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Biology essays questions with answers

This document contains over 60 Biology essays questions with answers..It is suitable for both students and teachers.It is well analysed and prepared with the aim of preparing KCSE candidates for biology exam.

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The document is written in a manner that both the candidates and teachers will immensely benefit from it.

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Biology Form 1 Questions and Answers

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Biology KCSE Essay Questions and Answers Paper 2; Over 1,000

KCSE BIOLOGY PAPPER TWO 231/2 -ESSAYS FROM 1995 -2023

a). Describe how insect pollinated flowers are adapted to pollination ( KCSE1995)

Progesterone
Luteinizinghormone
Describe how excretion takes place in: ( KCSE1995)
MammalianKidneys
Greenplants
a).Explainhowthemammalianskinisadaptedtoperformitsfunctions (20marks; KCSE 1996)

b). Describe how new plants arise by asexual reproduction (20 marks; KCSE 1996)

a). What is parasitism? (KCSE1997)

b). Describe how the tapeworm is adapted to a parasitic mode of life (KCSE 1997)

a). What is meant by the term digestion? (KCSE1997 )

b). Describe how the mammalian small intestine is adapted to its function (KCSE 1997)

Discuss the various evidences, which show that evolution has taken place (20 marks; KCSE 1998)
Explain how the mammalian intestines are adapted to perform their function (20 marks; KCSE 1998)
a). Describethe:
Process of inhalation in mammals ( KCSE 1999)
Mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata in plants (KCSE1999)

b). Explain how the various activities of man have caused pollution of air (20 marks; KCSE 1999)

a). Describe the role of hormones in the human menstrual cycle (20 marks; KCSE2000)

b). How are leaves of mesophytes suited to their functions (20 marks; KCSE 2000)

a). State the functions of the following parts of the mammalian ear; (KCSE2001)
Tympanicmembrane
Eustachiantube
Earossicles

b). Describe how semicircular canals perform their functions (KCSE 2001 )

a). Describe the process of fertilization in a flowering plant ( KCSE2001)

b). State the change that take place in a flower after fertilization ( KCSE 2001)

a). Describe the role of hormones in the growth and development of plants (20 marks; KCSE 2002)
a). Name three types of skeletons found in multicellular animals ( KCSE2002)

b). Describe how the cervical, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are suited to their functions

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(KCSE 2002)

a). Describe the functions of the various parts of the human eye (20 marks; KCSE2003)

1 | P a ge

(b). Describe how fruits and seeds are suited to their modes of dispersal (20 marks; KCSE 2003)

a). How is the mammalian skin adapted to its functions? (20 marks; KCSE2004)

b). Explain how a biotic factors affect plants (20 marks; KCSE 2004)

a). Describe how gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial plants (20 marks; KCSE2005)

b). How is the human eye adapted to its function? (20 marks; KCSE 2005)

a). Describe how human kidney functions (20 marks; KCSE2006)

b).Describehowwatermovesfromthesoiltotheleavesinatree (20marks; KCSE2006)

a). Describe the structure and functions of the various parts of the human ear (20 marks; KCSE 2007 )

b). Describe causes and methods of controlling water pollution (20 marks; KCSE 2007 )

Describe the nitrogen cycle (20 marks; KCSE2008)
a). State four characteristics of gaseous exchangesurfaces

b). Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a mammal (16 marks; KCSE 2008)

a). How are flowers adapted to wind and insect pollination? (20 marks; KCSE2009 )

b). Describe the role of the liver in homeostasis in the human body (20 marks; KCSE2009)

a). Describe the process of fertilization in flowering plants (20 marks; KCSE2010)

b). Describe how a finned fish such as tilapia moves in water (20 marks; KCSE 2010)

a). Describe the exoskeleton and its function in insects (13 marks; KCSE2011)

b). Describe how accommodation in the human eye is brought about when focusing on a near object (7 marks; KCSE 2011)

Using a relevant example in each case, describe simple and conditional reflex action (20 marks; KCSE2012)
a).Usingarelevantexample,describehowanallergicreactionoccursinahumanbeing

