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• Conditional Sentences | Examples & Use

Conditional Sentences | Examples & Use

Published on March 14, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on September 11, 2023.

A conditional sentence refers to a hypothetical situation and its possible consequence.

Conditional sentences always contain a subordinate clause that expresses a condition (e.g., “If it snows tomorrow”) and a main clause indicating the outcome of this condition (e.g., “school will be canceled ”).

There are four main types of conditionals in English, each of which expresses a specific level of likelihood or possibility.

Table of contents

How to use conditional sentences, zero conditional sentences, first conditional sentences, second conditional sentences, third conditional sentences, mixed conditional, common mistake: adding “would” to the “if” clause, other interesting language articles, frequently asked questions.

Conditional sentences are used to describe a hypothetical scenario and the possible consequences of this scenario. All conditional sentences contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause that describes an unreal condition (e.g., “If you train more”)
• A main clause that indicates the result of this hypothetical scenario (e.g., “you will become a better swimmer”)

The subordinate clause of a conditional sentence usually begins with the conjunction “if.”

This is often paired with a “then” at the start of the second clause (e.g., “ if you want to go, then you should go”). However, including “then” is optional.

When the subordinate clause is used at the start of a sentence, it’s always followed by a comma . If the main clause comes first, no comma is needed (and “then” should not be included).

• If you ate healthier food, then you would have more energy.
• You would have more energy if you ate healthier food.

If you switch the order of conditional clauses, you may also need to switch the order of the nouns and pronouns in the sentence.

• If Tom had called earlier, he might have gotten an appointment.
• Tom might have gotten an appointment if he had called earlier.

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The zero conditional is used to indicate general truths, scientific facts, or habits. In zero conditional sentences, both the main clause and the conditional clause are normally in the present simple tense .

Zero conditional sentences can also use “when” instead of “if,” because they refer to general truths rather than specific scenarios.

Zero conditionals can also be used to make a command or request or to give advice or instructions. In these instances, the conditional clause is in the present simple tense and the main clause is in the imperative mood .

First conditional sentences refer to a possible action in the present and its realistic future consequence. Sentences using the first conditional contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause with a verb in the present simple tense  (e.g., “if you eat”)
• A main clause formed using a modal verb (usually “will,” “may,” “can,” or “might”) along with the infinitive form of the main verb  (e.g., “run”)

If you don’t practice guitar, then you won’t improve .

Second conditionals are used to refer to an improbable or impossible past or present condition and its unlikely or unrealistic future consequence. Sentences that use the second conditional contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause with a verb in the past subjunctive form (e.g., “looked”)
• A main clause using a modal verb (usually “would,” “could,” or “might”) along with the infinitive form of the main verb (e.g., “sing”)

If Bill talked less, he could finish more tasks.

Third conditional sentences are used to refer to an unreal past situation and its past result. Sentences that use the third conditional contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause with a verb in the past perfect tense (e.g., “if I had worked”)
• A main clause using a modal verb (usually “would,” “could,” or “might”) along with the auxiliary verb “have” and the past participle of the main verb

If Sander had studied more, then he might have gotten a better grade.

Mixed conditional sentences use a combination of the second and third conditionals. The first type of mixed conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its ongoing consequence. Sentences that use the first type of mixed conditional contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause containing a verb in the past perfect tense (as in a third conditional)
• A main clause with a modal verb (usually “would”) and the infinitive form of the main verb (as in a second conditional)

The second type of mixed conditional sentence is used to describe an unreal past condition and its past consequence. It’s formed using:

• A subordinate clause with a verb in the past subjunctive form (as in a second conditional)
• A main clause containing a modal verb (usually “would”) along with the auxiliary verb “have” and the past participle of the main verb (as in a third conditional)

When using conditional sentences, people sometimes add the modal verb “would” to the subordinate clause. While “would” is often used in the main clause of second, third, or mixed conditional sentences, it’s wrong to add “would” to the subordinate clause.

Instead, subordinate clauses in the second conditional always use the past subjunctive form , while subordinate clauses in the third conditional always use the past perfect form .

• If you would drive to work, you would arrive earlier.
• If you drove to work, you would arrive earlier.
• If he would have asked first, I might have agreed.
• If he had asked first, I might have agreed.

If you want to know more about commonly confused words, definitions, common mistakes, and differences between US and UK spellings, make sure to check out some of our other language articles with explanations, examples, and quizzes.

Nouns & pronouns

• Common nouns
• Proper nouns
• Indefinite pronouns
• Personal pronouns
• Uncountable and countable nouns
• Verb tenses
• Modal verbs
• Auxiliary verbs
• Subjunctive mood
• Imperative mood
• Interjections
• Determiners
• Prepositions

A conditional sentence is a sentence that describes the possible consequences of a hypothetical situation.

Conditional sentences contain a subordinate clause that describes a hypothetical situation (usually starting with the conjunction “if”) and a main clause that describes its possible results (e.g., “If I were you, I’d buy a new phone”).

A conditional clause is one of two clauses in a conditional sentence .

Conditional clauses are subordinate clauses that refer to a hypothetical situation (usually starting with the conjunction “if”). They are used along with a main clause that describes the possible consequences of the hypothetical situation (e.g., “If you’re late again, you will be fired”).

Sources in this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

Ryan, E. (2023, September 11). Conditional Sentences | Examples & Use. Scribbr. Retrieved April 8, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/verbs/conditional-sentences/

Aarts, B. (2011). Oxford modern English grammar . Oxford University Press.

Butterfield, J. (Ed.). (2015). Fowler’s dictionary of modern English usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Garner, B. A. (2016). Garner’s modern English usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

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“If-then”: Using Conditional Sentences in Academic Writing

Conditional sentences are statements of an “if-then” or “unless-then” situation (although “then” is not used), or a probability. These sentences present situations and their possible outcomes. Conditional sentences are often used to discuss the results of the research studies or are part of a research hypothesis statement.

Conditional sentences are perfectly acceptable and, in many cases, necessary to state and test a condition and its outcome. Most authors of the scientific papers will use these sentences in their abstracts to discuss the reasons to conduct their study. So, it is important to frame them correctly.

One way of writing conditional sentences correctly is using Trinka – world’s first AI-powered grammar checker and language enhancement tool custom designed for academic writing. Its smart features help you in incorporating all the requirements of academic writing such as formal tone, consistency, style guide preferences and much more! Moreover, Trinka corrects advance grammar errors unique to technical writing which includes conditional sentences, too.

Types of Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are constructed using two clauses—the if (or unless ) clause and the main clause. There are five types of conditional sentences. It is important to understand each because each conveys a different meaning . Some conditional sentences refer to the general truths and others to hypothetical situations.

• Zero conditional sentences refer to the general truth about a situation. These sentences state that one condition always results in the same outcome. For example:

If I don’t turn on my air conditioner, my house is hot.

Note that the both clauses are in the present tense.

• First conditional sentences present a situation in which a future outcome is not ensured. For example:

If you eat your broccoli, you will feel great.

Note that the present tense is used in the if clause and the future tense in the main clause.

• Second conditional sentences express if clauses and results that are extremely unlikely, such as those we “wish for.” For example:

If I had control over the food sources, I would end world hunger.

Note the use of the simple past tense in the if clause and the verb (i.e., would, could, should) in the main clause.

• Third conditional sentences are a bit different. They suggest that the result would be different had the past been different. For example:

If you had told me you were hungry, I would have bought food for you.

Note that the conditions did not happen. The past perfect tense (had + past participle form of the verb) is used in the if clause and the verb (would) plus “have” plus the past participle of the verb was used in the main clause.

• Mixed type conditional sentences refer to something in the past but continuing into the present; however, the past condition and the results are not real. For example,

If I had learned to ride sooner, I would be a top rodeo star by now.

Note that the past perfect verb is used in the if clause and the present conditional verb is used in the main clause.

Punctuating these conditional sentences is simple. Use a comma to separate the if clause from the main clause when the if clause comes first. Again, Trinka can help you in the punctuating the sentences correctly, within minutes!

Some Exceptions to the Rules

For example, in the following sentence, we use the simple future verb in the if clause:

If turmeric will ease my arthritis pain, I will take some every day.

Note that the action in the if clause hasn’t happened yet, but will happen after the action in the main clause is taken.

The use of were to in the if clause is another exception. This phrase is used to emphasize the importance of the result of something that might happen. For example:

If she were to fall on that arm again, she would have to have surgery.

The action in the main clause is emphasized by were to in the if clause.

Importance to Researchers

In your research, you are most likely going to either perform your own experiments or use the results of others’ experiments to conduct a meta-analysis. Whichever the case, you will need to report your findings and assessments . In doing so, there will be situations in which the results of your study or even future studies are based on certain conditions. Your conclusions are based on evidence, data, or theory. You might present your conclusions as likelihoods that something has already happened, is currently happening, or will happen at some point. This is where conditional sentence is a great help.

Writing conditional sentences might appear to be a difficult thing to do, but with practice and good understanding of the above mentioned rules, you can perfect it. Alternatively, you can check out Trinka ! Its robust AI facilitates you in integrating all the conventions and language requirements of academic writing. Along with, conditional sentences Trinka can also assist you in logic, syntax, technical spellings and much more!

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“If-then”: Using Conditional Sentences in Academic Writing

Conditional sentences are statements of an “if-then” or “unless” situation. These sentences express situations and their probable results. Conditional sentences are frequently used to discuss the outcomes of research studies or are part of a hypothesis statement.

Conditional sentences are essential for stating and testing conditions and their results. Most authors of scientific papers use such statements, particularly in the Introduction and Discussion sections.

Essentially, the verb tenses used in the if-clause and the result clause must adhere to the type of conditional sentences being expressed. To ensure your conditional sentences are contextually correct, you can use Trinka , an AI-powered writing assistant. It is the world’s first language enhancement tool that is custom-built for academic and technical writing, and has several exclusive features to help you write clear and concise conditional sentences.

Table of Contents

Types of Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences contain two clauses—the  condition  clause ( if or  unless ) and the  main  clause. There are five kinds of conditional sentences, each conveying a different meaning. Some conditional sentences refer to the common truths and others to hypothetical situations.

• Zero conditional sentences  refer to a common truth or factual relationships. These sentences assert that one condition always results in the same outcome. For instance:

If you put ice cubes in a glass of water, they melt .

Note that both clauses are in the  present tense .

• First conditional sentences  present a possible situation and its probable result. The degree of certainty is lower compared to the zero conditional. For instance:

If you eat green vegetables, you  will  feel amazing.

Note that the  present tense  is used in the  if -clause and the  future  tense in the main clause.

• Second conditional sentences  express unreal conditions and their probable results—speculation, for example.

If I  had  control over food production, I  would  end world hunger.

Note the use of the  simple past tense  in the  if -clause and the modal verb (i.e., would, could, should) in the main clause.

• Third conditional sentences  are slightly different. They propose that the outcome would be different had the past been different. This kind of conditional expresses a situation that is contrary to fact. For instance:

If you  had  told me, I  would have  brought dinner for you.

Note that the condition and the result did not occur. The  past perfect tense  (had + past participle form of the verb) is used in the  if -clause, and the verb (would) plus “have” plus the past participle of the verb is used in the main clause.

• Mixed type conditional sentences  refer to a situation in the past and its probable result in the present. For instance,

If I  had learned  to ride earlier, I  would be  a big rodeo star by now.

Note that  the past perfect verb  is used in the  if -clause, and the present conditional verb is used in the main clause.

Punctuating conditional sentences is easy. Use a comma to separate the  if -clause from the main clause when the  if -clause comes first.

A Few Exceptions to the Rules

In the sentence given below, we use the simple future verb in the  if -clause:

If Vitamin D  eases  my arthritis pain, I  will take  some supplements every day.

Note that the action in the  if -clause hasn’t taken place yet, but will occur after the action in the main clause is taken.

