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Khilafat Movement (1919-1922)

1906-1940 Muslims in Active Politics dph

The Khilafat movement was a very important event in the political history of India. The Muslims of India had a great regard for the Khilafat (Caliphate) which was held by the Ottoman Empire. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the war in favour of Germany. But Turkey and Germany lost the war and a pact commonly known as Istanbul Accord was concluded between the Allied Forces on 3 rd November 1918. According to this Pact the territories of Turkey were to be divided among France, Greece and Britain.

During the war the Indian Muslims were in a very awkward position, because they had a deep-rooted devotion to the caliphate. They had profound respect for this holy institution. Therefore, their support to the British Government was subject to the safeguard and protection of the holy places of Turkey and on the condition that Turkey will not to be deprived of its territories. But the British Government could not fulfill both of these promises. The Treaty of Savers 1920 was imposed on Turkey and its territories like Samarna, Thrace and Anatolia were wrested from it and distributed among European countries. A wave of anger swept across the Muslin World and the Indian Muslims rose against the British Government. Muslim leaders like Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Moulana Shoukat Ali and others reacted against the British Government policy and were put behind the bars.

Thus, Muslims organized a mass movement, which came to be known as Khilafat Movement. The aims of this movement were

(a) To protect the Holy place of Turkey

(b) To restore the Territories of Turkey

In December 1919 both the Khilafat Committee and Congress held their meetings simultaneously at Amritsar and a delegation was prepared which was sent to England under the leadership of Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar to see the British Prime Minister, Cabinet Member and Members of Parliament and to explain the Indian point of view regarding the Khilafat. The delegation visited England in 1920. The leaders of the delegation addressed the House of Commons and saw the British Prime Minister, Lloyd George who paid no heed to the delegations demand. The delegation stayed at London for eight months and won many hearts and sympathies of people in Britain delivering speeches. However, the delegation returned to India unsuccessful in October 1920.

After the unsuccessful visit to England the leaders of Khilafat Movement realized the fact that British were not in the mood to help them. Therefore, they realized that a new strategy needed to be adopted in order to reinvigorate the zest and zeal for freedom among a general populace. With this aim they decided to launch a movement of Non Co-operation. When the leaders of Khilafat movement announced the Non Co-operation Movement, the Congress extended its full support to the Khilafat Movement. The leaders of the two met at Amritsar and resolved to launch a country wide agitation under the leadership of Mr. Gandhi. The agitation was against the British government. The Jamiat-ul-Ulama Hind issued a Fatwa of Tark-e-Mawalat . The following points were included in it:

1. Renunciation of all Government titles.

2. Boycott of legislature and court.

3. Withdrawal of student’s from educational institutions.

4. Resignation from government posts.

5. General civil disobedience.

As a result of this proclamation of fatwa, hundreds of thousands people returned the titles and stopped sending their children to government schools and colleges. All those highly educated young men who could have rose to high government positions bade farewell to their bright future and accepted ordinary jobs in the private sector. The vacuum created in government offices was joyfully filled in by Hindus, while the Muslim government employees willingly accepted starvation for the sake of the Muslim cause.

Under the hypnotism of Mr. Gandhi, Muslim ulama had issued a verdict and declared India as Dar-ul-Harab and the Muslims therefore needed to migrate to some other country or Dar-ul-Salam . Thousands of families sold out their properties for a tenth of their value and hastily left for Afghanistan, in August 1920. As many as eighteen thousand people marched towards Afghanistan, which was unable to bear the influx of the people. Thus, the Afghan authorities closed their frontiers. Eventually the Muhajarins had to return to their homes. A great number of old man, women and children died on their way during returning to homes and those who luckily reach alive their former places. They found themselves homeless and penniless. In fact they faced great difficulties. Even the preachers of Khilafat Movement realized the fact.

In January 1921, nearly three thousands students of various colleges and schools boycotted their classes and a number of teachers most of them were Muslims tendered their resignation. The Movement became so powerful that the Government was obliged to pay attention to the problem. The British Government invited Seth Jan-Muhammad Chutani, the President of Khilafat conference to visit London to discuss the issue. A delegation under has leadership visited London and discussed the sentiment of Muslims but the delegation also returned unsuccessfully.

The Khilafat Movement came to an end when thousands of Indians were put behind the bar. The leaders in spite of their best efforts could not maintain the Hindu-Muslim Unity. One of the main reasons which caused a death blow to Khilafat Movement was the indirect announcement of Gandhi to discontinue the Non Co-operation Movement. Gandhi used an incident of arson on February 1922, when a violent mob set on fire a police choki at Chora Churi at district Gorakpur, burning twenty one constables to death as an excuse to call off the non-cooperation movement. It adversely affected the Khilafat Movement which thought to be integral part of movement. In 1924, Kamal Ataturk set up a government on democratic basis in Turkey by abolishing Khilafat as a system of government which served a finishing blow to Khilafat Movement in India and people had lost whatever interest that they had in the movement.

Failure of the Movement:

1. The abolition of Khilafat by Kamal Ataturk was a serious blow on Khilafat movement in the sub-continent and he exiled Sultan Abdul Majeed, a helpless Caliph and abolished Khilafat as an institution, due to this all agitational activities came to an end in the Sub-continent.

2. The Hijrat Movement made the Muslims disillusioned with the Khilafat Movement due to the declaration of India as Darul-Harab . A large number of Muslims migrated from Sindh and N.W.F.P to Afghanistan. The Afghan authorities did not allow them to cross the border. After this tragic event those who had advocated the Hijrat movement come to realize their mistake which resulted in failure of movement.

3. When Khilafat movement became mature and was reaching its climax. A tragic incident took place in the village of Chora Churi in which the police opened fire on the procession of local resident. The agitated mob in counteraction set the police station on fires which in result twenty one police constables were burnt alive. Due to this incident the Ali brother and other Muslim leader were arrested and Mr. Gandhi put off the movement. As a consequence the movement lost its intensity.

Conclusion:

The Khilafat movement was started to safeguard the Khilafat in Turkey, an issue which essentially belonged to the Muslims. By the involvement of Hindus the Movement grew forceful and there was possibility of meeting the movement with success. The British Government was the common enemy of the Muslims and Hindus. That is why, both the nations continued united efforts against it. But the difference between the Hindus and Muslims became even more pronounced and many other events showed that the opposition of Hindus to British Government was not lasting. When Khilafat Movement reached at its success, the Hindus especially Mr. Gandhi gave up from movement and leaved the Muslims alone and caused the failure of Movement.

The Khilafat movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations as they could not continue the unity and could not live together. The Khilafat Movement created political consciousness among the Indian Muslims, which inspired them to constitute another movement for then Independence. Thus, they started Pakistan Movement.

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The Khilafat movement was an agitation by Indian Muslims, allied with Indian nationalists, to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam after World War I. While seemingly pan-Islamic, the movement was primarily a means of achieving pan-Indian Muslim political mobilization.

1 The Khilafat and the end of World War I
2 Significance and Leadership
3 The Khilafat and Indian Nationalism
4 Importance and Collapse of the Movement

Selected Bibliography

The khilafat and the end of world war i ↑.

The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an agitation by Indian Muslims allied with Indian nationalism in the years following World War I. Its purpose was to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war. Integral to this was the Indian Muslims’ desire to influence the treaty-making process following the war in such a way as to restore the 1914 boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, even though the Turks, allies of the Central Powers, had been defeated in the war. Indian supporters of the Khilafat cause sent a delegation to London in 1920 to plead their case, but the British government treated the delegates as quixotic pan-Islamists , and did not change its policy toward Turkey. The Indian Muslims’ attempt to influence the provisions of the Treaty of Sevres thus failed, and the European powers, most notably Great Britain and France , went ahead with territorial adjustments, including the institution of mandates over formerly Ottoman Arab territories.

Significance and Leadership ↑

The significance of the Khilafat movement, however, lies less in its supposed pan-Islamism than in its impact upon the Indian nationalist movement. The leaders of the Khilafat movement forged the first political alliance among western-educated Indian Muslims and ‘ ulema over the religious symbol of the khilafat (caliphate). This leadership included the ‘Ali brothers – Muhammad ‘Ali (1878-1931) and Shaukat ‘Ali (1873-1938) – newspaper editors from Delhi; their spiritual guide Maulana Abdul Bari (1878-1926) of Firangi Mahal, Lucknow; the Calcutta journalist and Islamic scholar Abu’l Kalam Azad (1888-1958) ; and Maulana Mahmud ul-Hasan (1851-1920) , head of the madrasa at Deoband, in northern India . These publicist-politicians and ‘ulema viewed European attacks upon the authority of the Caliph as an attack upon Islam, and thus as a threat to the religious freedom of Muslims under British rule.