(10 marks; KCSE 2012)

b).Describehowenvironmentalfactorsincreasetherateoftranspirationinterrestrialplants

a). Describe the process of blood clotting in human beings (10 marks; KCSE2013 )

b).Howarerespiratorysurfacesinmammalsadaptedtotheirfunctions? (10marks; KCSE 2013)

Describe the role of the following organs in excretion andhomeostasis
The liver (10 marks; KCSE2013)
The skin during hot environmental conditions (10 marks; KCSE2013 )
a). Explain how each of the following factors affect the rate ofphotosynthesis:
Temperature (2 marks; KCSE2014)
Chlorophyll concentration (2 marks; KCSE2014 )

b). Describe the process of carbohydrate digestion in human beings (16 marks; KCSE2014)

a). How does excretion take place in plants (4 marks; KCSE2014)

b). Describe the role of the human skin in homeostasis (16 marks; KCSE 2014)

a).Explainthevariouswaysinwhichseedsandfruitsareadaptedtodispersal (20marks; KCSE 2015)

b). How is a mammalian heart structurally adapted to its function? (20 marks; KCSE2015)

2 | P a ge

(a).Usingarelevantexampleineachcase,describesimpleandconditionalreflexaction

(20 marks; KCSE 2016)

b). Describe how the mammalian heart is structurally adapted to its function (20 marks; KCSE 2016)

a ) Explain the importance of protecting the forest ecosystem with reference to the following (20 marks; KCSE 2017 )
a) Climate change
b) Biodiversity

c)Biotechnology

d)Water conservation

e) Pollution
b) Describe how a mammalian eye is structurally adapted to its functions (20 marks)
a) Describe the mode reproduction in a named fungus (5 marks)
b) Describe the roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle (15 marks; KCSE 2018 )
a) Giving examples, describe the following among organisms (20marks; KCSE 2019 )
Predator-prey relationship
b) Explain the effect of increased physical activity on the following organ system (20 marks)
a)(i)Explain the role of the liver in blood regulation (3 marks ; KCSE 2020)
Describe how a mammalian heart is adapted to its functions (17 marks)
b) (i) Explain how the presence of chloroplast in guard cell affect the opening of the stomata (5marks)

(ii) Describe how various environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis (15marks)

a) (i) Explain the role of placenta during pregnancy(10 marks) ( KCSE 2021)
ii) Explain features and mechanisms that hinder self pollination and self fertilization(10 marks)

b)( i) Describe how xylem is structurally adapted to its functions (5marks)

(ii) Describe the functions of mammalian blood in the human body(15 marks)

a i) Describe how plants eliminate waste products(8 marks; KCSE2022 )

ii)Describe the structure and function of mammalian nephron (12marks)

b) i. Describe five tropic responses and their survival values (15marks)

ii)Describe how mammalian heartbeat is controlled (5mks)

Schemes of work form three geography term 1-3.

May 24, 2024

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Biology Questions and Answers - Form 1 End Term 3 2022 Exams

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INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

Answer ALL the questions
Answers should be written in the spaces provided
Light stage;……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Dark stage;……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Name three products of the light stage of photosynthesis (3mks)
Plants (1mk)
Animals (1mk)

Name………………………………………………………….(1mk)
Function (1mk)………………………………………………….
A student measured the length of a mitochondrion on a photomicrograph whose magnification was X 40000 and found it to be 1mm. Calculate the actual size of the mitochondrion. (3mks)
Flaccid……………………………………………….……………………………………………………
Turgid……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Cell wall. ……………………………………………………………………………………. (1mk)
Mammalian liver. …………………………………………………………………………. (1mk)
Sucrose………………………………………………………………………………………….…(1mk)
Lactose……………………………………………………………………………………………..(1mk)
Maltose……………………………………………………………………………………………...(1mk)
Name three characteristics of living organisms (3mks)
Apart from Plantae and Animalia, name three other kingdoms. (3mks)
Draw a well labeled diagram show the external parts of a simple leaf (6mks)
Give two characteristics that distinguish scientific names from common names. (2mks)
What is cell specialization (1mk)
Name three types of tissues found in animals (3mks)
Name three main types of lenses found on a light microscope (3mks)

Label the part K ,L, S and salivary glands M and P (5rnks)
Name three hormones which are secreted along the alimentary canal (3mks)
List down four differences between a light microscope and an electron microscope (4mks)
List down four factors that determines energy requirements in human being: (4mks)
Nucleolus (1mk)
Golgi apparatus (2mks)

