computer essay uses

Essay on Computer and its Uses for School Students and Children

500+ words essay on computer.

In this essay on computer, we are going to discuss some useful things about computers. The modern-day computer has become an important part of our daily life. Also, their usage has increased much fold during the last decade. Nowadays, they use the computer in every office whether private or government. Mankind is using computers for over many decades now. Also, they are used in many fields like agriculture, designing, machinery making, defense and many more. Above all, they have revolutionized the whole world.

History of Computers

It is very difficult to find the exact origin of computers. But according to some experts computer exists at the time of world war-II. Also, at that time they were used for keeping data. But, it was for only government use and not for public use. Above all, in the beginning, the computer was a very large and heavy machine.

Working of a Computer 

The computer runs on a three-step cycle namely input, process, and output. Also, the computer follows this cycle in every process it was asked to do. In simple words, the process can be explained in this way. The data which we feed into the computer is input, the work CPU do is process and the result which the computer give is output.

Components and Types of Computer

The simple computer basically consists of CPU, monitor, mouse, and keyboard . Also, there are hundreds of other computer parts that can be attached to it. These other parts include a printer, laser pen, scanner , etc.

The computer is categorized into many different types like supercomputers, mainframes, personal computers (desktop), PDAs, laptop, etc. The mobile phone is also a type of computer because it fulfills all the criteria of being a computer.

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Uses of Computer in Various Fields

As the usage of computer increased it became a necessity for almost every field to use computers for their operations. Also, they have made working and sorting things easier. Below we are mentioning some of the important fields that use a computer in their daily operation.

Medical Field

They use computers to diagnose diseases, run tests and for finding the cure for deadly diseases . Also, they are able to find a cure for many diseases because of computers.

Whether it’s scientific research, space research or any social research computers help in all of them. Also, due to them, we are able to keep a check on the environment , space, and society. Space research helped us to explore the galaxies. While scientific research has helped us to locate resources and various other useful resources from the earth.

For any country, his defence is most important for the safety and security of its people. Also, computer in this field helps the country’s security agencies to detect a threat which can be harmful in the future. Above all the defense industry use them to keep surveillance on our enemy.

Threats from a Computer

Computers have become a necessity also, they have become a threat too. This is due to hackers who steal your private data and leak them on internet. Also, anyone can access this data. Apart from that, there are other threats like viruses, spams, bug and many other problems.

The computer is a very important machine that has become a useful part of our life. Also, the computers have twin-faces on one side it’s a boon and on the other side, it’s a bane. Its uses completely depend upon you. Apart from that, a day in the future will come when human civilization won’t be able to survive without computers as we depend on them too much. Till now it is a great discovery of mankind that has helped in saving thousands and millions of lives.

Frequently Asked Questions on Computer

Q.1  What is a computer?

A.1 A computer is an electronic device or machine that makes our work easier. Also, they help us in many ways.

Q.2 Mention various fields where computers are used?

A.2  Computers are majorly used in defense, medicine, and for research purposes.

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• School Education /

Essay on Computers for Students: What is a Supercomputer?

• Updated on  
• May 24, 2024

The computer is a device used for storing and sharing data, typing documents, playing games, and many more. This modern device has revolutionized the world and has become a crucial part of our daily lives. Over the years, computers have brought about changes not only in people’s lives but also in the technological field. In this blog, we will go over the essay on computers. 

Table of Contents

• 1.1 Importance of Computers in Our Lives
• 1.2 10 Uses of Computer
• 1.3 Skills That Can Be Learned Through Computers:
• 2 What are Supercomputers?
• 3 150 Words Paragraph on Computer

Essay on Computers in 500 Words

A computer is an electronic device that has led to a technological revolution in the modern world. Being a part of our daily life, this device has seen significant changes throughout the years. However, the exact origin of computers is still unknown. 

The original concept for this programming machine was developed in the 19th century by Charles Babbage, also known as the ‘Father of the Computer’. His experiment established the foundation for what modern computers are today. During the 1980s, there was a rise in personal computers, making it easier for individuals to use them for personal purposes. Later, the emergence of the internet allowed the rapid growth of computers in the public domain. The invention of the World Wide Web was seen as the most significant innovation in technology. It paved the path for more advancements than a human society could have imagined.

Quick Read: Essay on Financial Literacy

Importance of Computers in Our Lives

Computers have become an integral part of our daily lives, and much of our work is dependent on them. 

• Communication and Connectivity – Since ancient times, government organisations have used computers to communicate and connect globally. One example of such a situation in World War II when computers played a significant role in exchanging and coordinating data and information.
• Enhance productivity – The primary purpose of computers was to provide support and increase productivity to those carrying out a particular task.
• Education – Computers help in acquiring information from all around the world, making learning more accessible.
• E-commerce – Computers have changed the way businesses operate promoting digital transactions that help to optimise operations and improve customer service.
• Entertainment – A computer offers digital content and streaming services in the comfort of your house, making it a source of entertainment
• Innovation – A computer can be used to advance technology in fields such as artificial intelligence and others.

Quick Read: Essay on Viksit Bharat

10 Uses of Computer

• Helps in Research and E-Learning : Computers help in education by providing access to knowledge from around the world. Anything may be learned and understood using the content available online.
• Analyzing business trends : Analysing business trends involves doing research on the present scenario and developing marketing strategies.
• Advanced diagnosis : Computers assist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases through modern medical technologies such as MRI and CT scans.
• Data keeping : A computer helps in the maintenance of data and its records. It allows you to store, access, and share data securely.
• Digital literacy : Through computer systems, people can learn about digital advancements in areas that are important for people in this digital age.
• E-government services : Nowadays, people can get information about government services directly from their portal.
• Online banking : Online banking allows anyone to make digital transactions from anywhere in the world.
• E-filling : Any document required for a legal or financial operation can now be completed via the Internet.
• Social networking : Using technology, people can connect from anywhere. This helps people network more effectively.
• Online shopping : You no longer have to attend the market to shop; instead, you can do so from the convenience of your own home or workplace.

Skills That Can Be Learned Through Computers:

A computer can help you learn many skills if used wisely. Some of the skills are given below: 

• Technical Skills : Coding, Web development, software development, and cybersecurity.
• Business Skills : Microsoft Office suit and Project management
• Creative Skills : Graphic Design video editing and music production
• Marketing : Digital Media marketing, Social media marketing and analyzing trends
• Language Skills : Learning a new language and blogging
• Financial Skills : Financial literacy, accounting, and managing data
• STEM Skills : Science, Technology, engineering, mathematics
• Personal Development Skills

Also Read: Essay on Digital India for Students

What are Supercomputers?

A supercomputer is a higher-level computer with more programming capabilities than a standard computer. These computers are widely used for major projects like scientific research, engineering, and weather forecasting, which demand high speed and accuracy. These computers are capable of performing complex calculations, processing, and storing large amounts of data. The working of these computers can challenge the most simulating scenarios to unveil the most complex mysteries. Supercomputers are pushing the boundaries of technology, driving innovation by expanding our understanding of the world. 

CDC 6600 was the first supercomputer invented in 1960 by Seymour Cray. He is also known as the father of supercomputing. Following this, India also introduced its first supercomputer in 1991, known as PARAM 8000. This noted super-machine is 28 times faster and more powerful than the Cray X-MP that the government originally requested and was built for $10 million.

150 Words Paragraph on Computer

Also Read: National Science Day

Ans: The first computer was invented by Charles Babbage, also known as ‘The Father of the Computer’. 

Ans: The exact timing of the invention is unknown, however, it occurred between 1833 and 1871.

A.3 A computer can help you in the learning of many skills like Technical Skills, Business Skills, Language Skills, Financial Skills, and many more.

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Essay on Computer

500+ words essay on computer.

A computer is an electronic device that performs complex calculations. It is a wonderful product of modern technology. Nowadays, computers have become a significant part of our life. Whether it is in the sector of education or health, computers are used everywhere. Our progress is entirely dependent on computers powered by the latest technology. This ‘Essay on Computer’ also covers the history of computers as well as their uses in different sectors. By going through the ‘Computer’ Essay in English, students will get an idea of writing a good Essay on Computers. After practising this essay, they will be able to write essays on other topics related to computers, such as the ‘Uses of Computer’ Essay.

The invention of the computer has made our lives easier. The device is used for many purposes, such as securing information, messages, data processing, software programming, calculations, etc. A desktop computer has a CPU, UPS, monitor, keyboard, and mouse to work. A laptop is a modern form of computer in which all the components are inbuilt into a single device. Earlier, computers were not so fast and powerful. After thorough and meticulous research and work by various scientists, modern-day computers have come up.

History of Computers

The history of computer development is often used to reference the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computers is characterised by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers work. Most of the major developments from the 1940s to the present day have resulted in increasingly smaller, more powerful, faster, cheaper and more efficient computing devices.

The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations. These five generations of computers are as follows:

Uses of Computers

Computers are used in various fields. Some of the applications are

1. Business

A computer can perform a high-speed calculation more efficiently and accurately, due to which it is used in all business organisations. In business, computers are used for:

• Payroll calculations
• Sales analysis
• Maintenance of stocks
• Managing employee databases

2. Education

Computers are very useful in the education system. Especially now, during the COVID time, online education has become the need of the hour. There are miscellaneous ways through which an institution can use computers to educate students.

3. Health Care

Computers have become an important part of hospitals, labs and dispensaries. They are used for the scanning and diagnosis of different diseases. Computerised machines do scans, which include ECG, EEG, ultrasound and CT Scan, etc. Moreover, they are used in hospitals to keep records of patients and medicines.

Computers are largely used in defence. The military employs computerised control systems, modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. It uses computers for communication, operation and planning, smart weapons, etc.

5. Government

Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields are:

• Computation of male/female ratio
• Computerisation of PAN card
• Income Tax Department
• Weather forecasting
• Computerisation of voters’ lists
• Sales Tax Department

6. Communication

Communication is a way to convey an idea, a message, a picture, a speech or any form of text, audio or video clip. Computers are capable of doing so. Through computers, we can send an email, chat with each other, do video conferencing, etc.

Nowadays, to a large extent, banking is dependent on computers. Banks provide an online accounting facility, which includes checking current balances, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, trustee records, etc. The ATM machines, which are fully automated, use computers, making it easier for customers to deal with banking transactions.

8. Marketing

In marketing, computers are mainly used for advertising and home shopping.

Similarly, there are various other applications of computers in other fields, such as insurance, engineering, design, etc.

Students can practise more essays on different topics to improve their writing skills. Keep learning and stay tuned with BYJU’S for the latest update on CBSE/ICSE/State Board/Competitive Exams. Also, download the BYJU’S App for interactive study videos.

Frequently asked Questions on Computer Essay

How has the invention of the computer been useful to students.

Easy and ready access to information has been possible (internet) with the invention of the computer.

How to start writing an essay on a computer?

Before writing an essay, first plan the topics, sub-topics and main points which are going to be included in the body of the essay. Then, structure the content accordingly and check for information and examples.

How to use the computer to browse for information on essays?

Various search engines are available, like Google, where plenty of information can be obtained regarding essays and essay structures.

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• Essay on Computer

Long and Short Computer Essay

The term computer was once used to refer to a person who did computation, unlike today. The development of early prototypes that led to the modern computer is credited to many individuals throughout history. A series of breakthroughs, beginning with transistor computers and then integrated circuit computers, resulted in the development of transistor technology and the integrated circuit chip, causing digital computers to largely replace analogue computers. 

In this essay, we will discuss the various components and types of computers and talk about their uses in various fields.

Long Computer Essay in English

A computer is an electronic tool that manipulates data or information. It can store, retrieve, and process information. We can type documents, send emails, play games, and browse the Web using a computer. It can also be used to edit spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos, or create them. 

Early computers were conceived only as devices for calculating. Simple manual devices such as the abacus have helped individuals do calculations since ancient times. Some mechanical devices were built early in the Industrial Revolution to automate long, tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. In the early 20th century, more sophisticated electrical machines performed specialized analogue calculations. 

Common Components of Computers

All those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects are covered under the term hardware. The hardware includes circuits, computer chips, graphics cards, sound cards, memory (RAM), motherboards, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and "mice" input devices.

 There are five main hardware components: 

Input Devices: 

These are devices that are used to enter data/information in the central processing unit. Example- keyboard, mouse, scanner, document reader, barcode reader, optical character reader, magnetic reader etc.

Output Devices: 

These are devices that provide the processed data/information into human-readable form. Example- monitor, printer, speaker, projector etc.

Control Unit: 

The control unit handles the various components of the computer; it reads and interprets (decodes) the instructions for the program, transforming them into control signals that activate other computer parts.

