year 4 problem solving booklet

Problem-Solving Booklet: Year 4

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This Problem-Solving Booklet is a great resource for your students to practise utilising problem-solving skills.

This booklet has 18 pages of questions, having students apply addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication operations to answer the problem. Each page has the students identify the operation needed and the problem-solving strategy they will use, then record the number sentence to solve the problem. Some problems have multiple steps to extend students. It also contains two cover pages as it may be suitable to use with other year grades.

This would work well in small group activities, extension work, or as an independent task.

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Free Year 4 Maths Worksheets And Homework – Download, Print, Or View Online

Anantha Anilkumar

Here you’ll find all our free Year 4 maths worksheets and Year 4 maths tests, many of which are suitable for homework as well as classroom teaching.

You can use these resources and workbooks as you like; most of the KS2 maths worksheets come in pdf format and all of them are printable if you want to give children something physical to work with. But they can also be downloaded and kept, or viewed online, if you prefer to keep things electronic. 

To supplement these we also have a range of maths activities , lesson plans and powerpoints for classroom teaching which are available from our White Rose maths  page.

Many of these worksheets and maths tests are aimed at helping children improve their number work – we have mental maths practice work, place value worksheets , addition and subtraction worksheets , multiplication & division worksheets etc.

All our maths worksheets and tests come with answer sheets too, including advice from the National Curriculum (about the range of answers that are acceptable, for example), where needed.

If you’re a  parent  looking for more advice, try our  home learning  hub full of  home learning packs , tips and teaching ideas for  Year 4 Maths  at home and  maths homework .

If you’re a  teacher or school leader  who is interested in improving maths attainment in your school or classroom, then this whole website is for you. Third Space Learning is dedicated to improving outcomes in maths with our  online tutoring  programme of  maths interventions , together with  maths resources  and CPD. You’re welcome to link to these free resources from your own website like thousands of other schools do.

Free Year 4 Maths Worksheets and Tests

A collection of free Year 4 maths activities from the Third Space Maths Hub. You need to register to download (but it's free). Use Google Chrome.

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for fluency, reasoning, and problem solving

Year 4 times tables worksheets, year 4 place value worksheets, year 4 addition and subtraction worksheets , year 4 multiplication and division worksheets , year 4 decimals worksheets , year 4 measurement worksheets, year 4 fractions worksheets, year 4 statistics worksheets, year 4 maths tests: all topics, year 4 maths worksheets to improve fluency, mental maths and arithmetic skills: fluent in five.

Fluent in Five worksheets provide a series of questions designed to take no more than 5-10 minutes and to help children develop their written and mental maths skills. Developing maths fluency in a key skill for children, especially in Year 4 with the newly-introduced times tables check to work towards. 

Download  Fluent in Five Arithmetic Pack (Year 4) Weeks 1-6

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for improving reasoning and problem solving skills: Rapid Reasoning

The Rapid Reasoning resource was created to fulfil the greater emphasis that a maths mastery approach gives to children’s ability to reason well. ‘Explaining your reasoning’ is a key part of maths lessons in Key Stage 2, and these free worksheets (six weeks’ worth in total) help children improve their reasoning skills. Each worksheet comes with around three questions based on Year 4 maths topics, example answers, and even step-by-step explanations to help pupils break down how to get to an answer. 

Download  Rapid Reasoning (Year 4) Weeks 1-6

Year 4 Maths Test: Times Tables

Knowing their multiplication tables is one of the key maths skills every child should have by the time they leave primary school, and Year 4 children will have this skill tested through the new multiplication tables check . 

These times tables practice tests provide a quick and clear way to help children practise, and spot any gaps in their knowledge. No more worries about getting caught out on the 7x table!

Download the Times Tables Packs

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for times tables: Tarsia Puzzles Mixed Times Tables Pack

These times tables worksheets are a fun way to practise times tables facts and related division facts independently and develop mental arithmetic skills.  

Download the Tarsia Puzzles Mixed Times Tables Pack

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for place value: All Kinds of Word Problems

This worksheet contains ten increasingly difficult questions about number and place value. A great choice whether you want to help a child revise this topic, or give a high achiever something more challenging to do as homework!

Download  All Kinds of Word Problems on Number and Place Value (Year 4)

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for addition and subtraction: Let’s Practise Using the Bar Model

These worksheets focus on word problems involving addition and subtraction of up to 4-digit numbers. It is important for children to experience a range of question types, especially in a topic where they may feel more confident. 

Download Year 4 addition and subtraction worksheets: Let’s Practise Using the Bar Model

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for addition and subtraction: Worked Examples

While children will have looked at formal column addition and subtraction, there are many common mistakes that even the most experienced amongst them can make. This worksheet highlights the common errors when using formal written methods, estimating and identifying related facts for addition and subtraction calculations. 

Download Year 4 Worked Examples Addition and Subtraction

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for addition and subtraction: Maths Code Crackers

Sometimes a simple set of fluency questions can be engaging. This worksheet focuses on calculations including up to 4-digit numbers add 4-digit numbers and up to 4-digit numbers subtract 4-digit numbers, all with the aim of finding answers and the punchline to a halloween themed joke. 

Download Year 4 Code Crackers: Addition and Subtraction

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for addition and subtraction: All Kinds of Word Problems 

These worksheets provide children with an opportunity to solve a wide range of addition and subtraction word problems. The problems range from missing digits to adding money and measures.

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for multiplication: All Kinds of Word Problems 

In Year 4, children are not only expected to know their times tables facts up to 12 x 12, they also need to know how to multiply 3-digit numbers by a 1-digit number. This workbook covers problems involving factors, missing numbers, multiplying 3-digit numbers by 1-digit numbers as well as times table facts. 