The Khilafat and Indian Nationalism ↑

The Khilafat issue crystallized anti-British sentiments among Indian Muslims that had increased since the British declaration of war against the Ottomans in 1914. The Khilafat leaders, most of whom had been imprisoned during the war because of their pro-Turkish sympathies, were already active in the Indian nationalist movement. Upon their release in 1919, they espoused the Khilafat cause as a means to achieve pan-Indian Muslim political solidarity in the anti-British cause. The Khilafat movement also benefited from Hindu-Muslim cooperation in the nationalist cause that had grown during the war, beginning with the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, and culminating in the protest against the Rowlatt anti-Sedition bills in 1919. The National Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) , called for non-violent non-cooperation against the British. Gandhi espoused the Khilafat cause, as he saw in it the opportunity to rally Muslim support for nationalism. The ‘Ali brothers and their allies, in turn, provided the non-cooperation movement with some of its most enthusiastic followers.

Importance and Collapse of the Movement ↑

The combined Khilafat Non-Cooperation movement was the first all-India agitation against British rule. It saw an unprecedented degree of Hindu-Muslim cooperation and it established Gandhi and his technique of non-violent protest ( satyagraha ) at the center of the Indian nationalist movement. Mass mobilization using religious symbols was remarkably successful, and the British Indian government was shaken. In late 1921, the government moved to suppress the movement. The leaders were arrested, tried, and imprisoned. Gandhi suspended the Non-Cooperation movement in early 1922. Turkish nationalists dealt the final blow to the Khilafat movement by abolishing the Ottoman sultanate in 1922, and the caliphate in 1924.

Gail Minault, University of Texas

Section Editor: Heike Liebau

Bamford, P. C.: Histories of the non-cooperation and Khilafat movements , Delhi 1974: Deep Publications.
Hasan, Mushirul: Nationalism and communal politics in India, 1885-1930 , New Delhi 1991: Manohar Publications.
Hasan, Mushirul / Pernau, Margrit (eds.): Regionalizing pan-islamism. Documents on the Khilafat Movement , New Delhi 2005: Manohar.
Minault, Gail: The Khilafat movement. Religious symbolism and political mobilization in India , New York 1982: Columbia University Press.
Qureshi, M. Naeem: Pan-Islam in British Indian politics. A study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924 , Leiden; Boston 1999: Brill.

Minault, Gail: Khilafat Movement , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2015-05-26. DOI : 10.15463/ie1418.10645 .

This text is licensed under: CC by-NC-ND 3.0 Germany - Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivative Works.

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Prelims : History of India and Indian National Movement.

Mains : Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.

Khilafat Movement: During the post-World War I period, there was growing resentment among Indians due to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Rowlatt Act and the treatment given out by the British Empire to the Turkish Khalifa. These developments created the ground for a more broad-based mass movement against British rule.

In this backdrop, the Khilafat issue proved to be an opportunity for Gandhi to bring Hindus and Muslims together in fighting against the colossal colonial empire. The Khilafat Movement, together with the Non-cooperation Movement , marked the beginning of a new phase of the Indian national movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

Background of the Khilafat Movement

The Khilafat Movement was launched against the backdrop of the socio-economic impacts of the First World War, the draconian Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, and the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.

An increase in import volumes led to a decline in production and factory closures. This led to a rise in inflation.
Peasants faced increased rents and taxes, causing alarm in the country's economic situation.
Nationalists, disillusioned by the British failure to deliver goods and services at appropriate prices, found their anti-British attitude strengthened.
Rowlatt Act: Fearing the potential revolutionary activities, the British came up with the Rowlatt Act of 1919, which allowed the government to imprison people even without trial.

This led to a significant political awakening and anger in India, with Gandhi opposing it through the Rowlatt Satyagraha , resulting in hartals and demonstrations.

Despite the fact that thousands were killed, the Hunter Commission gave General Dyer almost a clean chit, which angered Indian nationalists.
But it further disillusioned nationalists, causing a potential popular uprising against the British Government.

Reasons for the Khilafat Movement

In the years following the First World War, Indian Muslims were supportive of Indian nationalism. The primary reason for the Khilafat Movement was to exert pressure on the British government to keep the Ottoman Sultan in power as the Caliph of Islam after the Ottoman Empire collapsed at the end of the war.

Following the war, the British dismissed the Turkish Khalifa. As a result, Muslims in India started the Khilafat movement to reestablish the Khalifa's position.
Khalifa's rule over Muslim holy sites must be maintained.
The Khalifa should be left with enough territories after the war when it comes to territorial adjustments.
Anti-imperialism: It also embodied a broader anti-imperialist sentiment. Many Muslims and Hindus in India were disillusioned with British colonial rule and sought to express their discontent by aligning with the cause of the Ottoman Empire.

Course of the Khilafat Movement

In order to put pressure on the British government, to address the injustices of the Punjab wrongs and to defend Khalifa’s temporal powers, the Khilafat movement was established in 1919 under the leadership of Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali (commonly referred to as the Ali brothers), Abul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani, and others.

However, a militant trend within the movement soon started to emerge. A moderate approach did not satisfy the militant trend's leaders. Instead, they advocated for the start of a national movement.
Hasrat Mohani called for a boycott of British goods during this conference.
Shaukat Ali alerted the British in April 1920 that if they didn't succeed in appeasing the Indian Muslims, "we would start a joint Hindu-Muslim movement of non-cooperation."
In addition, Shaukat Ali placed emphasis on the fact that Mahatma Gandhi, who is respected by both Muslims and Hindus, would serve as the movement's leader.
Gandhi saw this as a chance to unite Hindus and Muslims in opposition to the British.
Until May 1920, Gandhi adopted a moderate stance despite his support for the Khilafat issue and his role as the head of the All India Khilafat Committee.
However, the publication of the terms of the “Treaty of Sevres” and the Publication of the “Hunter Committee Report” on the 'Jallianwala Bagh Massacre' in May 1920 made Indians angry and led Gandhi to openly take the Khilafat issue.
boycott of titles conferred by the Government,
boycott of civil services, army and police, that is, all government jobs
non-payment of taxes to the Government.
Despite Gandhi’s support on the Khilafat issue, the Congress was divided initially.
Later, Congress felt that it was an excellent chance to unite Muslims and Hindus and strengthen Muslim involvement in further national movements.
In turn, the Muslim League decided to fully support the Congress and its political agitation in full potential.
Merger with Non-cooperation Movement: The Khilafat Movement eventually merged with Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement.

Significance of the Khilafat Movement

Though the Khilafat Movement was merged and subsumed under the larger movement, the Non-cooperation Movement and the issue of Khilafat itself were diluted due to the political reforms of Mustafa Kamal Pasha in Turkey. It still holds importance on a number of fronts.

Urban Muslims were attracted to the Indian national movement.
Hindu-Muslim unity was strengthened, and this was reflected in the extent of participation in the Non-cooperation Movement.
Nationalist sentiments politicised every segment of the population, including women, traders, urban poor, students, peasants, artisans, and peasants.
Congress, especially Gandhi, attracted many liberal Muslim leaders to the secular nature of the Indian freedom movement.

PYQs on Khilafat Movement

Q) Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase. Elaborate (UPSC Mains 2019)

FAQs on Khilafat Movement

What was the khilafat movement.

Turkey was defeated in the First World War, and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Sevres (1920) were felt by the Muslims as a great insult to them. Following the war, the British dismissed the Turkish Khalifa. As a result, Muslims in India started the Khilafat movement to reestablish the Khalifa's position.

Which nationalist leader was at the forefront of the Khilafat Movement in India?

Mahatma Gandhi led the Khilafat Movement. In addition to advocating for a larger non-cooperation movement at the same time, Mahatma Gandhi supported the Khilafat Movement as part of his opposition to the British Empire. The movement was also backed by other members of Congress.

Who founded the Khilafat Movement?

The Khilafat Movement was founded under the leadership of Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali (commonly referred to as the Ali brothers), Abul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani, and others.

Why was the Khilafat Movement founded?

The Khilafat Movement was founded in order to put pressure on the British government, to address the injustices of the Punjab wrongs and to defend Khalifa’s temporal powers.

What was the significance of the Khilafat Movement?

Urban Muslims were drawn into the Khilafat Movement's support of the country. Nationalist sentiments politicised every segment of the population, including women, traders, the urban poor, students, peasants, artisans, and peasants.

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Home » Modern Indian History » National Movement (1919 – 1939) » Khilafat Movement

The main objective of the Khilafat movement was to force the British government change its attitude towards Turkey and restore the Khalifa to his former position.
Turkey was defeated in the First World War and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Sevres (1920) was felt by the Muslims as a great insult to them.
The Muslims in India were upset over the British attitude against Turkey and launched the Khilafat Movement which was jointly led by the Khilafat leaders and the Congress.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saifuddin Kitchlew and the Ali brothers were the prominent leaders of this movement.
In November 1919, a joint conference of the Hindus and the Muslims held under the chairmanship of Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi was particularly interested in bringing the Hindus and the Muslims together to achieve the country’s independence.
In February 1920, Gandhiji suggested to Khilafat Committee that it adopt a programme of nonviolent non-cooperation to protest the Government’s behavior.
On 9 June, 1920 the Khilafat Committee at Allahabad unanimously accepted the suggestion of non-cooperation and asked Gandhiji to lead the movement.
Four stages of non-cooperation were surrender of titles and honorary positions, resignation from civil services under the Government, resignation from Police and Army services and non-payment of taxes
Subsequently, the Khilafat Movement merged with the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.

