essay on drought in sanskrit language

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EXPLORING THE CAUSES OF SANSKRIT'S DECLINE (A PILOT STUDY

Today Mother India is in tears to see its greatest heritage " Sanskrit " sinking into oblivion as only 14135 people have been found to be associated with Sanskrit as their native language. Hence, the objective of this study is to explore all the major affective factors that attributed to the decay of Sanskrit and putting this most revered language in deplorable condition and doleful state. In attaining the stated objective, the study employed unstructured interview (with 15 Sanskrit scholars) and content analysis as two primary data gathering tools. As for data analysis, the study used descriptive statistics and analytic induction. The study revealed 12 affective factors that caused degeneration of Sanskrit. Five of them are worth mentioning here. (i) Subjugation of Indian Philosophy, (ii) Lack of Career Prospect (iii) Confinement of Sanskrit to Brahmins, (iv) Political Bias, and (v) Spreading Myths about Complexity of Sanskrit.

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Surabhi Verma

Language changes constantly, a fact that becomes most noticeable when we read texts a few centuries old. In comparing earlier and later forms of any language we find various types of phonological, morphological, syntactic, grammatical and semantic changes. There are many approaches used to study the language because language is a piece that is of multi factorial importance and has its range of participation in many fields, so persons try to understand it from different disciplines to investigate into the concerned point of knowledge. Each and every word in a language passes through a long journey of time. So it represents a specific tone and meaning of a sanskriti. Thus study about language denotes the cultural aspects of any place. It also shows the process how the general usage and trends affect other cultures. This paper is based on the comparative analysis of the two approaches-Genealogical and Typological. Genealogical approach is somewhat genetic in nature based on time period and Typological approach is based on different types used in different languages. Both the approaches have some advantages while some week points to understand. In this paper effort is done to understand and to investigate the comparative notions and their usefulness in the study of different languages and the cultural aspects of a particular lingual region.

Manzoor Elahi

Nityanand Misra

Despite its neglect by scholars in the Western academic world, Rajiv Malhotra’s recent bestselling and impactive book `The Battle for Sanskrit’ (TBFS) succeeds in its objective and will resonate with its target readers: traditional Sanskrit scholars in India as well as English-speaking right-leaning Hindus across the world. Malhotra raises hard questions and presents grim facts in lucid vocabulary and a style which is a combination of academic, critical, trenchant, and motivational. He summarizes debatable and objectionable views and theories of Sheldon Pollock and what he calls ‘American Orientalism’; offers counter-views and alternate theories; and exhorts traditional Sanskrit scholars to critique Pollock’s works, views, and theories more substantially. In this article, I present a detailed review of the book and highlight what in my opinion are the strengths and weaknesses of the book. Although I have a favourable opinion of Malhotra’s book, I hope the contents of the article will prove useful, for the purpose of discussions and debates around the issues raised in the book, to even readers who are neutral or opposed to Malhotra’s views. In addition to an appendix on proofreading errors in TBFS, the article includes two more appendixes—one critiquing Pollock’s claim of an instance of semantic inversion and another analyzing contents of a recent statement that Pollock signed.

E Learning material

Dhananjay Vasudeo Dwivedi

Rajendran Chettiarthodi

Kasturi Sinha

The present research paper entitled as 'Literature Instilling about the Decline of Hindi Language' discusses an issue which has been highlighted in the selected Bollywood films. It is to be said that the films show mirror to the cultural practices and reflects it on the silver screen. Nowadays , communicating in English is in vogue, more than as a medium of communication it is a style statement and matter of pride and because of this everyone wants to learn this language. English is a lingua franca and one must learn it to match with the pace of the world but not at the cost of ignoring one's native-tongue. The language of any region is not just a language but it is an inheritance of one's roots and unique identity. It must be preserved because it connects one with his culture. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation as tradition via one's native-tongue and at the same time, it is passed on as a legacy to the next generation. In the present research paper, the researchers have underscored the plight of the characters who feel second to other people of their own country because they can't speak English.

srishti singh

Sanskrit is the language in which Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, ethics and several other man language in India for a longer period of time. Sanskrit is a classical language of India. The corpus of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and Hindu religious texts. Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals ancient scriptures are transcribed. If we look in history, it was a widely spoken common in the forms of hymns and mantras. Spoken Sanskrit is still in use in a few traditional institutions in India, and there are many attempts at revival. Language is dynamic and so is time. With passing time and emergence of several other languages, Sanskrit started loosing its dominancy but it showed complete tolerance towards all.