Download All Kinds of Word Problems: Multiplication 

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for multiplication: Let’s Practise Using the Bar Model

These worksheets include a range of word problems that can be solved using bar models. The questions cover times tables up to 12 x 12 as well as 2-digit numbers multiplied by 1-digit numbers. 

Download Year 4 Let’s Practise Using the Bar Model Multiplication Worksheets

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for division: Short and Long Division Worksheets

Long division is one of the most difficult parts of the primary maths curriculum, and learning long division requires a good understanding of short division to start with. While a Year 4 child won’t have learnt long division yet, these worksheets include short division questions at the beginning, helping children sharpen their division skills in preparation for the next step.

Download our Free Year 4 Division Worksheets

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for multiplication and division: Code Crackers

A fun way for children to get some more practise in: every question’s answer is part of the punchline of a joke. Solve them all and you solve the joke! The questions themselves cover all of the new things pupils have learned about the topic, so it’s easy to identify where any gaps are. 

Download  Maths Code Crackers Year 4: Multiplication and Division

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for multiplication and division: Worked Examples 

Children love to be the teacher. This worksheet gives children an opportunity to check work that has already been completed, explain any errors and develop reasoning skills. The worksheet covers a range of multiplication and division topics, including multiplying three 1-digit numbers together and dividing a 2-digit number by a 1-digit number.

Download Year 4 Worked Examples Multiplication and Division 

Year 4 Maths Worksheets on decimals: Independent Recap

This small collection of four worksheets covers tenths, hundredths, and dividing 1- and 2-digit numbers by 10 and 100 – all topics covered in Year 4 maths.

As independent working activities, they are specifically designed to be completed by children even if they can’t get access to online tools, or parent support.

Download the Year 4 Decimals Independent Recap Worksheets

Year 4 Maths Worksheets on decimals: Worked Examples 

Decimals are first formally introduced to children in Year 4. This worksheet focuses on a range of topics including understanding the value of the digits in a decimal number, dividing by 10 and converting between fractions and decimals. As decimals is a new topic to Year 4, there are several common errors pupils could make and this worksheet aims to address these misconceptions. 

Download Year 4 Worked Examples Decimals

Year 4 Maths Worksheets on decimals: Maths Code Crackers Year 4 Decimals

This worksheet focuses on the value decimals, ordering decimals and adding decimals to make a whole in a fun way. Children need to answer the questions to solve the answer to a topical joke. 

Download Maths Code Crackers Year 4 Decimals

Year 4 Maths Worksheets on area: Code Crackers

Area is a new and more complicated Year 4 topic, moving away from the number facts and arithmetic-based work children will have been used to from previous years. Our Code Crackers worksheet on area gives them the chance to test their understanding of this more complex topic, and have fun at the same time. Answers for all questions are included with the pack. 

Download  Maths Code Crackers Year 4: Area

Year 4 Maths Worksheets on area: Year 4 Worked Examples Area

When covering the topic of area, it is important that children understand not only what area is but what a 2-D shape is. This worksheet covers the required content for this year group while also addressing common misconceptions that can form when the new topic of area is introduced. Children will focus on counting the squares to calculate areas as well as compare areas while they check and explain incorrect answers. 

Download Year 4 Worked Examples Area

Year 4 Geometry worksheets

Year 4 maths worksheets for properties of shape: independent recap.

Children have been learning about shapes since Year 1, but that does not mean the content is easy to understand. These worksheets cover identifying angles (including the names of angles and measurements in degrees), comparing and ordering angles as well as properties of 2d shapes, classifying triangles and quadrilaterals and identifying lines of symmetry  and completing symmetrical figures. 

Download Year 4 properties of shapes worksheets: Independent Recap  

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for properties of shape: Code Crackers

This properties of shape worksheet focuses on recapping all the learning from this block of work. With a range of retrieval questions to answer, children need to answer the questions correctly to find the answer to a Wimbledon related joke. 

Download Year 4 properties of shape worksheets: Code Crackers

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for properties of shape: Worked Examples

There are several different aspects of properties of shape that children need to know in Year 4. This worksheet recaps some of the key language in the topic (for example, obtuse angle, rhombus) as well as some key concepts (for example, classification of triangles, lines of symmetry), while including opportunities to develop reasoning skills. 

Download Year 4 Properties of Shapes Worksheets: Worked Examples

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for fractions: Code Crackers

Finding fractions of numbers is a maths skill that becomes more and more important the later a child gets in their maths learning, but the basics are covered in Key Stage 2. This fractions for kids worksheet helps children become better at solving these types of problems without making it seem (too much) like work. 

Download  Maths Code Crackers Year 4: Fractions

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for fractions: Independent recap 

These worksheets recap adding and subtracting fractions with the same denominator and calculating fractions of quantities. Children will have been introduced to both of these topics in Year 3, however it is important that they have a strong understanding of the concepts before moving on to more complex fraction work. These worksheets encourage completely independent work. 

Download Year 4 Fractions Independent Recap

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for fractions: Year 4 Worked Examples

The topic of ‘fractions’ is very broad. In this worksheet, the focus is on 5 different areas of the fractions block that children in Year 4 often find confusing (adding three or more fractions, finding a fraction of an amount, subtracting from a whole, equivalent fractions and counting in fractions). 

Download Year 4 Worked Examples Fractions

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for statistics: Worked Examples

In Year 4, children are expected to be able to read and interpret a range of graphs and tables. This worksheet focuses on reading a table, bar chart and line graph. Children should be familiar with tables and bar charts but will have been introduced to line graphs for the first time in Year 4.  