Conclusion:

While Mahatma Gandhi’s mass appeal was undoubtedly genuine – and in the context of Indian politics, without precedent – it must also be stressed that his success in broadening the basis of nationalism was based on careful organisation. During this period Mahatma Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the National Movement.

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Home » General Knowledge » Khilafat Movement – A Grapple for Islamic Harmony

Khilafat Movement - A Grapple for Islamic Harmony

Introduction: khilafat movement.

The Khilafat Movement was a historic moment in India’s fight for independence. Muslims felt the urgency everywhere because of the imminent danger to the Ottoman caliphate’s power. The importance of the movement to India’s fight for independence is immense. As such, it was a powerful example of the connection between political and religious ideals. The Movement highlighted the shared problems of Muslims beyond geographical boundaries. It had ties to global Islamic awareness.

Khilafat Movement Date and Year

India’s fight for independence and the maintenance of Islamic unity entered a critical new phase in 1919 with the emergence of the Movement. Yet, it became widely known and officially established on the Khilafat movement date: August 23, 1920. In the wake of World War I and the reorganization of political landscapes, 1919 was a watershed year worldwide. The war’s aftermath weakened the Ottoman Empire. It was a powerful force that displayed the caliphate and signified Islamic unity. As a result of the imperial aspirations of European nations, the Ottoman Empire collapsed. This caused widespread anxiety among Muslims.

Amid this upheaval, the Movement took form. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Muslims everywhere sensed a direct assault on their faith. It also assaulted their way of life. Indian Muslims rallied behind the initiative because they considered it a moral need. They wanted to preserve the caliphate rather than merely a political one. The Khilafat movement date is August 23, 1920, and it holds significant symbolism and meaning. It brought together Muslims across India. Influential leaders like Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali led it. They aimed to support the Indian liberation cause led by Mahatma Gandhi. Their collective wish to safeguard Islamic unity and the caliphate’s status transformed the date into a pivotal moment. It propelled the Khilafat Movement from an emotional sentiment to a fully-fledged movement.

What is the Khilafat Movement in India?

During India’s fight for independence, a significant period emerged known as the Movement. It aimed to achieve Islamic unification and restore the Ottoman caliphate. Muslims from all over India joined forces to support this cause. It ignited a widespread movement that transcended cultural boundaries within and beyond. The movement’s success in gaining traction throughout India highlighted the significance of the issues it wanted to address. The news of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the threat to the caliphate compelled Muslims in India to unite. Support for the campaign grew as word of it spread. Newspapers, rallies, and passionate speeches helped in spreading the news.

Prominent Indian leaders and activists helped the campaign succeed. Through his promotion, the movement reached a wider audience. It allied with the Movement and the Indian National Congress.

Founders and Leaders of the Khilafat Movement

A few key visionaries set the tone and direction for the whole movement. The Ali brothers, Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali increased the movement’s enthusiasm. Their writings and lectures inspired people. Their writings had Islamic ideas and a call for unity. These pioneers fostered a feeling of common fate among India’s many communities. They coordinated the goals of the Khilafat Movement with the bigger fight for the country’s independence.

Another notable leader, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, was instrumental in rallying Muslim youth. He helped direct their zeal into a unified cause. His sharp mind and powerful oratory inspired young people to take action. As a result of his efforts, the movement took on a new vitality. It inspired a new era of young activists.

Reasons for the Beginning of the Khilafat Movement

The Khilafat Movement Arose from a mix of various interconnected circumstances. It shaped India’s independence war and advocated for Islamic unity.

1. The Downfall of the Ottomans:

The Ottoman Empire’s fall after WWI was a crucial point in the growth of international politics. Muslims everywhere could feel the troubles of the decline of the grand empire. At its core was the Ottoman caliphate. It had spiritual authority over the rest of the Islamic world. The caliphate’s authority and cohesiveness were declining with the empire.

The Sevres Treaty:

The 1920 Treaty of Sèvres fueled the fire of Muslim anxiety. The pact caused the breakup of the Ottoman Empire. It also caused the caliphate to decline. The caliphate was a uniting force for Muslims of all regions and cultures. Thus, this action was an assault on the foundations of Islamic identity and unity.

Cultural and Religious Importance:

The caliphate profoundly affected Muslims’ spiritual and cultural lives. It was a unifying emblem, a protector of Islamic history and culture. It was also the keeper of sacred locations. Abolition constituted a severe danger to these features. It fueled concerns that Muslim unity, symbolized by the ummah, would weaken if the caliphate broke apart.

British Colonial Policies:

The colonial British government in India increased the flames of resentment with its policies. Many of India’s population was Muslim and had strong ties to the Ottoman Empire. Indian Muslims’ disappointment under colonial rule increased. It was because of the British government’s treatment of Ottoman matters. The government did not offer any input or consideration.

Goals and Objectives of the Khilafat Movement

The Khilafat Movement had lofty aims beyond national boundaries. It was intertwined with the threads of Islamic unity and world politics. The movement’s driving force was the emotional need to preserve the caliphate. It had to defend Muslims’ religious and political independence everywhere.

The movement’s main goal was to bring back the Ottoman caliphate. The Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 abolished the caliphate. Also, the later ending of the Ottoman Empire after WWI sent shockwaves and trauma throughout the Islamic people. The movement’s leaders recognized an opportunity to address both issues at once. It could bring the Indians together and restore the Muslim’s sense of mission and community.

Led by Gandhi, the Indian National Congress supported the Khilafat cause. They joined forces with Muslim leaders in demanding the British government change its policies. Mass protests erupted across India. Violence also broke out in some places. Eventually, Turkey abolished the caliphate itself in 1924. This ended the Khilafat agitation in India. But Hindu-Muslim political unity was strengthened during the movement. It became a symbol of anti-colonial resistance before the independence struggle.

Using non-cooperation, they pressured the British to protect Turkey diplomatically. Though unsuccessful, the movement created Hindu-Muslim unity against colonial rule.

Final Thoughts

The memorable Khilafat Movement is a remarkable depiction of unity and cooperation. Beyond India’s borders, the cry for freedom echoed, reawakening Muslims’ sense of belonging. Despite the drive’s failure to reinstate the Ottoman caliphate, its influence on current initiatives to foster brotherhood and cooperation cannot be denied. Its historical significance shows the value of collaboration in achieving goals and the enduring nature of fundamental values like faith and harmony.

The Khilafat Movement brought together diverse communities under a common cause. It aligned the interests of Indian Muslims with the larger freedom struggle. This interfaith solidarity provided a foundation for the non-cooperation movement led by Gandhi. Though the campaign did not achieve its aim of protecting the Ottoman caliphate, it highlighted the collective power of unified action.

Even today, the Khilafat Movement stands as an inspiring example of bridging religious divides for shared objectives of justice and self-determination. Its spirit continues to motivate interfaith efforts to fight oppression. The Khilafat Movement reflects the timeless resonance of human values like unity, sacrifice and freedom. Its legacy is a testament that cooperation can overcome differences. By invoking this history, present generations can also harmonize faith with shared ideals of peace and justice. In essence, while a political failure, the Khilafat Movement was a moral success. Its legacy is the vision of a common humanity upholding justice and liberty beyond sectarian lines. This message continues to inspire united action for freedom and human dignity.

Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ’s )

The main goal of the Khilafat movement was to establish unity among the Muslims and protect the Ottoman caliphate leadership. The leaders of this movement followed Gandhi Ji’s non-cooperation movement to protest against the British. However, they called off the movement at Gandhi Ji’s insistence later due to the Chauri Chaura incident.

Several leaders came together and joined the Khilafat movement in India. Some of the prominent leaders are Mahatma Gandhi, Maulana Shaukat Ali, and Maulana Mohammad Ali. All of the great leaders fought with everything they had and helped to demolish British rule.

The Khilafat movement was a crucial step that the Ali brothers took in the hope of India’s independence. The movement brought two religions Hindu and Muslim together. Apart from that, it gave them the power to fight back against the heinous British rule.

After World War I, there was the disintegration of Ottoman rule which eventually led to the Ottoman Caliphate’s abolition. It severely moved the Indian Muslims as the Ottoman Caliphate was their political and spiritual head. So, Shaukat Ali and Maulana Mohammad Ali declared the Khilafat movement to stand up against British colonialism and protect their religion.

Well, it was the initial historical movement by Muslims that reflected India’s thirst for justice and freedom. This movement raised a voice for equality, peace, and uniqueness and encouraged every Indian to make a step towards independence. Even though it faced several challenges, the movement proved that collective action has more power to do anything.

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Maulana Azad, Islam and the Indian National Movement

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5 Muslim Politics: Khilafat

Published: April 2014
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While under house arrest in Ranchi, Abul Kalam Azad finished his magnum opus Tarjuman-ul-Quran and wrote a lengthy article entitled ‘Jama-ash-shawahid fidukhul ghair Muslim fil Masajid’ (Collection of evidences of non-Muslims entering mosques). He also wrote an account of his ancestors called Tazkirah , published by Fazluddin Ahmed. After he was released from Ranchi, Azad thought of retiring to a scholarly life. But because of the crisis facing India,he was thrust into active politics. In 1920, Azad presided over the Bengal Khilafat Conference and joined the implementation committee of the Central Khilafat Committee for Non-Cooperation. This chapter focuses on Azad’s political activism, including his initiative to provide an alternative education for the Calcutta Muslims, his support for Mahatma Gandhi’s call for non-cooperation against the British, and his involvement with the Khilafat movement. It also examines Azad’s prescription for the attainment of independence, his views regarding the Koran and the ulema , and his attitude towards leadership.