Linguistic Paradox and Diglossia: the emergence of Sanskrit and Sanskritic language in Ancient India

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Sanskrit in Modern Context: Exploring the use and revival of Sanskrit in contemporary society, including its role in education, literature, and arts

Prof. Dr. Mina S. Vyas Associate Professor, Shri P. K. Chaudhari Mahila Arts College, Sector- 7, Gandhinagar, Gujarat

This research explores the use and resurgence of Sanskrit in modern culture with an emphasis on its functions in the fields of education, literature, and the arts. Over the ages, the spoken form of Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-European language famed for its religious, philosophical, and literary literature, gradually declined. However, in recent years, there have been persistent attempts by academics and enthusiasts to restore Sanskrit's importance in a number of fields. This study investigates the use of Sanskrit in contemporary education, including its use in colleges and universities, as well as the difficulties and possibilities associated with teaching and studying this ancient language. The research also looks at the impact of Sanskrit on modern literature and the arts, including classical dance, music, and theatre. Additionally, it explores the language's function in religious and philosophical discourse, illuminating its importance in the preservation and dissemination of spiritual and philosophical literature. The article examines Sanskrit's distinctive linguistic traits and its contributions to contemporary linguistic research, especially its importance in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European and comparative linguistics. The study also emphasises the role of technology in text preservation and dissemination, as well as the digital resources accessible for studying Sanskrit and exploring its literary riches. It emphasises the necessity for ongoing efforts to conserve and develop this ancient language as an important cultural and intellectual asset in the modern world by reflecting on the difficulties and chances for Sanskrit in the future.

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Essay on sanskrit language (1022 words).

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Essay on Sanskrit Language!

Sanskrit has been instrumental in lending continuity to Indian civilisation. In its heyday it was spoken and used in all regions of India including the Dravidian south. While Tamil has maintained a more or less independent literary tradition, all other languages in India have taken freely from Sanskrit vocabulary and their literature is permeated with the Sanskrit heritage.

Sanskrit is perhaps the oldest language in the world to be recorded. Classical Sansktrit, which developed from the Vedic times, held sway from about 500 BC to about AD 1000. In independent India it is listed among the languages of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution though it is not the official language of any state.

The hymns of the Rig-Veda bear the seeds of Sanskrit literature. Orally handed down for long, these hymns not only served the purpose of religion but also were a common literary standard for the Aryan groups in India. After 1000 BC, there developed an extensive prose literature devoted to ritual matters—the Brahttmnas; but in these too there are examples of story-telling, terse and abrupt in style.

The next milestone in the history of Sanskrit is the Grammar of Panini— the Ashtadhyayi. The form of the Sanskrit language as described by him became accepted universally and was fixed for all time. Probably, around the time Panini was codifying the Sanskrit language, the practice of writing had begun.

In the field of secular literature Sanskrit epic poetry (mahakavya) was the next most important development. The story of the Mahabharata was handed down orally for at least a thousand years after the battle it celebrates before becoming relatively fixed in writing. Dvaipayana or Vyasa is seen as the first to have sung of this fearsome struggle of his own time.

Vaisampayana later elaborated the epic; Lomaharsana and Ugrasravas are supposed to have recited the complete Mahabharata which scholars call itihasa. The story of the battle of eighteen days between the Kauravas and the Pandavas on the battlefield of Kurukshetra and the victory of the righteous was probably composed in the epic form not earlier than about 100 BC.

The Ramayana, traditionally ascribed to Valmiki whom Bhavabhuti and others call the ‘first kavi’, is considered to have been composed around the first century BC. On the face of it, it is the story of the adventures of Rama, but involved in this story are unforgettable conflicts of human passions.

Asvaghosa’s epics (first century AD) are the earliest epics now available to show the full-fledged kavya technique. His Buddhacharita and Saundarananda present the Buddhist philosophy of the shallowness of the world through the delights of poetry—the ornament of language and meaning. Later, in the fifth century AD, came Kalidasa with his Kumarasambhava which gives the story of the origin of Kartikeya, son of Shiva, and Raghuvamsa, a portrait gallery of the kings of Rama’s line, illustrating the four ends, virtue, wealth, pleasure and release, pursued by different rulers.

To the sixth century belongs Bharavi whose epic Kiratarjuniya presents a short episode from the Mahabharata as a complete whole. Rich description and brilliant characterisation are matched by a heroic narrative style.

Sanskrit literature shows a wide variety of forms and types. The katha tradition is exemplified in the Panchatantra, apparently written in the fourth century AD by Vishnusharman whose country was the Vakataka Empire (in the Deccan).

Bana’s Kadambari (7th century AD) is a novel about the timidities and missed opportunities of youth leading to tragedy. In the eleventh century we have Goddhala’s Udayasundari, a romantic novel. The critic King Bhoja’s Sringaramanjari is an entertaining ‘illustrating novel’ on the various types of love.

Somadeva’s Kathasaritsagara is a huge collection of stories skilfully narrated. Kshemendra’s illustrating novels are bitter satires on corrupt bureaucracies and deceit and vice. Some of his works are Kalavilasa, Darpadalana and Desopadesa.

The use of Sanskrit prose for scientific, technical and philosophical purposes is first exemplified by Patanjali’s Mahabhashya, a commentary on Katyayana’s Vartikas on Painin’s grammar. After this time, and during the early centuries of the Christian era, much technical and scientific literature came into being, Aryabhata and Bhaskara wrote on mathematics and astronomy, Charaka and Susruta on medicine, and Kautilya on politics and administration.