The use of “ were + infinitive verb ” (e.g., were to fall) in the  if -clause is another exception. This phrase is used to highlight the significance of the outcome of something that  might  occur. For instance:

If she  were to  fall on her shoulder again, she  would have to  have surgery.

The action in the if -clause (were to fall) displays the subjunctive mood, i.e., a grammatical feature in English for expressing wishes, proposals, suggestions, or imagined situations.

Significance to Researchers

In your research, you are likely to either perform your independent experiments or use the outcomes of others’ experiments to conduct a meta-analysis. In either case, you will be required to report your evaluation and conclusions. In doing so, there will be situations in which the outcomes of your study or even future studies are based on specific conditions. Your findings are based on evidence, data, or theory. You might present your conclusions as likelihoods that something has already occurred, is presently happening, or will take place at some point. This is where a conditional sentence plays a critical role.

The verb tenses used in the if-clause and the result clause must adhere to the type of conditional being expressed. Here’s where Trinka , an AI-driven writing assistant, can help. It is the world’s first language enhancement tool that is custom-built for academic and technical writing, and has several exclusive features to make your manuscript ready for the global audience.

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• Knowledge Base
• Conditional Sentences | Examples & Use

Conditional Sentences | Examples & Use

Published on 14 March 2023 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on 11 September 2023.

A conditional sentence refers to a hypothetical situation and its possible consequence.

Conditional sentences always contain a subordinate clause that expresses a condition (e.g., ‘If it snows tomorrow’) and a main clause indicating the outcome of this condition (e.g., ‘school will be cancelled ‘).

There are four main types of conditionals in English, each of which expresses a specific level of likelihood or possibility.

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Table of contents

How to use conditional sentences, zero conditional sentences, first conditional sentences, second conditional sentences, third conditional sentences, mixed conditional, common mistake: adding ‘would’ to the ‘if’ clause, other interesting language articles, frequently asked questions.

Conditional sentences are used to describe a hypothetical scenario and the possible consequences of this scenario. All conditional sentences contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause that describes an unreal condition (e.g., ‘If you train more’)
• A main clause that indicates the result of this hypothetical scenario (e.g., ‘you will become a better swimmer’)

The subordinate clause of a conditional sentence usually begins with the conjunction ‘if’.

This is often paired with a ‘then’ at the start of the second clause (e.g., ‘ if you want to go, then you should go’). However, including ‘then’ is optional.

When the subordinate clause is used at the start of a sentence, it’s always followed by a comma . If the main clause comes first, no comma is needed (and ‘then’ should not be included).

• If you ate healthier food, then you would have more energy.
• You would have more energy if you ate healthier food.

If you switch the order of conditional clauses, you may also need to switch the order of the nouns and pronouns in the sentence.

• If Tom had called earlier, he might have got an appointment.
• Tom might have got an appointment if he had called earlier.

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The zero conditional is used to indicate general truths, scientific facts, or habits. In zero conditional sentences, both the main clause and the conditional clause are normally in the present simple tense .

Zero conditional sentences can also use ‘when’ instead of ‘if’, because they refer to general truths rather than specific scenarios.

Zero conditionals can also be used to make a command or request or to give advice or instructions. In these instances, the conditional clause is in the present simple tense and the main clause is in the imperative mood .

First conditional sentences refer to a possible action in the present and its realistic future consequence. Sentences using the first conditional contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause with a verb in the present simple tense  (e.g., ‘if you eat’)
• A main clause formed using a modal verb (usually ‘will’, ‘may’, ‘can’, or ‘might’) along with the infinitive form of the main verb  (e.g., ‘run’)

If you don’t practise guitar, then you won’t improve .

Second conditionals are used to refer to an improbable or impossible past or present condition and its unlikely or unrealistic future consequence. Sentences that use the second conditional contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause with a verb in the past subjunctive form (e.g., ‘looked’)
• A main clause using a modal verb (usually ‘would’, ‘could’, or ‘might’) along with the infinitive form of the main verb (e.g., ‘sing’)

If Bill talked less, he could finish more tasks.

Third conditional sentences are used to refer to an unreal past situation and its past result. Sentences that use the third conditional contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause with a verb in the past perfect tense (e.g., ‘if I had worked’)
• A main clause using a modal verb (usually ‘would’, ‘could’, or ‘might’) along with the auxiliary verb ‘have’ and the past participle of the main verb

If Sander had studied more, then he might have got  a better grade.

Mixed conditional sentences use a combination of the second and third conditionals. The first type of mixed conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its ongoing consequence. Sentences that use the first type of mixed conditional contain two clauses:

• A subordinate clause containing a verb in the past perfect tense (as in a third conditional)
• A main clause with a modal verb (usually ‘would’) and the infinitive form of the main verb (as in a second conditional)

The second type of mixed conditional sentence is used to describe an unreal past condition and its past consequence. It’s formed using:

• A subordinate clause with a verb in the past subjunctive form (as in a second conditional)
• A main clause containing a modal verb (usually ‘would’) along with the auxiliary verb ‘have’ and the past participle of the main verb (as in a third conditional)

When using conditional sentences, people sometimes add the modal verb ‘would’ to the subordinate clause. While ‘would’ is often used in the main clause of second, third, or mixed conditional sentences, it’s wrong to add ‘would’ to the subordinate clause.

Instead, subordinate clauses in the second conditional always use the past subjunctive form , while subordinate clauses in the third conditional always use the past perfect form .

• If you would drive to work, you would arrive earlier.
• If you drove to work, you would arrive earlier.
• If he would have asked first, I might have agreed.
• If he had asked first, I might have agreed.

If you want to know more about commonly confused words, definitions, common mistakes, and differences between US and UK spellings, make sure to check out some of our other language articles with explanations, examples, and quizzes.

Nouns & pronouns

• Common nouns
• Proper nouns
• Collective nouns
• Personal pronouns
• Uncountable and countable nouns
• Verb tenses
• Phrasal verbs
• Sentence structure
• Active vs passive voice
• Subject-verb agreement
• Interjections
• Determiners
• Prepositions

A conditional sentence is a sentence that describes the possible consequences of a hypothetical situation.

Conditional sentences contain a subordinate clause that describes a hypothetical situation (usually starting with the conjunction “if”) and a main clause that describes its possible results (e.g., “If I were you, I’d buy a new phone”).

A conditional clause is one of two clauses in a conditional sentence .

Conditional clauses are subordinate clauses that refer to a hypothetical situation (usually starting with the conjunction “if”). They are used along with a main clause that describes the possible consequences of the hypothetical situation (e.g., “If you’re late again, you will be fired”).

Sources for this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

Ryan, E. (2023, September 11). Conditional Sentences | Examples & Use. Scribbr. Retrieved 9 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/verb/conditional-sentence/

Aarts, B. (2011). Oxford modern English grammar . Oxford University Press.

Butterfield, J. (Ed.). (2015). Fowler’s dictionary of modern English usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Garner, B. A. (2016). Garner’s modern English usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

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Other students also liked, imperative mood | definition, examples & use, the subjunctive mood | definition & examples, what is a modal verb | definition & examples.

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• Writing Tips

Grammar Tips: Understanding Conditional Sentences

4-minute read

• 4th November 2020

We use conditional sentences to talk about hypotheticals (i.e., things that might happen). These sentences have two parts: a conditional clause, which usually contains a word like “if,” and a consequence. They also come in four main types, each expressing something different. For instance:

These conditionals are formed in different ways, so knowing how they work can help you avoid errors in your writing . As such, below, we’re going to look at how each of the conditional sentence types above is formed.

Type Zero Conditionals

We can use a type zero conditional sentence to talk about general truths and situations with inevitable consequences . In other words, we use them for conditions that always lead to a certain result.

These sentences typically take the following basic form:

If (or when) [condition] occurs, [result] happens.

Usually, they use the simple present tense for both the condition and result:

If I eat too much chocolate, I feel sick.

When it rains, the road gets wet.

The words “if” and “when” are interchangeable in type zero conditionals.

Type One Conditionals

We use type one conditionals for likely or plausible future situations and their consequences. This takes the standard format:

If [condition] happens, [result] will happen.

The big difference here from type zero conditionals is that the result uses the simple future tense (i.e., we use “will” before the base form of a verb):

If you go to bed now, you will feel better in the morning.

The conditional clause, though, is still in the simple present tense.

Type Two Conditionals

Type two conditionals express unlikely or unreal situations and their consequences. They typically take the following form:

If [condition] happened, [result] would happen.

Here, the condition is in the simple past tense , while the result typically uses the present conditional (i.e., “would” or another modal verb with a base verb), which shows that the situation is unlikely or unreal:

If I knew the answer, I would tell you.

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Note that, with this kind of conditional, you should use “were” rather than “was” in the conditional clause. For instance:

If I were you, I’d say no.

The “were” here shows that we’re talking about a hypothetical scenario.

Type Three Conditionals

Type three conditionals express an unreal past condition and its likely results had it occurred. The basic form is:

If [condition] had happened, [result] would have happened.

We use the past perfect tense for the conditional (i.e., we use “had” before a past participle ) in this case, while the result is usually in the perfect conditional form (i.e., “would have” and a past participle):

If Jim had got up earlier, he would have been on time for work.

We use this type of conditional when something hasn’t happened in reality. The sentence above, for example, tells us that Jim did not get up early.

Mixed Type Conditionals

A mixed type conditional is one in which the conditional clause and main clause happen in different times. For example:

If we had asked for directions, we would be there now.

Here, the conditional clause ( If we had asked for directions ) is in the past perfect, while the result ( we would be there now ) is in the simple present conditional tense. It is therefore a mix of type three and type two above.

Mixed conditionals like this are quite common, so it’s important to pay attention to the tense of each clause when writing conditional sentences!

Variations in Conditional Sentences

We’ve outlined some basic conditional sentence forms above. However, there is plenty of room for variation here, such as changing the order of clauses, forming negative conditionals, and using words other than ‘if’ in the conditional clause. You can see examples of these below:

I feel sick if I eat too much chocolate.

If you don’t go to bed now, you will feel tired in the morning.

Were I in your position, I would apologize.

As this shows, conditional sentences can be complex! So, if you’d like any help to check your writing to make sure you’re using conditionals correctly, why not submit a free sample document for proofreading?

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Follow These Rules To Write Conditional Sentences Correctly

by Alice Sudlow | 18 comments

Of all the nuances of grammar in the English language, this is my greatest pet peeve. No, it’s not “its vs. it’s.” It’s not “there, their, and they’re.” It’s not even the Oxford comma.

Let’s talk conditional sentences.

What Is a Conditional Sentence?

A conditional sentence is a sentence that describes a hypothetical situation, like an action or event, and the result of that situation.

Confused? Here’s an easy way to think about it: a conditional sentence can usually use the words “if” and “then.” Here’s an example:

If a zombie apocalypse occurs, then I want to survive.

Real vs. Unreal Conditional Sentences

There are two major types of conditional sentences, and you use them based on how likely the hypothetical situation is to occur.

Real conditional sentences deal with factors that are certain.

If I go to the hardware store today, then I will get a crowbar.

It’s very possible that I’ll actually go to the hardware store today, and when I'm there, I will definitely get a crowbar. So this is a real conditional sentence.

On the other hand, unreal conditional sentences deal with imaginary situations, things that aren’t likely to happen.

If their chainsaws were not so expensive, then I would get one of those, too.

The problem is that chainsaws are expensive, so I definitely won’t get one. Since finding a low-priced chainsaw at that hardware store is an imaginary situation, this conditional sentence is unreal .

Formulas for Writing Conditional Sentences

Writing a conditional sentence is like following a formula. Try these common ones out for size:

The Present Real Conditional: If [present situation], then [present result]

If I buy hefty tools, I put them in my zombie preparedness kit.

Note : you can often omit the “then” from conditional sentences. Most of the examples in this post work with or without the “then.” Most writers will omit the “then” in almost all their conditional sentences for simplicity sake.

The Present Unreal Conditional: If [simple past situation], then [conditional result].