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Khilafat Movement in India, Causes, Date, Impact, Outcomes

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims. Check about Khilafat Movement in India, Causes, Date, Impact, Outcomes for UPSC exam

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Khilafat Movement in India

In order to challenge British control in India, large-scale movements such as the Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) and Non-Cooperation Movement were started between 1919 and 1922. The movements established a cohesive strategy based on nonviolence and non-cooperation despite their divergent problems. The Muslim League and Congress merged during this time. The activities of both of these parties led to the holding of several political protests. The Khilafat Movement (1919–1924) will be covered in this article, which will be useful for UPSC Exam preparation.

What is Khilafat Movement?

The Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement was born out of a rising discontent with British authority. Turkey battled the British in the First World War. Turkey was treated unfairly by Britain because it was one of the vanquished nations.

In order to put pressure on the British government to address these injustices, a movement was established in 1919 under the leadership of Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali (often referred to as the Ali brothers), Abul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani, and others. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, the R owlatt Act , and martial law in Punjab all exposed the ruthless and barbaric side of foreign control.

It was discovered that the Hunter Commission’s report on the horrors in Punjab was a fraud. General Dyer’s action was really endorsed by the House of Lords (the British Parliament), and the British people stood by him by helping The Morning Post raise 30,000 pounds for him.

With their poorly thought-out Dyarchy plan, the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were unable to satisfy the Indians’ rising yearning for self-government. In the years following the war, the economy of the nation had worsened due to factors including increased commodity prices, a decline in the output of Indian industries, an increase in the cost of taxes and rent, etc. Economic suffering brought on by the war affected practically every aspect of society, which increased anti-British sentiment.

Read about: Dandi March

Khilafat Movement Founder

The Khilafat Movement was founded by Maulana Muhammad Ali and his brother Shaukat Ali in 1919. They were supported by other prominent Muslim leaders, including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani. The movement was also supported by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress .

Peak of the Khilafat Movement

In December 1919, the Khilafat Committee and the Congress collaborated to have their meetings in Amritsar. A commission led by Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar travelled to England to hold talks with Lloyd George, the British prime minister. Its primary goal was to express India’s perspective on the Khilafat.

However, Lloyd George refused to accede to the requests of the delegation. The Khilafat Movement’s leaders came to the conclusion that the British were not likely to back them after their unproductive visit. As a result, they were prepared to implement a fresh approach to revive public enthusiasm for independence. The Non-Cooperation Movement was born out of this insight. Congress gave the leaders of the Khilafat Movement its full support. The leaders of both parties resolved to start a national agitation after meeting in Amritsar. Mahatma Gandhi was the movement’s national leader.

The following ideas were a part of Jamiat-ul-Ulama Hind’s Tark-e-Mawalat Fatwa.

Every government post being resigned from;
Court and legislature being prohibited;
Students being expelled from their schools;
Prolonged acts of Civil Disobedience Movement

Role of Mahtama Gandhi in Khilafat Movement

Gandhi stated that “the only viable means to defend national honour and to prevent a repetition of the wrongs in the future is the establishment of Swaraj” in response to the oppressive actions of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the denial of justice. Mahatma Gandhi therefore launched the non-cooperation campaign on August 1st, 1919. The Khilafat Movement was the inspiration for the founding of the Movement.

People’s Response to Khilafat Movement

1. students.

Numerous students joined the protest when thousands of them quit government-run institutions and colleges.

2. Middle Class People

They were the movement’s founding leaders but later expressed strong opposition to Gandhi’s agenda.

3. Businessmen

The Indian business community supported the economic boycott because they had profited from the nationalists’ insistence on using swadeshi.

4. Peasants

The peasants participated in great numbers. However, it also sparked a conflict between “lower and upper castes.” The movement allowed the labouring masses a platform to express their true sentiments against their oppressors and masters in India as well as the British.

Many women took part, gave up purdah, and donated their jewellery to the Tilak Fund. They actively participated in the picketing in front of the stores that sold foreign clothing and alcohol. After the Non-Cooperation movement had been going for a year, Mahatma Gandhi announced the creation of the Tilak Swaraj Fund. On the first anniversary of Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s passing, a fund was established in his honor with the goal of raising Rs. 1 million to support India’s war for independence and resistance to British rule.

6. Government’s Response

Numerous people were killed when the cops resorted to shooting. The Khilafat Volunteer Organization and the Congress were deemed illegal. Public gatherings were prohibited, and most leaders—aside from Gandhi—were detained.

Khilafat Movement Issue

Indian Muslims also recognised the Sultan of Turkey, Khalifa, as their spiritual leader (Caliph). Turkey sided with Germany and Austria against the British during World War I. Indian Muslims backed the government during the First World War with the assumption that Khalifa would control the holy places of the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire was split up, Turkey was broken up, and the Khalifa was overthrown as a result of the conflict. Muslims were outraged because they perceived this as a slight to Khalifa. In opposition to the British government, the Ali brothers Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali established the Khilafat Movement.

The period of this movement’s existence was 1919–1924. The All India Khilafat Committee was established in early 1919 by the Ali Brothers, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani in an effort to pressure the British Government to alter its policy toward Turkey. As a result, the foundation for a widespread rebellion was established. At the All India Khilafat Conference convened in Delhi in November 1919, a request for a boycott of British goods was made.

In the First World War, Turkey had sided with Germany-led Axis powers that were vanquished by Great Britain-led Allied powers. The British and their allies’ conduct of the Turkish (Ottoman) Empire, which had duly partitioned it and removed Thrace from Turkey, drew criticism among politically aware Muslims.

Muslims also viewed the Sultan of Turkey as the Caliph or the leader of the Muslim religion, and they were certain that his authority over Muslim holy sites should not be challenged.

A Khilafat Committee was quickly established thanks to the leadership of the Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani as well as the nationwide Khilafat movement. The All-India Khilafat Conference, which met in Delhi in November 1919, decided to halt all government assistance if its demands were not met.

The Khilafat agitation, according to Mahatma Gandhi, was “a chance not to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in a hundred years time.” The Muslim League also backed the National Congress and its political activities wholeheartedly.

Gandhi stated that the Jallianwala massacre and constitutional changes were eclipsed by the Khilafat dispute in the early 1920s. He also stated that if the Indian Muslims were not satisfied with the conditions of the peace treaty with Turkey, he would lead a non-cooperation movement.

Khilafat Movement Demise

Most Hindu supporters of the Khilafat Movement lacked a thorough understanding of Islam and its philosophy. The movement evoked feelings of dual nationality in Indian Muslims. Supporting this conflict gave the impression that Muslims in Turkey intended to establish an Islamic caliphate and that this was more important than achieving national freedom.

The Khilafat leaders recited lines from the Quran before the Congress’ annual meeting in Nagpur in 1920, encouraging jihad and endorsing the murder of non-believers. However, in Mahatma Gandhi’s opinion, these leaders were referring to British dominance, which lacked direction for the movement.

For many Khilafat leaders, colonial India represented Dar-ul-Harb, the realm of conflict. The Central Khilafat organisation encouraged Indian Muslims to travel to a Muslim nation called Dar-ul-Islam in the 1920s. As a result, a lot of Muslims fled to Afghanistan. Afghanistan closed its borders as a result of the rise in immigration.

The movement’s objectives of nonviolence and intergroup cooperation were set back by this flight, or Hijrat, of Muslims to Afghanistan. The movement became weaker as a result of the Moplah insurrection in Southern India in 1921 and the Chauri-Chaura incident in 1922. The Non-Cooperation campaign was abruptly put on by Mahatma Gandhi, which left the Khilafat leaders feeling deeply betrayed.

The Ottoman Sultanate was overthrown in 1922, which was the last straw that put an end to the movement. After it, on March 3, 1924, the caliphate was itself dissolved.

Khilafat Movement a Critical Event

India’s fight for independence from colonial domination was greatly aided by the Khilafat Movement. Under the direction of the Indian National Congress, it saw the joint efforts of Muslims and Hindus.

Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movement were linked by Mahatma Gandhi. This action strengthened the opposition and provided an opportunity to combine the causes of Muslims and Hindus..

The movement placed Mahatma Gandhi’s method of Satyagraha at the forefront of the international conflict. In Bengal, it led to the emergence of Muslim political awareness under the leadership of individuals like Akram Khan, Bipin Chandra Pal, Maulana Azad, and Chittaranjan Das.