Download Year 4 Maths Worksheets for statistics: Worked Examples

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for statistics: Independent Recap

These worksheets focus on answering questions about bar charts, tables and line graphs. As line graphs are new to Year 4, one of the worksheets in this pack encourages children to use data to draw their own line graphs. 

Download Year 4 Maths Worksheets for statistics: Independent Recap

Year 4 Maths Worksheets for statistics: Code Crackers

This worksheet encourages children to read and interpret a range of graphs to answer retrieval, comparison and sum questions about a range of different graphs and tables. 

Download Year 4 Maths Worksheets for statistics: Code Crackers

A great way to get an overall idea of a Year 4 child’s maths learning – two tests (one arithmetic, one reasoning) of about an hour each, with answer sheets included. Please remember that children may not have covered every topic on this test, so they may not be able to answer some questions.

Download our free Year 4 Assessment Pack

Also in this series…

• Year 2 Maths Curriculum Toolkit for 6 & 7 Year Olds
• Year 2 Maths Worksheets
• Year 3 Maths Curriculum Toolkit for 7 & 8 Year Olds
• Year 3 Maths Worksheets
• Year 5 Maths Curriculum Toolkit for 9 & 10 Year Olds
• Year 5 Maths Worksheets
• Year 6 Maths Curriculum Toolkit for 10 & 11 Year Olds
• Year 6 Maths Worksheets

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FREE Fluent in Five Weeks 1 to 6 (Years 1 to 6)

Easy to implement daily arithmetic questions to build number fluency and confidence in 5 minutes a day.

Downloaded by 38,840+ teachers.

Privacy Overview

• What is a Mixed Number Support page
• Finding Fractions - Fraction Spotting
• Fractions of Shapes Worksheets
• Unit Fraction of Numbers
• Halves and Quarters (up to 100)
• Fraction Number Line Sheets
• Adding Fractions with Like Denominators
• Subtracting Fractions with like denominators
• Fraction Riddles for kids (easier)

Year 4 Geometry Worksheets

The following worksheets will help your child to:

• Identify and name a range of 2d and 3d shapes;
• Draw 2d shapes;
• Use reflective symmetry to reflect shapes in a mirror line.
• recognise and identify right angles and lines of symmetry;
• recognise and identify parallel lines;
• identify the faces, edges, vertices and nets of 3d shapes;
• Year 4 Free Printable Geometry Worksheets
• Block Symmetry Worksheet
• Line Symmetry Worksheets
• Symmetry Activities
• Geometry Nets Information and Worksheets

Measurement Zone, including Time & Money

Year 4 measurement worksheets.

• Year 4 Measurement Worksheets - reading scales
• Metric Conversion Worksheets

Year 4 Money Worksheets

Using challenges is a great way to get kids to use their thinking skills and extend learning by applying the knowledge they have.

• count a range of coins up to £10
• compare money amounts
• apply their existing skills to puzzle out clues;
• understand money terminology;
• develop their thinking skills.
• Year 4 Money Challenges
• Column Addition Money Worksheets (UK)
• Column Subtraction Money Worksheets (UK)

Area and Perimeter Worksheets

• understand area and perimeter;
• learn how to find the area and perimeter of rectangles.
• Area Worksheets
• Perimeter Worksheets

Time Worksheets

Using the sheets in this section will help your child to:

• tell the time to the nearest 5 minutes;
• become familiar with both digital and analogue times;
• use the words 'past' and 'to' to describe the time correctly.
• add and subtract time intervals from times and work out time intervals.
• Add and Subtract Time Worksheets
• Elapsed Time Worksheets
• Printable Time Worksheets - Time Puzzles (easier)
• 24 Hour Clock Conversion Worksheets

On this page there are a selection of bar and picture graphs, including bar graphs with real-life data such as tree heights.

• Year 4 Bar Graph Worksheets (3rd grade)
• Year 4 Venn Diagram Worksheets

Fun Zone: Puzzles, Games and Riddles

Year 4 maths games.

The following games involve different Year 4 Maths activities which you and your child can enjoy together.

• Year 4 / Third Grade Math Games

Year 4 Math Puzzles

The puzzles will help your child practice and apply their addition, subtraction and multiplication facts as well as developing their thinking and reasoning skills in a fun and engaging way.

• Year 4 Math Puzzle Worksheets (3rd Grade)

Math Salamanders Year 4 Maths Games Ebook

Our Year 4 Maths Games Ebook contains all of our fun maths games, complete with instructions and resources.

This ebooklet is available in our store - use the link below to find out more!

• Year 4 Maths Games Ebook

Other UK Maths Worksheet pages

See below for our other maths worksheets hub pages designed for children in the UK.

How to Print or Save these sheets 🖶

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Resources tagged with: NC Yr 4

There are 51 NRICH Mathematical resources connected to NC Yr 4 , you may find related items under NC .

Satisfying Four Statements

Can you find any two-digit numbers that satisfy all of these statements?

Representing Numbers

Find as many different ways of representing this number of dots as you can.

Ordering Journeys

How would you put these journey lengths in order?

What Distance?

Can you use addition and subtraction to answer these questions about real-life distances?

Count Me In

How do you know whether you will reach these numbers when you count in steps of six from zero?

Dicey Operations in Line

Who said that adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing couldn't be fun?

Seeing Squares

Players take it in turns to choose a dot on the grid. The winner is the first to have four dots that can be joined to form a square.