Literary criticism is another field in which Sanskrit literature is rich. The oldest work of Indian literary criticism is Bharata’s Natya Shastra. Bhamaha (5th century AD) is the earliest individual critic whose work is available; he sets out the genres as drama, epic, lyric, prose biography and (usually prose) novel besides discussing literary expression and what makes it beautiful. Dandin (7th century AD) adds to the genre campu or narration in mixed prose and verse, which became quite popular later.

Vemana, Rudrata, Anandavardhana, Kuntaka, Udbhata, Lollata and Dhananjaya are just some well- known critics who have analysed and enriched the world of literary concepts. Bhoja (11th century) is one of the greats among Indian critics, giving us the largest number of references and quotations and showing a fine taste in selection and comment.

The pre-eminence of Sanskrit was first seriously threatened by the Muslim invasions around AD 1200. However, the tradition of Sanskrit literature continued strongly and the number of Sanskrit works composed and preserved during this period is considerable. Rajasthan, Odisha as well as the south continued the Sanskrit literary tradition.

Some writers of note are Amarachandra, Someswara, Balachandra, Vastupala, Princess Ganga, Ahobala, Dindima and Gopala. The Kerala king Manaveda wrote the play Krishnagiti which is the prototype of Kathakali but with songs in Sanskrit. There were also satirical monologues and comedies, some of the famous writers being Nilakantha and Venkatadhvarin.

The period of British rule exercised an unfavourable influence on Sanskrit. In spite of the appearance of English and the increasing use of modern Indian languages, however, literary composition in Sanskrit has continued on a moderate scale down to the present time.

An important use to which the Sanskrit language is put at present is as a source of vocabulary for the modern languages. Sanskrit is able to provide, on a large scale, new technical terms which the modern languages are unable to find in their own resources.

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The Importance of Sanskrit in Indian Education

This is Part I of two-part series on Sanskrit in Indian Education. To read part II, please click here .

Reality-Check

If you are an Indian reading this essay in English, then it is likely that you are (a) not representative of the average Indian, and (b) alienated from your Indic mother-tongue. The 2011 Census shows that only 10.67% of Indians speak English as either their first, second, or third language. As English-speaking Oxford students and academics discussing Indic languages, we must remember that we do not represent the average Indian. This is because a majority of Indians attend non English medium schools i.e. schools in which non-language subjects such as physics, mathematics, and geography are taught in the student’s mother-tongue (“Household Social Consumption on Education in India”, p. 100). A good test of whether you are alienated from your Indic mother-tongue is to try to formulate your knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion, quadratic equations, and the physical characteristic of plateaus in your mother-tongue (without cheating by whole-scale borrowing of English words!). While the average Indian student educated in his mother-tongue can do this quite easily, English-educated Indians alienated from their mother-tongues (such as you and I) cannot.

Confronted with the growing status of English as an international lingua franca, however, more and more Indian parents are sending their children to English-medium schools. Furthermore, despite their statistical prominence, all Indian languages seem to be in a state of decline. This is shown by their dearth of innovative and impactful scholarly writing as well as by the influx of numerous English words in daily conversation.

Why study Sanskrit?

Having briefly described our current linguistic reality, especially the existential crisis facing all Indian languages, I will now discuss the reasons for learning Sanskrit.

Sanskrit was the lingua-franca of sciences such as mathematics, astronomy, and medicine in pre-modern India. To quote Field’s Medallist David Mumford’s review of Kim Plofker’s excellent book Mathematics in India:

“Did you know that Vedic priests were using the so-called Pythagorean theorem to construct their fire altars in 800 BCE?; that the differential equation for the sine function, in finite difference form, was described by Indian mathematician-astronomers in the fifth century CE?; and that “Gregory’s” series π/4 = 1−1/3 +1/5 − … was proven using the power series for arctangent and, with ingenious summation methods, used to accurately compute π _in southwest India in the fourteenth century?” (Mumford 385)

It is an indictment of our education system that most of these remarkable achievements are never mentioned in our textbooks, both in English and in Indian languages. If we want to gain an accurate understanding of the scientific and technological achievements of Indian civilisation, a knowledge of Sanskrit is essential since virtually all pre-modern Indian scientists such as Caraka, Suśruta, Āryabhaṭa, Varāhamihira, Bhāskara II, and Mādhava composed their scientific treatises in Sanskrit. Unfortunately, instead of celebrating these real scientists and their real scientific achievements, certain sections of Indian society continuously concoct fake achievements such as aeroplanes in the Rāmāyana and nuclear fusion in the Vedas. It is obvious that such nonsense is motivated by a deep insecurity about the past. However, as a response to these false claims, many English-educated Indians refuse to believe that there was anything resembling science in ancient India. Like Englishmen, many Indians have been ‘educated’ to view ancient India as a dark period of primitive superstition. If we reflect on this polarisation of opinion, we realise that a lack of knowledge of Sanskrit is the common denominator uniting people on both sides. A sound knowledge of Sanskrit would provide a student with the tools necessary to critically examine claims about Indian intellectual history and arrive at his/her own conclusions. This conclusion would inevitably follow the Buddhist middle-path (Pāli majjhimā paṭipadā): ancient Indians made numerous scientific advancements but were neither omniscient nor utterly ignorant. Teaching Sanskrit is the best way to expose students to the richness of the scientific, philosophical, and practical knowledge-systems of Indian civilisation.