Khilafat Committee

Muslims in our nation felt mistreated by the British after World War 1 when it came to Khalifa, their highest leader in Turkey. Under the direction of the Ali Brothers, Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali, the Khilafat Committee was established to encourage the Government to right the wrongs by:

Leaving the Khalifa with enough territory under its authority and preserving the Khalifa’s jurisdiction over Muslim holy sites.
A radical trend developed when their demands were not granted, and it was determined to halt all collaboration with the British. A committee called the All India Khilafat was formed, with Gandhiji serving as its president.
A movement to unify the entire country of India was just waiting for a call from its leader, and this committee served as a platform for doing so.

Stand of Congress for Khilafat Movement

Gandhiji brought up the Khilafat issue in an effort to spark an all-India movement. Congress, however, had reservations about this tactic. Particularly Tilak opposed starting a movement for a religious reason. Additionally, he was questioning the effectiveness of Satyagraha as a political tool. He was also against the movement’s demand that the council be boycotted.

Congress nevertheless backed the non-cooperation program for the following reasons:

They saw that now was the ideal time to enhance the bond between Hindus and Muslims. Furthermore, never before has such a diverse group of people united for a single cause.
Congress lost hope in the constitutional struggle and sensed popular unrest.

Muslim League gave full support to Congress on the political front. Gandhiji argued that the Punjab wrongs were overshadowed by the Khilafat issue and he would soon initiate a nationwide movement.

Why was the Khilafat movement against British rule?

The Khilafat Movement was a pan-Islamic movement that was launched by Muslims in British India in 1919 to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, which was threatened by the Allied Powers after World War I. The Caliphate was a religious and political institution that united Muslims around the world under the leadership of the Ottoman Sultan.

The British were a major Allied Power during World War I, and they played a key role in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire. After the war, the British and other Allied Powers planned to partition the Ottoman Empire and divide its territories among themselves. This would have meant the end of the Caliphate, which was unacceptable to Muslims around the world.

The Khilafat Movement was launched to oppose the British plan to partition the Ottoman Empire and to protect the Caliphate. The movement was led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and his brother Shaukat Ali. It was supported by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, and it became a major part of the Indian independence movement.

The Khilafat Movement was against British rule for a number of reasons. First, the British were the main threat to the Caliphate, which was a central institution for Muslims around the world. Second, the British were colonial rulers who were oppressing the people of India. Third, the Khilafat Movement was part of a larger movement for Islamic reform and revival, and the British were seen as an obstacle to this movement.

The Khilafat Movement was ultimately unsuccessful in protecting the Ottoman Caliphate, which was abolished in 1924. However, it played an important role in the Indian independence movement and helped to unite Hindus and Muslims in a common cause.

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Khilafat Movement in India FAQs

What is khilafat movement.

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government.

Who started Khilafat movement started?

To defend the Khilafa, the Ali brothers Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali started the Khilafat movement to unify the muslims .

Who led Khilafat movement in India?

The Khilafat movement was led by the brothers Shaukat and Muḥammad ʿAlī and by Abul Kalam Azad

What were the causes of Khilafat movement?

The causes of the Khilafat movement are the First World War's defeat, the imposition of hypotheses and rumours, and the safeguarding of the Caliph's authority.

What is Khilafat in simple words?

Khilafat in simple words means the chief spiritual authority of Islam as exercised by the Turkish sultans.

What is khilafat movement year?

The Khilafat Movement was started in 1919 and lasted till 1924.

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KHILAFAT MOVEMENT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi took control of the national movement in 1919. With this, the third and significant phase of Indian nationalism began and which continued till independence. Gandhian philosophy emphasized the strategy of Satyagraha and Ahimsa in fighting against the British. In his struggle against the racist authorities of South Africa, Gandhi evolved the technique of Satyagraha based on truth and nonviolence.
Gandhi showed the people a new way of fighting injustice without violence, for what one believed to be right and he called this “Satyagraha.” The Swadeshi program of Gandhi was based on the belief that political freedom was closely liked, with social and economic changes and it meant the use of things belonging to one’s own country particularly stressing the replacement of foreign machine-made goods with Indian handmade cloth. Gandhian philosophy consisted non-violent resistance and, when applied to the Indian scene, it served to bring millions of people into the National movement.

Background of Khalifat—Non-Cooperation Programme:

During 1919-22, the British were opposed through two mass movements—the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation. Though the two movements emerged from separate issues, they adopted a common programme of action—that of non-violent non- cooperation.
The Khilafat issue was not directly linked to Indian politics but it provided the immediate background to the movement and gave an added advantage of cementing Hindu-Muslim unity against the British.
The background to the two movements was provided by a series of events after the First World War which belied all hopes of the Government’s generosity towards the Indian subjects.

The year 1919 saw a strong feeling of discontent among all sections of Indians for various reasons:

The economic situation of the country in the post-War years had become alarming with a rise in prices of commodities, decrease in production of Indian industries, increase in burden of taxes and rents etc. Almost all sections of society suffered economic hardship due to the war and this strengthened the anti-British attitude.
The Rowlatt Act, the imposition of martial law in Punjab and the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre exposed the brutal and uncivilised face of the foreign rule.
The Hunter Commission on the Punjab atrocities proved to be eyewash. In fact, the House of Lords (of the British Parliament) endorsed General Dyer’s action and the British public showed solidarity with General Dyer by helping The Morning Post collect 30,000 pounds for him.
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms with their ill- conceived scheme of Dyarchy failed to satisfy the rising demand of the Indians for self-government.

The post-First World War period also saw the preparation of the ground for common political action by Hindus and Muslims:

The Lucknow Pact (1916) had stimulated Congress- Muslim League cooperation;
The Rowlatt Act agitation brought Hindus and Muslims, and also other sections of the society, together;
Radical nationalist Muslims like Mohammad Ali, Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasan Imam had now become more influential than the conservative Aligarh school elements who had dominated the League earlier. The younger elements advocated militant nationalism and active participation in the nationalist movement. They had strong anti-imperialist sentiments.
In this atmosphere emerged the Khilafat issue around which developed the historic Non-Cooperation Movement.The Khilafat movement (1919–1924) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government and to protect the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath of World War I. It won the support of Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress.

The Khilafat Issue:

The Khilafat issue paved the way for the consolidation of the emergence of a radical nationalist trend among the younger generation of Muslims and the section of traditional Muslim scholars who were becoming increasingly critical of the British rule. This time, they were angered by the treatment meted out to Turkey by the British after the First World War.
The Muslims in India, as the Muslims all over the world, regarded the sultan of Turkey as their spiritual leader, Khalifa, so naturally their sympathies were with Turkey. During the War, Turkey had allied with Germany and Austria against the British.
When the War ended, the British took a stern attitude towards Turkey— Turkey(Ottoman Empire) was dismembered and the Khalifa removed from power after the Armistice of Mudros of October 1918 with the military occupation of Istanbul and Treaty of Versailles(1919) . The movement gained force after the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920) which imposed the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and gave Greece a powerful position in Anatolia, to the distress of the Turks.This incensed Muslims all over the world.
Caliph Sultan must retain sufficient territories so that he is able to defend the Islamic Faith.
The places which are called Jazirat-ul-arab , including the Arabia, Syria, Iraq and Palestine must remain under Muslim suzerainty.
October 17, 1919 was observed as Khilafat Day . The Hindus also joined hands with the Muslims and a strike was called for.

Development of the Khalifat—Non-Cooperation Programme:

For some time, the Khilafat leaders limited their actions to meetings, petitions, deputations in favour of the Khilafat. Later, however, a militant trend emerged, demanding an active agitation such as stopping all cooperation with the British.
For Hindu Muslim unity in political action, Swami Shradhanand of Arya Samaj was asked by Muslims to preach from pulpit of Jama Masjid at Delhi while Dr. Kitchlu, a Muslim, was given the keys of the Golden Temple of Amritsar.
Thus, at the All India Khilafat Conference held in Delhi in November 1919, a call was made for boycott of British goods.and later a Khilafat Manifesto was published which called upon the British to protect the Caliphate. The Khilafat leaders also clearly spelt out that unless peace terms after the War were favourable to Turkey they would stop all cooperation with the Government.
Boycott of the Titles conferred by the Government
Boycott of civil services, army and police and all other Government offices.
Non-payment of taxes to the government.
In 1920, Delhi session of All India Khilafat Committee was addresed by Shankaracharya o Puri. Gandhi, who was the president of the this Committee, saw in the issue a platform from which mass and united non- cooperation could be declared against the Government.

Congress Stand on Khilafat Question:

It was quite clear that the support of the Congress was essential for the Khilafat movement to succeed. However, although Gandhi was in favour of launching Satyagraha and non-cooperation against the Government on the Khilafat issue, the Congress was not united on this form of political action.
Tilak was opposed to having an alliance with Muslim leaders over a religious issue and he was also sceptical of Satyagraha as an instrument of politics. Gandhi made a concerted bid to convince Tilak of the virtues of Satyagraha and of the expediency of an alliance with the Muslim community over the Khilafat issue.
There was opposition to some of the other provisions of the Gandhi’s non-cooperation programme also, such as boycott of councils .
Later, however, Gandhi was able to them get the approval of the Congress for his programme of political action and the Congress felt inclined to support a non-cooperation programme on the Khilafat question because—
It was felt that this was a golden opportunity to cement Hindu-Muslim unity and to bring Muslim masses into the national movement; now different sections of society—Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, peasants, artisans, capitalists, tribals, women, students—could come into the national movement by fighting for their own rights and realising that the colonial rule was opposed to them;
The Congress was losing faith in constitutional struggle, especially after the Punjab incidents and the blatantly partisan Hunter Commission Report;
The Congress was aware that the masses were eager to give expression to their discontent.