Reasoned Rounding

Four strategy dice games to consolidate pupils' understanding of rounding.

Round the Dice Decimals 1

Use two dice to generate two numbers with one decimal place. What happens when you round these numbers to the nearest whole number?

Let Us Divide!

Look at different ways of dividing things. What do they mean? How might you show them in a picture, with things, with numbers and symbols?

Discuss and Choose

This activity challenges you to decide on the 'best' number to use in each statement. You may need to do some estimating, some calculating and some research.

Bryony's Triangle

Watch the video to see how to fold a square of paper to create a flower. What fraction of the piece of paper is the small triangle?

Sorting Logic Blocks

This activity focuses on similarities and differences between shapes.

Light the Lights Again

Each light in this interactivity turns on according to a rule. What happens when you enter different numbers? Can you find the smallest number that lights up all four lights?

A task which depends on members of the group noticing the needs of others and responding.

What Shape?

This task develops spatial reasoning skills. By framing and asking questions a member of the team has to find out what mathematical object they have chosen.

Counters in the Middle

This task depends on groups working collaboratively, discussing and reasoning to agree a final product.

Table Patterns Go Wild!

Nearly all of us have made table patterns on hundred squares, that is 10 by 10 grids. This problem looks at the patterns on differently sized square grids.

Times Tables Shifts

In this activity, the computer chooses a times table and shifts it. Can you work out the table and the shift each time?

Reflector ! Rotcelfer

Can you place the blocks so that you see the reflection in the picture?

Nice or Nasty

There are nasty versions of this dice game but we'll start with the nice ones...

The Remainders Game

Play this game and see if you can figure out the computer's chosen number.

Four-digit Targets

You have two sets of the digits 0-9. Can you arrange these in the five boxes to make four-digit numbers as close to the target numbers as possible?

Venn Diagrams

How will you complete these interactive Venn diagrams?

Eight Hidden Squares

On the graph there are 28 marked points. These points all mark the vertices (corners) of eight hidden squares. Can you find the eight hidden squares?

Shape Times Shape

These eleven shapes each stand for a different number. Can you use the number sentences to work out what they are?

Multiplication Square Jigsaw

Can you complete this jigsaw of the multiplication square?

Twice as Big?

Investigate how the four L-shapes fit together to make an enlarged L-shape. You could explore this idea with other shapes too.

Multiples Grid

What do the numbers shaded in blue on this hundred square have in common? What do you notice about the pink numbers? How about the shaded numbers in the other squares?

Coordinate Challenge

Use the clues about the symmetrical properties of these letters to place them on the grid.

Torn Shapes

These rectangles have been torn. How many squares did each one have inside it before it was ripped?

Take Your Dog for a Walk

Use the interactivity to move Pat. Can you reproduce the graphs and tell their story?

Fractional Wall

Using the picture of the fraction wall, can you find equivalent fractions?

Stringy Quads

This practical problem challenges you to make quadrilaterals with a loop of string. You'll need some friends to help!

Nine-pin Triangles

How many different triangles can you make on a circular pegboard that has nine pegs?

Carrying Cards

These sixteen children are standing in four lines of four, one behind the other. They are each holding a card with a number on it. Can you work out the missing numbers?

Andy's Marbles

Andy had a big bag of marbles but unfortunately the bottom of it split and all the marbles spilled out. Use the information to find out how many there were in the bag originally.

How Big Are Classes 5, 6 and 7?

Use the two sets of data to find out how many children there are in Classes 5, 6 and 7.

Fractional Triangles

Use the lines on this figure to show how the square can be divided into 2 halves, 3 thirds, 6 sixths and 9 ninths.

The Deca Tree

Find out what a Deca Tree is and then work out how many leaves there will be after the woodcutter has cut off a trunk, a branch, a twig and a leaf.

Symmetry Challenge

How many symmetric designs can you make on this grid? Can you find them all?

Let Us Reflect

Where can you put the mirror across the square so that you can still "see" the whole square? How many different positions are possible?

I'm thinking of a number. My number is both a multiple of 5 and a multiple of 6. What could my number be?

A Cartesian Puzzle

Find the missing coordinates which will form these eight quadrilaterals. These coordinates themselves will then form a shape with rotational and line symmetry.

Fractions in a Box

The discs for this game are kept in a flat square box with a square hole for each. Use the information to find out how many discs of each colour there are in the box.

Shapes on the Playground

Sally and Ben were drawing shapes in chalk on the school playground. Can you work out what shapes each of them drew using the clues?

Zios and Zepts

On the planet Vuv there are two sorts of creatures. The Zios have 3 legs and the Zepts have 7 legs. The great planetary explorer Nico counted 52 legs. How many Zios and how many Zepts were there?

Can you dissect an equilateral triangle into 6 smaller ones? What number of smaller equilateral triangles is it NOT possible to dissect a larger equilateral triangle into?

Four Triangles Puzzle

Cut four triangles from a square as shown in the picture. How many different shapes can you make by fitting the four triangles back together?

There are three tables in a room with blocks of chocolate on each. Where would be the best place for each child in the class to sit if they came in one at a time?

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Year 4 Problem Solving and Reasoning Learning Activity Booklet: Part 2

£ 1.95 £ 1.00

The activities contained in this booklet are taken from our Maths Problem Solving & Reasoning full series.

Description

IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO ORDER THESE RESOURCES IN LARGER QUANTITIES, YOU CAN ALSO USE THE ‘SCHOOL ORDER FORM’ BUTTON ABOVE.

Alternatively, to place an order, you can also call or email us with your requirements and we will be happy to help.