b) Literature

Many of the foundational stories of Indian civilisation which still delight us today have their roots in Sanskrit literature: the story of Rāma and Sīta in the Rāmāyana , the fratricidal tragedy of the Mahābhārata , or Kṛṣṇa’s childhood and his love-affairs with gopīs in the Bhāgavatapurāṇa . If religion and science isn’t your cup of tea, despair not! Most of Sanskrit literature is actually descriptions of beautiful sunrises, terrifying wars, and sweet love-making. Consider, for example, the lament of a yakṣa separated from his beloved:

tvām ālikhya praṇayakupitāṃ dhāturāgaiḥ śilāyām ātmānaṃ te caraṇapatitaṃ yāvad icchāmi kartum | asrais tāvan muhur upacitair dṛṣṭir ālipyate me krūras tasminn api na sahate saṃgamaṃ nau kṛtāntaḥ || (Kālidāsa’s Meghadūta verse 2.45) I paint you, angry with affection, on this stone using minerals as colours. As soon as I seek to add myself, fallen at your feet, to the picture, My eyes become smudged with incessant tears. O, how cruel is fate, Since it does not allow the two of us to unite Even in a painting!

Sanskrit literature is filled with millions of such verses: verses which capture the deepest and most secret feelings of the human heart. Besides these tender verses, Sanskrit literature possesses rare examples of literary genius. For example, the 12th century poet Kavirāja’s Rāghavapāṇḍavīya simultaneously narrates the stories of the Rāmāyana and Mahābhārata using Sanskrit’s seemingly infinite possibility for punning! If students wish to make this rich world of feeling, beauty, and literary genius a part of their life, then they must learn Sanskrit.

c) Language

Sanskrit is a grammatically perfect language with ten verbal-classes, eight cases, three numbers, and three genders (Jones 28). Sanskrit is one of the most well-structured and concise languages in the world. Consider the following English sentence: "I went to the shop to buy sugar".

The prolixity of this eight-word English sentence is evident in the use of filler words such as ‘to’ and ‘the’. Expressing the same thought in a modern Indian language such as Hindi, one would say: " मैं चीनी खरीदने के िलए दुकान गया ।"

Though this Hindi sentence is one word shorter than its English counterpart, it is equally prolix. Suppose one were to express the same thought in Sanskrit: śarkarāyāḥ krayāya vipaṇim agaccham.

We need only four words! In addition to its intrinsic grammatical beauty, a knowledge of Sanskrit will help a student learn other Indian languages more easily since most Indian languages, including Tamil, borrow a large number of loanwords from Sanskrit. I am reminded of my north-Indian friend’s hilarious attempt to order hot water at a restaurant in Karnataka. When he asked for ‘ garam pānī ’ in Hindi, everyone was baffled. However, as soon as he asked for the Sanskritic ‘ uṣṇa jala ’, he got what he wanted! Besides aiding in the comprehension of Indian languages, Sanskrit constitutes ideal preparation for those interested in learning Greek and Latin. This is because these Western classical languages share not only grammatical structure but also numerous cognate words with Sanskrit. Thus, Sanskrit is not only grammatically beautiful but also an ideal gateway to learning other Indian and Indo-European languages.

Sanskrit Pedagogy

Having (hopefully) persuaded you of the beauty and relevance of Sanskrit, I must now turn to three intractable practical questions: (i) How should Sanskrit be incorporated into our school curriculum? (ii) How should Sanskrit teaching deal with the controversies surrounding Sanskrit? (iii) How can teachers make Sanskrit learning easier and more enjoyable?

As far as the first question is concerned, National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 hits the nail on the head:

“Sanskrit will thus be offered at all levels of school and higher education as an important, enriching option for students, including as an option in the three-language formula.” (NEP 2020: 14)

It is significant that NEP 2020 does not argue that Sanskrit should be made compulsory. Any attempt to impose Sanskrit on students is doomed to fail since many students prefer learning another Indian language instead of Sanskrit. However, as NEP 2020 states, Sanskrit should be made available as an option that can be chosen as one’s second or third language. In this respect, NEP 2020 significantly improves on NEP 1986 which, unfortunately, said virtually nothing about the role of Sanskrit in Indian education (NEP 1986. Furthermore, NEP 2020’s explicit mention of the importance of other classical languages such as Tamil and Kannada shows its commitment to preserving and re-invigorating the classical in these dreary post-modern times (NEP 2020 14-15). However, good intentions do not change the world unless accompanied by concrete action. Sanskrit is currently not offered as a language option in most private and government schools, including in the school of this essay’s author. Indeed, most of my Sanskrit-speaking friends actually learnt Sanskrit from traditional paṇḍitas outside the formal academic system. Though Sanskrit should not be made compulsory as a language, all students should be exposed to Sanskrit literature and knowledge-systems in translation. This will expand the student’s horizon beyond the confines of modern languages.