Muslim League Support to Congress:

The Muslim League also decided to give full support to the Congress and its agitation on political questions.
In early 1920, a joint Hindu-Muslim deputatio n was sent to the viceroy to seek redress of grievances on the issue of Khilafat, but the mission proved abortive.

Next developments:

In February 1920, Gandhi announced that the issues of the Punjab wrongs and constitutional advance had been overshadowed by the Khilafat question and that he would soon lead a movement of non-cooperation if the terms of the peace treaty failed to satisfy the Indian Muslims.
The Treaty of Sevres with Turkey, signed in May 1920, completely dismembered Turkey.
An all-party conference at Allahabad in June 1920 approved a programme of boycott of schools, colleges and law courts, and asked Gandhi to lead it.
On August 31, 1920 the Khilafat Committee started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was formally launched. (Tilak had, incidentally, had just died.)
On September 1920 , at a special session in Calcutta , the Congress approved a non-cooperation programme till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were removed and swaraj was established. The programme was to include:
Boycott of government schools and colleges;
Boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice through Panchayats instead;
Boycott of Legislative Councils; (there were some differences over this as some leaders like C.R. Das were not willing to include a boycott of councils, but bowed to Congress discipline; these leaders boycotted elections held in November 1920 and the majority of the voters too stayed away);
Boycott of foreign cloth and use of khadi instead ; also practice of hand-spinning to be done;
Renunciation of government honours and titles ;
The second phase could include mass civil disobedience including resignation from government service, and non-payment of taxes.
Constructive Programme: During the movement, the participants were supposed to work for Hindu-Muslim unity, Prohibition of alchoholic drink, Fostering of temperance, Establishment of national education institutions, collection of fund worth one crore rupee, removal of untouchability , all the time remaining non-violent.
December 1920: At the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress:
The programme of non-cooperation was endorsed;
An important change was made in Congress creed: now, instead of having the attainment of self-government through constitutional means as its goal, the Congress decided to have the attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means, thus committing itself to an extra- constitutional mass struggle;
Some important organisational changes were made: a Congress Working Committee (CWC) of 15 members was set up to lead the Congress from now onwards; Provincial Congress Committees on linguistic basis were organised; ward committees was organised; and entry fee was reduced to four annas
The Non-cooperation movement was undertaken to (a) restore the status of the ruler of Turkey (b) to avenge the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and other violence in Punjab and (c) to secure Swaraj (independence) for India. Gandhi promised Swaraj in one year if his Non Cooperation Programme was fully implemented. The another reason to start the Non-cooperation movement was that Gandhi lost faith in constitutional methods and turned from cooperator of British Rule to Non-Cooperator.
Many groups of revolutionary terrorists, especially those from Bengal, also pledged support to the Congress programme.
At this stage, some leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, G.S. Kharpade and B.C. Pal left the Congress as they believed in a constitutional and lawful struggle while some others like Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian National Liberal Federation and played a minor role in national politics henceforward.
The adoption by the Congress of the non-cooperation movement initiated earlier by the Khilafat Committee gave it a new energy, and the years 1921 and 1922 saw an unprecedented popular upsurge.

Spread of the Movement:

It was the first countrywide popular movement. Gandhi accompanied by the Ali brothers undertook a nationwide tour. About 90,000 students left government schools and colleges and joined around 800 national schools and colleges which cropped up during this time.
These educational institutions were organised under the leadership of Acharya Narendra Dev, C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai, Zakir Hussain, Subhash Bose (who became the principal of National College at Calcutta) and included Jamia Millia at Aligarh, Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth and Bihar Vidyapeeth.
Many lawyers gave up their practice, some of whom were Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Raja- gopalachari, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Vallabhbhai Patel, Asaf Ali, T. Prakasam and Rajendra Prasad.
Heaps of foreign cloths were burnt publicly and their imports fell by half. Picketing of shops selling foreign liquor and of toddy shops was undertaken at many places. Tilak Swaraj Fund was oversubscribed and one crore rupees collected. Congress volunteer corps emerged as the parallel police.
In July 1921, the Ali brothers gave a call to the Muslims to resign from the Army as that was unreligious. The Ali brothers were arrested for this in September. Gandhi echoed their call and asked local Congress committees to pass similar resolutions to that effect.
Now, the Congress gave a call to local Congress bodies to start civil disobedience if it was thought that the people were ready for it. Already, a no-tax movement against union board taxes in Midnapore (Bengal) and in Guntur (Andhra) was going on.
In Assam, strikes in tea plantations, steamer services, Assam-Bengal Railways had been organised. J.M. Sengupta was a prominent leader in these strikes.
In November 1921, the visit of the Prince of Wales to India invited strikes and demonstrations.
The spirit of defiance and unrest gave rise to many local struggles such as Awadh Kisan Movement (UP), Eka Movement (UP), Moppila Revolt (Malabar) and the Sikh agitation for the removal of mahants in Punjab.

Government Response:

Talks between Gandhi and Reading, the viceroy, broke down in May 1921 as the Government wanted Gandhi to urge the Ali brothers to remove those portions from speeches which suggested violence. Gandhi realised that the Government was trying to drive a wedge between him and the Khilafat leaders and refused to fall into the trap.
In December, the Government came down heavily on the protestors. Volunteer corps were declared illegal, public meetings were banned, the press was gagged and most of the leaders barring Gandhi were arrested.

The Last Phase of the Movement:

Gandhi was now under increasing pressure from the Congress rank and file to start the civil disobedience programme and the Ahmedabad session in 1921 (presided over, incidentally, by C.R. Das while still in jail; Hakim Ajmal Khan was the acting president) appointed Gandhi the sole authority on the issue.
On February 1, 1922 Gandhi threatened to launch civil disobedience from Bardoli (Gujarat) if (1) political prisoners were not released, and (2) press controls were not removed. The movement had hardly begun before it was brought to an abrupt end.

Chauri Chanra Incident and withdrawal of Non Cooperation Movement:

A small village named Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur district, UP) has found a place in history books due to an incident of violence on February 5, 1922 which was to prompt Gandhi to withdraw the movement.
The police here had beaten up the leader of a group of volunteers campaigning against liquor sales and high food prices, and then opened fire on the crowd which had come to protest before the police station.
The agitated crowd torched the police station. Twenty-two policemen were killed in the violence. Gandhi, not happy with the increasingly violent trend of the movement, immediately announced the withdrawal of the movement.
The CWC met at Bardoli in February 1922 and resolved to stop all activity that led to breaking of law and to get down to constructive work , instead, which was to include popularisation of Khadi, national schools, and campaigning for temperance, for Hindu-Muslim unity and against untouchability.
Most of the nationalist leaders including C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, Subhash Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru, however, expressed their bewilderment at Gandhi’s decision to withdraw the movement.
Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das formed the Swaraj Party , rejecting Gandhi’s leadership. Many nationalists had felt that the non-cooperation movement should not have been stopped due to isolated incidents of violence, and most nationalists, while retaining confidence in Gandhi, were discouraged.
In March 1922 Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in jail. He made a magnificent court speech “I am here, therefore, to invite and submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is deliberate crime, and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen.”

Why Gandhi Withdrew the Movement:

Gandhi felt that people had not learnt or fully understood the method of nonviolence. Incidents like Chauri-Chaura could lead to excitement and fervour turning the movement generally violent. A violent movement could be easily suppressed by the colonial regime that could use the |incidents of violence as an excuse to use the armed might of the state against the protestors.
The movement was also showing signs of fatigue. This was natural as it is not possible to sustain any movement at a high pitch for very long. The Government seemed to be in no mood for negotiations.
In wake of these disturbances, the Ali brothers began distancing themselves from Gandhi and the Congress. The Ali brothers criticised Gandhi’s extreme commitment to non-violence and severed their ties with them after he suspended all non-cooperation movement.Although holding talks with the British and continuing their activities, the Khilafat struggle weakened as Muslims were divided between working for the Congress, the Khilafat cause and the Muslim League.The Khilafat leadership fragmented on different political lines. Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari created Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam with the support of Chaudhry Afzal Haq .Leaders such as Dr. Ansari, Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal Khan remained strong supporters of Gandhi and the Congress. The Ali brothers joined Muslim League.
The central theme of the agitation the Khilafat question dissipated soon. In November 1922, the people of Turkey rose under Mustafa Kamal Pasha and deprived the Sultan of political power. Turkey was made a secular state. Thus, the Khilafat question lost its relevance. A European style of legal system was established in Turkey and extensive rights granted to women. Education was nationalised and modern agriculture and industries developed. In 1924, the caliphate was abolished.