Part 2 of 3: covers objectives from the Maths National Curriculum

provides children with the opportunity to apply their mathematical reasoning skills to problem solving

includes one-step, two-step, and multi-step problems

can be easily completed by children working at school or at home

supplied as an A4 centre-stapled, black & white, printed booklet

Upon request, we can provide the booklets without any year group labels* as some pupils may not be working within their current year group expectations.

If this is something that you need, please let us know by entering the details in the  ‘Special Requirements’  box when ordering. Alternatively, call or email us and we will be happy to help.

I would highly recommend this company for anyone looking for great primary resources. Every time I have approached them with queries, they have been friendly, approachable, extremely helpful and supportive. The resources themselves are also of a really high quality. They are well structured and easy to follow, with clear progression through all the topics. I cannot recommend HeadStart Primary highly enough.

Related products

Year 4 Mastering the Maths Curriculum Learning Activity Booklet: Part 3 (INSTANT DOWNLOAD)

Year 4 Mastering the Arithmetic Curriculum Learning Activity Booklet: Part 3

Year 1 English Reading Comprehension Learning Activity Booklet: Part 1

Year 4 Mastering the Maths Curriculum Learning Activity Booklet: Part 1 (INSTANT DOWNLOAD)

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Daily Maths Problems Booklet - YEAR 4

Also included in

Description

This 3 week booklet contains plenty of engaging short tasks useful for teaching Year 4 students! The following topics in this booklet include:

• Number and Algebra
• Measurement and Geometry
• Statistics and Probability

There is a maths column for each school day of the week (Monday – Friday) and includes a bonus extension for children who finish early or would like to challenge themselves. Perfect to use as a warm-up activity, review or as an assessment to check students understandings of various mathematical concepts.

More Details - Daily Focus:

WEEK ONE: Number & Algebra

Monday: Even and Odd Numbers

Tuesday: Place Value - 5 Digit Numbers, Hundreds of Thousands and Millions

Wednesday:  Number Patterns and Rules

Thursday: Multiplication and Division

Friday: Fractions and Decimals

Extension: Financial Maths

WEEK TWO: Measurement & Geometry

Monday: Length and Mass

Tuesday: Capacity and Temperature

Wednesday: Time Conversions, Elapsed Time and Duration

Thursday: Area of Regular and Irregular Shapes

Friday: Angles and Splitting & Decomposing 2D Shapes

Extension: Symmetrical Patterns

WEEK THREE: Statistics & Probability

Monday: Chance and Events

Tuesday: Fractions and Percentages to Represent Probability

Wednesday: Analysing and Interpreting Picture Graphs

Thursday: Representing Data on a Tally Chart and Histogram

Friday: Analysing and Interpreting Line Graphs

Extension: Fractions and Percentages to Represent Probability of Outcomes

An answer key is also included for easy marking to save you time and effort!

We also offer an Ultimate Math Worksheets and Booklet Bundle Deal for Year 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 students . It contains 20 booklets / 325 worksheets that are aligned to the Australian Curriculum and covers ALL of the syllabus outcomes and content for more than 30% OFF!

Please leave some feedback after downloading this resource. It helps us out a lot and you will receive bonus credits to use on future TPT orders.

If you have any questions please feel free to ask us here or email [email protected]

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4 operations booklet

Subject: Chocolate

Age range: 7-11

Resource type: Worksheet/Activity

Last updated

22 February 2018

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A booklet with lots of questions giving children the opportunity to practise their skills with the 4 operations.

Other topics covered: Numbers

Tes classic free licence

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Are ‘Forever Chemicals’ a Forever Problem?

The environmental protection agency says “forever chemicals” must be removed from tap water. but they lurk in much more of what we eat, drink and use..

This transcript was created using speech recognition software. While it has been reviewed by human transcribers, it may contain errors. Please review the episode audio before quoting from this transcript and email [email protected] with any questions.

From “The New York Times,” I’m Sabrina Tavernise. And this is “The Daily.”

[THEME MUSIC]

This month for the first time, the Environmental Protection Agency began to regulate a class of synthetic chemicals, known as forever chemicals, in America’s drinking water. But the chemicals, which have been linked to liver disease and other serious health problems, are in far more than just our water supply. Today, my colleague Kim Tingley explains.

It’s Wednesday, April 17.

So Kim, any time the EPA announces a regulation, I think we all sort of take notice because implicit in it is this idea that we have been exposed to something — something bad, potentially, lead or asbestos. And recently, the EPA is regulating a type of chemical known as PFAS So for those who don’t know, what are PFAS chemicals

Yeah, so PFAS stands for per and polyfluoroalkyl substances. They’re often called forever chemicals just because they persist so long in the environment and they don’t easily break down. And for that reason, we also use them in a ton of consumer products. They’re in makeup. They’re in carpet. They’re in nonstick cookware. They’re in food packaging, all sorts of things.

Yeah, I feel like I’ve been hearing about these chemicals actually for a very long time. I mean, nonstick pans, Teflon — that’s the thing that’s in my mind when I think PFAS.

Absolutely. Yeah, this class of chemicals has been around for decades. And what’s really important about this is that the EPA has decided, for the first time, to regulate them in drinking water. And that’s a ruling that stands to affect tens of millions of people.

So, help me understand where these things came from and how it’s taken so long to get to the point where we’re actually regulating them.

So, they really actually came about a long time ago. In 1938, DuPont, the people who eventually got us to Teflon, they were actually looking for a more stable kind of refrigerant. And they came upon this kind of chemical, PFAS. The thing that all PFAS chemicals have is a really strong bond between carbon atoms and fluorine atoms. This particular pairing is super strong and super durable.