Given the divisiveness of our times, the teaching of Sanskrit will undoubtedly involve numerous controversies. The two most obvious points of contention are the content of the syllabus and the socio-political history of Sanskrit. One can mitigate the first difficulty by insisting on a curriculum grounded in the reading of original Sanskrit texts rather than secondary scholarship. Instead of presenting students with a particular narrative of Indian history, students should be allowed to develop their own understanding of the past through a careful reading of Sanskrit texts. With regard to the alleged discriminatory and elitist nature of Sanskrit, NEP 2020 constitutes a wonderful anti-dote. If successfully implemented, NEP 2020 will open up the study of Sanskrit to interested students from all religions, castes, races, and cultures. It is imperative that students from diverse social backgrounds are made to feel welcome in the modern Sanskrit classroom.

As far as Sanskrit pedagogy is concerned, the need of the hour is qualified teachers who can make language learning enjoyable. Too often, learning Sanskrit involves drowning in a sea of meaningless paradigms to be memorised. This approach ends up detracting students who would have otherwise enjoyed reading Sanskrit texts. Like other Indian languages, Sanskrit should be taught using a combination of everyday conversation and textual study. Crucially, teachers should treat Sanskrit as a language of daily life rather than as a dead language of ancient manuscripts. Such an approach will make students internalise and cherish Sanskrit instead of merely treating it as a scoring subject to achieve better grades. And, hopefully, this study of Sanskrit will create modern Indians who feel proud of their heritage and strive to live up to its demanding ethical ideals:

manasi vacasi kāye puṇyapīyūṣapūrṇās tribhuvanam upakāraśreṇibhiḥ prīṇayantaḥ| paraguṇaparamāṇūn parvatīkṛtya nityaṃ nijahṛdi vikasantaḥ santi santaḥ kiyantaḥ|| (Bhartṛharı̍'s Śatakatraya verse 1.79) Filled with pure nectar in mind, speech, and body, Pleasing creatures in all three worlds by continuously helping them, Transforming another’s atom-like good quality into a mountain, Always blossoming in their own hearts, How many such good people are there?

Bibliography

“Bhartṛharı̍'s Śatakatraya.” Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages (GRETIL), http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/5_subhas/bh... .

“Household Social Consumption on Education in India.” National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, July 2017-June 2018. http:// www.mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/ Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf.

Jones, Sir William. Discourses delivered before the Asiatic Society: and miscellaneous papers, on the religion, poetry, literature, etc., of the nations of India. Printed for C. S. Arnold: 1824. “Kālidāsa’s Meghadūta.” Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages (GRETIL), http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/2_kavya/meg... .

Plofker, Kim. Mathematics in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Page of 4 5 Mumford, David. “Mathematics in India: Reviewed by David Mumford,” Notices of the American Mathematical Society vol. 57, no. 3 (2010): 385-390.

“National Education Policy 1986.” Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_docume... .

“National Education Policy 2020.” Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_Eng... .

“2011 Census.” Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 2011. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html .

Suggested Citation: Shree Nahata. 2021. 'The Importance of Sanskrit in Indian Education', Think Pieces Series No. 16. Education.SouthAsia ( https://educationsouthasia.web.ox.ac.uk/ ).

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Essay on Drought in Gujarati : In this article " દુકાળ વિશે ગુજરાતી નિબંધ ", " Dukal Nibandh in Gujarati " for students of class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Gujarati Essay on " Drought ", " દુકાળ વિશે ગુજરાતી નિબંધ " for Students

પ્રસ્તાવના: ભારત એક ખેતીપ્રધાન દેશ છે. અહીંયા સિત્તેર ટકા જનતા ખેતીના કાર્યમાં લાગેલી છે. બીજા શબ્દોમાં આપણે કહી શકીએ છીએ કે, ભારતીયોનો મુખ્ય ધંધો જ ખેતી છે. ખેતીમાં વરસાદનું મહત્ત્વપૂર્ણ સ્થાન છે. જો વરસાદ સમય પર અને યોગ્ય ઢંગથી થાય છે, ત્યારે તો કોઈને ચિંતા નથી થતી. પરંતુ જ્યારે એનું સંતુલન બગડી જાય છે અર્થાત્ ક્યારેક વરસાદ ઓછો થાય છે અથવા ક્યારેક વધારે, તો દેશમાં ઉત્પાદનની દૃષ્ટિથી ખૂબ ભારે ગરબડી ફેલાય છે.