Evaluation of Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement:

The movement brought the urban Muslims into the national movement, but at the same time it communalised the national politics to an extent. Although Muslim sentiments were a manifestation of the spread of a wider anti-imperialist feeling, the national leaders failed to raise the religious political consciousness of the Muslims to a level of secular political consciousness.
Khilafat is regarded as a political agitation based on a pan-Islamic, fundamentalist platform and being largely indifferent to the cause of Indian independence.
Critics of the Khilafat see its alliance with the Congress as a marriage of convenience.Proponents of the Khilafat see it as the spark that led to the non-cooperation movement in India and a major milestone in improving Hindu-Muslim relations, while advocates of Pakistan and Muslim separatism see it as a major step towards establishing the separate Muslim state.
With the Non-Cooperation Movement, nationalist sentiments reached every nook and corner of the country and politicised every strata of population—the artisans, peasants, students, urban poor, women, traders etc. It was this politicisation and activisation of millions of men and women which imparted a revolutionary character to the national movement.
The movement was successful enough to break the back of British rule, and possibly even the catalyst for the movement that lead to independence in 1947.
Colonial rule was based on two myths one, that such a rule was in the interest of Indians and two, that it was invincible.
The first myth had been exploded by the economic critique by Moderate nationalists. The second myth had been challenged by Satyagraha through mass struggle. Now, the masses lost the hitherto all-pervasive fear of the colonial rule and its mighty repressive organs.

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If N.C.M had not been withdrawn and the violence upsurge were to be included, could the movement had brought independence then and there only ?

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What was the khilafat movement?

The khilafat movement was launched by muhammad ali and shaukat ali. the movement was aimed to unite the muslim community under the umbrella of a unified national movement. at the calcutta session of the congress in september 1920, gandhiji convinced other leaders to start a non-cooperation movement in support of khilafat movement. the khilafat movement (1919-1924), was a pan-islamic, political protest campaign launched by muslims in british india to influence the british government and to protect the ottoman empire during the aftermath of first world war..

what was khilafat movement

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The Current Attack on Abortion Pills Will Fail. The Next One Will Be So Much Worse.

There are always a couple of tells when the most conservative Supreme Court in more than a century finds itself adjudicating a truly mortifying and meritless case. One is that it’s coming up by way of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5 th Circuit, a court that so consistently shovels its worst constitutional garbage upward that the high court conservatives are often forced to reluctantly lob it back. Another tell is when the facts of the case are so laugh-out-loud insane that even conservative justices can’t bring themselves to adopt them or the underpinning legal reasoning with a straight face. There’s yet a third tell: when the conservative justices start injecting a bunch of nonsense and randomized pet peeves into oral argument to distract from how embarrassing it would be to discuss the merits of the actual case.

All three tells were present Tuesday morning, when the court heard FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine , a challenge to the current medication abortion regime nationwide. This case is about a handful of physicians seeking to wield their “conscience objections” to abortion as a cudgel against everyone’s access to safe reproductive care throughout the country. So, it was heartening to see that the majority of the Supreme Court doesn’t have the conscience to take it seriously. It was harrowing, however, to hear at least two justices embrace the plaintiffs’ foundational theory: that a long-defunct federal law already bans medication abortion, and maybe procedural abortion as well—and that the courts can revive this ban once they get their hands on the right case.

Before we reach the doomsday scenario, let’s start with the case at hand, which is laughable to the point of frivolity. In 2000 the Food and Drug Administration approved mifepristone, the first drug in a medication abortion. Initially, and under huge pressure , the agency imposed tight restrictions on the drug, including mandatory doctor’s visits, in-person dispensing requirements, and strict limits on pharmaceutical availability. Over the next 23 years, the FDA loosened these rules, concluding—based on extensive studies—that they did not improve health outcomes for patients. Today, in blue states, mifepristone can be prescribed via telemedicine and mailed to a patient’s home. It remains almost entirely illegal in the 14 states that have outlawed abortion.

The plaintiffs in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine are a group of anti-abortion physicians who do not prescribe mifepristone. Rather, they worry that someday, some patient who has taken mifepristone prescribed by a different doctor might have serious adverse complications and end up in their care—forcing them to be “complicit” in abortion simply by treating the patient. These physicians claim that the only solution to their speculative fear is a nationwide ban on mifepristone, achieved through a judicial order that revokes the FDA’s approval of the drug for everyone. As Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson put it Tuesday, the case reflects a “mismatch” between the harms alleged and the remedy demanded: “They’re saying, ‘Because we object to having to be forced to participate in this procedure, we’re seeking an order preventing anyone from having access to these drugs at all.’ ”

In a saner judiciary, the case would have been booted out of the courthouse with prejudice, because the plaintiffs have neither sustained nor suffered an injury: They are merely speculating about the possibility of a future harm, which does not establish standing under Article 3 of the Constitution. And that possibility really is quite remote, since mifepristone has been proved safe in more than 100 scientific studies.

Alliance Defending Freedom, the far-right, Christian nationalist organization that represents the plaintiffs, knows that this theory of standing violates every rule in the book. So it brought the lawsuit in Amarillo, Texas, where it was guaranteed to draw Judge Matthew Kacsmaryk, a Donald Trump appointee who has devoted his life to criminalizing abortion, along with other theological battles. Kacsmaryk attempted to issue a nationwide ban on mifepristone, which the 5 th Circuit whittled down, allowing the drug to remain legal while reimposing the immense burdens that would put it out of reach for countless patients. But the Supreme Court froze the 5 th Circuit’s order last year, sending a signal that a majority would not play ball with this humiliating mess of a case. Arguments on Tuesday confirmed that most justices remain skeptical toward ADF’s “We’re scared we might have to treat abortion providers’ patients” theory of cognizable harm and standing.

Lurking under the embarrassment of these standing arguments about wholly speculative harms lies the embarrassment of the scientific claims proffered to support them. To show that mifepristone is actually super dangerous, Kacsmaryk and the 5 th Circuit relied on junk science peddled by shameless hucksters. As Jessica Ellsworth, representing the maker of mifepristone, told the justices: “You have a district court that, among other things, relied on one study that was an analysis of anonymous blog posts. You have another set of studies that he relied on that … have since been retracted for lack of scientific rigor and for misleading presentations of data.”

Lurking beneath that embarrassment lies the fact that if the plaintiffs were allowed to prevail in this case, pharmaceutical companies and the FDA would be subject to fanciful challenges by anyone who has ever objected to a drug. Mifepristone, recall, has been safely used by millions of Americans and is less dangerous than Tylenol and Viagra. Thousands of other drugs pose greater safety risks yet remain on the market, indeed sold over the counter, because experts have concluded that the benefits outweigh the dangers.

If Kacsmaryk and the 5 th Circuit are correct, then any doctor can waltz into court and secure a nationwide injunction against a drug they dislike on the grounds that they might one day treat a patient who takes it. Further, the FDA’s review process, the global gold standard for drug approval, would fall apart—which is why the biopharma industry has lined up on the government’s side. The consequences for development and testing of new drugs would be catastrophic. Jackson acknowledged as much when she asked Ellsworth to describe “concerns about judges parsing medical and scientific studies” without any “specialized scientific knowledge with respect to pharmaceuticals.”

In the face of this skepticism, Erin Hawley—an ADF lawyer and wife of Jan. 6 rally boy Sen. Josh Hawley—struggled to explain the reason why a handful of activist physicians should be able to ensure that every woman in America is denied access to mifepristone. Her answer? They don’t want to be “complicit” in abortion. The problem here is that these doctors are already amply protected from coercion in abortion care by federal and state conscience laws, as Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar assured Justice Brett Kavanaugh. They are welcome to walk away from an abortion patient in need of their follow-up care. Even Justices Neil Gorsuch and Amy Coney Barrett and Chief Justice John Roberts appeared to be embarrassed with the slurry of bad plaintiffs and worse evidence that Hawley paraded before them as a serious legal challenge. As usual, when it was clear that the case was too asinine to contemplate, what surfaced instead was a protracted gripe about nationwide injunctions from Gorsuch and aggrieved grousing from Justice Samuel Alito, who sounded annoyed that ADF hadn’t cooked up a more plausible case.

Alito and Justice Clarence Thomas are never ones to let an embarrassment of a lawsuit go to waste. And they were openly eager to embrace the chilling argument at the heart of ADF’s case: the notion that the Comstock Act of 1873 prohibits the distribution of abortion pills and perhaps even equipment used for procedural abortions. Under this theory, abortion is already a criminal offense under federal law, and every abortion provider in the country may be prosecuted and imprisoned immediately. Conservative groups like the Heritage Foundation are already urging Trump to issue an executive order on Day 1 banning medication abortion. Republican lawyers are preparing to use the Comstock Act to prohibit all abortions , not just pills. This reading of the zombie relic is so broad that a Justice Department and judiciary hostile enough to reproductive freedom could contort it to make all abortion care a felony.