They have water repellent properties. They’re stain resistant. They’re grease resistant. And they found a lot of uses for them initially in World War II. They were using them as part of their uranium enrichment process to do all these kinds of things. And then —

Well, good thing it’s Teflon.

In the 1950s is when they really started to come out as commercial products.

Even burned food won’t stick to Teflon. So it’s always easy to clean.

So, DuPont started using it in Teflon pans.

Cookware never needs scouring if it has DuPont Teflon.

And then another company, 3M also started using a kind of PFAS —

Scotchgard fabric protector. It keeps ordinary spills from becoming extraordinary stains.

— in one of their big products, Scotchgard. So you probably remember spraying that on your shoes if you want to make your shoes waterproof.

Use Scotchgard fabric protector and let your cup runneth over.

Right — miracle product, Scotchgard, Teflon. But of course, we’re talking about these chemicals because they’ve been found to pose health threats. When does that risk start to surface?

Yeah, so it’s pretty early on that DuPont and 3M start finding effects in animals in studies that they’re running in house.

Around the mid ‘60s, they start seeing that PFAS has an effect on rats. It’s increasing the liver and kidney weights of the rats. And so that seems problematic. And they keep running tests over the next decade and a half. And they try different things with different animals.

In one study, they gave monkeys really, really high levels of PFAS. And those monkeys died. And so they have a pretty strong sense that these chemicals could be dangerous. And then in 1979, they start to see that the workers that are in the plants manufacturing, working with these chemicals, that they’re starting to have higher rates of abnormal liver function. And in a Teflon plant, they had some pregnant workers that were working with these chemicals. And one of those workers in 1981 gave birth to a child who had some pretty severe birth defects.

And then by the mid 1980s, DuPont figures out that it’s not just their workers who are being exposed to these chemicals, but communities that are living in areas surrounding their Teflon plant, particularly the one in Parkersburg, West Virginia, that those communities have PFAS in their tap water.

Wow, so based on its own studies, DuPont knows its chemicals are making animals sick. They seem to be making workers sick. And now they found out that the chemicals have made their way into the water supply. What do they do with that information?

As far as we know, they didn’t do much. They certainly didn’t tell the residents of Parkersburg who were drinking that water that there was anything that they needed to be worried about.

How is that possible? I mean, setting aside the fact that DuPont is the one actually studying the health effects of its own chemicals, presumably to make sure they’re safe, we’ve seen these big, regulating agencies like the EPA and the FDA that exist in order to watch out for something exactly like this, a company that is producing something that may be harming Americans. Why weren’t they keeping a closer watch?

Yeah, so it goes kind of back to the way that we regulate chemicals in the US. It goes through an act called the Toxic Substances Control Act that’s administered by the EPA. And basically, it gives companies a lot of room to regulate themselves, in a sense. Under this act they have a responsibility to report to the EPA if they find these kinds of potential issues with a chemical. They have a responsibility to do their due diligence when they’re putting a chemical out into the environment.

But there’s really not a ton of oversight. The enforcement mechanism is that the EPA can find them. But this kind of thing can happen pretty easily where DuPont keeps going with something that they think might really be a problem and then the fine, by the time it plays out, is just a tiny fraction of what DuPont has earned from producing these chemicals. And so really, the incentive is for them to take the punishment at the end, rather than pull it out early.

So it seems like it’s just self-reporting, which is basically self-regulation in a way.

Yeah, I think that is the way a lot of advocacy groups and experts have characterized it to me, is that chemical companies are essentially regulating themselves.

So how did this danger eventually come to light? I mean, if this is in some kind of DuPont vault, what happened?

Well, there’s a couple different things that started to happen in the late ‘90s.

The community around Parkersburg, West Virginia, people had reported seeing really strange symptoms in their animals. Cows were losing their hair. They had lesions. They were behaving strangely. Some of their calves were dying. And a lot of people in the community felt like they were having health problems that just didn’t really have a good answer, mysterious sicknesses, and some cases of cancers.

And so they initiate a class action lawsuit against DuPont. As part of that class action lawsuit, DuPont, at a certain point, is forced to turn over all of their internal documentation. And so what was in the files was all of that research that we mentioned all of the studies about — animals, and workers, the birth defects. It was really the first time that the public saw what DuPont and 3M had already seen, which is the potential health harms of these chemicals.

So that seems pretty damning. I mean, what happened to the company?

So, DuPont and 3M are still able to say these were just a few workers. And they were working with high levels of the chemicals, more than a person would get drinking it in the water. And so there’s still an opportunity for this to be kind of correlation, but not causation. There’s not really a way to use that data to prove for sure that it was PFAS that caused these health problems.

In other words, the company is arguing, look, yes, these two things exist at the same time. But it doesn’t mean that one caused the other.

Exactly. And so one of the things that this class action lawsuit demands in the settlement that they eventually reach with DuPont is they want DuPont to fund a formal independent health study of the communities that are affected by this PFAS in their drinking water. And so they want DuPont to pay to figure out for sure, using the best available science, how many of these health problems are potentially related to their chemicals.

And so they ask them to pay for it. And they get together an independent group of researchers to undertake this study. And it ends up being the first — and it still might be the biggest — epidemiological study of PFAS in a community. They’ve got about 69,000 participants in this study.

Wow, that’s big.

It’s big, yeah. And what they ended up deciding was that they could confidently say that there was what they ended up calling a probable link. And so they were really confident that the chemical exposure that the study participants had experienced was linked to high cholesterol, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, testicular cancer, kidney cancer, and pregnancy induced hypertension.