Arithmetic Logic Unit: 

It is capable of performing arithmetical and logical functions. The set of arithmetic operations supported by a specific ALU may be restricted to addition and subtraction or may include functions of multiplication, division, trigonometries such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots.

Central Processing Unit: 

The ALU, control unit and registers and together called the CPU. It is sometimes called the computer's brain, and its job is to perform commands. We send instructions to the CPU whenever we press a key, click the mouse, or start an application.

Software refers to computer parts, such as programs, data, protocols, etc., that do not have a material form. In contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built, the software is that portion of a computer system consisting of encoded information or computer instructions.

It is sometimes called "firmware" when the software is stored in hardware that can not be easily modified, such as with a BIOS ROM on an IBM PC compatible computer.

Computer hardware and software require each other, and neither of them can be realistically used on their own. There are four main components of a general-purpose computer: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the I/O (collectively called input and output) devices.

Uses of Computer

Computers are used in various fields, such as homes, businesses, government offices, research organizations, educational institutions, medicine, entertainment, etc. because of their features and powerful functions. They have taken sectors and companies to a whole new level.

Science- 

Computers are best suited for the collection, analysis, categorization, and storage of data in science, research and engineering. They also help scientists to exchange data both internally and internationally with each other.

Government-  

Computers in the government sector are used to perform various functions and improve their services. In most cases, data processing tasks, the maintenance of citizens' databases, and the promotion of a paperless environment are the primary purposes of using computers. In addition to this, computers play a key role in the country's defence system.

Health and Medicine- 

They are used to preserve information, records, live patient monitoring, X-rays, and more from patients. Computers assist in setting up laboratory tools, monitoring heart rate and blood pressure, etc. Besides, computers allow physicians to easily exchange patient data with other medical specialists.

Education- 

They help people get different educational materials (such as images, videos, e-books, etc.) in one place. Also, computers are best suited for online classes, online tutoring, online exams, and task and project creation. Also, they can be used to maintain and track student performance and other data.

Banking- 

Most countries use online banking systems so that customers can access their data directly. People can verify the balance of their account, transfer cash, and pay online bills, including credit cards. Besides, banks use computers to execute transactions and store client information, transaction records, etc.

Short Computer Essay in English

A computer's a programmable device that accepts raw data(input) and processes it as output with a group of instructions (a program) to supply the result. It renders output after performing mathematical and logical operations and can save the output for future use. The word "computer" derives from the word "computare" in Latin, which means calculating.

Types of Computer

Computers are of different types based on different criteria. Based on their size, computers are of five types:

Micro Computers- 

It is a single-user computer that has less capacity for speed and storage than the other types. For a CPU, it uses a microprocessor. Laptops, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablets, and smartphones are common examples of microcomputers. Microcomputers are generally designed and built for general use, such as browsing, information search, the internet, MS Office, social media, etc.

Mini Computers- 

Minicomputers are also referred to as "Midrange Computers." They are multi-user computers designed to simultaneously support multiple users. Therefore, they are generally used by small companies and firms. 

Mainframe Computers- 

It is also a multi-user computer that large companies and government organizations use to run their business operations as large amounts of data can be stored and processed. Banks, universities, and insurance companies, for example, use mainframe computers to store data from their customers, students, and policyholders.

Super Computer- 

Among all types of computers, supercomputers are the fastest and most costly computers. They have an enormous capacity for storage and computing speeds and can therefore perform millions of instructions per second.

Workstations-  

It is a single-user computer with a comparatively more powerful microprocessor and a high-quality monitor compared to a mini-computer.

Benefits of Computers:

It increases productivity.

It helps in connecting to the internet.

It helps in organizing data and information.

It allows storing large amounts of data.

Fun Facts About Computers

The first electric computer that was invented weighed around 27 tons or even more than that and took up to 1800 square feet.

There are about 5000 new viruses that are released every month.

The original name of Windows was Interface Manager.

It is surely known that the life of humans would not have been so easy if computers were not a part of human life. This is also supported by a lot of pieces of evidence where we can even see in daily life how the computer is not just present in an organization but is also available right in the pockets of everyone. Thus, the computer has surely made it easy while also spoiling a lot of people's lives. 

FAQs on Essay on Computer

1. What are the disadvantages of computers?

While the computer has surely made life easier, it also has a lot of disadvantages. The disadvantages of the computers can be provided as follows:

People spend too much time sitting and doing nothing but watching the content on computers.

People staring at computers for a long time also tend to strain their eyes, and as a result, they need spectacles to understand what is being written in front of them.

Attention span is decreasing with an increase in the use of computers. 

With computers being AI-powered, it is now easier for people to do all the tasks on a computer and not work on it themselves. This has made a lot of people lazy.

2. What is the process of working on a computer?

A computer is an electronic machine and it needs information to be added in as raw data to function well. It has a flow that determines the accessing of data. The following steps take place before the results are obtained:

Information is taken in by the computer in the form of raw data. This process is also called the input.

Then the information that is not needed will be stored while the information that is needed is passed onto the next step. The storing of data is called memory.

Then the information that is required is crushed or it is split and this process is called processing.

The last step is where the results are obtained. This process is called getting the output.

How Computers Affect Our Lives Essay

How computers affect our lives: essay introduction, history of computers, positive effects of computer on human life, computers replacing man, negative computer influences, conflict with religious beliefs, conclusion: how computer influences our life, works cited.

Computers are a common phenomenon in the lives of people in today’s world. Computers are very vital especially to those people who run businesses, industries and other organizations. Today, almost everything that people engage in makes use of a computer. Take for instance, the transport sector: vehicles, trains, airplanes, and even traffic lights on our roads are controlled by computers.

In hospitals, most of the equipments use or are run by computers. Look at space exploration; it was all made possible with the advent of computer technology. In the job sector, many of the jobs require knowledge in computers because they mostly involve the use of computers.

In short, these machines have become so important and embedded in the lives of humans, they have hugely impacted on the whole society to the extent that it will be very hard to survive now, without them. This article discusses the influence of computers on the everyday life of human beings.

One can guess what will exactly happen if the world had no computers. Many of the cures found with help of computer technology would not have been developed without computer technology, meaning that many people would have died from diseases that are now curable. In the entertainment industry, many of the movies and even songs will not be in use without computers because most of the graphics used and the animations we see are only possible with the help of a computer (Saimo 1).

In the field of medicine, pharmacies, will find it hard in determining the type of medication to give to the many patients. Computers have also played a role in the development of democracy in the world. Today votes are counted using computers and this has greatly reduced incidences of vote rigging and consequently reduced conflicts that would otherwise arise from the same.

And as we have already seen, no one would have known anything about space because space explorations become possible only with the help of computer technology. However, the use of computers has generated public discourses whereby people have emerged with different views, some supporting their use and others criticizing them (Saimo 1).

To better understand how computers influence the lives of people, we will have to start from the history, from their invention to the present day. Early computers did not involve complex technologies as the ones that are used today; neither did they employ the use of monitors or chips that are common today.

The early computers were not that small as those used today and they were commonly used to help in working out complex calculations in mathematics that proved tedious to be done manually. This is why the first machine was called by some as a calculator and others as a computer because it was used for making calculations.

Blaise Pascal is credited with the first digital machine that could add and subtract. Many versions of calculators and computers borrowed from his ideas. And as time went by, many developed more needs, which lead to modifications to bring about new and more efficient computers (Edwards 4).

Computer influence in the life of man became widely felt during World War II where computers were used to calculate and track the movements and also strategize the way military attacks were done (Edwards 4). It is therefore clear, that computers and its influence on man have a long history.

Its invention involved hard work dedication and determination, and in the end it paid off. The world was and is still being changed by computers. Man has been able to see into the future and plan ahead because of computers. Life today has been made easier with the help of computers, although some people may disagree with this, but am sure many will agree with me.

Those who disagree say that computers have taken away the role of man, which is not wrong at all, but we must also acknowledge the fact what was seen as impossible initially, become possible because of computers (Turkle 22).

As we mentioned in the introduction, computers are useful in the running of the affairs of many companies today. Companies nowadays use a lot of data that can only be securely stored with the help of computers. This data is then used in operations that are computer run. Without computers companies will find it difficult store thousands of records that are made on a daily basis.

Take for instance, what will happen to a customer checking his or her balance, or one who just want to have information on transactions made. In such a case, it will take long to go through all the transactions to get a particular one.

The invention of computers made this easier; bank employees today give customers their balances, transaction information, and other services just by tapping the computer keyboard. This would not be possible without computers (Saimo 1).

In personal life

Today individuals can store all information be it personal or that of a business nature in a computer. It is even made better by being able to make frequent updates and modifications to the information. This same information can be easily retrieved whenever it is needed by sending it via email or by printing it.

All this have been made possible with the use of computers. Life is easier and enjoyable, individuals now can comfortably entertain themselves at home by watching TV with their families or they can work from the comfort of their home thanks to computer technology.

Computers feature in the everyday life of people. Today one can use a computer even without being aware of it: people use their credit cards when buying items from stores; this has become a common practice that few know that the transaction is processed through computer technology.

It is the computer which process customer information that is fed to it through the credit card, it detects the transaction, and it then pays the bill by subtracting the amount from the credit card. Getting cash has also been made easier and faster, an individual simply walks to an ATM machine to withdraw any amount of cash he requires. ATM machines operate using computer technology (Saimo 1).

I mentioned the use of credit cards as one of the practical benefits of using computers. Today, individual do not need to physically visit shopping stores to buy items. All one needs is to be connected on the internet and by using a computer one can pay for items using the credit card.

These can then be delivered at the door step. The era where people used to queue in crowded stores to buy items, or wasting time in line waiting to buy tickets is over. Today, travelers can buy tickets and make travel arrangements via the internet at any time thanks to the advent of computer technology (Saimo 1).

In communication

Through the computer, man now has the most effective means of communication. The internet has made the world a global village. Today people carry with them phones, which are basically small computers, others carry laptops, all these have made the internet most effective and affordable medium of communication for people to contact their friends, their families, contact business people, from anywhere in the world.

Businesses are using computer technology to keep records and track their accounts and the flow of money (Lee 1). In the area of entertainment, computers have not been left behind either.

Action and science fiction movies use computers to incorporated visual effects that make them look real. Computer games, a common entertainer especially to teenagers, have been made more entertaining with the use of advanced computer technology (Frisicaro et.al 1).

In Education

The education sector has also been greatly influenced by computer technology. Much of the school work is done with the aid of a computer. If students are given assignments all they have to do is search for the solution on the internet using Google. The assignments can then be neatly presented thanks to computer software that is made specifically for such purposes.

Today most high schools have made it mandatory for students to type out their work before presenting it for marking. This is made possible through computers. Teachers have also found computer technology very useful as they can use it to track student performance. They use computers to give out instructions.

Computers have also made online learning possible. Today teachers and students do not need to be physically present in class in order to be taught. Online teaching has allowed students to attend class from any place at any time without any inconveniences (Computers 1).

In the medical sector

Another very crucial sector in the life of man that computers has greatly influenced and continues to influence is the health sector. It was already mentioned in the introduction that hospitals and pharmacies employ the use of computers in serving people.

Computers are used in pharmacies to help pharmacists determine what type and amount of medication patients should get. Patient data and their health progress are recorded using computers in many hospitals. The issue of equipment status and placement in hospitals is recorded and tracked down using computers.

Research done by scientists, doctors, and many other people in the search to find cures for many diseases and medical complications is facilitated through computer technology. Many of the diseases that were known to be dangerous such as malaria are now treatable thanks to computer interventions (Parkin 615).

Many of the opponents of computer technology have argued against the use of computers basing their arguments on the fact that computers are replacing man when carrying out the basic activities that are naturally human in nature.

However, it should be noted that there are situations that call for extraordinary interventions. In many industries, machines have replaced human labor. Use of machines is usually very cheap when compared to human labor.

In addition machines give consistent results in terms of quality. There are other instances where the skills needed to perform a certain task are too high for an ordinary person to do. This is usually experienced in cases of surgery where man’s intervention alone is not sufficient. However, machines that are computer operated have made complex surgeries successful.

There are also cases where the tasks that are to be performed may be too dangerous for a normal human being. Such situations have been experienced during disasters such as people being trapped underground during mining. It is usually dangerous to use people in such situations, and even where people are used, the rescue is usually delayed.

Robotic machines that are computer operated have always helped in such situations and people have been saved. It is not also possible to send people in space duration space explorations, but computer machines such as robots have been effectively used to make exploration outside our world (Gupta 1).

Despite all these good things that computers have done to humans, their opponents also have some vital points that should not just be ignored. There are many things that computers do leaving many people wondering whether they are really helping the society, or they are just being used to deprive man his God given ability to function according to societal ethics.