વરસાદની કમી અને એના અભાવ: ભારતવર્ષમાં વરસાદ અષાઢ માસ (જુલાઈ)થી પ્રારંભ થઈ જાય છે અને લગભગ ચાર મહીના સુધી થતો રહે છે. તે પરંતુ ગત વર્ષે ભગવાનની કોપ-દષ્ટિથી ન્યૂનતમ વરસાદ પણ ના થયો. ખેડૂત આકાશની તરફ આંખો લગાવીને રહ્યા. રેડિયો તેમજ ટી.વી. ભવિષ્યવાણીઓ કરતાં રહ્યા, પરંતુ પાણીને વરસવું ન હતું, તો ના જ વરસ્યું અને ભારતવર્ષમાં દુકાળની સ્થિતિ ઉત્પન્ન થઈ ગઈ.

વરસાદની કમીથી ખરીફનો પાક ના વાવી શકાયો. થોડો-ઘણો વરસાદ થવાથી જ્યાં પાક વાવી દેવામાં આવ્યો હતો, ત્યાં તે પણ સૂઈને નષ્ટ થઈ ગયો. દેશમાં હાહાકાર મચી ગયો. પશુઓની દશા તો અત્યંત દયનીય થઈ ગઈ. હજારો-લાખો પશુ ભૂખ્યા મરી ગયા. બધાથી વધારે ખરાબ દશા રાજસ્થાન તેમજ ગુજરાતની હતી. રાજસ્થાન તો હંમેશાંથી જ પાણીની અછત ઉઠાવે છે. આ વખતે હરિયાણા, ઉત્તર પ્રદેશ, બંગાળ, બિહાર વગેરે બધા પ્રાંતોની સામે આ કઠિન સમસ્યા આવીને ઊભી થઈ ગઈ.

રાહત કાર્યક્રમ: ભારત સરકારે યુદ્ધસ્તર પર રાહત કાર્યક્રમ ચલાવ્યો. દેશમાં લગભગ પાંચ અબજ રૂપિયાની વ્યવસ્થા કરવામાં આવી, પરંતુ આટલા મોટા દેશ માટે આ રકમ એવી જ હતી, જેમ “ઊંટના મુખમાં જીરું કોઈ-કોઈ રાજયમાં સરકારી તંત્રએ આ રૂપિયાનો સદુપયોગ ના કર્યો. નેતાગણ, ભ્રષ્ટ સરકાર કર્મચારી આ રાહત-કાર્યમાં પોતાનું ઘર ભરવાથી ના ચૂક્યા. હકીકત એ રહી કે, ખેડૂતના નામ પર બીજાઓના ઘર ભરાઈ ગયા.

ઉપસંહાર: આપણે સરકારની સાથે મળીને નક્કર પગલાં ઉઠાવવા જોઈએ. પાણીનો સદુપયોગ કરવો જોઈએ. આપણે એક-એક ટીપાને સંભાળીને ખર્ચ કરીએ. નવા ટ્યૂબવેલ, એન્જિનસેટ લગાવવામાં આવે. વિજળીનું ઉત્પાદન વધારવામાં આવે તથા આ સમયે વિજળીનું જેટલું ઉત્પાદન થઈ રહ્યું છે, એને સંભાળીને ખર્ચ કરવામાં આવે, ત્યારે જ આપણે વરસાદના અભાવમાં રાહતનો અનુભવ કરી શકીએ છીએ.

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English Sanskrit Dictionary | आंग्लभाषा संस्कृतम् शब्दकोशः

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drought - Meaning in Sanskrit

Drought word forms & inflections, definitions and meaning of drought in english, drought noun.

अनावृष्टिः , अवर्षणम् , अवृष्टिः , दुर्वृष्टिः , विजलः

"farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season"

अवर्षणम्, ... Subscribe

"when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought"

Synonyms of drought

A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions. A drought can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large impacts on the ecosystems and agriculture of affected regions, and causes harm to the local economy. Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing, with subsequent increased wildfire risks. Heat waves can significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing evapotranspiration. This dries out forests and other vegetation, and increases the amount of fuel for wildfires.

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What is drought meaning in Sanskrit, drought translation in Sanskrit, drought definition, pronunciations and examples of drought in Sanskrit.

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Sanskrit Essays संस्कृतभाषायां निबन्धाः

Learn about many different Sanskrit essays with translation in Hindi and English. हिंदी और अंग्रेजी में अनुवाद के साथ कई अलग-अलग संस्कृत निबंधों के बारे में जानें। Essays in Sanskrit are called as “संस्कृतभाषायां निबन्धाः”.

An essay is a piece of content which is written from the perception of the writer. Essays can be of different types, long or short, formal or informal, biography or autobiography etc.

These are useful for Sanskrit students and others interested in learning Sanskrit.

Savitribai Phule

Sanskrit Essay on Savitribai Phule, with translation in English, and Hindi. | सावित्रीबाई फुले पर संस्कृत में निबंध। | सावित्रीबाईफुलेमहोदया इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः।

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Essay on Importance of Machines in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi. | यंत्रों का महत्व पर संस्कृत निबंध | यन्त्राणां महत्त्वम् इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

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Essay on Importance of Art in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi. | कला का महत्व पर संस्कृत निबंध | कलानां महत्त्वम् इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Republic Day of India

Essay on Republic Day of India in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi translation. | गणतंत्र दिवस पर संस्कृत निबंध | गणतन्त्रदिनम् इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Examination

Essay on Examination in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi with transliteration. | परीक्षा पर संस्कृत निबंध | परीक्षा इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Pandita Ramabai

Essay On Pandita Ramabai in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi with transliteration. | पंडिता रमाबाई पर निबंध | पण्डिता रमाबाईमहोदया इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Essay on Cricket in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi translation. | क्रिकेट पर संस्कृत निबंध | क्रिकेटक्रीडा इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Teachers Day

Essay On Teachers Day in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi with transliteration. | शिक्षक दिवस पर निबंध | शिक्षकदिनम् इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

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Essay on Drought for Students and Children

500+ words essay on drought.

Drought is a dangerous condition which decreases the quality of life. It is termed as a natural disaster with harmful effects. A drought usually occurs when a region faces a shortage of water. This is mainly due to lesser rainfalls. In addition, droughts have proven to be fatal for mankind and wildlife as well.

Moreover, drought is the most dangerous for a farmer. As they do not have an ample supply of water, their crops dry out. This becomes a reason for worry as it is their sole income. Furthermore, drought also leads to various other problems for the environment and mankind.

Causes of Drought

Drought is caused due to various reasons. One of the main reasons is deforestation . When there will be no trees, the water on land will evaporate at a faster rate. Similarly, it lessens the soil capacity to hold water resulting in evaporation. Moreover, lesser trees also mean lesser rainfall which eventually leads to drought.

Furthermore, as the climate is changing, the water bodies are drying up. This results in a lower flow of surface water. Therefore, when the rivers and lakes will dry out, how will the people get water? In addition, global warming is a major cause of this. The greenhouse gas emitted causes the earth’s temperature to rise. Thus, it results in higher evaporation rates.

Subsequently, excessive irrigation is also a great cause of droughts. When we use water irresponsibly, the surface water dries up. As it does not get ample time to replenish, it causes drought.

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Impact of Drought

Drought is a serious disaster which impacts the whole of mankind, wildlife, and vegetation greatly. Moreover, a region which experiences drought requires a lot of time to recover from the disaster. It is a severe condition which interferes with the quality and functioning of life.

Most importantly, the agriculture sector suffers the most at the hands of drought. For instance, farmers face a loss of crop production, livestock production. Moreover, they experience plant disease and wind erosion. Similarly, they also have to face heavy financial losses. Their financial condition worsens and they end up in debt. This also leads to higher rates of depression and suicides.

Furthermore, wildlife also suffers. They do not get sources of water to drink from. In addition, when forest fires happen due to droughts, they also lose their habitats and life. Just like any natural disaster , droughts also result in inflation of prices. The basic products become expensive. The poor people do not get access to essential foods due to high rates. Subsequently, droughts also degrade the quality of the soil. This result in poor or no yielding of crops.

In short, drought is definitely one of the most catastrophic natural disasters. It causes loss of life, vegetation and gives rise to other deadly problems like famine. The citizens and government must join hands to prevent droughts to save thousands of lives. This joint effort can help save the world from such a catastrophe.

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PDF Environment: Sanskrit literature and Bhartr̥hari's Śatakatrayam: A
Abstract. Nature is crashing today due to the perversion of men and men made machines. Mega fauna has lost their natural power of development along with the destruction of nature. Awareness of the environment can be seen in Sanskrit literature. In ancient times, the people and nature of India lived as one. In the Vedic literature, the worship ...
PDF Environmental Concern in Sanskrit Text: a Literary Survey
Keywords: Sanskrit texts, conservation, protection, plants, animals, medicines. Introduction: Protection of environment is a major concern in present age of globalisation and industrialization leading to a number of environmental movements and world level conferences. But a thorough look at Sanskrit texts
Importance of Water
Water is used for drinking and making food. Water is also used for bathing, washing clothes and keeping the house clean. Water is also important for keeping the town or city clean, for various industries and for taking care of animals. People wash their clothes and utensils in water. As a result, the water gets polluted.
Sanskrit language
Sanskrit language, (from Sanskrit saṃskṛta, "adorned, cultivated, purified"), an Old Indo-Aryan language in which the most ancient documents are the Vedas, composed in what is called Vedic Sanskrit.Although Vedic documents represent the dialects then found in the northern midlands of the Indian subcontinent and areas immediately east thereof, the very earliest texts—including the ...
Sanskrit Wikipedia
Sanskrit Wikipedia (Sanskrit: संस्कृत विकिपीडिया; IAST: Saṃskṛta Vikipīḍiyā) (also known as sawiki) is the Sanskrit edition of Wikipedia, a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation.Its five thousand articles have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, with ...
(PDF) Science and Sanskrit Literature; A Study
The rich tradition and the scientific linguistic structure have made the language unique Sanskrit possesses a vast source of original texts representing various kinds of Scientific Epistemology ...
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (/ ˈ s æ n s k r ɪ t /; attributively संस्कृत-, saṃskṛta-; nominally संस्कृतम्, saṃskṛtam, IPA: [ˈsɐ̃skr̩tɐm]) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age.
EXPLORING THE CAUSES OF SANSKRIT'S DECLINE (A PILOT STUDY
When the British introduced English language and English education system for the purpose of administration, job opportunity became the prime criteria and the sidelining and decline of Sanskrit language and Sanskrit education became very severe and rapid. Pertinently, this study aims to identify the chief causes for the decline of Sanskrit.
Linguistic Paradox and Diglossia: the emergence of Sanskrit and
"We know that Middle Indian (Middle Indo-Aryan) makes its appearance in epigraphy prior to Sanskrit: this is the great linguistic paradox of India." In these words Louis Renou (1956: 84) referred to a problem in Sanskrit studies for which so far no satisfactory solution had been found. I will here propose that the perceived "paradox" derives from the lack of acknowledgement of certain ...
Sanskrit in Modern Context: Exploring the use and revival of Sanskrit
This research explores the use and resurgence of Sanskrit in modern culture with an emphasis on its functions in the fields of education, literature, and the arts. Over the ages, the spoken form of Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-European language famed for its religious, philosophical, and literary literature, gradually declined. However, in recent years, there have been persistent attempts by ...
Essay on Sanskrit Language (1022 Words)
Essay on Sanskrit Language (1022 Words) Essay on Sanskrit Language! Sanskrit has been instrumental in lending continuity to Indian civilisation. In its heyday it was spoken and used in all regions of India including the Dravidian south. While Tamil has maintained a more or less independent literary tradition, all other languages in India have ...
PDF The Study of Sanskrit Language and Literature in Modern India
Sanskrit is a classical language of India and has been an integral part of the Indian cultural and intellectual heritage for thousands of years. Sanskrit is an ancient language of India, believed to have been used between the 4th millennium BCE and the 5th century CE.1 It is considered one of the primitive languages of the world,
The Importance of Sanskrit in Indian Education
Sanskrit is currently not offered as a language option in most private and government schools, including in the school of this essay's author. Indeed, most of my Sanskrit-speaking friends actually learnt Sanskrit from traditional paṇḍitas outside the formal academic system. Though Sanskrit should not be made compulsory as a language, all ...
Gujarati Essay on "Drought", "દુકાળ વિશે ગુજરાતી નિબંધ" for Students
Gujarati Essay on "Drought", "દુકાળ વિશે ગુજરાતી નિબંધ" for Students. પ્રસ્તાવના: ભારત એક ખેતીપ્રધાન દેશ છે. અહીંયા સિત્તેર ટકા જનતા ખેતીના કાર્યમાં લાગેલી છે ...
essay on pollution in sanskrit language
essay on pollution in sanskrit language. Guest Guest #1. 23-08-2015, 09:33 PM . ... Rain and drought all over the world. This hinders the survival of living organisms. Water Pollution. Water pollution is the presence of harmful materials in the water, such as sewage, dissolved metals, farm residues, factories and crude oil spilled from oil ...
PDF thE DEAth of A ClASSiCAl lAnGuAGE: A CASE StuDy of SAnSKrit in inDiA
the state of Sanskrit in its place of birth is such that it is hardly left with speakers. The governments took a long time in according the status of official language to Sanskrit in 2010 but it ended up becoming the second official language. No state in India figures Sanskrit as its primary official language.
essay on drought in sanskrit language
MA, Sanskrit litt in Sanskrit (language), M.L.B. Girls Govt. Higher ... You can certainly get an essay on "Save water" in Sanskrit. Since it appears to be a... Drought is a dangerous condition which decreases the quality of life. It is termed as a natural disaster with harmful effects. In this Essay on Drought will...
drought
The word or phrase drought refers to a shortage of rainfall, or a prolonged shortage. See drought meaning in Sanskrit, drought definition, translation and meaning of drought in Sanskrit. Find drought similar words, drought synonyms. Learn and practice the pronunciation of drought. Find the answer of what is the meaning of drought in Sanskrit ...
essay on drought in sanskrit language
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Sanskrit Essays
An essay is a piece of content which is written from the perception of the writer. Essays can be of different types, long or short, formal or informal, biography or autobiography etc. These are useful for Sanskrit students and others interested in learning Sanskrit.
Essay on Drought for Students and Children
500+ Words Essay on Drought. Drought is a dangerous condition which decreases the quality of life. It is termed as a natural disaster with harmful effects. A drought usually occurs when a region faces a shortage of water. This is mainly due to lesser rainfalls. In addition, droughts have proven to be fatal for mankind and wildlife as well.