Identify the type of tooth. (1mk)
Give one reason for your answer in (a) above. (1mk)
State one function of the tooth. (1mk)
State the function of the part labeled Q (1mk)
Name the parts labeled P, Q, R, and S (3mks)

MARKING SCHEME

Light stage : Photolysis (1mk)
Dark stage: Carbon (IV) fixation (1mk)
Hydrogen ions
Adenosine triphosphate /energy rej; ATP
In plants- Guard cells; root hair cells; palisade cells
In animals- sperm cell; white blood cells; Red blood cells; nerve cells.
pair of forceps’;
picking up small stinging crawling animals;
Mag. = image size ; 1mm = 100m Actual size 40000 = 1 x 1000μm Actual size Actual size = 1000 μm ; = 1 / 40 = 0.015μm 40,000
Hypertonic solution; acc. Highly concentrated solution (1mk)
Hypotonic solution; acc. More dilute solution;
Glucose and fructose;
Glucose and galactose;
Glucose and glucose;
Nutrition; Growth and development;
Respiration; Reproduction;
Gaseous exchange; Irritability;
Excretion; Movement; Mark the 1 st 3
Protoctista;
Fungi; Rej: If the name doesn’t begin with capital letter and wrong spelling.

( Two names used) first name – generic, second name species;
Two names italicized /underlined
Separately / first names capital, second; name small letter;
Structural differentiation / modification of cells to perform specific function;
Epithelial tissue;
Connective tissue; Mark the 1st 3
Condenser lens
Objective lenses
Eye piece lens
L- Oesophagus/gullet
S – ileum rej. Small intestines
M – Sublingual salivary glands
P- parotid salivary gland
Cholecystokinin
basal metabolic rate
S.A to volume ratio/ body size
Study of inheritance and variation
Study of insects
Production of ribosomes.
Packaging and transport of glycoprotein’s
Secretion of synthesized proteins and carbohydrates.
Production of lysosomes.
Molar; accept pre-molar.
Presence of two roots; presence of cusps; accept any one.
chewing/crushing food;
Detect stimuli;
Q - nerve fibre
R - blood capillaries
S - pulp cavity

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Biology Short Essay Free Response Questions

10 min read • june 11, 2020

Jessica Nadzam

Overview of the Short Essay (FRQ) Questions

The AP Biology exam used to consist of eight long-form free response questions, but in 2019 it was redesigned to consist of only six free response questions. Two of those questions are in the “short” form, and these consist of 50% of the free response score, or 25% of your total score.

Long story short, those four questions may not be as long as the first two, but they still pack a big punch on your score.

The short essay questions will always be the last four on your exam. They’re very different than the first two in length and point-value, but you can use the same techniques as the others. You still need to know the content and utilize the “essential verbage” to write an appropriate response, but this response will be shorter and take less time to complete.

You have to write in blue or black ink (for all things that are good, please do not use a pencil), so have a few of your favorite pens ready. You’ll have lots of pages to write on (if you use all of them, you may have written too much), and you’ll be given a copy of the Formulas and Equations Sheet for any calculations you need to do.

Questions are 4 points apiece, and they typically contain content and problems concerning multiple content areas. Since they are shorter they are less likely to cover multiple topics, but it does still happen. You could initially respond about protein structure in the first part and then end up describing the evidence of evolution by the end of the question. There’s a lot of points on the table, and CollegeBoard will make you work for them.

Response Grading (from an AP Reader)

There are 16 points for the last four questions of the FRQ test, and they make up 25% of your AP Biology score. So, how are those points calculated and scored? CollegeBoard is fantastic at writing rigorous questions, but they’re also very good at training their graders (called AP Readers) how to objectively score the questions. Readers spend a whole day training to grade just two of the questions (they don’t get to look at the other four at all), and then spend a whole week grading only those questions, eight hours a day .

A well-oiled machine may be an understatement. The bottom of the line is, AP Readers know exactly what they’re looking for when they’re grading. They read a hundred tests a day (minimum), and if you don’t have the answer they’ve been told is the right answer, they tend to move on pretty quickly.