Take for instance in the workplace and even at home; computers have permeated in every activity done by an individual thereby compromising personal privacy. Computers have been used to expose people to unauthorized access to personal information. There is some personal information, which if exposed can impact negatively to someone’s life.

Today the world does not care about ethics to the extent that it is very difficulty for one to clearly differentiate between what is and is not authentic or trustful. Computers have taken up every aspect of human life, from house chores in the home to practices carried out in the social spheres.

This has seen people lose their human element to machines. Industries and organizations have replaced human labor for the cheap and more effective machine labor. This means that people have lost jobs thanks to the advances made in the computer technology. Children using computers grow up with difficulties of differentiating between reality and fiction (Subrahmanyam et.al 139).

People depend on computers to do tasks. Students generate solutions to assignments using computers; teachers on the other hand use computers to mark assignments. Doctors in hospitals depend on machines to make patient diagnoses, to perform surgeries and to determine type of medications (Daley 56).

In the entertainment industry, computer technology has been used to modify sound to make people think that person singing is indeed great, but the truth of the matter is that it is simply the computer. This has taken away the really function of a musician in the music sector.

In the world of technology today, we live as a worried lot. The issue of hacking is very common and even statistics confirm that huge amounts of money are lost every year through hacking. Therefore, as much as people pride themselves that they are computer literate, they deeply worried that they may be the next victim to practices such as hacking (Bynum 1).

There is also the problem of trying to imitate God. It is believed that in 20 years time, man will come up with another form of life, a man made being. This will not only affect how man will be viewed in terms of his intelligence, but it will also break the long held view that God is the sole provider of life.

Computers have made it possible to create artificial intelligence where machines are given artificial intelligence so that they can behave and act like man. This when viewed from the religious point of view creates conflicts in human beliefs.

It has been long held that man was created in the image of God. Creating a machine in the image of money will distort the way people conceive of God. Using artificial methods to come up with new forms of life with man like intelligence will make man equate himself to God.

This carries the risk of changing the beliefs that mankind has held for millions of years. If this happens, the very computer technology will help by the use of mass media to distribute and convince people to change their beliefs and conceptions of God (Krasnogor 1).

We have seen that computer have and will continue to influence our lives. The advent of the computers has changed man as much as it has the world he lives in.

It is true that many of the things that seemed impossible have been made possible with computer technology. Medical technologies have led to discoveries in medicine, which have in turn saved many lives. Communication is now easy and fast. The world has been transformed into a virtual village.

Computers have made education accessible to all. In the entertainment sector, people are more satisfied. Crime surveillance is better and effective. However, we should be ware not to imitate God. As much as computers have positively influenced our lives, it is a live bomb that is waiting to explode.

We should tread carefully not to be overwhelmed by its sophistication (Computers 1). Many technologies have come with intensities that have seen them surpass their productivity levels thereby destroying themselves in the process. This seems like one such technology.

Bynum, Terrell. Computer and Information Ethics . Plato, 2008. Web.

Computers. Institutional Impacts . Virtual Communities in a Capitalist World, n.d. Web.

Daley, Bill. Computers Are Your Future: Introductory. New York: Prentice, 2007. Print.

Edwards, Paul. From “Impact” to Social Process . Computers in Society and Culture,1994. Web.

Frisicaro et.al. So What’s the Problem? The Impact of Computers, 2011. Web.

Gupta, Satyandra. We, robot: What real-life machines can and can’t do . Science News, 2011. Web.

Krasnogor, Ren. Advances in Artificial Life. Impacts on Human Life. n.d. Web.

Lee, Konsbruck. Impacts of Information Technology on Society in the new Century . Zurich. Web.

Parkin, Andrew. Computers in clinical practice . Applying experience from child psychiatry. 2004. Web.

Saimo. The impact of computer technology in Affect human life . Impact of Computer, 2010. Web.

Subrahmanyam et al. The Impact of Home Computer Use on Children’s Activities and Development. Princeton, 2004. Web.

Turkle, Sherry. The second self : Computers and the human spirit, 2005. Web.

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Essays About Computers: Top 5 Examples Plus Prompts

Computers are helpful technology that many of us use on a daily basis; if you are writing essays about computers, use our essay examples and prompts below. 

We often recognize computers as the devices we use to browse the internet, communicate with others, and type down notes, but there is more to a computer than this. A complex set of processes, calculations, and operations performs everything we do on a computer. Without a doubt, computers make our lives easier and enhance our personal and working life.

5 Top Essay Examples

1. types of computers by brent dawson, 2. uses of computers in education by kristina barroso, 3. our dependency on computers by nora fox, 4. neural networks: is your brain like a computer by shamli prakash.

• 5. ​​The Human Brain vs. Supercomputers… Which One Wins? By John Staughton

1. The Many Uses of Computers

2. can computers take over society, 3. is computer science a worthwhile program to study, 4. pros and cons of computers, 5. can computers compete with the human brain.

“Calculations for things such as automotive design, weather forecasting, and aerospace use supercomputers. Embedded computers are used for functions in a larger product. They are located in things such as automobiles, consumer electronics and office machines. As we all know computers come in many shapes and sizes. They can be used for many different things and can be located anywhere. Technology has increased so much that the most unheard compact thing can be a computer.

Dawson stresses that computers can come in all shapes and sizes. There are different types of computers, such as personal computers, mobile computers, game consoles, and supercomputers, each with its own functions and specialties. He briefly touches on each type of computer and its uses. Technology has come a long way, as the most complex computers are everywhere, whether in laboratories, offices, or even our mobile phones or watches. 

“Critics argue that spell check and other computer features that automatically correct errors in spelling and punctuation make students too lazy to learn and apply the rules themselves. These features, however, help point out where students went wrong and offer valuable learning opportunities that can help students enhance their understanding of appropriate spelling and punctuation.”

In her essay, Barroso discusses the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating computers into education. They allow schools to maximize online resources, foster student engagement, and make it easier for teachers and students to perform school-related tasks. However, they may make students lazy to check mistakes, thinking that the computers will automatically check them. Ultimately, the pros outweigh the cons. 

“As far as I concerned, computer is a great invention and it is useful to human life. It should be impossible to live without computer as we get too much used of computers nowadays. However, we should use it wisely. We know the fact that the more we rely on computer, the more we will lose in our life. So, we should also find ways to make our dependence on computers less dangerous to us, so that we will not rely on computer completely.”

Fox discusses the state of society today where we rely far too much on computers. They help us greatly in our daily lives, but they have made us depend on technology for information rather than thinking for ourselves. And if something goes wrong, like the servers crash, the world is at a standstill. Computers are a net good for society, but we must avoid revolving our lives around technology. 

“In data science terms, this phase is somewhat akin to ‘Model Training’ — the more things a child is exposed to the more the synapses associated with it get built. A good example is language — the more a child is exposed to linguistics in early years, the more evolved the area of her brain that is associated with languages would get. Ditto for other cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.”

Prakash discusses the different ways in which our brains operate as computers. An information processing system has five components: input, output, storage, processing, and program. The human brain does have all of these components, which are used to perform our daily functions. She looks into how human intelligence can be “trained,” like computers are developed. 

5. ​​ The Human Brain vs. Supercomputers… Which One Wins? By John Staughton

“When the brain identifies a more efficient or effective way to compute and function, it can morph and alter its physical and neuronal structure, hence the term “plasticity“. Until we achieve true Artificial Intelligence (in which computers should theoretically be able to re-wire themselves), neuroplasticity will always keep the human brain at least one step ahead of “static” supercomputers.”

Staughton writes about how much more advanced computers have become in recent decades, with some of them being able to outsmart humans in tasks such as chess. However, he explains that our brains are very different from technology and are inherently superior to even the most powerful computers in terms of efficiency, adaptability, and many other factors. However, he keeps the door on computers, eventually developing beyond our capabilities in the future. 

5 Helpful Writing Prompts on Essays About Computers

Computers aid us in many tasks; it is undeniable that they make our lives easier. Think of the different uses of computers, both in your life and in general, and list them. Briefly explain each, and if you want, also explain how computers have been most helpful in your life. You can also check out these essays about the internet .

This is a question many have grappled with and is the subject of many science-fiction and dystopian stories. Many believe that only good can come from greater technological advancement, while others believe humanity will be subject to much conflict and suffering. Based on research, decide whether we should introduce computers into more aspects of our lives. You can cite articles, essays, books, or even movies to prove your point. 

In your essay, discuss how helpful an education in computer science would be. Research the course’s requirements, benefits, disadvantages, and expectations and, based on your personal opinion, write about whether it would be worth it to pursue this program. This essay is more suited for those with experience, but if not, consult online sources or interview people with experience for a solid evidence base.

Computers have many advantages as well as disadvantages. List down the pros and cons of computers you can come up with, and discuss a few of them in your essay. Then, based on the evidence you’ve provided, decide whether computers are a net good or bad for society in the long run. 

A few essay examples above have compared technology and artificial intelligence to the human brain, as they are both “computers,” so to speak. In your opinion, will technology ever come to a point where it will rival our abilities? Conduct research and cite credible sources for a strong essay .  

For help with this topic, read our guide explaining “ what is persuasive writing ?”If you’d like to learn more, our writer explains how to write an argumentative essay in this guide.

Martin is an avid writer specializing in editing and proofreading. He also enjoys literary analysis and writing about food and travel.

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Essay on Computer

Here we have shared the Essay on Computer in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Computer in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams. 

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on Computer in 150 words

Essay on computer in 200-300 words.

• Essay on Computer in 500 words

Computers have revolutionized our lives, becoming essential tools for communication, work, and access to information. They have simplified tasks, increased efficiency, and opened up new possibilities. The internet, accessible through computers, has connected people globally, changing the way we socialize and access entertainment. Industries such as healthcare and finance have been transformed by computers, improving accuracy and decision-making. However, challenges such as cybersecurity threats and privacy concerns exist. In conclusion, computers have profoundly impacted society, enhancing productivity and connectivity. Their role in education, business, and research is undeniable. While enjoying the benefits of computers, it is important to address the challenges they present and ensure responsible and secure use. Computers are a fundamental part of our lives, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with the world.

Computers have become an integral part of our modern world. They have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. A computer is an electronic device that processes and stores data, performs tasks, and enables us to access information from around the world.

Computers have transformed various aspects of our lives. They have simplified tasks, increased efficiency, and opened up new possibilities for creativity and innovation. From personal computers to laptops, tablets, and smartphones, these devices have become essential tools in education, business, entertainment, and research.

The internet made accessible through computers, has connected people globally, enabling instant communication, sharing of information, and collaboration across borders. Online platforms and applications have changed the way we socialize, shop, and access entertainment.

Computers have also revolutionized industries such as healthcare, finance, and transportation, improving efficiency, accuracy, and decision-making. They play a vital role in scientific research, data analysis, and simulations.

However, the rapid advancement of technology has also brought challenges. Cybersecurity threats, privacy concerns, and the digital divide are important issues that need to be addressed.

In conclusion, computers have transformed the world, making tasks easier, connecting people globally, and enabling advancements in various fields. Their impact on society is profound, with both positive and negative consequences. As technology continues to evolve, it is crucial to embrace its benefits while also addressing the challenges it presents. Computers have undoubtedly become an indispensable part of our lives, shaping the way we live and interact with the world.

Essay on Computer in 500-1000 words

Title: The Computer Revolution – Transforming Lives, Empowering Innovation

Introduction :

The computer has undoubtedly become an integral part of our modern world, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and communicate. This essay explores the profound impact of computers on society, delving into their history, evolution, and the transformative role they play in various aspects of our lives. From personal computers to smartphones and cloud computing, the computer has become an indispensable tool in education, business, healthcare, entertainment, and research. However, as computers continue to advance, challenges such as cybersecurity threats and privacy concerns arise, necessitating responsible use and the development of ethical frameworks.

The Evolution of Computers

The computer, as we know it today, has a rich history that dates back several decades. From the early mechanical devices to modern digital computers, the evolution of computers has been driven by advancements in technology and the quest for increased computational power and efficiency. Pioneers such as Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, and Grace Hopper laid the foundation for modern computing, introducing concepts like programmability and binary code.

Computing in Education

Computers have transformed the landscape of education. They have become essential tools for students, educators, and researchers. Computers facilitate online learning, providing access to vast amounts of educational resources, interactive tutorials, and collaborative platforms. They enable personalized learning experiences, adaptive assessments, and distance education, making education accessible to a wider audience. Additionally, computers enhance productivity, allowing students to complete assignments, conduct research, and communicate with peers and teachers more efficiently.

Computers in Business

The business world has been revolutionized by computers. From small startups to multinational corporations, computers have become indispensable for efficient operations, data management, and communication. They enable streamlined processes, data analysis, and decision-making. Computers have transformed various industries, including finance, marketing, supply chain management, and customer service. With the advent of e-commerce, computers have opened up new avenues for online businesses and global trade. The digitalization of business processes has increased efficiency, reduced costs, and facilitated global collaborations.

Computers in Healthcare

Computers have significantly impacted the healthcare industry, improving patient care, diagnostics, and research. Electronic health records (EHRs) enable secure storage and efficient retrieval of patient information, reducing errors and improving healthcare delivery. Computer-aided diagnostics and medical imaging technologies have enhanced accuracy and speed in detecting diseases. Telemedicine and telehealth have extended healthcare access to remote areas, allowing patients to consult with healthcare professionals virtually. Additionally, computers play a vital role in medical research, enabling data analysis, simulations, and drug discovery.

The Role of Computers in Entertainment and Media

Computers have transformed the entertainment and media industry. From digital streaming platforms to online gaming, computers have revolutionized the way we consume and create content. They enable immersive virtual reality experiences, computer-generated imagery (CGI) in movies, and interactive storytelling. Social media platforms provide avenues for self-expression, communication, and content sharing. Computers have democratized content creation, allowing individuals to create and distribute their work on platforms like YouTube, blogs, and podcasts.

Challenges and Concerns

While computers offer immense benefits, they also present challenges and concerns. Cybersecurity threats, such as hacking and identity theft, pose risks to individuals and organizations. Privacy concerns arise as personal data becomes more accessible and vulnerable to misuse. Additionally, the digital divide creates disparities in access to technology, limiting opportunities for certain populations. It is crucial to address these challenges through robust cybersecurity measures, privacy regulations, and efforts to bridge the digital divide.

Conclusion :

The computer revolution has transformed our lives, empowering innovation, enhancing productivity, and connecting people across the globe. Computers have revolutionized education, business, healthcare, and entertainment, enabling advancements and opening up new possibilities. However, as technology continues to evolve, it is important to address challenges such as cybersecurity threats, privacy concerns, and the digital divide. Responsible use, ethical frameworks, and continuous efforts to enhance cybersecurity and privacy safeguards are necessary to harness the full potential of computers. With responsible usage and thoughtful integration into various sectors, computers will continue to shape our world, fostering progress, innovation, and connectivity.

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Computer Essay

A computer is an electronic device capable of performing complex calculations and tasks impossible for a human brain to accomplish. First ever mechanical computer was developed in 19 th century by Charles Babbage. Since then computers have undergone many transformational changes in size and processing speed. Modern computers are capable of taking human instructions in a form of language called programming language and delivering output in fraction of a second.

Today, computers are used in every office and institution for performing a number of tasks from maintaining and processing data, keeping records of transactions and employees, preparing and maintaining account statements, balance sheets etc. High speed computers are used in more complex science programs such as space exploration missions and satellite launch. Computers have become an integral part of our life due to its usefulness into various fields.

Long and Short Essay on Computer in English

Find very simple to write and easy to learn essay on computer. Computer is a very high technique invention which everyone must know about and its advantages in life.

It is very much liked by kids. So bring some creativity in the education of your kids and children through computer.

We have provided below various computer essay in different words limit like 100 words, 150 words, 200 words, 250 words, 300 words and 400 words according to the need and requirement of students.

Computer Essay 1 (100 words)

A computer is a great invention of the modern technology. It is generally a machine which has capability to store large data value in its memory. It works using input (like keyboard) and output (like printer) devices. It is very simple to handle the computer as its functioning is so common that a child can handle it. It is a very reliable device which we can carry with us and use anywhere and anytime. It allows us to make changes in the already stored data as well as store new data. Computer is a new technology which is used in offices, banks, educational institutions, etc.

Computer Essay 2 (150 words)

Computer is a modern tool which has made life very easy and simple. It has capability to complete more than one task in small time. It is able to do work of many human beings alone within less time. It is the utility of highest efficiency. The first computer was a mechanical computer which was created by the Charles Babbage. A computer works successfully using its hardware and fully installed application software. Other accessories of the computer are keyboard, mouse, printer, CPU and UPS.

The data which we put into the computer using device is called input data and device as input device and data which we take outside using printer or other device is called as output data and device as output device. The input data gets changed into the information which can be stored and changed anytime. Computer is very safe tool for data storage which is being used in various fields. We can shop, pay our electricity bill, water bill, video chat, messaging, e-mail messages anywhere in the world and lots of online activities using internet.

Computer Essay 3 (200 words)

Computer is the latest technology which is used almost everywhere. It has made possible to do large amount of works in very small time. It has reduced the man effort in the offices means it gives high level of work output in very small time, less effort, low man power, etc. Now a day, it has become hard to imagine our lives without computer. We can use internet in the computer which gives us lots of required information on any subject in very less time. There are great contributions of the computer in the lives of human being. It is playing big role in every field and helping us every single moment. Old generations of the computer were less effective with less functions but new generations of it are amazing with high capacity, easy to handle and more functions.

Future generations of the computer would be more effective and lots of functioning. It has made our life easier. Using this we can easily learn anything and enhance our skill. We can get any information about any service or product or other thing within no time. We can buy anything online using computer and internet and get free delivery. It is very useful for the preparation of project work of any student reading in any class.

Computer Essay 4 (250 words)

Computer is the wonderful and mastermind gift of the science to the whole human fraternity. It can be used to do any kind of works. It is very easy to handle by anyone and takes very less time to learn. Because of its easiness and high work efficiency, it is being used in many fields like offices, banks, hotels, educational institutions, shops, hospitals, commercial places, schools, colleges, training institutes, military establishments, military, industries, etc. Many people buy laptop or desktop for their kids to learn about required things in their schools or playing computerized video-games, etc.

Computer is a big dictionary and large storage device which we use to save any type of large amount of data like information, study materials, projects, photos, images, video, audio, songs, clips, games, and many more. It is an electronic machine which is able to calculate and solve big problems. It helps in enhancing our skill level and get information easily. It is very simple data based machine. It provides facility of many other tools like paint tool, text tool, etc which are very beneficial for the kids, children and students to use it more effectively.

We can use it for any big or small mathematical calculations very accurately. It is used to forecast the information about weather, in printing books, news papers, diagnosing diseases, etc. It is used to make online railway reservations, ticket booking, hotel or restaurant booking from any place all over the world. It is used by MNC companies for the accounting purpose, invoicing, pay rolls, stock control, etc.

Computer Essay 5 (300 words)

In the modern world of technological advancement, computer is the amazing gift given by the science to us. It has changed the living style and standard of the people. No one can imagine the life without computer as it has made lots of works so easy within less time. Computer is playing great role in the development of the developing countries. It is not only a storage or processing device but it is like an angel which can make anything possible. By many people it is used as the source of entertainment and communication.

We can get connected to our friends, relatives, parents or others in no time through the use of video chat or email. Using internet in the computer we can search and retrieve vast information on any subject useful for our education or project work. It is very safe and easy for the business transactions purposes through banks to any accounts. By providing the facility of data storage it has lessen the paper works in the governmental and non-governmental offices or colleges. One can save lots of time and effort by online shopping, paying bill, etc by being at home through the computer.

Computer education has been made compulsory by the government of India in all the schools, colleges and other educational institutions for enhancing the skill level as well as the easiness of the students in their professional life. Learning computer has become very essential in all the modern-day jobs. In the higher education there are subjects like network administration, hardware maintenance, software installation, etc for the enhancement of skill.

Computer Essay 6 (400 words)

Invention of the computer has made many dreams come true even we cannot imagine our lives without computer. Generally computer is a device used for many purposes like information storage, email, messaging, software programming, calculation, data processing and many more. Desktop computer need a CPU, an UPS, a keyboard and a mouse for well functioning however laptop does not need anything to add outside as it is included with all inside. Computer is an electronic device having big memory which can save any data value. We are living in the advanced world of computer in the 21 st century.

Earlier the functioning of the old generation computer was very limited but new generation computers are amazing with lots of functioning. Charles Babbage had invented the first mechanical computer which was totally different from the modern day computer. The aim of computer invention was to create a machine which can perform very fast mathematical calculations. During the World War II it was used to locate and estimate the direction and speed of weapons of the enemies. Modern day computers are available with the artificial Intelligence technology to helps us in every sector of life.

New generation computer are being highly advanced means smaller, lighter, speedier and more powerful. Now a day, it is running in almost all walks of life like weather forecasting, guidance of spacecraft, examinations, education, shopping, traffic control, high level programming, automation in banks, railway ticket booking, playing games, medical sector, machinery operations, job opening, business, crime detection etc.

It is the backbone of the Information Technology including with the internet and proved that nothing is impossible today. If there are positive effects of the computer on the life of human being, it also negatively affected the human lives such as rise in the Cyber crime, pornographic websites can be accessed by kids or younger and many more however using some preventive measures we can be safe from its negative effects.

The whole human fraternity is becoming highly dependent on the computer technology; no one can imagine life without computer. As, it has spread its wings so deeply in every area and made people used of it. It is very beneficial for the students of any class. They can use it to prepare their projects, learn poems, read different stories, download notes for exam preparations, collect large information within seconds, learn about painting, drawing, etc. It enhances the professional skills of the students and helps in getting job easily.

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Computer Essay

A computer is an electronic device used to carry out several complex tasks, such as managing large data, doing complex calculations, printing, controlling heavy machinery and complex protection system, etc. They are used in almost every field because of their high efficiency, almost zero possibility of an error and functional ease and excellence.

Short and Long Essay on Computer in English

Here I’m presenting short and long essays on computer in different word limits for students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. 10 Lines essay on computer is also added to help lower class students:

Computer Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) Computer is an electronic machine that can be used to perform complex tasks.

2) Computers can be used to manage large data, complex calculations, store bulk data, etc.

3) Computer performs the task very fast with zero error.

4) Input devices, Output devices, and CPU (Central Processing Unit) are the main parts of a computer.

5) According to size, Mainframe, Micro, Mini, and Supercomputer are the types of computers.

6) He was Charges Babbage who designed the first mechanical computer in 1822.

7) In railway stations, computers are used for managing signals and holding records.

8) Computers play a major role in education and are thus useful for students.

9) Hospitals use computers to keep records of doctors, patients, and other related information.

10) Today in every field, computers are widely used to simplify work.

Essay 1 (250 Words) – Uses of Computer

Introduction

Computer is a device that is used for several purposes like storing records and data, printing and performing other complex tasks. Their high level of usefulness has made computers being used in almost every office, schools and houses today.

Here are some of the fields where computers are used:

Hospitals have to keep several records. They have to keep records of their patients, their medical history, dates of the last visit, addresses, diagnosis, etc. They also have to maintain a stock of medicines available and regularly update it. Maintaining such huge data related to different subjects would be an impossible task if it is to be done manually. Computers, make this colossal-looking job much easier by storing Gigabytes of information in its memory and reveal the information with a simple push of a button.

Schools and Offices

Computers are used in schools mainly for educational purposes and for maintaining relevant data of students and staff, as well as in the offices for a wide range of purposes. Computers in schools contain all academic and personal records of the students. It contains everything from grades obtained to the contact number of the person in case of an emergency.

Railway Stations

Computer is also widely used in railway stations. They are used in the operation of locomotives, through signals and systems, as well as for very basic yet important job of booking and printing tickets of the passengers.

Computers are widely used at almost every commercial location for their efficiency and ease of adaptability. Today any business would stand still without computers.

Essay 2 (400 Words) – Components and Types of Computer

Computer is a machine that can carry out complex functions as per the instructions provided by humans. Their high efficiency and ability to perform any task has made them widely in use.

Components of Computer

Any computer mainly has three main components – Input (I/p) Device, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the Output (O/p) Device.

• An input device is used to feed instructions to the computer. Keyboard, joysticks, touch pens are some of the examples of Input devices.
• The Central Processing Unit is the brain of a computer. It consists of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and the Memory Unit. ALU performs all the complex functions while the Memory Unit stores the data and information.
• Output devices are used to display the output as desired by the user. Some of the most common output devices are monitors and printers, etc.

Types of Computer

Depending on their architecture, size, and performance, computers can be classified into different types as listed below-

• Supercomputer

A supercomputer is a high-performance computer that performs much better than the general-purpose computer. Supercomputers require large spaces, often a big room or hall and an effective cooling mechanism to operate.

• Mainframe Computer

Mainframe Computers are used by large organizations for critical applications such as bulk data processing, enterprise resource planning (ERP), census, etc. They are larger than personal computers and also have more processing power and speed as well.

• Personal Computer

A personal computer is a computer used for personal use. Its unique size, capabilities, and price, makes it suitable to be used as a personal computer. Unlike, mainframe and supercomputers, personal computers are not shared and are solely operated by a single owner.