And so those were the conditions that they were able to say, with a good degree of certainty, were related to their chemical exposure. There were others that they just didn’t have the evidence to reach a strong conclusion.

So overall, pretty substantial health effects, and kind of vindicates the communities in West Virginia that were claiming that these chemicals were really affecting their health.

Absolutely. And as the years have gone on, that was sort of just the beginning of researchers starting to understand all the different kinds of health problems that these chemicals could potentially be causing. And so since the big DuPont class action study, there’s really just been like this building and building and building of different researchers coming out with these different pieces of evidence that have accumulated to a pretty alarming picture of what some of the potential health outcomes could be.

OK, so that really kind of brings us to the present moment, when, at last, it seems the EPA is saying enough is enough. We need to regulate these things.

Yeah, it seems like the EPA has been watching this preponderance of evidence accumulate. And they’re sort of deciding that it’s a real health problem, potentially, that they need to regulate.

So the EPA has identified six of these PFAS chemicals that it’s going to regulate. But the concern that I think a lot of experts have is that this particular regulation is not going to keep PFAS out of our bodies.

We’ll be right back.

So, Kim, you just said that these regulations probably won’t keep PFAS chemicals out of our bodies. What did you mean?

Well, the EPA is talking about regulating these six kinds of PFAS. But there are actually more than 10,000 different kinds of PFAS that are already being produced and out there in the environment.

And why those six, exactly? I mean, is it because those are the ones responsible for most of the harm?

Those are the ones that the EPA has seen enough evidence about that they are confident that they are probably causing harm. But it doesn’t mean that the other ones are not also doing something similar. It’s just sort of impossible for researchers to be able to test each individual chemical compound and try to link it to a health outcome.

I talked to a lot of researchers who were involved in this area and they said that they haven’t really seen a PFAS that doesn’t have a harm, but they just don’t have information on the vast majority of these compounds.

So in other words, we just haven’t studied the rest of them enough yet to even know how harmful they actually are, which is kind of alarming.

Yeah, that’s right. And there’s just new ones coming out all the time.

Right. OK, so of the six that the EPA is actually intending to regulate, though, are those new regulations strict enough to keep these chemicals out of our bodies?

So the regulations for those six chemicals really only cover getting them out of the drinking water. And drinking water only really accounts for about 20 percent of a person’s overall PFAS exposure.

So only a fifth of the total exposure.

Yeah. There are lots of other ways that you can come into contact with PFAS. We eat PFAS, we inhale PFAS. We rub it on our skin. It’s in so many different products. And sometimes those products are not ones that you would necessarily think of. They’re in carpets. They’re in furniture. They’re in dental floss, raincoats, vinyl flooring, artificial turf. All kinds of products that you want to be either waterproof or stain resistant or both have these chemicals in them.

So, the cities and towns are going to have to figure out how to test for and monitor for these six kinds of PFAS. And then they’re also going to have to figure out how to filter them out of the water supply. I think a lot of people are concerned that this is going to be just a really expensive endeavor, and it’s also not really going to take care of the entire problem.

Right. And if you step back and really look at the bigger problem, the companies are still making these things, right? I mean, we’re running around trying to regulate this stuff at the end stage. But these things are still being dumped into the environment.

Yeah. I think it’s a huge criticism of our regulatory policy. There’s a lot of onus put on the EPA to prove that a harm has happened once the chemicals are already out there and then to regulate the chemicals. And I think that there’s a criticism that we should do things the other way around, so tougher regulations on the front end before it goes out into the environment.

And that’s what the European Union has been doing. The European Chemicals Agency puts more of the burden on companies to prove that their products and their chemicals are safe. And the European Chemicals Agency is also, right now, considering just a ban on all PFAS products.

So is that a kind of model, perhaps, of what a tough regulation could look like in the US?

There’s two sides to that question. And the first side is that a lot of people feel like it would be better if these chemical companies had to meet a higher standard of proof in terms of demonstrating that their products or their chemicals are going to be safe once they’ve been put out in the environment.

The other side is that doing that kind of upfront research can be really expensive and could potentially limit companies who are trying to innovate in that space. In terms of PFAS, specifically, this is a really important chemical for us. And a lot of the things that we use it in, there’s not necessarily a great placement at the ready that we can just swap in. And so it’s used in all sorts of really important medical devices or renewable energy industries or firefighting foam.

And in some cases, there are alternatives that might be safer that companies can use. But in other cases, they just don’t have that yet. And so PFAS is still really important to our daily lives.

Right. And that kind of leaves us in a pickle because we know these things might be harming us. Yet, we’re kind of stuck with them, at least for now. So, let me just ask you this question, Kim, which I’ve been wanting to ask you since the beginning of this episode, which is, if you’re a person who is concerned about your exposure to PFAS, what do you do?

Yeah. So this is really tricky and I asked everybody this question who I talked to. And everybody has a little bit of a different answer based on their circumstance. For me what I ended up doing was getting rid of the things that I could sort of spot and get rid of. And so I got rid of some carpeting and I checked, when I was buying my son a raincoat, that it was made by a company that didn’t use PFAS.

It’s also expensive. And so if you can afford to get a raincoat from a place that doesn’t manufacture PFAS, it’s going to cost more than if you buy the budget raincoat. And so it’s kind of unfair to put the onus on consumers in that way. And it’s also just not necessarily clear where exactly your exposure is coming from.

So I talk to people who said, well, it’s in dust, so I vacuum a lot. Or it’s in my cleaning products, so I use natural cleaning products. And so I think it’s really sort of a scattershot approach that consumers can take. But I don’t think that there is a magic approach that gets you a PFAS-free life.

So Kim, this is pretty dark, I have to say. And I think what’s frustrating is that it feels like we have these government agencies that are supposed to be protecting our health. But when you drill down here, the guidance is really more like you’re on your own. I mean, it’s hard not to just throw up your hands and say, I give up.

Yeah. I think it’s really tricky to try to know what you do with all of this information as an individual. As much as you can, you can try to limit your individual exposure. But it seems to me as though it’s at a regulatory level that meaningful change would happen, and not so much throwing out your pots and pans and getting new ones.

One thing about PFAS is just that we’re in this stage still of trying to understand exactly what it’s doing inside of us. And so there’s a certain amount of research that has to happen in order to both convince people that there’s a real problem that needs to be solved, and clean up what we’ve put out there. And so I think that we’re sort of in the middle of that arc. And I think that that’s the point at which people start looking for solutions.

Kim, thank you.

Here’s what else you should know today. On Tuesday, in day two of jury selection for the historic hush money case against Donald Trump, lawyers succeeded in selecting 7 jurors out of the 12 that are required for the criminal trial after failing to pick a single juror on Monday.

Lawyers for Trump repeatedly sought to remove potential jurors whom they argued were biased against the president. Among the reasons they cited were social media posts expressing negative views of the former President and, in one case, a video posted by a potential juror of New Yorkers celebrating Trump’s loss in the 2020 election. Once a full jury is seated, which could come as early as Friday, the criminal trial is expected to last about six weeks.

Today’s episode was produced by Clare Toeniskoetter, Shannon Lin, Summer Thomad, Stella Tan, and Jessica Cheung, with help from Sydney Harper. It was edited by Devon Taylor, fact checked by Susan Lee, contains original music by Dan Powell, Elisheba Ittoop, and Marion Lozano, and was engineered by Chris Wood.

Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly.

That’s it for The Daily. I’m Sabrina Tavernise. See you tomorrow.

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• April 17, 2024   •   24:52 Are ‘Forever Chemicals’ a Forever Problem?
• April 16, 2024   •   29:29 A.I.’s Original Sin
• April 15, 2024   •   24:07 Iran’s Unprecedented Attack on Israel
• April 14, 2024   •   46:17 The Sunday Read: ‘What I Saw Working at The National Enquirer During Donald Trump’s Rise’
• April 12, 2024   •   34:23 How One Family Lost $900,000 in a Timeshare Scam
• April 11, 2024   •   28:39 The Staggering Success of Trump’s Trial Delay Tactics
• April 10, 2024   •   22:49 Trump’s Abortion Dilemma
• April 9, 2024   •   30:48 How Tesla Planted the Seeds for Its Own Potential Downfall
• April 8, 2024   •   30:28 The Eclipse Chaser
• April 7, 2024 The Sunday Read: ‘What Deathbed Visions Teach Us About Living’
• April 5, 2024   •   29:11 An Engineering Experiment to Cool the Earth

Hosted by Sabrina Tavernise

Featuring Kim Tingley

Produced by Clare Toeniskoetter ,  Shannon M. Lin ,  Summer Thomad ,  Stella Tan and Jessica Cheung

With Sydney Harper

Edited by Devon Taylor

Original music by Dan Powell ,  Elisheba Ittoop and Marion Lozano

Engineered by Chris Wood

Listen and follow The Daily Apple Podcasts | Spotify | Amazon Music

The Environmental Protection Agency has begun for the first time to regulate a class of synthetic chemicals known as “forever chemicals” in America’s drinking water.

Kim Tingley, a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine, explains how these chemicals, which have been linked to liver disease and other serious health problems, came to be in the water supply — and in many more places.

On today’s episode

Kim Tingley , a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine.

Background reading

“Forever chemicals” are everywhere. What are they doing to us?

The E.P.A. issued its rule about “forever chemicals” last week.

There are a lot of ways to listen to The Daily. Here’s how.

We aim to make transcripts available the next workday after an episode’s publication. You can find them at the top of the page.

Fact-checking by Susan Lee .

The Daily is made by Rachel Quester, Lynsea Garrison, Clare Toeniskoetter, Paige Cowett, Michael Simon Johnson, Brad Fisher, Chris Wood, Jessica Cheung, Stella Tan, Alexandra Leigh Young, Lisa Chow, Eric Krupke, Marc Georges, Luke Vander Ploeg, M.J. Davis Lin, Dan Powell, Sydney Harper, Mike Benoist, Liz O. Baylen, Asthaa Chaturvedi, Rachelle Bonja, Diana Nguyen, Marion Lozano, Corey Schreppel, Rob Szypko, Elisheba Ittoop, Mooj Zadie, Patricia Willens, Rowan Niemisto, Jody Becker, Rikki Novetsky, John Ketchum, Nina Feldman, Will Reid, Carlos Prieto, Ben Calhoun, Susan Lee, Lexie Diao, Mary Wilson, Alex Stern, Dan Farrell, Sophia Lanman, Shannon Lin, Diane Wong, Devon Taylor, Alyssa Moxley, Summer Thomad, Olivia Natt, Daniel Ramirez and Brendan Klinkenberg.

Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly. Special thanks to Sam Dolnick, Paula Szuchman, Lisa Tobin, Larissa Anderson, Julia Simon, Sofia Milan, Mahima Chablani, Elizabeth Davis-Moorer, Jeffrey Miranda, Renan Borelli, Maddy Masiello, Isabella Anderson and Nina Lassam.

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