While this seems intimidating, it’s actually good news for you - but only if you pay very close attention to the next section on verbiage. You see, the bolded verbs in AP free response questions are just hints as to what AP Readers are looking for in an answer. If you know those verbs backwards and forwards, you will know what type of response AP Readers want. And if you know that, you don’t have to worry about writing something that may be right content-wise, but still missing a point on a technicality.

Essential Verbiage

There are a lot of verbs used in AP exams to pose questions for students to ponder and rip their hair out over.

To keep all that hair on your head, we’ve made you a table. It’s pretty easy - if you know exactly what to do when you encounter each bolded verb , you know exactly what to do to answer the question the way the Reader wants to see it. You know how many points it’s worth, and therefore can figure out how much time to spend on it.

Side note - keep in mind that if a question asks you do something more than once - maybe to describe two factors or explain three phenomenon, you should multiple that # Points by however many things it expects you to do.

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Strategies for 5able Responses

Do you want a 5 on this test? Then here’s what you need to know and be able to do:

Read. The. Question. Carefully. Seriously. You don’t know how many students miss points because they were skimming and missed a critical word. It’s a heartbreaker for Readers, who want to give you that point, but can’t. Also, read the directions carefully. Your papers always say something about how responses on the actual question page will not be scored. Do not write on the question page . You can use it for brainstorming or outlining as scratch paper, but if your words aren’t written on lined paper or a graph or table, they won’t be scored. So make sure you put your answers in the right place!

Complete. Sentences. Unless it’s an identify or construct or calculate question, you need a capital letter and a period, or the Reader will not grade that response. Period. Outlines, bulleted lists, and drawings won’t be graded unless specified in the question’s directions.

Circle your bolded verbs . Find them. Figure out which are worth the most points, the least points, will take the longest, will be the quickest, etc. Then, figure out which ones to answer first.

When you start the test, you don’t have to go in order. If your mind goes blank on question one, skip it . It’s not going anywhere, you can come back to it. But don’t waste time on it when there are others you can definitely answer later in the booklet.

The identify and graph/draw questions are some of the quickest to respond to because they don’t require complete sentences, and the answers are usually very quick to come up with. Answer these questions first to get them out of the way.

Time yourself. You get 90 minutes, but it goes by fast. Keep a digital watch that does not beep , and refer to it regularly. Plot how long you want to spend on each question so you don’t waste time in one area and lose points on another question you could have easily answered. Since the short questions are worth half your free-response score, you shouldn’t spend any more than 45 minutes on these four questions, or about 10-11 minutes apiece.

This is not AP English. The graders are not English teachers. They don’t care how pretty your introduction is or how ~thought-provoking~ your thesis statement is. They just want to finish your paper and move on, so don’t ramble on and on. Skip the fluff and go straight to the point. Don’t restate the question or introduce the topic or regurgitate random knowledge - it won’t get you extra points, it’s a waste of time for you, and the Readers get bored sorting through all your thoughts and writing.

Label your responses . While you still have to write in complete sentences, please label each response with a, b, c, etc. if the essay question has multiple parts. You don’t even have to go in order, but this helps Readers find your answer so they don’t have to sift and guess what you meant.

COMMIT TO YOUR ANSWER . Readers don’t like wishy-washy papers. Erase the words “might” and “possible” and “I think” from your vocabulary. You could be completely wrong, but if you’re writing about a purple hippopotamus, COMMIT to that purple hippopotamus. Don’t say “I think the purple hippopotamus might possibly maybe do photosynthesis if it feels like it.” That’s wishy washy, and Readers don’t accept that as an actual answer, so they won’t give points for it. Be committed , and loudly proclaim “This purple hippopotamus does photosynthesis!” Ta-da!

If possible, always give an example. We said earlier not to mind dump and regurgitate, but examples are usually a good way to sweep up an extra point or two if you have budgeted your time wisely and can accurately apply it to the scenario.

So, now that you know what the Readers are looking for in your responses, let’s talk about the types of questions they will ask you.