A laptop is also a kind of personal computer, but unlike the conventional personal computer, the desktop, it is handy, portable and lightweight. It is easy to carry a laptop and it is so light that it could be placed comfortably on your lap.

Smartphone widely used today are also a kind of mobile computing device. These operate on their own operating systems; those provide them with a wide range of software adaptability and features like internet, web browsing, cameras, etc.

Modern-day computers are used in almost every industry depending on the requirements and needs. From supercomputers to laptops to smartphones, every device is useful in its own unique way and varies widely in price and specification.

Essay 3 (500 – 600 Words) – History of Computer

Computer is an electronic device that is used to perform complex arithmetical and analytical functions much beyond the natural capacity of humans. Computers are highly efficient devices and perform really fast and accurate. Output generated by a computer is precise and there is no possibility for an error except human error.

History of Computer

The history of the computer is long and has many phases of development. Some consider that an early calculating device named ‘Abacus’ led further to the invention of calculator and computer. Though, the abacus was only a mechanical device consisting of wooden beads those can move on thin rods or wires. Even to this day ‘Abacus’ has retained its original form and doesn’t contain any electronic or electrical part.

• The Difference Engine

The first-ever mechanical computer was developed by Charles Babbage, no earlier than 1822. This machine was called the ‘Difference Engine’. Charles Babbage is often referred to as ‘Father of the computer’ though; his invention was completely different from the modern-day computers.

• The Analytical Engine

This machine was a proposal made by Charles Babbage in 1837. It contained ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), flow control, punch card, and integrated memory. It was the first concept to make the general-purpose computer. But unfortunately, due to financial problems, this concept of Babbage, never materialized in his life span. However, his son Henry Babbage was able to develop a portion of the machine as conceptualized by Charles Babbage, no sooner than in 1910.

• Z1 – The First Ever Programmable Computer

This computer was developed by a German inventor named Konrad Zuse. He developed it during 1936-1938, in his parents’ living room while he was around 26 years old. ‘Z1’ was the first binary programmable computer and the actual predecessor of modern-day computers.

• The Turing Machine

This machine was proposed by Alan Turing in 1936. Turing was a mathematician and a computer scientist based in the United Kingdom. Turing machine was capable of simulating and algorithm and printing symbols on a paper tape.

• The Colossus

The Colossus was a set of machines developed by the British during World War II. These were developed by the British code breakers, during 1943-1945 to read high-level messages of the German Army during the Second World War.

• First Digital Computer

The first digital computer used plus 300 vacuum tubes and could perform mathematical calculations and Boolean logic. It was also called Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC Computer), after its two inventors John Vincent Atanasoff and Cliff Berry. They developed it from 1937-1942 at Iowa State College which is now Iowa State University.

• First Electronic Computer (ENIAC)

ENIAC is an abbreviation of Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator, developed in 1943, at the University of Pennsylvania by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. It was colossal, heavy and required 1800 square feet. It also used around 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighs approximately 50 tons. This was the first fully functional digital computer.

• First Computer Company

The first computer company was founded in 1949 and it was named Electronics Control Company. It was founded by two persons who helped create the ENIAC – J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

Modern computers have evolved through hundreds of years to reach the efficiency and shape that we see today. But, evolution is not over yet and will continue for centuries to come with the help of humans innovating to bring new technological advancements.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions on Computer

Ans . Charles Babbage is called the father of computer.

Ans . The microprocessor is considered the heart of the computer.

Ans . Bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer.

Ans . RAM is located on the motherboard of the computer.

Ans . Vint Cerf is regarded as the father of the internet.

Ans . The name of the first supercomputer of India is PARAM 8000.

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Essay on Computer in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Computer: A computer is a machine that can be programmed to perform a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Computers have become an integral part of our lives. They are used in almost every field, from medicine and space exploration to business and communication.

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Computers have made our lives easier in many ways. They help us perform tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. For example, computers can help us keep track of large amounts of information, communicate with others around the world, and entertain us with games and videos.

A computer is an electronic device capable of performing complex calculations and tasks impossible for a human brain to accomplish. First ever mechanical computer was developed in 19 th century by Charles Babbage. Since then computers have undergone many transformational changes in size and processing speed. Modern computers are capable of taking human instructions in a form of language called programming language and delivering output in fraction of a second.

Today, computers are used in every office and institution for performing a number of tasks from maintaining and processing data, keeping records of transactions and also employees, preparing and maintaining account statements, balance sheets etc. High speed computers are used in more complex science programs such as space exploration missions and satellite launch. Computers have become an integral part of our life due to its usefulness into various fields.

Long and Short Essay on Computer in English

Find very simple to write and easy to learn essay on computer. Computer is a very high technique invention which everyone must know about and also its advantages in life.

It is very much liked by kids. So bring some creativity in the education of your kids and children through computer.

We have provided below various computer essay in different words limit like 100 words, 150 words, 200 words, 250 words, 300 words and also 400 words according to the need and requirement of students.

Short Essay on Computer

Computer essay 10 lines.

• Computers are amazing machines of modern technology.
• They can store a lot of information in their memory.
• You can use a keyboard to give them commands and a printer to get things on paper.
• Even kids can use computers because they are easy to handle.
• Computers are everywhere, from offices to schools.
• They can do many tasks quickly and efficiently.
• You can use a mouse, keyboard, and printer with a computer.
• Computers are great for learning and getting information from the internet.
• But we should be careful online to avoid bad stuff.
• In the end, computers have changed our lives and made many things easier.

Computer Essay 1 (100 words)

A computer is a great invention of the modern technology. It is generally a machine which has capability to store large data value in its memory. Computer works using input (like keyboard) and output (like printer) devices. It is very simple to handle the computer as its functioning is so common that a child can handle it. It is a very reliable device which we can carry with us and use anywhere and anytime. Computer allows us to make changes in the already stored data as well as store new data. It is a new technology which is used in offices, banks, educational institutions, etc.

Computer Essay 2 (150 words)

It is a modern tool which has made life very easy and simple. Computer has capability to complete more than one task in small time. It is able to do work of many human beings alone within less time. Computer is the utility of highest efficiency. The first computer was a mechanical computer which was created by the Charles Babbage. However a computer works successfully using its hardware and fully installed application software. Other accessories of the computer are keyboard, mouse, printer, CPU and UPS.

The data which we put into the computer using device is called input data and device as input device and data which we take outside using printer or other device is called as output data and device as output device. Therefore the input data gets changed into the information which can be stored and changed anytime. Computer is very safe tool for data storage which is being used in various fields. We can shop, pay our electricity bill, water bill, video chat also messaging, e-mail messages anywhere in the world and lots of online activities using internet.

Computer Essay 3 (200 words)

Computer is the latest technology which is used almost everywhere. It has made possible to do large amount of works in very small time. It has reduced the man effort in the offices means it gives high level of work output in very small time, less effort also low man power, etc. Now a day, it has become hard to imagine our lives without computer. We often use internet in the computer which gives us lots of required information on any subject in very less time. Therefore there are great contributions of the computer in the lives of human being. It is playing big role in every field and helping us every single moment. Old generations of the computer were less effective with less functions but new generations of it are amazing with high capacity, easy to handle and more functions.

Future generations of the computer would be more effective and lots of functioning. However it has made our life easier. Using this we can easily learn anything and enhance our skill. We can get any information about any service or product or other thing within no time. However we can buy anything online using computer and internet and get free delivery. It is very useful for the preparation of project work of any student reading in any class.

Computer Essay 4 (250 words)

Computer is the wonderful and mastermind gift of the science to the whole human fraternity. It can used to do any kind of works. It is very easy to handle by anyone and takes very less time to learn. Because of its easiness and high work efficiency, it used in many fields like offices, banks, hotels, educational institutions, shops, hospitals, commercial places, schools, colleges, training institutes, military establishments, military, industries, etc. Many people buy laptop or desktop for their kids to learn about required things in their schools or playing computerized video-games, etc.

Computer is a big dictionary and large storage device which we use to save any type of large amount of data like information, study materials, projects, photos, images, video, audio, songs, clips, games, and also many more. Computer is an electronic machine which is able to calculate and solve big problems. It helps in enhancing our skill level and also get information easily. It is very simple data based machine. Computer provides facility of many other tools like paint tool, text tool, etc which are very beneficial for the kids, children and students to use it more effectively.

We can use it for any big or small mathematical calculations very accurately. It used to forecast the information about weather, in printing books, news papers, diagnosing diseases, etc. Moreover computer used to make online railway reservations, ticket booking, hotel or restaurant booking from any place all over the world. It used by MNC companies for the accounting purpose, invoicing, pay rolls, stock control, etc.

Computer Essay 5 (300 words)

In the modern world of technological advancement, computer is the amazing gift given by the science to us. It has changed the living style and standard of the people. No one can imagine the life without computer as it has made lots of works so easy within less time. Computer is playing great role in the development of the developing countries. It is not only a storage or processing device but it is like an angel which can make anything possible. By many people it used as the source of entertainment and communication.

We can get connected to our friends, relatives, parents or others in no time through the use of video chat or email. Using internet in the computer we can search and retrieve vast information on any subject useful for our education or project work. However it is very safe and easy for the business transactions purposes through banks to any accounts. By providing the facility of data storage it has lessen the paper works in the governmental and non-governmental offices or colleges. One can save lots of time and effort by online shopping, paying bill, etc by being at home through the computer.

Computer education has made compulsory by the government of India in all the schools, colleges and other educational institutions for enhancing the skill level as well as the easiness of the students in their professional life. Learning computer has become very essential in all the modern-day jobs. In the higher education there are subjects like network administration, hardware maintenance, software installation, etc., for the enhancement of skill.

Long Essay on Computer 400 words

Computer essay 6 (400 words).

Invention of the computer has made many dreams come true even we cannot imagine our lives without computer. Generally computer a device used for many purposes like information storage, email, messaging, software programming, calculation, data processing and many more. Desktop computer need a CPU, an UPS, a keyboard and a mouse for well functioning however laptop does not need anything to add outside as it included with all inside. Computer is an electronic device having big memory which can save any data value. We are living in the advanced world of computer in the 21 st century.

Earlier the functioning of the old generation computer very limited but new generation computers are amazing with lots of functioning. Charles Babbage had invented the first mechanical computer which was totally different from the modern day computer. The aim of computer invention was to create a machine which can perform very fast mathematical calculations. During the World War II it used to locate and estimate the direction and speed of weapons of the enemies. Modern day computers are available with the artificial Intelligence technology to helps us in every sector of life.

New generation computer highly advanced means smaller, lighter, speedier and more powerful. Now a day, it is running in almost all walks of life like weather forecasting, guidance of spacecraft, examinations, education, shopping, traffic control, high level programming, automation in banks, railway ticket booking, playing games, medical sector, machinery operations, job opening, business also crime detection etc.

It is the backbone of the Information Technology including with the internet and proved that nothing is impossible today. If there are positive effects of the computer on the life of human being, it also negatively affected the human lives such as rise in the Cyber crime, pornographic websites can accessed by kids or younger and many more however using some preventive measures we can safe from its negative effects.

The whole human fraternity is becoming highly dependent on the computer technology; no one can imagine life without computer. As, it has spread its wings so deeply in every area and made people used of it. It is very beneficial for the students of any class. They can use it to prepare their projects, learn poems, read different stories, download notes for exam preparations, collect large information within seconds, learn about painting, drawing, etc. However it enhances the professional skills of the students and helps in getting job easily.

Below are the list of related essay available at IL

Visit Infinity Learn (IL) for more study resources.

Frequently Asked Questions on Computer

What is the definition of a computer.

A computer is an electronic machine that can store, process, and retrieve information. It can do various tasks, like calculations, data storage, and connecting to the internet.

What are the 4 types of computer?

There are four main types of computers: desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, and smartphones. Each type serves different purposes and comes in various sizes.

What is computer introduction?

A computer introduction is a brief explanation of what a computer is and what it can do. It's like an overview of how computers work and their importance in our lives.

What is computer 50 words?

A computer is a device that processes information using electronic circuits. It can perform tasks like calculations, storing data, and connecting to the internet. Computers come in various forms, from big desktops to small smartphones, and play a crucial role in our daily lives.

Who was the father of the computer?

The title father of the computer is often attributed to Charles Babbage. He designed a mechanical computer in the 19th century, known as the Analytical Engine, which laid the foundation for modern computers.

What is the function of RAM and ROM?

RAM (Random Access Memory) stores data that the computer is currently using, like running programs. ROM (Read-Only Memory) stores important instructions that help the computer start up and perform basic functions.

What are the 3 main parts of a computer?

The three main parts of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU), which does the computing, the memory (RAM and ROM), which stores data and instructions, and input/output devices like the keyboard, mouse, and monitor.

What are computer parts?

Computer parts are the components that make up a computer system. These include the CPU, memory, storage devices, input devices (like the keyboard and mouse), output devices (like the monitor and printer), and various internal circuits and connections. Each part plays a specific role in the computer's functioning.

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How Much Research Is Being Written by Large Language Models?

New studies show a marked spike in LLM usage in academia, especially in computer science. What does this mean for researchers and reviewers?

In March of this year, a  tweet about an academic paper went viral for all the wrong reasons. The introduction section of the paper, published in  Elsevier’s  Surfaces and Interfaces , began with this line:  Certainly, here is a possible introduction for your topic. 

Look familiar? 

It should, if you are a user of ChatGPT and have applied its talents for the purpose of content generation. LLMs are being increasingly used to assist with writing tasks, but examples like this in academia are largely anecdotal and had not been quantified before now. 

“While this is an egregious example,” says  James Zou , associate professor of biomedical data science and, by courtesy, of computer science and of electrical engineering at Stanford, “in many cases, it’s less obvious, and that’s why we need to develop more granular and robust statistical methods to estimate the frequency and magnitude of LLM usage. At this particular moment, people want to know what content around us is written by AI. This is especially important in the context of research, for the papers we author and read and the reviews we get on our papers. That’s why we wanted to study how much of those have been written with the help of AI.”

In two papers looking at LLM use in scientific publishings, Zou and his team* found that 17.5% of computer science papers and 16.9% of peer review text had at least some content drafted by AI. The paper on LLM usage in peer reviews will be presented at the International Conference on Machine Learning.

Read  Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers and  Monitoring AI-Modified Content at Scale: A Case Study on the Impact of ChatGPT on AI Conference Peer Reviews  

Here Zou discusses the findings and implications of this work, which was supported through a Stanford HAI Hoffman Yee Research Grant . 

How did you determine whether AI wrote sections of a paper or a review?

We first saw that there are these specific worlds – like commendable, innovative, meticulous, pivotal, intricate, realm, and showcasing – whose frequency in reviews sharply spiked, coinciding with the release of ChatGPT. Additionally, we know that these words are much more likely to be used by LLMs than by humans. The reason we know this is that we actually did an experiment where we took many papers, used LLMs to write reviews of them, and compared those reviews to reviews written by human reviewers on the same papers. Then we quantified which words are more likely to be used by LLMs vs. humans, and those are exactly the words listed. The fact that they are more likely to be used by an LLM and that they have also seen a sharp spike coinciding with the release of LLMs is strong evidence.

Some journals permit the use of LLMs in academic writing, as long as it’s noted, while others, including  Science and the ICML conference, prohibit it. How are the ethics perceived in academia?

This is an important and timely topic because the policies of various journals are changing very quickly. For example,  Science said in the beginning that they would not allow authors to use language models in their submissions, but they later changed their policy and said that people could use language models, but authors have to explicitly note where the language model is being used. All the journals are struggling with how to define this and what’s the right way going forward.

You observed an increase in usage of LLMs in academic writing, particularly in computer science papers (up to 17.5%). Math and  Nature family papers, meanwhile, used AI text about 6.3% of the time. What do you think accounts for the discrepancy between these disciplines? 

Artificial intelligence and computer science disciplines have seen an explosion in the number of papers submitted to conferences like ICLR and NeurIPS. And I think that’s really caused a strong burden, in many ways, to reviewers and to authors. So now it’s increasingly difficult to find qualified reviewers who have time to review all these papers. And some authors may feel more competition that they need to keep up and keep writing more and faster. 

You analyzed close to a million papers on arXiv, bioRxiv, and  Nature from January 2020 to February 2024. Do any of these journals include humanities papers or anything in the social sciences?  

We mostly wanted to focus more on CS and engineering and biomedical areas and interdisciplinary areas, like  Nature family journals, which also publish some social science papers. Availability mattered in this case. So, it’s relatively easy for us to get data from arXiv, bioRxiv, and  Nature . A lot of AI conferences also make reviews publicly available. That’s not the case for humanities journals.

Did any results surprise you?

A few months after ChatGPT’s launch, we started to see a rapid, linear increase in the usage pattern in academic writing. This tells us how quickly these LLM technologies diffuse into the community and become adopted by researchers. The most surprising finding is the magnitude and speed of the increase in language model usage. Nearly a fifth of papers and peer review text use LLM modification. We also found that peer reviews submitted closer to the deadline and those less likely to engage with author rebuttal were more likely to use LLMs. 

This suggests a couple of things. Perhaps some of these reviewers are not as engaged with reviewing these papers, and that’s why they are offloading some of the work to AI to help. This could be problematic if reviewers are not fully involved. As one of the pillars of the scientific process, it is still necessary to have human experts providing objective and rigorous evaluations. If this is being diluted, that’s not great for the scientific community.

What do your findings mean for the broader research community?

LLMs are transforming how we do research. It’s clear from our work that many papers we read are written with the help of LLMs. There needs to be more transparency, and people should state explicitly how LLMs are used and if they are used substantially. I don’t think it’s always a bad thing for people to use LLMs. In many areas, this can be very useful. For someone who is not a native English speaker, having the model polish their writing can be helpful. There are constructive ways for people to use LLMs in the research process; for example, in earlier stages of their draft. You could get useful feedback from a LLM in real time instead of waiting weeks or months to get external feedback. 

But I think it’s still very important for the human researchers to be accountable for everything that is submitted and presented. They should be able to say, “Yes, I will stand behind the statements that are written in this paper.”

*Collaborators include:  Weixin Liang ,  Yaohui Zhang ,  Zhengxuan Wu ,  Haley Lepp ,  Wenlong Ji ,  Xuandong Zhao ,  Hancheng Cao ,  Sheng Liu ,  Siyu He ,  Zhi Huang ,  Diyi Yang ,  Christopher Potts ,  Christopher D. Manning ,  Zachary Izzo ,  Yaohui Zhang ,  Lingjiao Chen ,  Haotian Ye , and Daniel A. McFarland .

Stanford HAI’s mission is to advance AI research, education, policy and practice to improve the human condition.  Learn more . 

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Importance Of Computer Essay - 100, 200, 500 Words

• Essay on The Importance of Computer-

It perfectly suits the era we are presently living in. With the development of Science and Technology, computers have become an essential part of human life. The lives of people revolve around technology. Computers are used in every sector. The computer was invented by Charles Babbage from students to working professionals, entrepreneurs, and prominent business owners; computers are used for various purposes. Here are a few sample essays on the importance of computers.

100 Words Essay on The Importance of Computer

200 words essay on the importance of computer, 500 words essay on the importance of computer.

A computer is a modern and complex machine, adequate for performing various tasks in a fraction of a second. These devices are used in various fields such as educational and medical fields. In the education field, a computer is used for teaching and learning purposes. In the modern era, a computer is used for smart classes (computer-based learning) to make sessions informative, and interactive and to ensure that students capture and understand the significant information of all the topics and it does not skip their mind. Various prominent software has been developed to enhance the learning and skills of students and teachers. Computers are used in medical sectors for X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, etc, to monitor and store the records of patients.

Technology has changed the aspects of life and has made life better. Computers are popular electronic devices that can be used to write documents, play games, send an email, make presentations and designs and browse the internet for finding information. The older generation systems were less effective and had fewer functions but improvisations have been made to make these systems effective and more useful. Computers have made life easy for individuals as one can find information about anything they are looking for at their own pace.

These are used in various places like colleges, schools, hospitals, universities, homes, offices, banks, government organisations, airports, railways, etc. These systems help in communication, storage of data, learning and improving skills, etc. Manual labour has been reduced because of the various software available on computers. This software helps in the calculation, making presentations, writing, online shopping, printing materials, booking tickets, etc.

Nowadays, most activities like traffic control, movement of people in societies, etc. are monitored by computers. High-performance computers are used in the field of Science and Engineering to stimulate dynamic processes, topographic images, plotting and analysing data, and for research and development. They are also used to digitise photographs, make animations and graphic designing, dance, arts, and culture.

Computers have become an essential part of modern lives. These systems serve as a convenient information source for managing organisations and accomplishing various tasks. This is one of the significant reasons that computers are in higher demand for banking, entertainment, education, businesses, administration work, and in industries. The computer generation and delivery market are thriving across the world. From large computer systems to handy systems (laptops); computers are present in all organisations. No organisation, industry, or business can function independently of these systems. They are used for various purposes in different sectors.

Use of Computers in Different Sectors

Computers are used in businesses of small and large scale to store data. It helps business owners to record their company data, information, and salaries of employees, and to allow the work to employees. Different software available in the systems also helps them to store the progress of the employees. They are being extensively used for educational purposes.

Computers have replaced books as large amounts of information and knowledge is widely available via the internet. The present generation (generation Z) is completely dependent on these systems for their educational purposes. Schools, institutes, and universities are dependent on computers to store the information, record, and progress of students. Computer-based learning has been introduced in schools. Educational organisations have also introduced computers as a subject to educate students about emerging technology.

The invention of these systems has also generated employment and a whole sector is dedicated to these systems, that is the IT (Information Technology) sector.

The use of computers does not limit to these sectors but also expands to governmental organisations, home, and medical sectors. Computers are used in the medical sector to monitor patients' blood pressure and respiration rate. It helps in storing medical and patient data to deliver quality health care. This information is useful to improve the treatment of the patient. The data stored in systems of medical care units can help in the analysis of disease and control it before it turns out to be epidemic. Nowadays, computer-assisted surgery has been introduced in hospitals which have turned out to be a blessing.

In the government sector, it is used for data processing, maintaining the data of citizens like their birth, location, number of family members, and death. The defence organisation of countries has benefited from these systems for satellites, missile development, rocket launches, etc. Computers are also being used for banking purposes. The use of computers has introduced paperless eco-friendly systems.

The Pandemic Period

None of us can ever forget the lockdown period when Covid cases were rising rapidly, we were locked in our houses and no sector was working except the medical sector. During these times when we understood the importance of computers in our life because these systems helped us to connect not only to our loved ones but also to our colleagues and to continue working with the help of our systems. The lockdown period showed the importance of these systems to humankind and it turned out to be a blessing in the middle of chaos. Most companies and educational sectors became dependent on these systems to function properly.

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UNC Computer Science presents 14 papers at ICLR 2024

May 24, 2024

Top row, left to right: Mohit Bansal, Snigdha Chaturvedi, Tianlong Chen; Bottom row, left to right: Marc Niethammer, Roni Sengupta, Huaxiu Yao

UNC Computer Science personnel had 14 papers accepted by the 2024 International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). Five of the papers were selected for spotlight posters at the conference. The submissions came from six different research groups.

ICLR is a machine learning conference held annually since 2013. Accepted publications from UNC CS personnel covered topics ranging from large language models and large vision-language models to shape representation in computer vision, to generalizability and fairness in machine learning. Submissions came from research groups led by Professor Mohit Bansal, Assistant Professor Snigdha Chaturvedi, incoming Assistant Professor Tianlong Chen, Professor Marc Niethammer, Assistant Professor Roni Sengupta, and Assistant Professor Huaxiu Yao.

A roundup of the 14 publications can be found below, with brief descriptions of each paper selected for spotlight at the conference.

Papers selected for spotlight:

UNC CS personnel are bolded, and asterisks indicate equal contribution as lead-authors.

“Can Sensitive Information Be Deleted From LLMs? Objectives for Defending Against Extraction Attacks” Vaidehi Ramesh Patil* , Peter Hase* , Mohit Bansal

Studying extraction attacks on large language models, researchers found that sensitive information used to train a model could be extracted from the model’s output with carefully tailored questions. Even after developing some mitigation strategies, the team found that extraction attacks could still occasionally be successful.

”Enhancing Group Fairness in Online Settings Using Oblique Decision Forests” Somnath Basu Roy Chowdhury , Nicholas Monath, Ahmad Beirami, Rahul Kidambi, Kumar Dubey, Amr Ahmed, Snigdha Chaturvedi

This collaboration between Google Research and UNC CS developed Aranyani, which utilizes an ensemble of oblique decision trees to help machine learning systems make fair decisions in online settings where data arrives one instance at a time.

”Improving Domain Generalization with Domain Relations” Huaxiu Yao*, Xinyu Yang*, Xinyi Pan, Shengchao Liu, Pang Wei Koh, Chelsea Finn

Machine learning models can underperform when applied to a domain that differs from that of its training data. This new approach, D3G, learns a set of functions that are specific to the domain it is trained on, then reweights during the test stage based on how similar a new domain is to the training domain.

“Merge, Then Compress: Demystify Efficient SMoE with Hints from Its Routing Policy” Pingzhi Li , Zhenyu Zhang, Prateek Yadav , Yi-Lin Sung , Yu Cheng, Mohit Bansal , Tianlong Chen

SMoE (Sparsely activated Mixture-of-Experts) has shown promise to scale up the learning capacity of neural networks, though the approach suffers from being memory-inefficient and non-scalable. The new proposed method, MC-SMoE (Merge, then Compress SMoE), achieves up to 80% memory and a 20% reduction in floating-point operations per second, with virtually no loss in performance.

“NAISR: A 3D Neural Additive Model for Interpretable Shape Representation” Yining Jiao , Carlton Zdanski , Julia Kimbell , Andrew Prince , Cameron Worden , Samuel Kirse, Christopher Rutter, Benjamin Shields , William Dunn , Jisan Mahmud , Marc Niethammer

Working in the field of scientific shape discovery, this paper proposed a 3D Neural Additive Model for Interpretable Shape Representation (NAISR), which combines the benefits of deep implicit shape representations with an atlas deforming according to specified covariates (measurable variables with an effect on the dependent variable being tested), enabling the capture of shape population trends and for patient-specific predictions through shape transfer. NAISR analyzes the effect of individual variables on shapes, can transfer shapes to new variables for tasks like inferring anatomy development, and can provide shapes based on extrapolated variables.

Other accepted papers:

“Analyzing and Mitigating Object Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models” Yiyang Zhou* , Chenhang Cui* , Jaehong Yoon , Linjun Zhang, Zhun Deng, Chelsea Finn, Mohit Bansal , Huaxiu Yao

“D2 Pruning: Message Passing for Balancing Diversity & Difficulty in Data Pruning” Adyasha Maharana , Prateek Yadav , Mohit Bansal

“Davidsonian Scene Graph: Improving Reliability in Fine-grained Evaluation for Text-to-Image Generation” Jaemin Cho , Yushi Hu, Jason Baldridge, Roopal Garg, Peter Anderson, Ranjay Krishna, Mohit Bansal , Jordi Pont-Tuset, Su Wang

“ECoFLaP: Efficient Coarse-to-Fine Layer-Wise Pruning for Vision-Language Models” Yi-Lin Sung , Jaehong Yoon , Mohit Bansal

“Fine-Tuning Language Models for Factuality” Katherine Tian*, Eric Mitchell*, Huaxiu Yao , Christopher Manning, Chelsea Finn

“Holistic Evaluation of Language Models” Jue Wang*, Lucia Zheng*, Nathan Kim*, Keshav Santhanam, Qian Huang, Ryan Chi, Percy Liang, William Wang, Yian Zhang, Yifan Mai, Tianyi Zhang, Yuta Koreeda, Eric Zelikman, Shibani Santurkar, Thomas Icard, Benjamin Newman, Rishi Bommasani, Laurel Orr, Surya Ganguli, Ce Zhang, Yuhui Zhang, Hongyu Ren, Neel Guha, Esin Durmus, Yuhuai Wu, Huaxiu Yao , Tatsunori Hashimoto, Peter Henderson, Vishrav Chaudhary, Dimitris Tsipras, Sang Michael Xie, Mert Yuksekgonul, Tony Lee, Michihiro Yasunaga, Faisal Ladhak, Mirac Suzgun, Frieda Rong, Christopher Re, Ananya Kumar, Binhang Yuan, Bobby Yan, Deepak Narayanan, Christian Cosgrove, Dilara Soylu, Drew Hudson, Diana Acosta-Navas, Niladri Chatterji, Omar Khattab, Christopher Manning, Xuechen Li

“Rephrase, Augment, Reason: Visual Grounding of Questions for Vision-Language Models” Archiki Prasad , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

“Sparse MoE with Language Guided Routing for Multilingual Machine Translation” Xinyu Zhao , Xuxi Chen, Yu Cheng, Tianlong Chen

“Universal Guidance for Diffusion Models” Arpit Bansal*, Hong-Min Chu*, Avi Schwarzschild, Roni Sengupta , Micah Goldblum, Jonas Geiping, Tom Goldstein

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NeurIPS 2024

Conference Dates: (In person) 9 December - 15 December, 2024

Homepage: https://neurips.cc/Conferences/2024/

Call For Papers 

Abstract submission deadline: May 15, 2024

Full paper submission deadline, including technical appendices and supplemental material (all authors must have an OpenReview profile when submitting): May 22, 2024

Author notification: Sep 25, 2024

Camera-ready, poster, and video submission: Oct 30, 2024 AOE

Submit at: https://openreview.net/group?id=NeurIPS.cc/2024/Conference  

The site will start accepting submissions on Apr 22, 2024 

Subscribe to these and other dates on the 2024 dates page .

The Thirty-Eighth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2024) is an interdisciplinary conference that brings together researchers in machine learning, neuroscience, statistics, optimization, computer vision, natural language processing, life sciences, natural sciences, social sciences, and other adjacent fields. We invite submissions presenting new and original research on topics including but not limited to the following:

• Applications (e.g., vision, language, speech and audio, Creative AI)
• Deep learning (e.g., architectures, generative models, optimization for deep networks, foundation models, LLMs)
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Machine learning is a rapidly evolving field, and so we welcome interdisciplinary submissions that do not fit neatly into existing categories.

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Paralysis can rob people of their ability to speak. Now researchers hope to give it back

When Jaimie Henderson was 5 years old, his father was in a devastating car crash. The accident left his father barely able to move or speak. Henderson remembers laughing at his dad's jokes, though he never could understand the punchlines. "I grew up wishing I could know him and communicate with him."

That early experience drove his professional interest in helping people communicate.

Now, Henderson's an author on one of two papers published Wednesday showing substantial advances toward enabling speech in people injured by stroke, accident or disease.

Although still very early in development, these so-called brain-computer interfaces are five times better than previous generations of the technology at "reading" brainwaves and translating them into synthesized speech. The successes suggest it will someday be possible to restore nearly normal communication ability to people like Henderson's late father.

"Without movement, communication is impossible," Henderson said, referencing the trial's participant who has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS , which robs people of their ability to move. "We hope to one day tell people who are diagnosed with this terrible disease that they will never lose the ability to communicate."

Both the technologies, developed at Stanford and nearby at the University of California, San Francisco , enabled a volunteer to generate 60 to 80 words per minute. That's less than half the pace of normal speech, which typically ranges from 150 to 200 words per minute, but substantially faster than previous brain-computer interfaces. The new technologies can also interpret and produce a much broader vocabulary of words, rather than simply choosing from a short list.

At Stanford, researchers chose to decode signals from individual brain cells. The resolution will improve as the technology gets better at allowing recording from more cells, Henderson said.

"We're sort of at the era of broadcast TV, the old days right now," he said in a Tuesday news conference with reporters. "We need to increase the resolution to HD and then on to 4K so that we can continue to sharpen the picture and improve the accuracy."

The two studies "represent a turning point" in the development of brain-computer interfaces aimed at helping paralyzed people communicate, according to an analysis published in the journal Nature along with the papers .

"The two BCIs represent a great advance in neuroscientific and neuroengineering research, and show great promise in boosting the quality of life of individuals who have lost their voice as a result of paralysing neurological injuries and diseases," wrote Dutch neurologist Nick Ramsey and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine neurologist Nathan Crone.

Paralyzed patients walking in minutes: New electrode device a step forward in spinal injury care

Two different approaches to communication, both work

At UCSF, researchers chose to implant 253 high-density electrodes across the surface of a brain area involved in speech.

The fact that the different approaches both seem to work is encouraging, the two teams said Tuesday.

It's too early to say whether either will ultimately prove superior or if different approaches will be better for different types of speech problems. Both teams implanted their devices into the brains of just one volunteer each, so it's not yet clear how challenging it will be to get the technology to work in others.

The UCSF team also personalized the synthesized voice and created an avatar that can recreate the facial expressions of the participant, to more clearly reeplicate natural conversation. Many brain injuries, like ALS and stroke also paralyze the muscles of the face, leaving the person unable to smile, look surprised, or offer concern.

Ann, the participant in the USCF trial, had a brain stem stroke 17 years ago and has been participating in the research since last year. Researchers identified her only by her first name to protect her privacy.

The electrodes intercepted brain signals that, if not for Ann's stroke, would have gone to muscles in her, tongue, jaw and larynx, as well as her face, according to UCSF. A cable, plugged into a port fixed to her head, connected the electrodes to a bank of computers.

For weeks, she and the team trained the system’s artificial intelligence algorithms to recognize her distinctive brain signals by repeating phrases over and over again.

Instead of recognizing whole words, the AI decodes words from phonemes, according to UCSF. “Hello,” for example, contains four phonemes: “HH,” “AH,” “L” and “OW."

Researchers used video from Ann's wedding to create a computer-generated voice that sounds much like her own did and to create an avatar that can make facial expressions similar to the ones she made before her stroke.

Advances in machine learning have made such technologies possible, said Sean Metzger, a bioengineering graduate student who helped lead the research. " Overall, I think this work represents accurate and naturalistic decoding of three different speech modalities, text, synthesis and an avatar to hopefully restore fuller communication experience for our participant," he told reporters.

The healing power of a good beat: Neurologic music therapy helps kids with brain injuries

Stanford approach: Tiny sensors on the brain

The Stanford trial relied on volunteer Pat Bennett, now 68, a former human resources director, who was diagnosed with ALS in 2012.

“When you think of ALS, you think of arm and leg impact,” Bennett wrote in an interview with Stanford staff conducted by email and provided to the media. “But in a group of ALS patients, it begins with speech difficulties. I am unable to speak.”

On March 29, 2022, neurosurgeons at Stanford placed two tiny sensors each on the surface of two regions of Bennett's brain involved in speech production. About a month later, she and a team of Stanford scientists began twice-weekly, four-hour research sessions to train the software that was interpreting her speech.

She would repeat in her mind sentences chosen randomly from telephone conversations, such as: “It’s only been that way in the last five years.” Another: “I left right in the middle of it.”

As she recited these sentences, her brain activity was translated by a decoder into a stream of "sounds" and then assembled into words. Bennett repeated 260 to 480 sentences per training session. Initially, she was restricted to a 50-word vocabulary, but then allowed to choose from 125,000 words, essentially, all she would ever need.

After four months, she was able to generate 62 words per minute on a computer screen merely by thinking them.

“For those who are nonverbal, this means they can stay connected to the bigger world, perhaps continue to work, maintain friends and family relationships,” she wrote.

The technology made a lot of mistakes. About 1 out of every 4 words was interpreted incorrectly even after this training.

Frank Willett, the research scientist who helped lead the Stanford work, said he hopes to improve accuracy in the next few years, so that only 1 out of 10 words will be wrong.

Edward Chang, the senior researcher on the UCSF paper, said he hopes his team's work will "really allow people to interact with digital spaces in new ways," communicating beyond simply articulating words.

All four researchers said restoring communication abilities to Ann and Bennett during the trial was a highlight in their professional careers.

"It was quite emotional for all of us to see this work," said Chang, a member of the UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience.

"I felt like I'd come full circle from wishing I could communicate with my dad as a kid to seeing this actually work," Henderson added. "It's indescribable."

Contact Karen Weintraub at [email protected].

Health and patient safety coverage at USA TODAY is made possible in part by a grant from the Masimo Foundation for Ethics, Innovation and Competition in Healthcare. The Masimo Foundation does not provide editorial input .

Essay on Importance Of Computer In School Education

Students are often asked to write an essay on Importance Of Computer In School Education in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Importance Of Computer In School Education

Learning with computers.

In schools, computers are like new books with endless pages. They give students a way to find information quickly and learn new things through videos, games, and programs. Using computers, kids can practice math, read stories, and explore science in fun ways.

Skills for the Future

Knowing how to use computers is a skill that will help students in almost any job they choose later in life. By using computers in school, kids learn to type, use important programs, and even code, which is like learning a secret language to make apps and games.

Staying Connected

Computers help students and teachers talk to each other. They can share homework online, get help from teachers through messages, and work on projects with classmates even when they are not in the same room.

250 Words Essay on Importance Of Computer In School Education

Computers help in learning.

Computers have become a big part of our lives, especially in schools. They make learning fun and easy. With computers, students can see pictures and videos that help them understand lessons better. Also, they can play educational games that make learning enjoyable.

Easy Access to Information

One of the best things about computers is that they let us find information quickly. Students can use the internet to look up anything they are curious about. This means they can learn a lot more than what is just in their textbooks.

Improving Skills

Using computers also helps students get better at important skills. For example, they learn how to type, use different programs, and stay safe online. These skills are very important because they will help students in almost any job they choose in the future.