If I bought a chainsaw, then I would put it in my zombie preparedness kit, too.

The Past Real Conditional: If [simple past situation], then [simple past result].

Before I created my zombie preparedness kit, I avoided watching zombie movies because if I watched them, then I got really scared.

The Future Real Conditional: If [present], then [future].

If one day we face a zombie apocalypse, I will be ready.

Reversing “If and Then” Order

All formulas for conditional sentences hold true if you reverse the if/then clauses:

I would buy a chainsaw if I could afford it.

Or even if you remove the words “if” and “then” altogether:

Had I a chainsaw, I would feel more prepared.

You Can Use “When” in Conditional Sentences, Too

Using “when” instead of “if” will change the meaning of these sentences, but they’re still conditional sentences either way. For example:

When  I buy hefty tools, I put them in my zombie preparedness kit.

When Things Go Wrong With Conditional Sentences

Have you ever heard someone say, “If I would have”?

If I would have known the chainsaws were on sale last week, then I would have purchased one.

This is so wrong.

I hear it all the time, but there’s a major problem here. Remember all those formulas we talked about? Here’s the one we need now:

The Past Unreal Conditional: “If [past perfect situation], then [conditional past result].”

Or to put it more simply, “If I had [past participle], then I would have [past participle].”

“Would have purchased” is the conditional past tense of the verb “to purchase.” It fits perfectly after “then.” But “would have known” is the conditional past, too, so it doesn’t fit. The past perfect of “to know” is “had known.” So the correct sentence is:

If I had known the chainsaws were on sale last week, then I would have purchased one.

Bonus! More Misused Conditional Sentences

Here’s one more instance where people commonly (but mistakenly) use the conditional past tense:

I wish I would have known about the sale at the hardware store!

Like the if-clauses above, “I wish” must be followed by the past perfect. So if you realize you missed out on a great opportunity to beef up your zombie preparedness kit and you regret not snagging a deal on that chainsaw last week, you would say,

I wish I had known about the sale at the hardware store!

This is the correct version.

And with that, you know all you need to if you never want to misuse conditional sentences again! If I were standing next to you, then I'd give you a high five! (See what I did there?)

 How about you? Do you enjoy using conditional sentences in writing? Let us know in the comments section .

Write a scene about a regretful character. Maybe she did something she shouldn’t have done. Maybe he didn’t do something he should have done. If something had happened, then what would have happened? What does this person wish they’d done differently?

Write about your character’s if/then or “I wish” mistake for fifteen minutes, then post your practice in the comments. And if you post, remember to give feedback to your fellow writers.

Bonus: Today, find a real-life if/then or “I wish” mistake. Listen to the conversations around you, pay attention to the lyrics of songs on the radio, and double-check the newspaper, books on your shelf, and cereal boxes. When you find an instance where the conditional past is misused, share it in the comments.

Alice Sudlow

Alice Sudlow is the Editor-in-Chief of The Write Practice and a Story Grid certified developmental editor. Her specialty is in crafting transformative character arcs in young adult novels. She also has a keen eye for comma splices, misplaced hyphens, and well-turned sentences, and is known for her eagle-eyed copywriter skills. Get her free guide to how to edit your novel at alicesudlow.com .

18 Comments

Another is ‘may’ vs. ‘might’ – I keep hearing people talk about things that could have happened but didn’t and saying they ‘may have’ happened. The only time it’s correct to say something may have happened is when we don’t know whether it happened or not – they mean that it might have happened, as in ‘if the Nazis had invented the atomic bomb first, they might have won World War II.’

That’s a good one! It trips a lot of people up.

This, Jim, is one that I always have to think about. The conditional sentences don’t really cause me any problems. How about conditional sentences and the subjunctive? I too often hear ‘If I was…’ When it should be ‘If I were…’ It grates!

If I were you, I would have written this brilliant post. Since I am not, I just deleted my astute response. I am considering writing a story from my idea box about a former friend who hurt me in high school. If I were Andi, would I care about crushing another ‘s feeling? Roy Clark in his masterful “The Glamour of Grammar” warns us to avoid “hypergrammar.” He suggests we sound like “prigs ” if we were to use “It is I.” What is your response?

I hear where you’re coming from. When sentences get complex or unwieldy, enforcing correct grammar can make them sound strange and unnatural. I love grammar, and I find it hard to bend the rules even when they start to do more harm than good. But I do have a couple of exceptions:

– I don’t mind ending a sentence with a preposition. That rule is based on French grammar, in which it’s actually impossible to end a sentence with a preposition. I don’t think it enhances clarity to say, “About what are you thinking?” rather than, “What are you thinking about?”

– If you’re writing dialogue, the key is to capture the way that your characters would actually talk. That gives you a decent amount of freedom in what you can do to bend grammar rules. The novel as a whole would need to adhere more closely to correct grammar, but even there, the voice and tone should fit the characters and setting. A story about teenagers in the 23rd century on Mars will probably sound different from a historical political drama, and perhaps grammar (even dated or made-up grammar) will play a part in that.

Bottom line: I agree that it’s good to avoid “hypergrammar.” But loving grammar as I do, I find that a difficult line to walk.

I’m glad you’re confident with conditional sentences! I see “if I would have” so often that I felt it bore explaining. You’re right, though, that the subjunctive gets very tricky for a lot of people. I hear it used incorrectly so frequently that sometimes I have to double-check my own usage. Good idea for a follow-up post!

Awesome. Thank you. And, what a coincidence! My oldest son has problems using those words, in the 1st paragraph, in a sentence. I was going over them with him just yesterday. (Due to his behavior, he has to write a lot of essays)

I’m so glad you found this helpful! Good luck to your son — with both essays and behavior! 🙂

Awwww, thanks.☺

This is an excellent start for me ~ Sorry my 15 minute response will be kept for expansion. IF I didn’t have this plan, THEN I would certainly have shared it.

Great use of a conditional sentence! I’m glad your practice turned into a promising piece!

Shadow watched the girl sleep on the couch. Her chest rose and fell, her breaths coming softly.

The face of the man who’d tried to rape her rose up in his mind in sharp focus. Shadow’s jaw clenched. He’d had his chance to strangle the man—yet he’d restrained himself because the girl had been there, because she had asked him not to.

The look in her eyes as Shadow had gripped the man’s throat…it had chilled Shadow. Because it had reflected who he was inside. Someone capable of killing.

But if he had taken the man’s life, it would not have been without cause.

The girl stirred on the couch. She opened her eyes, revealing soft, bottle-green. “You okay?” she asked.

He laid a hand on her shoulder. “I was just about to leave for work. Rouge is coming by to spend the night.” His mouth tugged in a half-smile. “She likes scary movies, so I’m sure she’s bringing one.”

“Sounds fun,” the girl said, returning his smile.

He squeezed her shoulder and headed for the front door. Just as he’d opened it, the girl said behind him, “Shadow?”

He turned back.

“You did the right thing.”

The thought of a man holding this girl down and forcing himself on her—on a little girl—made his blood simmer.

Allowing that man to live, to let his heart beat one more instant, had been the right thing to do?

Shadow could not disagree more.

Any suggestions/feedback are welcome. Thanks for reading!

If I have to wait to read the rest of this story, then I will be sad. Nice start to something really good.

Aww thank you!! : ) I appreciate that!

This is a great start! I like the slow way you reveal details, not disclosing the young age of the little girl until near the end. I also found the way you showed Shadow’s inner turmoil to be very effective. Internal reflections are nicely mixed with external actions, so neither one feels too long.

And of course, excellent use of a conditional sentence in the fourth paragraph!

Thank you so much, I really appreciate that! : )

Thanks for the reminder!

Guys, is anyone using the typo bounty app? I read about it in a grammar forum. I’d love some feedback!

Thanks, Jai

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Conditionals are used to describe the result of a real or hypothetical condition. They contain two clauses:

• A clause beginning with ‘If’ that introduces the condition.
• A main clause that indicates the consequence or result of that condition.

There are four main types of conditional in English. Each is used to indicate the likelihood of a situation occurring, or the likelihood that it would have occurred under particular circumstances . The Zero and First conditionals are sometimes known as ‘real conditionals’, because they are used for situations that are certain or highly likely. The Second and Third conditionals are often called ‘unreal conditionals’ because they are used for situations which are improbable or impossible.

The four conditionals.

Zero conditional (real).

For general and scientific truths (situations in which one occurrence always leads to a particular consequence ).

If you heat wax, it melts. If + present simple tense + present simple tense. Likelihood = 100%

In sentences using the Zero Conditional, the word ‘If’ can be swapped for the word ‘When’, because the consequence will always be the same: ‘When you heat wax, it melts’.

First Conditional (real)

For real or highly likely future scenarios.

If I get 80% for the exam, I will have an A grade average overall. If + present simple tense + will + infinitive (without ‘to’) *Likelihood = > 90%

Second Conditional (real)

For impossible or improbable situations in the present and future.

If I had a photographic memory, I would never need to take notes from books. If + past simple tense + would + infinitive (without ‘to’) *Likelihood = < 2%

When ‘If I’ is followed by the verb to ‘be’, it is grammatically correct to say ‘If I were..’, and ‘If he/she/it were’. This use of ‘were’ is a relic of the English subjunctive. However, native speakers will often use ‘was’, particular with he/she/it.

Third Conditional (unreal)

For hypothetical situations in the past (situations that did not occur/unreal imaginary situations). The Third conditional is used to indicate that present circumstances might have been different, had circumstances in the past differed.

If I had been good at maths, I could have been an astrophysicist. If + past perfect tense + would have + past participle. *Likelihood = 0%

*These percentages are estimates for illustrative purposes only.

Mixed conditionals.

Mixed conditionals are ‘mixed’ in the sense that the condition and the consequence are situated in different periods of time. In other words, the two parts of the sentence refer to different times. Mixed conditionals are commonly used by native speakers, and they always express unreal or impossible situations.

Present condition → Past consequence

If I were a keen writer, I would have become a journalist after leaving university. But I am not a keen writer, and so I didn’t become a journalist after leaving university.

Present condition → Future consequence

If I were good at public speaking, I would be giving a paper at the conference in New York next month. But I am not good at public speaking, and so I will not be giving a paper at the conference in New York next month.

Past condition → Present consequence

If I had learnt Spanish at school, I would be able to understand this journal article. But I didn’t learn Spanish at school, and so I can’t understand this journal article.

Past condition → Future consequence

If I had saved hard enough, I would be going to Ecuador with you next summer. But I didn’t save hard enough, and so I will not be going to Ecuador.

Future condition → Present consequence

If I were sitting the exam tomorrow, I would be really nervous . But I will not be sitting the exam tomorrow, so I am not nervous.

Future condition → Past consequence

If I weren’t going to do a PhD at Massey, I would already have applied for a job overseas. But I am going to do a PhD at Massey, so I didn’t apply for a job overseas.

Punctuation of conditional sentences

Add a comma after the ‘If’ clause, if it precedes the clause describing the consequence.

If I finish a draft of my assignment in time, I will submit it to the pre-reading service.

If the clause describing the consequence precedes the ‘If’ clause, no comma is required.

I will submit a draft of my assignment to the pre-reading service if I finish it in time.

For further information and examples, see:

British Council (n.d.a). Conditionals 1.   https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/conditionals-1

British Council. (n.d.b). Conditionals 2. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/conditionals-2

Grammarly. (n.d.). Conditional sentences. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/conditional-sentences/

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Academic Conditionals

by AEUK | Aug 8, 2022 | Grammar

GRAMMAR / Conditionals

 Academic Conditionals

• What are conditionals?

Conditionals in academic writing

• Conditional examples

 What are conditionals / if clauses ?

Conditionals are used to describe the result of a real or hypothetical condition.

There are four main types of conditionals in English. Each is used to indicate the likelihood of a situation occurring, or the likelihood that it would have occurred under particular circumstances.