Predictably on Tuesday, and with a case built of vapors to work with, Alito and Thomas went full Comstock. Alito scolded the FDA for letting providers mail abortion pills despite the existence of the law. “This is a prominent provision,” the justice told Prelogar. “It’s not some obscure subsection of a complicated, obscure law. They knew about it. Everybody in this field knew about it.” Thomas warned Ellsworth that her client, the maker of mifepristone, lacked a “safe harbor” from prosecution over Comstock. “It’s fairly broad, and it specifically covers drugs such as yours,” he told her. (That claim is very much in dispute .) Alito and Thomas know they will likely lose this case, so they’re preparing for the next one. Maybe Trump will win and commence Comstock prosecutions. Maybe Kacsmaryk will issue a new ban on mifepristone at the behest of red states, as he is currently threatening to do . Either way, Comstock is racing toward the Supreme Court. And two justices have already aligned themselves with a sweeping interpretation of its puritanical prohibitions.

The FDA looks poised to win this silly case at the Supreme Court in June, but we cannot let the case’s silliness obscure all the future damage it tees up—to the practice of medicine, to women’s health, and to the credibility of a Supreme Court that once cared about credibility. Whenever a door closes on the worst MAGA toxins at this court, an Overton window opens to something so much worse. Health care professionals, biopharma companies, and reproductive rights advocates can cheer the probable outcome of Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine . But they can spare only a moment’s rest because Thomas and Alito, with the help of bad actors like ADF and Kacsmaryk, are already bringing the next battle to their doorstep.

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Khilafat movement
Khilafat movement, pan-Islamic force in India that arose in 1919 in an effort to salvage the Ottoman caliph as a symbol of unity among the Muslim community in India during the British raj.The movement was initially bolstered by Gandhi's noncooperation movement but fell apart after the abolition of the caliphate in 1924.. Fears of Muslim disunity were aroused by the decline of the Ottoman ...
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat movement (1919-22) was a political campaign launched by Indian Muslims in British India over British policy against Turkey and the planned dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I by Allied forces.. Leaders participating in the movement included Shaukat Ali, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Abul Kalam Azad who organised the movement to redress the ...
Khilafat Movement: Essay & Important Notes
The Khilafat Movement was a pan-Islamic protest that was launched against the British to protect the Ottoman Empire after the First World War. The movement was led by Shaukat Ali, Maulana Ali Jauhar, Abul Kalam Azad, and Ajmal Ali. The movement aimed to restore the caliph of the Ottoman Empire as he was considered the leader of the Muslims.
Khilafat Movement
KHILAFAT MOVEMENTThe Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an agitation on the part of some Indian Muslims, allied with the Indian nationalist movement, during the years following World War I. Its purpose was to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman sultan as caliph of Islam. Integral to this was the Muslims' desire to influence the treaty-making process ...
Khilafat Movement (1919-1922)
Jalianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) The Khilafat movement was a very important event in the political history of India. The Muslims of India had a great regard for the Khilafat (Caliphate) which was held by the Ottoman Empire. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the war in favour of Germany. But Turkey and Germany lost the war ...
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat and the end of World War I ↑. The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an agitation by Indian Muslims allied with Indian nationalism in the years following World War I. Its purpose was to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war.
PDF The Khilafat Movement
Khilafat Movement in India, 1919-1924) also taps deftly indigenous. (i.e., Urdu) sources, and tries "to look at who among the Indian. Muslims were involved in the movement, and what was being said to whom at different levels in the political process" (p. 2). This obsession with the internal aspects, in particular with the.
Khilafat Movement
Khilafat Movement: During the post-World War I period, there was growing resentment among Indians due to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Rowlatt Act and the treatment given out by the British Empire to the Turkish Khalifa. These developments created the ground for a more broad-based mass movement against British rule. In this backdrop, the Khilafat issue proved to be an opportunity for ...
Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement
Mass Movements: Two mass movements were organized in 1919-1922 to oppose the British rule in India are the Khilafat movement and the Non-Cooperation movement. The movements, despite having different issues, adopted a unified plan of action of non-violence and non-cooperation. This time period saw the unification of Congress and the Muslim ...
Khilafat Movement
Khilafat Movement. The main objective of the Khilafat movement was to force the British government change its attitude towards Turkey and restore the Khalifa to his former position. Turkey was defeated in the First World War and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Sevres (1920) was felt by the Muslims as a great insult to them.
Khilafat Movement Notes- Introduction, Background, Importance
Khilafat Movement: An Introduction. After World War I, there was a protest against the British, which was named the Khilafat Movement, as they were unable to safeguard the Ottoman Empire. Shaukat Ali, Maulana Ali Jauhar, Abul Kalam Azad, and Ajmal Ali led the movement. The movement intended to reinstall the Ottoman Empire's caliph, seen as ...
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat Movement holds significance in Indian history. It showcased the political consciousness and unity of Indian Muslims in their support for a cause beyond their immediate national interests. It fostered Hindu-Muslim unity and cooperation. It promoted a sense of solidarity against British colonial rule.
Khilafat Movement: Exploring Causes, Date, History, and Facts
The Khilafat movement date is August 23, 1920, and it holds significant symbolism and meaning. It brought together Muslims across India. Influential leaders like Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali led it. They aimed to support the Indian liberation cause led by Mahatma Gandhi.
Muslim Politics: Khilafat
This chapter focuses on Azad's political activism, including his initiative to provide an alternative education for the Calcutta Muslims, his support for Mahatma Gandhi's call for non-cooperation against the British, and his involvement with the Khilafat movement. It also examines Azad's prescription for the attainment of independence ...
Khilafat Movement in India, Causes, Date, Impact, Outcomes
Khilafat Movement in India. In order to challenge British control in India, large-scale movements such as the Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) and Non-Cooperation Movement were started between 1919 and 1922. The movements established a cohesive strategy based on nonviolence and non-cooperation despite their divergent problems.
Khilafat Movement and Non-cooperation Movement
An all-party conference at Allahabad in June 1920 approved a programme of boycott of schools, colleges and law courts, and asked Gandhi to lead it. On August 31, 1920 the Khilafat Committee started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was formally launched. (Tilak had, incidentally, had just died.)
Write a note on the Khilafat Movement.
Write a note on the Khilafat Movement. a) The First World War came to an end in 1918. The Caliph of Turkey, who was considered the head of Muslims of the world, was given a harsh treatment. A movement was started his support called the Khilafat Movement. b) Led by the Ali brothers, Maulana Mohamed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, it aimed to ...
The Khilafat Movement: Use of Symbolic Capital for Political Mobilization
12 Deirdre Dlugoleski, "Widening the Intersection of Two Ideas: The Khilafat Movement and Its Multi-Layered Symbolism," 2012. 3. 13"The Khilafat: Letter to the Editor of the Times of India." The Times of India 18 Mar. 1920. cited in; Ibid. 14 Gail Minault, The Khilafat movement: religious symbolism and political mobilization in India (1982), 130.
Khilafat Movement Analysis Essay Example
Khilafat Movement Analysis Essay Example 🎓 Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! ... During the peak of the Khilafat movement, Gandhi was also leading other movements such as Tehrik e terk mawalat and Civil Nafermani. Through these.
Essay On Non-Cooperation Movement History: Causes, Result and Importance
The Non-cooperation movement or the Asahayaog Andolon was perhaps the biggest event in the history of India's struggle for independence since the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. The movement was launched as a protest against the Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre and the Khilafat movement. Causes. Gandhi entered the Indian political arena ...
History Of Khilafat Movement Essay
Topic Of Video:-History Of Khilafat Movement Essay Short Notes On Khilafat Movement In English Khilafat Movement Short SummaryConclusion Of Khilafat Movement...
What was the khilafat movement?
The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. The movement was aimed to unite the Muslim community under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhiji convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
تحریک خلافت پر مضمون اردو میں
تحریک خلافت پر مضمون اردو میں | Essay on Khilafat Movement In Urdu - 400 الفاظ میں. پہلی جنگ عظیم کے دوران ترکی برطانیہ کے خلاف مرکزی طاقتوں میں شامل ہوا۔. ترکی کے سلطان کو اپنا روحانی پیشوا یا خلیفہ سمجھنے والے ...
The anti-abortion endgame Erin Hawley admitted to the Supreme Court
The Anti-Abortion Movement's Biggest Fear Read More All this is reminiscent of Little Sisters of the Poor , a case about a Catholic charitable group that was afforded an exemption from the ...
Mifepristone at Supreme Court: National abortion ban threat emerges
The plaintiffs in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine are a group of anti-abortion physicians who do not prescribe mifepristone. Rather, they worry that someday, some patient who has taken ...

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Khilafat Movement Date and Year

What is the Khilafat Movement in India?

Founders and Leaders of the Khilafat Movement

Reasons for the Beginning of the Khilafat Movement

1. The Downfall of the Ottomans:

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British Colonial Policies:

Goals and Objectives of the Khilafat Movement

Final Thoughts

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Khilafat Movement in India, Causes, Date, Impact, Outcomes

Khilafat Movement in India

What is Khilafat Movement?

Khilafat Movement Founder

Peak of the Khilafat Movement

Role of Mahtama Gandhi in Khilafat Movement

People’s Response to Khilafat Movement

2. Middle Class People

3. Businessmen

4. Peasants

6. Government’s Response

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Khilafat Movement a Critical Event

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KHILAFAT MOVEMENT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

The Khilafat Issue:

Development of the Khalifat—Non-Cooperation Programme:

Spread of the Movement: