upsets in the 2023 March Madness bracket?

No. 5 seed Miami got a spot in the Final Four by eliminating No 1. seed Houston, which was the only remaining No. 1 seed in the tournament. Miami won the game 89-75.

Florida Atlantic was another lower seed team that made it into the Final Four. The No. 9 seed was down 7 points in the second half but ended up turning it around to beat No. 1 seed Kansas State, 79-76.

No. 5 seed San Diego made its first trip to the Elite Eight – the final eight games of the tournament – by beating No. 1 seed Alabama. 

Several other teams upset higher seeds , but the biggest upset of them all was Fairleigh Dickinson University's win over Purdue. FDU made history as the only No. 16 seeds to ever beat a No. 1. But their run in the tournament ended when Florida Atlanta eked them out on their way to the Sweet 16. 

Other upsets: No. 15 seed Princeton beat No. 7 seed Missouri; No. 7 seed Michigan State beat No. 2 seed Marquette; and No. 8 seed Arkansas beat No. 1 seed Kansas.

What was the final score for the 2023 NCAA basketball championship game?

The UConn Huskies beat the San Diego Aztecs in a 76-59 victory at the championship game in Houston on April 3. 

UConn had won all six NCAA Tournament games by double digits – becoming the fifth team since the bracket expanded in 1985 to do so. Their star forward Adama Sanogo finished with 17 points and 10 rebounds in the final and won Most Outstanding Player. Tristen Newton also brought in 19 points and 10 boards. Sanogo went on to play for the Bulls in the NBA, but Newton is still a Huskie. 

When are 2024 March Madness brackets due?

Brackets had to be locked in on Thursday, March 21,  when the first round of the tournament began.  Sixty-four teams will play games on Thursday and Friday. The remaining 32 move on to Saturday and Sunday games. The Sweet 16 play on March 28 and 28, the Elite Eight on March 30 and 31 and the final four will play on April 6.

Some high-profile basketball fans have released their brackets – revealing who they think will make it to the final on April 8.

President Biden has UConn winning for the second straight year, with Houston, North Carolina and Tennessee in the final four. Former President Barack Obama also chose UConn for the tournament champs with Kentucky, Baylor and Purdue in the final four.

Several other NCAA experts have also weighed in . Experts at  SportsLine  evaluate lines, teams, coaching styles, offensive trends, defensive trends and opponent tendencies to assess the strength of each team and predict how they will fair in the tournament.

Note: CBS Essentials, CBS, Paramount+ and Sportsline are all subsidiaries of Paramount. CBS is one of the broadcast homes of the 2024 men's March Madness tournament.

How to watch the 2024 NCAA college basketball season without cable

NCAA college basketball this season will air live on ESPN, ESPN+, CBS, FS1, BTN, and the Pac 12 Network, among others. 

• The  men's First Four games  will air March 19-20, 2024 on TruTV.
• The rest of men's March Madness 2024, including the Final Four, will air on CBS and Turner Sports -- which means you'll be able to watch March Madness 2024 on TBS, CBS, TNT and TruTV.  
• Women's March Madness 2024, including the Final Four, will air on ESPN and  ESPN+ .
• March Madness

Caitlin O'Kane is a New York City journalist who works on the CBS News social media team as a senior manager of content and production. She writes about a variety of topics and produces "The Uplift," CBS News' streaming show that focuses on good news.

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