Question Types

The short version of the free-response test has four questions, and each of those four questions has a distinct question type. These are based on “science practices” that CollegeBoard expects students to develop to be more ~well-rounded~ and ~critical thinkers~. Luckily, these questions go in a distinct order, too. Those types and order is as follows:

Scientific Investigation

Conceptual Analysis

Analysis of Model or Visual Representation

Analysis of Data

With this, you can get a good idea of what to expect on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th question. And if you’re used to studying for the science section of the ACT, you probably recognize these question types. It’s all about analyzing graphs and tables, pulling information from passages, and performing analysis on data.

Oh, while remembering all that AP Biology knowledge your teacher tried to get into your brain for the past 6-9 months. No pressure.

Let’s break down what each of those question types is asking for, and the best ways to respond to maximize your time and your points.

Scientific Analysis - this question will describe a lab experiment scenario, and expect you to be able to describe the biological concept or process involved, identify an experimental procedure, predict results, and justify your prediction.

Conceptual Analysis - in this question, CollegeBoard will present a question that describes a real-life scenario. It will relate that scenario to a biological phenomenon and tell you something has disrupted the process. To get all four points, you will have to describe the biological process that is happening, explain that biological concept, predict the causes and effects of the disruption, and justify your prediction.

Analysis of Model or Visual Representation may seem like two separate question types, but they will ask you to do the same thing. Both will give you a description of some biological scenario with a visual model. You will be asked to analyze that model, and then describe different biological characteristics of the model, explain the relationships between the different characteristics, identify or draw the relationships within that model, and then explain how the scenario relates to a larger idea or concept.

Analysis of Data - for the final question of the exam (and then you’re freeeeee !), you will receive data on a graph or table. You will then have to describe the data (twice), evaluate a hypothesis or prediction using the data, and then explain how the experimental results relate to some biological concept.

These descriptions can seem a bit confusing on their own. Therefore, some examples are provided below.

Sample Question 1 - Scientific Investigation

A forest ecosystem has a delicate balance of life. Autotrophs, heterotrophs, and decomposers live together and exchange resources to survive. Sometimes their relationships are mutually beneficial, but sometimes they can be harmful for one species and beneficial for another. Buteo jumaicensis , or the red-tailed hawk, consumes smaller organisms such as small reptiles and small mammals. Recently, the ecosystem has been disturbed by deforestation of pine trees. Hawks typically roost on the crowns of tall trees, and as a result their habitat begins to diminish.

a) Describe the niche of the red-tailed hawk.

b) Identify the type of relationship shared between the red-tailed hawk and a common forest mouse.

c) Predict the short-term impact of the decline of the red-tailed hawk due to deforestation, and how it will impact the rest of the ecosystem.

d) Provide reasoning to justify your prediction.

Sample Question 2 - Conceptual Analysis

The lac operon model is a common phenomenon used to demonstrate the regulation of gene expression. In this model, a gene is essentially turned “on” and “off” to produce proteins only when they are necessary. This allows a bacteria called Escherichia coli ( E. coli) to metabolize lactose.

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a) Describe the gene expression process from DNA to protein.

b) Explain why operons are an evolutionary advantage over allowing genes to undergo transcription and translation constantly.

c) Although less commonly used for demonstration, the trp operon is another bacterial operon found in E. coli. Predict what would occur if a lac repressor was used on the trp operon.

d) Provide evidence to support your prediction.

Sample Question 3 - Analyze Model or Visual Representation

Signal transduction pathways occur when cells receive signals from outside their membranes, and transduct those messages through the cell to a predetermined location. These signals are used for a variety of reasons including growth, division, mating, protein production, and more. In order for a cell to experience signal transduction, it must receive some signal that binds to a receptor and triggers the pathway.

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a) Referring to the figure, predict a possible response that may occur as a result of this signal. b) Describe the steps of the signal transduction pathway that must occur to elicit a response.

c) Sometimes secondary messengers may enter the cell only after a ligand has bound to a receptor. Explain why secondary messengers may be necessary for cell signalling.

d) Identify the ligand in the figure.

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Your lesson notes in a blink, 2024 waec: biology essay and objectives questions with solution.

BIOLOGY ANSWERS

(1ai) Glomerulus: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) It filters blood to form glomerular filtrate. (ii) It removes waste products and excess substances from the bloodstream. (iii) It initiates the urine formation process by allowing water and small molecules to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins.

(1aii) Bowman’s capsule: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) It collects the filtrate produced by the glomerulus. (ii) It forms primary urine by capturing the filtrate and directing it into the nephron. (iii) It serves as a funnel, guiding the filtrate into the proximal convoluted tubule for further processing.

(1aiii) Proximal convoluted tubule: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) It reabsorbs water, ions, and nutrients from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. (ii) It plays a crucial role in secreting waste products such as hydrogen ions and ammonia into the tubular fluid. (iii) It maintains pH balance by selectively reabsorbing bicarbonate ions and secreting hydrogen ions.

(1aiv) Distal convoluted tubule: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) It reabsorbs sodium and water, thus playing a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. (ii) It secretes potassium and hydrogen ions, which helps in maintaining electrolyte and acid-base balance. (iii) It also regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood, contributing to bone health and metabolic functions.

(1b) |ORGANISM | Structure.. |..Form in which|

|Paramecium|Contractile vacuole|Liquid (water)

|Flatworm |Flame cells| Ammonia|

|Earthworm|Nephridia | Urea|

|Cockroach|Malpighian tubules|Uric acid|

|Human | Kidneys| Liquid(urine)|

|Plant | Stomatal pore| Gaseous (water vapor, oxygen, carbon dioxide

(1c) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Oxygen (ii) Carbon dioxide (iii) Water vapor (iv) Resins (v) gums (vi) Latex (vii) Tannins (viii) Essential oils

WAEC BIOLOGY

(2ai) -Mouth- (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Chewing and breaking down the food (ii) Producing saliva to moisten and lubricate the food (iii) Initiating the digestive process through enzymatic action

(2aii) -Skin- (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Regulating body temperature through sweating (ii) Excreting waste products like urea and lactic acid (iii) Absorbing certain substances through the skin

(2aiii) -Tongue- (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Helping with chewing and mixing the food with saliva (ii) Providing taste sensation and identifying the taste of the food (iii) Assisting in the swallowing process

(2aiv) -Kidney- (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Filtering the blood and removing waste products (ii) Regulating the balance of water, salts, and minerals in the body (iii) Producing urine for excretion

(2av) -Stomach- (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Storing and breaking down the food through mechanical and chemical processes (ii) Producing gastric acid and enzymes to aid in digestion (iii) Mixing the food with digestive juices

(2avi) -Small Intestine- (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Absorbing the majority of nutrients from the digested food (ii) Producing enzymes to further break down the food (iii) Transporting the digested nutrients to the bloodstream

(2avii) -Large Intestine- (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Absorbing water from the remaining undigested food (ii) Storing and compacting the waste material (iii) Eliminating the waste products from the body

(2aviii) -Liver- (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Producing bile to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats (ii) Metabolizing and detoxifying substances in the body (iii) Regulating blood sugar levels and storing excess energy

(2b) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Mouth (saliva) (ii) Stomach (gastric enzymes) (iii) Small Intestine (pancreatic and intestinal enzymes) (iv) Liver (bile)

(2c) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Amylase (breaks down carbohydrates) (ii) Lipase (breaks down fats) (iii) Protease (breaks down proteins) (iv) Cellulase (breaks down cellulose in cassava)

(2d) (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Glucose (ii) Fatty acids and glycerol (iii) Amino acids (iv) Minerals and vitamins

(2ei) (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Increased blood pressure (ii) Retention of water in the body, leading to edema

(2eii) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Provides a good source of carbohydrates from the cassava (ii) Provides protein from the groundnut soup (iii) Supplies essential minerals and vitamins (iv) Helps to maintain body temperature through sweating (v) Satisfies hunger and provides energy

Please let me know if you have any other questions!

(3ai) (i) The meat may turn dark brown or grey as it starts to spoil. (ii) A strong, unpleasant smell of decay will likely develop due to bacterial decomposition. (iii) The meat may become slimy and sticky as bacterial and enzymatic activities break down the tissues. (iv) Visible mold or fungal growth may appear on the surface of the meat.

(3aii) Decomposition

(3aiii) (i) Refrigeration – Low Temperature (ii) Salting – Dehydration and Osmosis (iii) Smoking – Dehydration (iv) Canning – Sterilization

(3aiv) (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Temperature (warmth) (ii) Humidity (high moisture) (iii) Oxygen (Presence of air) (iv) Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.)