• The Zero and First conditionals are known as ‘real conditionals’, because they are used for situations that are certain or highly likely.
• The Second and Third conditionals are often called ‘unreal conditionals’ because they are used for situations which are improbable or impossible.

Conditionals have many uses in academic writing: facts, habitual actions, implications, interferences, predictions, plans, possibilities and hypothetical situations ( see next tab for conditional examples) . Conditionals are also used frequently in hedging language to make criticisms and judgements softer. 

Present unreal conditional

• The evidence is not strong enough because it is based on a limited number of participants.
• The evidence would be stronger IF it had been based on more participants.

Past unreal conditional

• The paper was not persuasive because the author failed to relate the findings to previous theories on the topic.

The paper would have been more persuasive IF the author had related the findings to previous theories on the topic.

Conditional sentences examples

State scientific facts in the present tense:   if the corn is milled, starch can be extracted., show habitual actions in the present or past:   if we misinterpreted the results, we indicated this immediately., show implications:   if there was legislation for x, it could prevent an environmental  catastrophe., make inferences about the past:  if the project had had  more investment, it may have succeeded., make predictions about the future:  if the results are analysed from an economical  perspective , it will define the problem more clearly., show possible plans or actions:   if you assess the data thoroughly, you might establish the cause of the problem., give advice / possibilities:  if these solutions are applied, it should reduce  the homeless problem significantly.., refer to impossible situations in the present or past :   if the proposal had focused on financial incentives, it would have been more useful., adapted from https://www.adelaide.edu.au, academic conditionals video.

A short video on academic conditionals and their uses.

Video Worksheet  – click here

Pdf lesson download.

  Academic Conditionals  [revised 2022]

This lesson helps improve students’ awareness of conditionals .  It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice.  ( see worksheet example )  Time: 60mins.   Level *** ** [ B1/B2/C1]   TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

Conditionals Language Review

Conditionals: exercise 1

Task 1:  Practice the zero conditional by reordering the following sentences. Add punctuation where necessary.

• watered plants wither if are not die and they

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Plants wither and die if they are not watered.

For a detailed worksheet and more exercises – buy the  download below.

Conditionals: exercise 2

Task 2: Practice the first conditional by rewriting the following sentences. Add the correct grammar and punctuation.

• organisations do not offer an online service then they go out of business

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. If organisations do not offer an online service ,   they  might/could  go out of business.

Conditionals: exercise 3

Task 3: Practice the second conditional by correcting the mistakes in the following sentences.

If car companies would make electric cars cheaper, then everyone can afford one.

If car companies made electric cars cheaper, then everyone could afford one.

Conditionals: exercise 4

Task 3: Practice the third conditional by circling the best option. If both options are possible, then circle both answers.

Zoom video conferencing could not / would not have become so successful if there hadn’t been a rise in remote working.

Zoom video conferencing could not / would no t have become so successful if there hadn’t been a rise in remote working.  

Conditionals: exercise 5

Task 4:   Practice mixed conditionals by completing each sentence.

If the UK had gone into lockdown earlier, _______________________________________________________________________________

1. If the UK had gone into lockdown earlier,  we would have had fewer cases and mortalities. (example)

Conditionals: exercise 6 gap fill

Task 4:  Read the following paragraph about compulsory retirement and complete the gaps with the correct conditional form.

In the UK, the default retirement age of 65 no longer exists. An employee can work into their seventies or eighties if he or she  ____________   (wish) to, provided that they  _____________   (be) fit and healthy. For many people this is of great benefit to not only the individual, but also society as a whole. If an older but long-serving employee is forced to retire, the company  ______________ (need to) replace a wealth of experience and expert knowledge quickly. Also, there are…

In the UK, the default retirement age of 65 no longer exists. An employee can work into their seventies or eighties  if he or she wishes to ,  provided that they are   fit and healthy. For many people this is of great benefit to not only the individual, but also society as a whole. If an older but long-serving employee is forced to retire, the company  will need to   replace a wealth of experience and expert knowledge quickly. Also, there…

 Conditionals Download

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General English: Conditionals / If Clauses

Exercise Sheet: This  worksheet provides an overview of the five conditionals (zero, first, second, third & mixed). It includes the structures, rules and example sentences. In addition, it includes two practice worksheets (intermediate & advanced). Watch the video for more information on conditionals.

Free Download

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  Academic Conditionals

This lesson helps improve students' awareness of conditionals .  It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice ( see worksheet example )  Time: 60mins.   Level *** ** [ B1/B2/C1]     TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

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This lesson helps improve students'  sentence structure through identifying and practising fragments, run-ons and comma splice sentences. It includes noticing, guided and freer practice ( see worksheet example )  Time: 60mins.   Level *** ** [ B1/B2/C1] / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

  Sentence Structure 3:  Complex sentence structure (STEM)

This lesson is to support students in their understanding and practice of complex sentence structure. The worksheets focus on three structures: adverbial, adjective and noun clauses and contain key explanations and sentence and paragraph-level practice within a STEM context   ( see worksheet example) Time: 90mins.   Level *** ** [ B1/B2/C1]   TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

Tense Review (3 lessons: analysis, gap fill, speaking)

This is a great lesson to introduce / revise English Tenses. Lesson 1: students discuss a number of sentences & identify the tense & reason for use. Give out Tense handout ( here ) to consolidate. Lesson 2:  tense review gap fill. Lesson 3: speaking exercise with lots of questions using the tenses. Example    Level **** * [B1/B2/C1 ] TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

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Verb Patterns

This lesson helps improve students' awareness of verb patterns (verb + infinitive, verb + to infinitive, verb + gerund, verb + that clause, verb + wh-clause)  .  It includes a language review section, lots of guided practice and freer paragraph writing practice ( see worksheet example) Time: 60mins.   Level *** ** [ B1/B2/C1]   TEACHER MEMBERSHIP / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

More   Writing  Resources  

Academic phrases, academic style [1], academic style [2], academic style [3], academic style [4], academic word list , writing websites, error correction,   hedging [1], hedging [2], nominalisation, noun phrases [1], noun phrases [2], the syllabus, referencing, in-text referencing, harvard ref. [1], harvard ref. [2], apa ref. [1], ref. generators, reference lists, reporting verbs, credible sources, evaluating sources, academic integrity, 'me' in writing, writer's voice  , writing skills, paraphrasing [1], paraphrasing [2], paraphrase (quotes), summary writing  , summary language, critical thinking, analysis & evaluation, fact vs opinion, argument essays, spse essays, sentence str.  [1], sentence str.  [2], sentence str.  [3], academic posters [1] new, academic posters [2]   new, structure    , essay structure, introductions, thesis statements, paragraphing, topic sentences [1], topic sentences [2], definitions, conclusions, linking words, exemplification , parallelism, punctuation, marking criteria, more blog posts….

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What Are Conditional Sentences? A Closer Look at a Common Writing Technique

Most English writers use conditional sentences in their writing without even knowing it. Learn “what are conditional sentences?” and how to use them properly. 

If you have ever written a statement with a dependent clause starting with the word “if,” then you have likely written a conditional sentence. 

Conditional sentences provide a foundation for making hypothetical situations or presenting conditions for action. They are similar to an if/then statement but without the word “then.”

These sentences use two clauses and different verb tenses to give a particular meaning, and understanding them will make your writing stronger or help with inferring the right information from sentences when you read this sentence type.

Grammarly is one of our top grammar checkers. Find out why in this Grammarly review .

What Are Conditional Sentences?

The breakdown of a conditional sentence, zero conditional sentences, first conditional sentences, second conditional sentences, third conditional sentences, mixed conditional sentences, categorizing conditional sentences, exceptions to the conditional sentences rules, conditional sentences and punctuation, the need for conditional sentences in essay writing, 1. using a comma incorrectly, 2. using the wrong tense, how to use conditional sentences in your next essay.

A conditional sentence is a sentence that has a conditional statement, usually in the form of “if,” followed by a result. It has two parts: the if-clause and the main clause. These two parts have a direct correlation to each other.

To better understand this structure, take a moment to consider the two parts of a conditional sentence.

The first part is the if clause. This dependent clause often comes at the front of a conditional sentence, but it can come at the end as well.

The second part is the main clause. This independent clause states the result of the condition. If the action in the if-clause occurs, then the action in the main clause will or will likely occur.

4 Types of Conditional Sentences

There are four types of conditional sentences you could use in English writing. They are different in the amount of probability they indicate that the situation will or will not occur. These types range from a sentence that indicates something is going to occur to something completely farfetched. The four types of conditional sentences are:

• Zero conditional sentences
• First conditional sentences
• Second conditional sentences
• Third conditional sentences

Understanding each of these requires looking more closely at them, along with examples of them, to get a feel for how they are used.

Zero conditional sentences state general truths about a situation or scenario. These situations always occur together or always cause another action to happen. They have no or few exceptions.

These sentences follow this format:

• If + simple present, simple present.

Here is an example:

• If you eat more calories than you burn through exercise, you gain weight.

The zero conditional uses the simple present tense of the verb, and no other tense is acceptable. It also uses “if” or “when” as the conditional clause opener. You can use these two words interchangeably in this type of conditional sentence.

Here are additional examples:

• If the weather looks like rain, I take an umbrella with me.
• If I wake up early, I take time to read before starting my day.

The purpose of a first conditional sentence is to describe possible scenarios. First conditional sentences state an outcome that is likely to happen. However, the outcome is not guaranteed.

These sentences follow this pattern:

• If + simple present, will + base verb.
• If you exercise to burn additional calories and don’t change your eating habits, you will lose weight.

It is incorrect to use the future tense in the if-clause, as in:

• If you will exercise to burn additional calories and don’t change your eating habits, you will lose weight. (incorrect verb tense)

Here are some additional examples:

• If it rains, I will need to wait before I leave.
• If the weather holds, we will play another inning.

Sometimes in English grammar, we want to state something unlikely to happen. For instance, you likely will not win the lottery, but you might enjoy thinking about what you would do if you did. Second conditional sentences work in these hypothetical scenarios.

• If + simple past, modal + base verb.
• If I won the lottery, I would buy a mansion on a beach.

 A common mistake is to use the present tense in the conditional clause, as in:

• If I win the lottery, I would buy a mansion on a beach. (incorrect verb tense)
• If she were my sister, I would have a built-in best friend.
• If I found an unexpected inheritance, I would build a new house from the ground up.

The third conditional sentence is for things that did not happen in the past due to the if clause. This sentence structure often indicates a sense of regret.

• If + past perfect, modal + present perfect.

Here is the third conditional in a sentence:

• If I had known there was a traffic jam, I would have left 10 minutes early.

A common mistake with this type of conditional is using the modal auxiliary in the conditional clause, as in:

• If I would have known there was a traffic jam, I would have left 10 minutes early.
• If it had rained earlier this week, the plants wouldn’t have wilted.
• If I had finished my degree, I would have become a dentist.

Mixed conditional sentences are not considered one of the four types because these mix the second and third conditionals into one statement. It can follow one of two patterns:

• If + past perfect, modal + base.
• If + simple past, would/could present perfect.

These sentences present an unreal condition that occurred in the past or will occur in the future and connect that condition with an imaginary potential result. Here are some examples:

• If I had finished my degree, I would be a teacher now.
• If it had rained earlier this week, the plants would be alive.
• If you were kinder, you would have made more friends.
• If you worked harder, you would have gotten a promotion last year.

In addition to the four main types of conditionals, these sentences can be labeled “real” or “unreal” based on whether or not their meaning is possible. In zero and first conditionals, the meaning is always possible, so these are real.

However, second, third, and mixed conditionals typically are hypothetical situations or are about past events that the writer can’t change. This makes them impossible, which means they are “unreal.” The typical reason to make an unreal conditional sentence is not to state what will happen but rather to make a point.

In English grammar, exceptions are common, and conditional sentences fall into this category.

First, you can use the simple future tense in the if-clause in one instance. If the action in the if-clause will take place after the action that occurs in the main clause, the simple future tense is appropriate. Here is an example:

• If it will calm you down, I will tell you how to stay safe in a thunderstorm.
• If it will help with the discomfort, I will wear my leg brace when I go hiking.

Because the actions of calming the listener down or easing the discomfort only happen if the actions of telling about safety or wearing the leg brace occur, then future perfect tense applies.

Second, if the conditional sentence uses “were to” in the if-clause, it indicates that the main conditional clause is a particularly bad scenario. This changes the verb tense and also adds emphasis to the sentence. Here are some examples:

• If she were to call in sick, she would get laid off.
• If the dog were to bite the neighbor, he would have to be taken to the shelter.

When you write a conditional sentence, you may find punctuation to be a challenge. However, the rule is very simple. All you need to do is add a comma after the if clause if the if clause comes before the main clause. Since this is the usual structure, you add the comma between the two clauses to punctuate it well.

Understanding conditional sentences and how to use the right verb tenses to convey these meanings is vital to essay writing in school. First, using conditional sentences correctly gives your essay correct grammar. Correctness and precision are vital in academic writing.

Also, when you use the appropriate sentence structure, you create essays with greater clarity. Your reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and whether or not the conditional you set up could or will happen.

Conditional sentences also help with grading essays in school. Teachers will be able to understand your meaning clearly, and this understanding helps them grade the essay appropriately.  

Common Problems with Conditional Sentences

All English speakers will make some common mistakes with conditional sentences, and you should know how to watch for these in your writing and speaking.

If the if-clause proceeds the main clause, it gets a comma. However, if it comes after the main clause, it does not. Here is an example:

• You will be late if you don’t leave soon.

In this sentence, you would not place a comma between “late” and “if.” However, if you reversed the order, you would:

• If you don’t leave soon, you will be late.

Only use the comma if the if clause comes first.

Another common mistake is mixing up the tenses and thus showing the wrong meaning in the sentence. Depending on the meaning you wish to convey, you need to use the right verb tense. Here are some examples and their corrections:

• If you sleep, you will dream.

This sounds right, but it is a zero conditional sentence. Thus, it should have the simple present tense in the main clause. Here is the corrected version:

• If you sleep, you dream.

Here is a first conditional sentence example:

• If you will help other people, you will have everything you need in life.

In this example, the if clause should have the simple present tense, reading as follows:

• If you help other people, you will have everything you need in life.

This sentence is a poor example of the second conditional sentence:

• If you become a mother, you would understand unconditional love.

The second conditional should have simple past tense in the if clause, like this:

• If you became a mother, you would understand unconditional love.

Finally, for the third conditional sentence, some writers will insert “would have” into the if clause, like this:

• If you would have gone to bed early, you would have gotten enough sleep.

Instead, this should use the past perfect tense in the if-clause, like this:

• If you had gone to bed early, you would have gotten enough sleep.

When writing conditional sentences, you can’t always rely on your speaking abilities. Take time to learn the proper verb tenses , so you can use them correctly when writing these sentences.

Using conditional sentences correctly will make your next essay clearer and stronger. To do so, first, decide the meaning of your if/then statement. Do you intend to convey something certain, something that is unlikely to happen, or something impossible?

Once you know the meaning, you can choose the correct format. Choose the right verb tense and structure based on the information here, and write the sentence correctly.

When proofreading your academic paper or essay, look for if-clauses. If you have them, make sure the structure fits the intended meaning based on the four types of conditional sentences. This practice will give you clear, correct writing for your papers. Finally, check the list of common errors to make sure you are not making any of these in your writing. These errors often sound correct, but they do not convey the right meaning. Eliminate them to make your writing grammatically correct and clear to your readers.

If you still need help, our guide to grammar and syntax explains more.

Bryan Collins is the owner of Become a Writer Today. He's an author from Ireland who helps writers build authority and earn a living from their creative work. He's also a former Forbes columnist and his work has appeared in publications like Lifehacker and Fast Company.

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How To Use Conditional Sentences in Academic Writing

How important is English grammar when it comes to academic writing? Well, if you’re writing in English, it’s of utmost importance. Quite frankly, researchers and students should have a thorough understanding of certain intricacies of grammar. For instance, take conditional sentences. This category of grammar is of great utility in academic writing. Hence, it’s important to learn and understand how to use this aspect of English grammar.

Example: If you want to succeed, you need to work hard. 

In this case, the dependent clause is if you want to succeed . The main clause is you need to work hard .

Types of conditional sentences

There are many ways to classify conditional statements. A common method is to classify them based on the probability of the result, which gives the following types of sentences:

• Zero conditional
• First conditional
• Second conditional
• Third conditional
• Mixed conditional

Things to keep in mind

Punctuation is one of the main areas where people tend to commit errors while using conditional sentences. If the conditional clause comes first, then a comma should be used to separate it from the main clause. However, if the conditional clause comes after the main clause, then there is no need to use a comma.

Example: If I see her, I will let her know.  

(Conditional clause comes before the main clause.)

I will let her know if I see her. (Conditional clause comes after the main clause.)

Conditional sentences have specific rules regarding tense as well. The table below illustrates this.

TENSE / OTHER RULES

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Conditionals: Verb Tense in “If” Clauses

What this handout is about.

There are many different ways to express “conditional” or “hypothetical” meaning in English. One of them is to use the word “if” in the clause that expresses the condition. For example, “If it rains, we’ll cancel the picnic. If it doesn’t rain, we won’t.” This handout explains how different verb tenses indicate different meanings when you are speaking hypothetically and should help you choose the right verb tense for the meaning you want to convey.

Key information

Most explanations of the conditional don’t use one consistent example, so it’s difficult to see how different verb tenses convey different meanings. This handout uses the same basic activity in each example (sticking your fingers into the fire) to show how the situation influences the choice of verb tense. The critical factor is the *likelihood* of the situation being real. Pay attention to the situation described before each example and notice how the verb changes as the situation becomes more and more likely.

Zero conditional: “Real condition”

This conditional deals with “real” conditions. We don’t call it “real” because it has already happened: we call it real because it *always* happens this way. We use this to describe a condition with an absolutely predictable result—in other words, to state a fact.

If you stick your fingers in the fire, they get burned. (fact—happens every time)

When the situation is completely likely, use present tense in both clauses.

First conditional: “Unreal, but likely”

This conditional deals with “unreal, but likely” situations in the present or future. We call it “unreal” because situation we are describing hasn’t happened yet, and “likely” because we can easily imagine it happening. We use the first conditional to describe these situations.

For example, a 3 year old child is reaching toward the fire. She hasn’t put her fingers into the fire yet, but we know that small children don’t understand fire, so we can easily imagine her touching it. We would say:

If you stick your fingers into the fire, you will burn yourself. (Same idea as above, but rather than stating a general fact, you are talking about a specific incident.)

If you stick your fingers into the fire, you will be crying all day.

Notice that the verb “stick” is in the present tense. Using the present tense verb shows two things:

• it hasn’t happened yet (it’s unreal)
• you believe it could happen (it’s likely)

Also notice that the main clause verbs (will burn, will be crying) can be in simple form or -ing form. It depends on whether you want to emphasize a single moment in time (simple form) or the an extended period of time (-ing form). In either case, use will + verb in the main clause.

When the situation is unreal, but likely, use present tense in the conditional clause and will + verb in the main clause.

Second conditional: “Unreal and unlikely”

This conditional deals with situations in the present and future that are both unreal and unlikely. The situation we are describing hasn’t happened yet, and we really can’t imagine it happening very easily, except in a freak accident or a moment of great stupidity.

For example, a 25 year old is joking about reaching into the fire. He hasn’t put his fingers into the fire yet, and we don’t think he’s serious about doing it, but we want to warn him about the consequences just in case. We would say:

If you stuck your fingers into the fire, you would need medical attention.

If you stuck your fingers into the fire, you would be screaming in pain all day.

Notice that the verb “stuck” is in the past tense. Using the past tense verb shows two things:

• you don’t really believe it will happen (it’s unlikely)

Also notice that the main clause verbs (would need, would be screaming) can be in simple form or -ing form. It depends on whether you want to emphasize a single moment in time (simple form) or the an extended period of time (-ing form). In either case, use would + verb in the main clause.

When the situation is unreal and unlikely, use past tense in the conditional clause and would + verb in the main clause.

Third conditional: “Unreal condition”

This conditional deals with situations in the *past* that are unreal—they didn’t happen. We can still imagine what the consequences would have been.

For example, the 25 year old was joking about reaching into the fire, but he didn’t actually do it. We would say:

If you had stuck your hand into the fire, you would have needed medical attention.

If you had stuck your hand into the fire, you would have been screaming in pain.

In the next two examples, the 25 year old actually did stick his hand into the fire. The “unreal” situation is the opposite:

If you hadn’t stuck your hand into the fire, you wouldn’t have spent the evening in the emergency room.

If you hadn’t stuck your hand into the fire, you wouldn’t have blistered it so badly.

When the situation is unreal and in the past, use past perfect (had + -ed) in the conditional clause and would have + verb in the main clause.

Mixing time references

In the examples of the third conditional (unreal and in the past), both the conditional clause and the main clause refer to past time: If you had done this in the past, you would have experienced this in the past.

It is also possible to mix time references—to talk about a condition in the past and the consequences in the present. For example:

If you had stuck your fingers into the fire last night, you would be in a lot of pain right now.

If you hadn’t stuck your fingers into the fire last night, you wouldn’t be wearing bandages today.

Find more examples at the English Club website: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-conditional.htm

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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• 4 Conditionals In English And When To Use Them

• Posted on 19/05/2021
• Categories: Blog
• Tags: Conditionals , Grammar , Resources to learn English

Conditionals? Is that something you use after shampooing your hair? Not quite. You may have heard your English teacher talk about conditionals. Who knows, you may have even learnt a couple:

• If it rains, you will get wet!
• If you don’t study, you won’t pass the exam.

But just when you think you’ve mastered them all, another one pops up that seems harder than the last.

Well, the good news is there are four main conditionals. All of which we’re going to teach you today. So that by the end of this blog post you’ll not only recognise them but also feel comfortable to use them in a variety of situations. We’ll also share some fun videos with you!

So, if you’re ready to begin, let’s get the ball rolling . (That’s the first conditional by the way).

The conditionals

Conditionals are also known as if clauses , we use them to say that one thing depends on something else. They can be used to talk about something that always happens, might happen or might have happened as a result of another state, action or event.

Check out these four conditionals and how to use them in a sentence.

As you can see, the sentences are divided into two parts:

If clause (condition), + main clause (result)

These are separated by a comma, but they also function in the following order without one and mean exactly the same thing:

Main clause (result) + if clause (condition)

Confused? Let’s take things back to basics.

1. Zero conditional

The zero conditional is used to talk about things that are certain, or always true. It is a real condition that has an inevitable result. Think about how scientific facts are written or general truths.

Structure & Examples

The message here is that if something happens there will always be a guaranteed consequence. If you stand out in the rain, you’ll get wet. If you eat too much, you’ll put on weight. If you touch a fire…well, then you’re asking for it .

‘When’ instead of ‘if’

We can also use the word when instead of if and the meaning stays the same.

Activity One

Got it? Good. Now try out this fun quiz from Get Grammarous to practise the zero conditional!

2. First conditional

Finished the quiz? Now, back to work! Let’s move on to the first conditional. We use this to talk about things in the future that are likely to happen or have a real possibility of happening.

The structure of the first conditional is: If + present tense,…will/won’t + infinitive

Other connectors: when, as soon as, in case, etc.

We can use the following connectors instead of if :

When, as soon as, in case, unless, as long as, after . However, each of these connectors changes the meaning of the sentence slightly .

Modal verbs or imperatives

We can use modal verbs instead of will/won’t :

May, might, shall, should, could or an imperative in the main clause. This changes the meaning, or the likelihood of the result.

Activity Two

Want to try out your skills with the first conditional? Try this Grammar Gameshow from BBC Learn English .

3. Second conditional

So you’re halfway through learning the conditionals. Well done you! The thing is, this is where things get a bit more difficult.

Whereas the zero and first conditionals describe a real or possible situation, the second and third are imaginary or hypothetical situations. Let’s start with the second conditional:

The structure of the second conditional is: If + past simple,… would/wouldn’t + infinitive

As you can see, in the if clause we use the past simple, and in the main clause we use the conditional would . We can also use the word could to mean a hypothetical possibility.

The second conditional refers to the present or the future, and is used to talk about anything unlikely to happen. Imagine meeting Lionel Messi, or finding a million dollars on the floor. These things might not have happened to you, but you sure can dream!

Were’ instead of ‘was’

When there is the verb to be in the if clause , we can change it from was to were . This is because we are talking about hypothetical situations, so we’re changing the mood of the verb from indicative to subjunctive. Both options are correct, but were is often preferred.

Activity Three

Lots of songs contain the second conditional! Here are some great examples for you to sing along with:

4. Third conditional

Last but not least, we have the third conditional. We use this structure to talk about an imagined past. That’s right ladies and gentlemen, here’s where you can change the past. Well, at least speculate how things could have been different.

The structure of the third conditional is: If + past perfect,…would/wouldn’t + have + past participle .

As you can see, we often use the third conditional to talk about regrets , and it is based on an unreal situation that cannot be changed.

Past participles

The third conditional is a little tricky, as there’s a lot to remember. So make sure you know your past participles inside out first . Here’s a list of past participles for you to revise.

Activity Four

Watch this story about a surprise birthday party from The British Council to see third conditional in use:

Bonus conditional: mixed conditional

And just when you thought the fun was about to end, we have another surprise conditional for you…the mixed conditional. Don’t worry you’ve already learned the basis of the structure. It’s just about em> meshing two conditionals together. The most common is to mix the third and the second to create a present result of a past conditional. For example:

These sentences express that if something had been different in the past, something would be different now in the present.

So that’s the end of our round up of the main conditionals! If you’re in the mood for some more grammar, why not sign up for one of our General English classes ? Or check out these blog posts below:

• 4 Present tenses and how to use them
• 4 Past tenses and when to use them
• 4 Future tenses and how to use them

Glossary for Language Learners

Find the following words in the article and then write down any new ones you didn’t know.

Pop up (pv): to appear suddenly.

Get the ball rolling (exp): to make a start or set an activity in motion.

Inevitable (adj): certain or unavoidable.

Asking for it (exp): behaving in a way that is going to get them into trouble.

Slightly (adv): a little.

Skills (n): abilities.

Unlikely (adj): not probable.

Regret (n): to feel sorry about a situation in the past, especially a mistake in the past.

Know something inside out (exp): to be really familiar with something, especially because you have learned about it or you have a lot of experience.

Mesh (v): to fit or work together.

pv = phrasal verb

exp = expression

adj = adjective

adv = adverb

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• Posted on 05/05/2021

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If Sentences for IELTS Writing (with examples)

One important type of grammar to use in the IELTS writing test is an ‘if sentence’, sometimes called a ‘conditional’ or an ‘if clause’. These are incredibly flexible and once you know how to use them, you will be able to use them in almost any IELTS essay you write. There are four main types…

Zero conditional 

The zero conditional is used to express something that is generally true. You can think of it as something that is ‘true all the time’. Some examples would be:

• If students study for tests for tests, they pass them. 
• If you heat ice, it melts. 
• If you are always late, you get fired. 

In all of these examples, you can see the sentence is expressing something that is true all of the time. We often use this type of sentence for expressing scientific laws like in the second example. The structure is we use to build these sentences is: 

If + present simple + present simple. 

First conditional

The first conditional is used to look at what could happen in the future. Some examples of this are: 

If she studies for the test, she will pass. 

• If you don’t leave now, you’ll miss your train. 
• If I get paid today, I’ll buy you dinner. 

You can see that in these sentences, we are not sure if the first thing will happen. However, if it does, the second thing is certain to happen. This is different to the zero conditional because these examples are talking about a specific event rather than a general rule. The structure of these sentences is 

If + present simple + will + infinitive (without ‘to’).

Second conditional

The second conditional is quite similar to the first conditional; however, we use it to talk about events that are very unlikely. For example: 

If she studied for the test, she would pass. 

• If we had the time, we’d love to come to your party. 
• If I won the lottery, I’d buy a yacht. 

For these sentences, the first thing is very unlikely. However, in the unlikely event that it did happen, the second thing would be certain. This is different from the first conditional where the first thing is more possible. The structure is

If + past simple, would/could + infinitive (without ‘to’). 

Third conditional 

The final type of conditional is the third conditional. It’s the only one we use to talk about the past. Normally it is used to describe what could have happened. For example: 

If you had studied for the test, you would have passed. 

• If I had set an alarm, I would have woken up on time. 
• If he had been born in America, he would have been happier. 

In all of these examples, we are describing something that didn’t happen. The second part of the sentence describes what result would have occurred if the first thing happened. The structure is: 

If + past perfect, would have + past participle.

When we make the third conditional negative, we can describe something that needed to happen for something else to happen: 

• If I hadn’t studied for the test, I would have failed. 
• If he hadn’t worn a helmet, his injuries would have been much worse. 
• If we hadn’t met, I would not be so confident. 

Understanding the differences between conditionals

It can be a little confusing to understand the differences between conditionals, so I want to share a set of examples with you and explain the differences in meaning between them. The examples are:

If students study for the test, they pass. 

This sentence is talking about a general rule. It is describing a test that anyone can pass as long as they study. It’s something that is true all the time. Next year, everyone who studies will also pass the test. 

This is describing someone who is studying for a specific test. This is different from the previous example which is more of a general rule. In this example, there is some possibility of the person actually studying. 

This is similar to the previous example because it is talking about a specific test in the future. However, in this example, the student is so lazy that you think it is very unlikely she will actually study. 

This is the only example about a test that has already happened. In this example, you failed the test because you didn’t study. 

Using if sentences in the IELTS exam

This sentence type is very flexible and can be used in all sorts of places in the IELTS exam. One way of using it in the writing exam that can spice up your grammar is to use it to describe how people can achieve their goals. For example, instead of writing: 

• We should make education free for all to encourage everyone to get a degree. 

We can write: 

• If we want everyone to get a degree, we should make education free for all. 

Final thoughts

If you follow the advice in this article, you’ll be using if sentences in no time. This really is one of the most flexible types of grammar you can learn for the IELTS exam, so keep practising. One useful way of practising is to take an essay you’ve already written and try and improve the grammar by adding some if sentences. You can also take a look at some examples from our book of sample IELTS essays .

Related posts

100+ Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences.

Conditional sentences are sentences that express a condition and a consequence. The condition is what must happen in order for the consequence to occur. The consequence is what will happen if the condition is met.

Conditional sentences are formed using the word “if”. The condition is placed in the “if” clause, and the consequence is placed in the main clause.

For example:

• If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
• If it rains, we will stay home.
• If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a new house.

Conditional sentences can be used to express a variety of things:

• Possibility: If I have time, I will help you with your homework.
• Necessity: If you want to get into college, you need to study hard.
• Regret: If I had known better, I wouldn’t have done it.
• Hypothetical situations: If humans could fly, the world would be a very different place.

Here are 100+ Conditional sentences:

Zero Conditional:

• If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
• If the sun sets, it gets dark.
• If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
• If you touch fire, it burns.
• If you add 2 and 2, you get 4.
• If you press the button, the light turns on.
• If you drop an object, it falls to the ground.
• If it rains, the ground gets wet.
• If you plant seeds, they grow into plants.
• If you don’t eat, you get hungry.

First Conditional (Real Conditional):

• If it rains, I will bring an umbrella.
• If she comes to the party, I will be happy.
• If you don’t finish your work, you will be in trouble.
• If he calls me, I will answer the phone.
• If the store is open, we will buy groceries.
• If they arrive on time, we can catch the train.
• If you water the plants, they will thrive.
• If you eat too much, you will feel sick.
• If I don’t forget, I will call you later.

Second Conditional (Unreal Conditional):

• If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.
• If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
• If she knew the answer, she would raise her hand.
• If I had more time, I would read more books.
• If it were possible, I would go back in time.
• If you studied harder, you would get better grades.
• If he had a million dollars, he would buy a sports car.
• If they were in Paris, they would visit the Eiffel Tower.
• If you weren’t so busy, we would hang out more.
• If I had a magic wand, I would make all your wishes come true.

Third Conditional (Unreal Conditional – Past):

• If I had known, I would have come to the party.
• If they had seen the warning, they wouldn’t have gone swimming.
• If he had studied more, he wouldn’t have failed the test.
• If she had caught the earlier flight, she would have arrived on time.
• If you had told me, I would have helped you.
• If we had left earlier, we would have avoided the traffic.
• If it hadn’t rained, the picnic would have been perfect.
• If they had bought the tickets in advance, they would have saved money.
• If you had given me a map, I wouldn’t have gotten lost.
• If he had listened to the advice, he wouldn’t be in this situation.

Mixed Conditionals:

• If I hadn’t lost my keys (Past), I wouldn’t be locked out now (Present).
• If you had called me (Past), I would be with you (Present).
• If she hadn’t moved away (Past), we would still be friends (Present).
• If I had taken that job offer (Past), I would be earning more money now (Present).
• If they had passed the exam (Past), they would have a diploma now (Present).
• If he had saved money (Past), he could afford a vacation (Present).
• If she had bought the ticket (Past), she would be at the concert now (Present).
• If he had repaired the car (Past), it would work fine now (Present).
• If I hadn’t missed the bus (Past), I would be at the meeting now (Present).
• If they had finished the project (Past), they would have a promotion now (Present).
• If you had studied (Past), you would be smarter (Present).
• If she hadn’t quit (Past), she would have a stable job (Present).
• If I had taken a different path (Past), I would have found a shortcut (Present).
• If they had paid attention (Past), they would understand the topic (Present).
• If he hadn’t forgotten (Past), he would know the answer (Present).
• If I had saved (Past), I would have money (Present).
• If she had chosen differently (Past), she would be happier (Present).
• If you hadn’t ignored (Past), you wouldn’t be in trouble (Present).
• If he had listened (Past), he wouldn’t be lost (Present).
• If we had left earlier (Past), we would be on time (Present).

Conditional Sentences with “Unless”:

• Unless it rains, the event will go as planned.
• We’ll go to the park unless it’s too crowded.
• Unless you pass the test, you can’t join the team.
• We can swim in the lake unless the water is too cold.
• Unless he apologizes, she won’t forgive him.
• Unless you have a ticket, you can’t attend the concert.
• We can go on a hike unless the weather is bad.
• Unless you invite her, she won’t come to the party.
• We’ll have dessert unless you’re on a diet.
• Unless they finish their chores, they won’t get their allowance.

Conditional Sentences with “As Long As”:

• As long as you study, you’ll do well on the test.
• We can go camping as long as the weather is nice.
• As long as you’re quiet, we won’t wake the baby.
• You can stay up late as long as you finish your homework.
• As long as you follow the rules, you can play in the park.
• As long as you’re respectful, you’re welcome in our home.
• You can use my car as long as you fill up the tank.
• As long as you’re honest, you’ll have my trust.
• As long as the food is good, I’ll try any cuisine.
• You can use the computer as long as you don’t break it.

Conditional sentences are an important part of the English language. They allow us to express a wide range of ideas and emotions in a clear and concise way. By understanding how to use conditional sentences correctly, we can improve our writing and speaking skills.

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Related Posts:

• Conditional Sentences in English
• 200+ Sentences with Unless
• Sentences with Would have
• Sentences with Would
• 200+ Sentences with Must
• 200+ Sentences with Then
• Subordinating Conjunctions and Example Sentences in English
• Action Verbs List, definition and Example Sentences

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Mastering Conditional Sentences: 5 Tips to use them effectively in IELTS test

Within the vast landscape of English grammar, mastering the nuances of conditional sentences holds significant importance, especially when aiming for a commendable performance in the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). This article delves into the intricacies of conditional sentences, their diverse applications, and the pivotal role they play in elevating one’s linguistic competency within the context of the IELTS examination.

1. What are conditional sentences?

Conditional sentences are a specific type of sentence used in English (and many other languages) to express that the action or situation described in the main clause depends on certain conditions. These conditions can be real, hypothetical, or contrary to fact. 

Conditional sentences typically consist of two main parts : the “if” clause (the condition) and the main clause (the result or consequence).

If + Clause

2. How many types of conditional sentences?

There are typically four main types of conditional sentences in English grammar, each with its own structure and usage. Additionally, there are also mixed conditionals that combine elements from different types of conditionals. Here’s an overview of the main types:

2.1. Zero Conditional

• Describes general truths, facts, or natural laws.
• Structure: If + present simple, present simple.
• Example: If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

2.2. First Conditional

• Describes a likely or possible future event or situation based on a specific condition.
• Structure: If + present simple, will + base form of the verb.
• Example: If it rains, we will stay at home.

2.3. Second Conditional

• Describes an unlikely or hypothetical situation in the present or future.
• Structure: If + past simple, would + base form of the verb.
• Example: If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

2.4. Third Conditional

• Describes a situation that did not happen in the past, a past unreal condition.
• Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle.
• Example: If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.

2.5. Mixed Conditionals

• Combine elements from both the second and third conditionals, often showing a connection between a past condition and its present or future result.
• Example: If I had known you were coming (past), I would be at home now (present).

3. How to use conditional sentences in IELTS? 

Conditional sentences play significant roles in IELTS, particularly in the Writing and Speaking sections . These sentence structures showcase your ability to use complex grammatical forms accurately and appropriately, which can positively impact your band score. 

3.1. IELTS Writing 

• Expressing Different Views : Use conditionals to show varying perspectives. For example: “If one considers the economic factors, it becomes clear that globalization has both benefits and drawbacks.”
• Discussing Hypothetical Scenarios : Employ second and third conditionals to discuss hypothetical situations, especially in Task 2 essays. This showcases your ability to handle complex language structures.
• Presenting Recommendations or Suggestions : Use the first conditional to suggest possible solutions or recommendations for a given issue: “If governments invest in renewable energy, they can reduce carbon emissions.”
• Highlighting Cause and Effect : Use conditional sentences to illustrate cause and effect relationships. For instance: “If the government imposes higher taxes on sugary drinks, consumption will likely decrease.”

3.2. IELTS Speaking 

• Expressing Hypothetical Situations: Utilize the second conditional to answer hypothetical questions: “If I had a lot of money, I would travel the world.”
• Talking About Future Plans or Intentions: Use the first conditional to discuss your future plans: “If I pass the exam, I will apply for a scholarship.”
• Discussing Hobbies or Interests : Employ conditionals to explain what you would do in certain situations related to your hobbies: “If I have free time, I usually go hiking.”
• Expressing Regrets or Past Actions : Use the third conditional to talk about things you regret or actions you would have taken differently in the past: “If I had studied harder, I would have gotten a higher score.”

In both the IELTS Writing and IELTS Speaking sections, it’s important to use conditionals appropriately and accurately to convey your thoughts effectively. Be mindful of the specific context and ensure that the usage of conditionals enhances the overall coherence and coherence of your response. Practice incorporating conditionals in your responses during your preparation for the exam to become more comfortable and proficient in using them.

4. Tips for using conditional sentences in IELTS

Using conditionals effectively and appropriately can enhance your language complexity, which is one of the key aspects assessed in both writing and speaking during the IELTS exam. Here are some helpful tips for IELTS test-takers:

• Be Accurate: Ensure your usage of conditionals is grammatically correct and appropriate for the context.
• Vary Sentence Structures: Incorporate different types of conditionals to showcase language complexity.
• Practice Appropriately : Familiarize yourself with various contexts where conditionals are commonly used in both written and spoken English.
• Use for Speculation: Use second and third conditionals to speculate about hypothetical situations, which can enhance your writing and speaking.
• Demonstrate a Range of Grammar: Conditionals are just one part of grammar; aim to showcase a range of complex grammatical structures in your responses.

>> See also: word formation  

5. Practice conditional sentences 

Exercise 1: Fill in the blank

• If we meet at 9:30, we _____ (to have) plenty of time.
• Lisa would find the milk if she _____ (to look) in the fridge.
• The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she _____ (to feed) the animals.
• If you spoke louder, your classmates _______ (to understand) you.
• Dan ______ (to arrive) safe if he drove slowly.
• You ______ (to have) no trouble at school if you had done your homework.
• If you ________ (to swim) in this lake, you’ll shiver from cold.
• The door will unlock if you ________ (to press) the green button.
• If Mel ______ (to ask) her teacher, he’d have answered her questions.
• I ______ (to call) the office if I was/were you.

Answer: 

• If we meet at 9:30, we will have plenty of time.
• Lisa would find the milk if she looked in the fridge.
• The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she had fed the animals.
• If you spoke louder, your classmates would understand you.
• Dan would arrive safe if he drove slowly.
• You would have had no trouble at school if you had done your homework.
• If you swim in this lake, you’ll shiver from cold.
• The door will unlock if you press the green button.
• If Mel had asked her teacher, he’d have answered her questions.
• I would call the office if I was/were you.

Exercise 2: Complete the Conditional Sentences. Decide whether to use Type I, II or III.

If I had time, I _______ shopping with you.

If you ______ English, you will get along with them perfectly.

If they had gone for a walk, they _______ the lights off.

If she _______ to see us, we will go to the zoo.

I would have told you, if I ______ him.

Would you mind if I _______ the window?

If they ______ me, I wouldn’t have said no.

My friend _____ me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.

If I ________ it, nobody would do it.

If my father ______ me up, I’ll take the bus home.

If I had time, I would go shopping with you.

If you speak English, you will get along with them perfectly.

If they had gone for a walk, they would have turned the lights off.

If she comes to see us, we will go to the zoo.

I would have told you, if I had seen him.

Would you mind if I opened the window?

If they had invited me, I wouldn’t have said no.

My friend will meet me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.

If I didn’t do it, nobody would do it.

If my father doesn’t pick me up, I’ll take the bus home.

In conclusion, the artful use of conditional sentences can notably enhance one’s language complexity and accuracy in the IELTS exam. Thus, in order to conquer the grammar for IELTS , you should pay attention to it!

From establishing hypotheticals to reflecting on past decisions, the diverse range of conditionals offers a powerful tool to showcase linguistic prowess. Through deliberate practice and an understanding of when and how to use each type of conditional sentence appropriately, test-takers can wield this grammatical structure effectively, portraying an advanced understanding of English language nuances. Aspiring IELTS candidates are encouraged to embrace and master the art of constructing precise and contextually apt conditional sentences, recognizing their potential to unlock higher bands and provide a nuanced expression of ideas. Start our IELTS online test now!

IELTS Grammar: Conditional sentences.

How to use zero, 1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionals (if sentences).

There are four kinds of conditional sentences. The zero conditional describes real or specific situations, while unreal Conditionals describe unreal, imaginary situations or hopes for the future. With unreal conditionals there is a difference in the likelihood of them happening, however, they don’t refer to the past. The 3rd conditional is for past regret, how something could be different or a past hypothetical situation.

Conditional sentences are very useful structures in IELTS as they are seen by the examiner as complex sentences and are often included in a natural conversation. This comes in very handy in the IELTS speaking section when talking about your daily life, talking about possibilities and expressing regret or a hypothetical past.

Zero Conditional

This is used to talk about what you normally do in real-life situations or a specific situation.

• The structure is: If + Present verb + Present verb (notice we can also use adverbs of frequency such as ‘usually, often, tend to, sometimes’ )
• If I go to a friend’s house for dinner, I sometimes take a bottle of wine.
• If I have time off, I usually go to the beach.
• I f I go to bed late, I wake up feeling tired.
• I read books if there is nothing on TV.
• If I study too much, I tend to get a headache
• If I wake up early, I often go for a run then check my emails.

Both “if” and “when” are used in the zero Conditional. Using “if” suggests that something happens less frequently . Using “when” suggests that something happens regularly.

Compare: When I have a day off, I usually go to the cinema. (I tend to have days off)

If I have a day off, I usually go to the cinema. (I don’t get many days off)

1st Conditional and 2nd Conditional

The 1st Conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations but the possibility is stronger .

• The structure is: If + Present verb + Will

The 2nd Conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations but the possibility is weaker.

• The structure is: If + Past verb + Would / Could

1. If I win the lottery, I will buy a new car. (I do the lottery quite often and I expect to win one day )

2. if i won the lottery, i would buy a new car. (i do not expect to win).

In the first sentence above use the 1st conditional to express the stronger possibility and the second sentence expresses the weaker possibility. More examples below.

• If I owned a car, I would drive to work. (I don’t own a car)
• He would buy a car if he had more money. (He doesn’t have much money)
• I would go to Hawaii if I had a vacation. (I don’t have any vacation this year)
• If I got a Band 8 in IELTS, I could move to Canada. (I don’t expect to get a high score yet)

Punctuation note: Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause comes before the main clause. Compare the sentences below.

• I would move to London if I got a high paying job.
• If I got a high paying job , I would move to London.

So in a conversation if you are asked a question with a conditional, reply with a conditional sentence:

John: What would you do if you won the lottery? Bob: If I won the lottery I would buy a house in London.

Anne: Where would you live if you could move to Europe? Betty: I reckon I would live in Madrid, it’s a great city.

John: If you could change your job, what would you like to do? Bob: I would like to be a Chef If I had the chance because I love cooking.

3rd Conditional

These are used when talking about how the present moment would be different if things had happened differently in the past. It is also useful when you talk about regrets or wishing something could be different.

• The structure is: If + had + past participle + would have / could have + past participle
• If I had known you were in hospital, I would have paid you a visit. (I didn’t know you were in hospital)
• If I had only backed up my PC , I wouldn’t have lost all my data. (I didn’t back up the PC and I lost my data)
• I could have lent you some money if you had told me you were broke. ( I didn’t know you were broke)
• I would have taken an umbrella if I had known it was going to rain. ( I didn’t know it was going to rain)
• If I had known it was your sandwich, I wouldn’t have eaten it. (I had no idea it was his sandwich)
• If I had studied medicine at college, I could have been a Doctor by now. (I didn’t study medicine)

Common mistake:

Wrong: If you would have given me your email, I would have been able to contact you quicker.

Right: if you had given me your email, i would have been able to contact you quicker., using ‘wish’ for emphasis:.

This is commonly used to add emphasis that you have a regret about something. It can replace the word ‘if’ .

• I wish I’d know you were in hospital, I would have come to visit you.
• I wish I hadn’t bought that car, it’s always breaking down.
• I wish I knew his email address, I would be able to let him know I’m visiting London.

Using ‘were to’ in an If sentence.

‘were to’ can be put into conditional sentences if you feel the outcome might be terrible or if it is something you don’t really want to think about.

• If there were to be an economic crash, many people would lose their savings.
• If he were to commit another crime, the police would send him to jail.
• If we were to have been driving on ice, we wouldn’t have been able to stop in time.
• If a large meteorite were to hit the Earth, I don’t think we would survive.

Are these sentences right or wrong? (4 of them are wrong)

• James was heading for the airport and caught the bus just in time. If he would have missed the bus, he would have missed his flight.
• Unfortunately, I didn’t have your email while I was on holiday. If I’d your email address, I would’ve sent you a message.
• I wish I hadn’t told him about the situation with John, now he just keeps gossiping to everyone about it.
• If I could change my profession, I would like to be a farmer as I love being outdoors and working.
• I wish I could bring my camera, this scenery is incredible.
• If I go to bed late, I can’t really sleep well.
• If we take the 11.14 am train, we will arrive much earlier than we expected.
• If you gave that cat too much food, he will vomit.
• James was heading for the airport and caught the bus just in time. If he had missed the bus, he would have missed his flight.
• Unfortunately, I didn’t have your email while I was on holiday. If I’d had your email address, I would’ve sent you a message.
• I wish I hadn’t told him about the situation with John, now he just keeps gossiping to everyone about it. (correct)
• If I could change my profession, I would like to be a farmer as I love being outdoors and working. (correct)
• I wish I had brought my camera, this scenery is incredible.
• If I go to bed late, I can’t really sleep well. (correct)
• If we take the 11.14am train, we will arrive much earlier than we expected. (correct)
• If you give that cat too much food, he will vomit.

Any Questions? Leave a comment below.

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How to use 2nd Conditional Sentences and IELTS

By ielts-jonathan.com on 22 December 2022 0

How conditional sentences are important in IELTS

Understanding and using conditional sentences will make your language more ‘ complex ’ and will allow you to  talk  and  write about more complicated ideas .

As you understand the possible meanings and functions of conditional sentences, it will also help your understanding in the  IELTS reading  and  listening test.

In this lesson, we will go through the basic meaning and grammatical construction of 2nd Conditionals with  examples and   a chance to practice what you know .

The good news is that although learning the concept of English conditionals might not always be easy, once you have mastered it, it is not easily forgotten. 🙂 

Conditionals – The Basics

Conditional sentences are always made up of two parts or two clauses;  these are just different names for the same thing .

There is always a condition and a result .

If water reaches a temperature of 100 ℃ or 221 ℉, it boils and then forms a gas.

Here’s an example: 

If + clause (condition) + clause (result)

Clause (result) + if + clause (condition)

The basic use of the 2nd conditional

The 2nd conditional is used to talk about an events or situations that are imaginary  if the present context was different .

For this reason, the 2nd conditional is also known as an ‘ unreal ’ condition.

In academic English, the 2nd conditional can be used as a way to explore understanding behaviour and to put forward theories, and this can be the same for an IELTS essay.

If governments’ introduced high rates of tax, it would force the rich to live in tax havens. If poachers were not severely punished, many large animals would become extinct in a short amount of time. People argue that if entrance grades were reduced at university, overall awards would go down.

The 2nd conditional can be thought of as a situtaion which is:

Different to now.

If he met the King of England, he would say hello. – He probably won’t meet the King.

To describe impossibility

If I had his mobile number, I would WhatsApp him.  – I don’t have his number now, so it’s impossible for me to do that.

or to recommend or give adivce

If I were you, I wouldn’t stay out too late because you need to be up early in the morning.

How the 2nd conditional is formed  

A 1st conditional sentence is formed in this way:

If + Condition + Result

Another way of putting this is:

If + past simple + Would + infinitive

If I met the King of England, I would say hello.

You can also change the order of the sentence: 

Result + If + Condition

Will + present simple + If + present simple

For instance these sentences are reversed but they retain the same meaning.

I would buy a house if I won the lottery                    →     If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.

As you can see from the first example, there is no comma in this construction.

I would buy a house if I won the lottery   

So, the second conditional can be thought of as ‘ unreal ‘ conditionals or in other words ‘ results ’ or ‘ situations ’ that we can imagine if there was a different condition .

If you reviewed the IELTS test format, you would be better prepared for the test.

One way of using them is to ‘ ask about ’ or to ‘ make a prediction ’ in the form of advice or a warning. 

This is useful when you want to construct an argument in your IELTS writing .

If students are made aware of the IELTS test format, they would be better prepared for the test. If you submitted the test after the teacher’s deadline, it would not be marked. If you asked for writing feedback, you would see the errors that you make. Small businesses would lose out if they didn’t adapt to new social media developments. If you checked the question format, you would see that you can only use three words in the gap.

This is not the only function, as you often can read 1st conditionals in the form of ‘ recomendations ’ or as ‘ advice ’

If you asked for feedback on your writing, you would see the errors that you make.

How is the second conditional different from the first conditional?

The second conditional is often a lot ‘ more unlikely ’. This can due be to the speaker’s attitude to something as well as just facts.

Examples: Mareck thinks these things are possible, Jana doesn’t.

Mareck: If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.

2 nd conditional : (I’m probably not going to win the lottery, it’s just a dream, not very real).

Jana: If I win the lottery, I will buy a big house.

1 st conditional : (I think I might win. Why not? Someone has to win.)

Further ways of constructing the 2nd Conditional 

The use of ‘ would ’ is not the only verb we can use in the 2nd conditional. 

We can also use some modal verbs which can change the message function or suggestion. 

For instance:

If Bangkok persuaded residents to move away from the city, modern train and underground infrastructure could be initiated. 

Remember that the ‘ modal verb’ replaces ‘ would ’ in the result clause.

Possibility

We can express a possibility with ‘ uncertainty ’ or with ‘ caution ’ by using may , might or could .

If more fines were issued, it might deter people from littering. If interest rates increased, it may lead to deflation. We could see a reduction in traffic accidents if cameras were installed.

Modal Verb – Could

If people were trained in IT, it could improve basic literacy.

If fossil fuels were banned within ten years, the economy could survive.

Modal Verb – Should 

If we reduced our carbon use considerably, we should be able to reduce the effects of climate change.

If women were given more rights, we should see less violent crime in society.

Phrases – Likely to/ Unlikely to 

We are likely to see decreased traffic congestion if cities legislated against inner-city traffic.

More uses for ‘If we/ I/ you were to…..’

In this construction, remember that situation is considered even more hypothetical as in these examples:

If we were to ban plastic in food products, how would we preserve vegetables and fruit for export.

If it were not for the continued low interest rates, we would not see inflated house prices.

Remember that the verb you use can subtly change the meaning of the sentence but the overall message is about a ‘ imaginary ’ on the basis of a ‘ different  situation . 

Try the following exercises to test yourself, but think carefully about what the sentence is expressing. 

IELTS Writing activity with Conditional Sentences

If you need to study conditionals further, the British Council have lots of activities on using English conditionals and you can test yourself here . 

Next Lesson: Third Conditionals and IELTS 🙂 

• If he ate nuts, would he get an allergy?
• If she asked for help, would they assist her?
• If Peter watched the film, would he enjoy it?
• The man would become angry if you shouted at him.
• You would cry if you lost your cat too.  

Aspects adapted from Perfect English Grammar  

I’m Jonathan, an online-IELTS preparation specialist.

I help IELTS students achieve the IELTS score they need with courses , training, feedback and advice.

I have taught IELTS and University English in more than a dozen universities and schools around the world.

I’m a parent, traveller and passionate about language teaching and helping students achieve their dreams.

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Writing Prompt ~ First Conditional

Writing Prompt: The first conditional is used to talk or write about real possibilities in the future. Review the rules for using first conditionals . Then pretend you are a parent who wants his or her kids to be behave for their grandparents on the weekend. Write a note to your kids. Offer some bribes for good behaviour.

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16 comments

Dear Holly,

Today is raining day.If you play in the rain,you catch a fever. I phoned your dad yesterday and he said there will be a surprise for you. If you want to know ,you have to wait for two days.If you can’t wait to know,you can ask your dad.If you ask me,I will say I don’t know.This evening,your aunt Sarah will take you to watch a movie and she will buy everything that you want.Ah! If you listen to her,she will take you to a fancy dinner and buy you a k pop albums.And I can’t wait to see you.

With Love, Mum

Hi,this is like a mail to send to someone, how about a normal writing prompt.

Dear Thomas: I’m going to dive in the Red Sea with Hugo for a month. You stay with grandma, take care of her. He also tidies up and leaves the house clean. If you do that, I promise I’ll buy you the Boca Junior and Messi shirt. In case of any emergency, call my friend Cristina or Uncle Bernardo. I will not have signal. Study hard. Love you

Dear Isabel You are a good Girl, i need you to do a favour, soon is Christmas and i don’t have enough money for gift, so… If you’re a good Girl, you’ll get a Big gift. The Christmas Will be happiest if your grandparents are here. I Will be Happy if i’ll have more money for the gift. And if we’re together it’s because you’ll be there with us.

Dear mateo and dary

be beatiful for travel this weekends. It you are good presents a visited my uncle marco a open the door house. you dont eat the vegetables we are not going to the movies with your uncle daddy is doing preparing a dessert . my grandfather is watching TV with my grandmother let’s sleep have our rooms .

love you brother

Queridos Atena y Mathias, Tienen que ser buenos con sus abuelos esta semana. Si se portan bien los llevaremos de viaje por todo Europa les compraremos regalos, les compraremos muchísima ropa, tienen que hacerle casi a sus abuelos en todo lo que les digan acostarse temprano comer toda su comida lavarse los dientes, bañarse y todo lo que siempre hacen en casa, trataremos de regresar lo más pronto posible, ya los extrañamos llamen si nos necesitan. Los amamos mamá y papá

Dear Sara and John I have to work in the police office tomorrow. Your aunt Pilar will take of you. If you behave good,I will Take you to burger King. You must do homework with her. If you do it very well,I will give a surprise.

Be good with your aunt, she loves very much. Kisses Love dad.

Dear Claudia and Álvaro: If you don’t sleep, you will be tired.If you don’t sleep, you will be tired. If you study, you will know the exam. Be good and don’t bother dad. I’ll see today in a week. I love you Bye

Dear Lucy and Andrés. Be good for your grandparents this weekend. If you are good we will go to cinema. Brush your teeth every day and eat good. If you do this, dady and I Will buy you a set. If it’s Sunny tomorrow your grandparents will go to the park with you. But if you don’t clean your bedroom you won’t do nothing of this. Call us if you need something. LOVE, mom and dady

Hi guys, This weekend I will go to granada with your father and you will stay at your grandmother’s house, please be good, if you are not bad, we will buy a souvenir for each one. On Saturday grandpa will take you to the park if it snow, but if it rains you will get at home and making biscuits. Please send me photos! Dont’t forget to pay attention go grandma in everything, if you don’t listen to her, I will pick you up right away! Well, I hope you will have a great time, Kisses Mom💋

Dear pablo and María Be good with your ankles if you be good with your ankles we buy succhard,unlees you do your homewoork you will have present Dont forget brush your teeth everyday,i talk with your ankles And he is said that he see you if you brush your teeth be good Love dad 🙂

Hi my little boys.Daddy and I like to say you that,if you be good with the grandparents we,ll buy you the new PlayStation 5.If you be good dont forget.

Dear Sammy,

Your mom and I are going to the States this week,so you will stay at your aunt Meli’house. Please be a good boy, keep your bed in order and your room clean, and you will go play with your cousins to the park after school. If you finish all your homework during the week, your aunt will take you all to the beach on Saturday. Eat all your food, and she will buy you ice cream…your preferred one!

If you help her around the house, we will bring you a surprise from Marvel Studios (hint: he is not the strongest avenger! Jajaja)

We are coming back on Monday, and will pick you up after school. We love you with all our heart and hope you have a great week! Have lots of fun! Dad and Mom!

Dear meme, I am going to Vancouver for this weekend, I have big meeting about my work so if I do good presentation,Iwill be in great position. Meme u gonna be with your grandparents. If you take care good of them, you will get nice surprise of them. Don’t forget grandma medication if she doesn’t get it in time, she will be in trouble. Grandpa likes walking for one hour every day if you don’t make it , he will feel very sad. Meme u know I love u so much and I trust u too and I love my parents if I don’t help them, I won’t be happy. Life it’s a circle if you are honest, you will get good things.

Dear Chacho: I want to you to be good for your grandmother this weekend. If you are good,I will buy you some surprises. Don’t be a bad boy. If your grandma notifies me something bad, I will punish you. If you mess up the house, you will clean it. If Laika bothers you, grandma will punish her. If you bother Laika, I won’t give you any treat. If you eat all your meat, grandma will buy you a special food for dinner. If you are good this weekend, we will go to the park with all your friends. I love so much, xoxo With love, Gaby

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