(3b) (i) Dired maize grains: Storage in airtight containers or silos (ii) Fresh tomatoes: Refrigeration (iii) Veetables: Freezing (iv) Beans: Canning (v) Milk: Pasteurization

(4ai) Cell Type… Set of. Onion cell Mitosis Diploid Sperm cell Meiosis Haploid Pollen grain Meiosis Haploid Ovum Meiosis Haploid Guard cell Mitosis Diploid Cheek cell Mitosis Diploid

(4aii) (PICK ANY ONE) Mitosis is the process of cell division wherein the chromosomes replicate and get equally distributed into two daughter cells.

Mitosis is a process of cell division where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It is crucial for growth, development, and tissue repair in organisms.

(4b) (PICK ANY ONE) Parents with blood groups A or B can have an offspring with blood group O if both parents carry one recessive allele for blood type O. When each parent passes on the O allele to their child, who receives one from each parent, the child’s genotype would be OO, resulting in blood group O. This is possible due to the Mendelian inheritance pattern where the O allele is recessive to both A and B alleles.

For parents with blood groups A or B to have an offspring with blood group O, both parents must carry at least one recessive O allele (i.e., genotype AO or BO). When these parents produce offspring, there is a chance that they can pass on their O allele to the child. If the child receives an O allele from each parent, they will have blood group O, as the O allele is recessive to both A and B alleles.

(4c) (PICK ANY ONE) Genes drive evolution by passing on hereditary traits across generations. Mutations create genetic diversity within populations, providing the raw material for natural selection to act upon. Natural selection favors advantageous traits, leading to evolutionary changes over time. Additionally, genetic drift and gene flow further shape the genetic makeup of populations, contributing to the diversity and adaptation of species.

Genes are the units of heredity passed from parents to offspring. Through mutation, genetic variation arises, leading to diversity within populations. Natural selection acts on these variations, favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction. Over time, advantageous traits become more common in a population, driving evolutionary change. Genes encode the traits that are subject to selection, shaping the adaptation and evolution of species.

(5ai) (PICK ANY ONE) Competition is the process by which living organisms in a habitat struggle or compete with one another for limited essential needs such as food, light, nutrients, shelter or space in the environment.

Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms or species are harmed. It arises when individuals or populations vie for the same resource (such as food, water, space, shelter, mate, ecological status, etc.) that is in limited supply.

(5aii) (i) Intraspecific competition (ii) Interspecific competition

(5aiii) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Food (ii) Water (iii) Shelter (iv) Space (v) Sunlight (vi) Nutrients

(5aiv) (PICK ANY ONE) During succession, early pioneer species colonize an area with little competition due to harsh conditions. As the ecosystem matures, resources increase, leading to heightened competition among species. This competition drives the succession process, as more competitive species outcompete and replace earlier ones, resulting in a progressively more diverse and stable ecosystem over time.

Competition and succession are linked in ecosystems. Early in succession, pioneer species face little competition. As ecosystems develop, resources increase, and competition among species intensifies. This drives succession, with more competitive species replacing earlier ones, leading to a stable and mature ecosystem.

(5bi) (PICK ANY ONE) Structural adaptation refers to physical features of an organism that enhance its ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment. These adaptations involve the organism’s body structure, such as shape, size, and special body parts, that help it to survive in its habitat.

Structural adaptations refer to the changes in the structure of a living organism that enables it to adapt better to its environment. These adaptation consist of special body parts, such as skin, color, and shape.

(5bii) (i) Camouflage (ii) Mimicry (iii) Body Coverings and parts (iv) Specialized limbs and appendages

(5c) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Fingerprints (ii) Facial Recognition (iii) DNA Profiling (iv) Retinal Scans (v) Voice Recognition

(5e) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Rubber Tree (ii) Pitcher Plants (iii) Giant Water Lilies (iv) Banana Trees (v) Orchids (vi) Bromeliads (vii) Ferns

BIOLOGY OBJ 01-10: CCCBBBADAC 11-20: ACCBBDAADC 21-30: DCADDABDDA 31-40: ACCAACACCD 41-50: BBCAADCBBB

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