Preparing for the Future

Today, almost every job uses computers. By using computers in school, students become ready for the future. They will not be scared or unsure when they have to use technology in their jobs.

Bringing the World Closer

Computers connect us with people from all over the world. Students can talk to other students in different countries. This helps them learn about new cultures and ideas.

In conclusion, computers are very important in school education. They make learning more interesting, help find information quickly, improve skills, prepare students for the future, and connect them with the whole world. Schools should make sure that all students have the chance to use computers to learn and grow.

500 Words Essay on Importance Of Computer In School Education

Why computers are important in schools.

Computers have become a big part of our lives. In schools, they are very important for many reasons. They help students learn new things, do their work, and get ready for the world after school.

Learning Made Fun and Easy

Firstly, computers make learning fun and easy. With computers, students can see pictures and videos that explain hard topics. This helps them understand better and remember what they learn. Also, there are many games and programs on computers that make learning subjects like math and science exciting. This way, kids enjoy studying and want to learn more.

Up-to-Date Information

Another reason is that computers give students the latest information. Before computers, students had to read old books or wait for new ones. Now, with the internet, they can find the newest facts and news. This means they always have the best and most recent knowledge for their projects and homework.

Computers also teach students skills they will need when they finish school. Most jobs today need people who know how to use a computer. By using computers in school, students learn how to type, use different programs, and solve problems with technology. These skills are very valuable and can help them in almost any job they choose in the future.

Homework and Projects

Doing homework and projects is easier with computers. Students can type their work, which is neater and faster than writing by hand. They can also fix mistakes easily. For projects, they can create presentations and reports that look professional. This helps them to express their ideas clearly and get better grades.

Connecting with Others

Computers connect students with other people. They can talk to friends and teachers through email or chat rooms. They can also work with students from other schools or countries on projects. This teaches them how to work with others, which is a skill they will use all their life.

Help for Teachers

Lastly, computers help teachers too. Teachers can use computers to plan their lessons, find teaching materials, and test their students. They can also keep track of how each student is doing and help them in the best way. Computers make these tasks easier and save teachers time.

In conclusion, computers are very important in school education. They make learning interesting, give students the latest information, and teach them skills for the future. They also make homework and projects easier, help students connect with others, and help teachers in their work. With all these benefits, it is clear why computers are a big part of schools today.

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When Prison and Mental Illness Amount to a Death Sentence

The downward spiral of one inmate, Markus Johnson, shows the larger failures of the nation’s prisons to care for the mentally ill.

Supported by

By Glenn Thrush

Photographs by Carlos Javier Ortiz

Glenn Thrush spent more than a year reporting this article, interviewing close to 50 people and reviewing court-obtained body-camera footage and more than 1,500 pages of documents.

• Published May 5, 2024 Updated May 7, 2024

Markus Johnson slumped naked against the wall of his cell, skin flecked with pepper spray, his face a mask of puzzlement, exhaustion and resignation. Four men in black tactical gear pinned him, his face to the concrete, to cuff his hands behind his back.

He did not resist. He couldn’t. He was so gravely dehydrated he would be dead by their next shift change.

Listen to this article with reporter commentary

“I didn’t do anything,” Mr. Johnson moaned as they pressed a shield between his shoulders.

It was 1:19 p.m. on Sept. 6, 2019, in the Danville Correctional Center, a medium-security prison a few hours south of Chicago. Mr. Johnson, 21 and serving a short sentence for gun possession, was in the throes of a mental collapse that had gone largely untreated, but hardly unwatched.

He had entered in good health, with hopes of using the time to gain work skills. But for the previous three weeks, Mr. Johnson, who suffered from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, had refused to eat or take his medication. Most dangerous of all, he had stealthily stopped drinking water, hastening the physical collapse that often accompanies full-scale mental crises.

Mr. Johnson’s horrific downward spiral, which has not been previously reported, represents the larger failures of the nation’s prisons to care for the mentally ill. Many seriously ill people receive no treatment . For those who do, the outcome is often determined by the vigilance and commitment of individual supervisors and frontline staff, which vary greatly from system to system, prison to prison, and even shift to shift.

The country’s jails and prisons have become its largest provider of inpatient mental health treatment, with 10 times as many seriously mentally ill people now held behind bars as in hospitals. Estimating the population of incarcerated people with major psychological problems is difficult, but the number is likely 200,000 to 300,000, experts say.

Many of these institutions remain ill-equipped to handle such a task, and the burden often falls on prison staff and health care personnel who struggle with the dual roles of jailer and caregiver in a high-stress, dangerous, often dehumanizing environment.

In 2021, Joshua McLemore , a 29-year-old with schizophrenia held for weeks in an isolation cell in Jackson County, Ind., died of organ failure resulting from a “refusal to eat or drink,” according to an autopsy. In April, New York City agreed to pay $28 million to settle a lawsuit filed by the family of Nicholas Feliciano, a young man with a history of mental illness who suffered severe brain damage after attempting to hang himself on Rikers Island — as correctional officers stood by.

Mr. Johnson’s mother has filed a wrongful-death suit against the state and Wexford Health Sources, a for-profit health care contractor in Illinois prisons. The New York Times reviewed more than 1,500 pages of reports, along with depositions taken from those involved. Together, they reveal a cascade of missteps, missed opportunities, potential breaches of protocol and, at times, lapses in common sense.

Prison officials and Wexford staff took few steps to intervene even after it became clear that Mr. Johnson, who had been hospitalized repeatedly for similar episodes and recovered, had refused to take medication. Most notably, they did not transfer him to a state prison facility that provides more intensive mental health treatment than is available at regular prisons, records show.

The quality of medical care was also questionable, said Mr. Johnson’s lawyers, Sarah Grady and Howard Kaplan, a married legal team in Chicago. Mr. Johnson lost 50 to 60 pounds during three weeks in solitary confinement, but officials did not initiate interventions like intravenous feedings or transfer him to a non-prison hospital.

And they did not take the most basic step — dialing 911 — until it was too late.

There have been many attempts to improve the quality of mental health treatment in jails and prisons by putting care on par with punishment — including a major effort in Chicago . But improvements have proved difficult to enact and harder to sustain, hampered by funding and staffing shortages.

Lawyers representing the state corrections department, Wexford and staff members who worked at Danville declined to comment on Mr. Johnson’s death, citing the unresolved litigation. In their interviews with state police investigators, and in depositions, employees defended their professionalism and adherence to procedure, while citing problems with high staff turnover, difficult work conditions, limited resources and shortcomings of co-workers.

But some expressed a sense of resignation about the fate of Mr. Johnson and others like him.

Prisoners have “much better chances in a hospital, but that’s not their situation,” said a senior member of Wexford’s health care team in a deposition.

“I didn’t put them in prison,” he added. “They are in there for a reason.”

Markus Mison Johnson was born on March 1, 1998, to a mother who believed she was not capable of caring for him.

Days after his birth, he was taken in by Lisa Barker Johnson, a foster mother in her 30s who lived in Zion, Ill., a working-class city halfway between Chicago and Milwaukee. Markus eventually became one of four children she adopted from different families.

The Johnson house is a lively split level, with nieces, nephews, grandchildren and neighbors’ children, family keepsakes, video screens and juice boxes. Ms. Johnson sits at its center on a kitchen chair, chin resting on her hand as children wander over to share their thoughts, or to tug on her T-shirt to ask her to be their bathroom buddy.

From the start, her bond with Markus was particularly powerful, in part because the two looked so much alike, with distinctive dimpled smiles. Many neighbors assumed he was her biological son. The middle name she chose for him was intended to convey that message.

“Mison is short for ‘my son,’” she said standing over his modest footstone grave last summer.

He was happy at home. School was different. His grades were good, but he was intensely shy and was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in elementary school.

That was around the time the bullying began. His sisters were fierce defenders, but they could only do so much. He did the best he could, developing a quick, taunting tongue.

These experiences filled him with a powerful yearning to fit in.

It was not to be.

When he was around 15, he called 911 in a panic, telling the dispatcher he saw two men standing near the small park next to his house threatening to abduct children playing there. The officers who responded found nothing out of the ordinary, and rang the Johnsons’ doorbell.

He later told his mother he had heard a voice telling him to “protect the kids.”

He was hospitalized for the first time at 16, and given medications that stabilized him for stretches of time. But the crises would strike every six months or so, often triggered by his decision to stop taking his medication.

His family became adept at reading signs he was “getting sick.” He would put on his tan Timberlands and a heavy winter coat, no matter the season, and perch on the edge of his bed as if bracing for battle. Sometimes, he would cook his own food, paranoid that someone might poison him.

He graduated six months early, on the dean’s list, but was rudderless, and hanging out with younger boys, often paying their way.

His mother pointed out the perils of buying friendship.

“I don’t care,” he said. “At least I’ll be popular for a minute.”

Zion’s inviting green grid of Bible-named streets belies the reality that it is a rough, unforgiving place to grow up. Family members say Markus wanted desperately to prove he was tough, and emulated his younger, reckless group of friends.

Like many of them, he obtained a pistol. He used it to hold up a convenience store clerk for $425 in January 2017, according to police records. He cut a plea deal for two years of probation, and never explained to his family what had made him do it.

But he kept getting into violent confrontations. In late July 2018, he was arrested in a neighbor’s garage with a handgun he later admitted was his. He was still on probation for the robbery, and his public defender negotiated a plea deal that would send him to state prison until January 2020.

An inpatient mental health system

Around 40 percent of the about 1.8 million people in local, state and federal jails and prison suffer from at least one mental illness, and many of these people have concurrent issues with substance abuse, according to recent Justice Department estimates.

Psychological problems, often exacerbated by drug use, often lead to significant medical problems resulting from a lack of hygiene or access to good health care.

“When you suffer depression in the outside world, it’s hard to concentrate, you have reduced energy, your sleep is disrupted, you have a very gloomy outlook, so you stop taking care of yourself,” said Robert L. Trestman , a Virginia Tech medical school professor who has worked on state prison mental health reforms.

The paradox is that prison is often the only place where sick people have access to even minimal care.

But the harsh work environment, remote location of many prisons, and low pay have led to severe shortages of corrections staff and the unwillingness of doctors, nurses and counselors to work with the incarcerated mentally ill.

In the early 2000s, prisoners’ rights lawyers filed a class-action lawsuit against Illinois claiming “deliberate indifference” to the plight of about 5,000 mentally ill prisoners locked in segregated units and denied treatment and medication.

In 2014, the parties reached a settlement that included minimum staffing mandates, revamped screening protocols, restrictions on the use of solitary confinement and the allocation of about $100 million to double capacity in the system’s specialized mental health units.

Yet within six months of the deal, Pablo Stewart, an independent monitor chosen to oversee its enforcement, declared the system to be in a state of emergency.

Over the years, some significant improvements have been made. But Dr. Stewart’s final report , drafted in 2022, gave the system failing marks for its medication and staffing policies and reliance on solitary confinement “crisis watch” cells.

Ms. Grady, one of Mr. Johnson’s lawyers, cited an additional problem: a lack of coordination between corrections staff and Wexford’s professionals, beyond dutifully filling out dozens of mandated status reports.

“Markus Johnson was basically documented to death,” she said.

‘I’m just trying to keep my head up’

Mr. Johnson was not exactly looking forward to prison. But he saw it as an opportunity to learn a trade so he could start a family when he got out.

On Dec. 18, 2018, he arrived at a processing center in Joliet, where he sat for an intake interview. He was coherent and cooperative, well-groomed and maintained eye contact. He was taking his medication, not suicidal and had a hearty appetite. He was listed as 5 feet 6 inches tall and 256 pounds.

Mr. Johnson described his mood as “go with the flow.”

A few days later, after arriving in Danville, he offered a less settled assessment during a telehealth visit with a Wexford psychiatrist, Dr. Nitin Thapar. Mr. Johnson admitted to being plagued by feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness and “constant uncontrollable worrying” that affected his sleep.

He told Dr. Thapar he had heard voices in the past — but not now — telling him he was a failure, and warning that people were out to get him.

At the time he was incarcerated, the basic options for mentally ill people in Illinois prisons included placement in the general population or transfer to a special residential treatment program at the Dixon Correctional Center, west of Chicago. Mr. Johnson seemed out of immediate danger, so he was assigned to a standard two-man cell in the prison’s general population, with regular mental health counseling and medication.

Things started off well enough. “I’m just trying to keep my head up,” he wrote to his mother. “Every day I learn to be stronger & stronger.”

But his daily phone calls back home hinted at friction with other inmates. And there was not much for him to do after being turned down for a janitorial training program.

Then, in the spring of 2019, his grandmother died, sending him into a deep hole.

Dr. Thapar prescribed a new drug used to treat major depressive disorders. Its most common side effect is weight gain. Mr. Johnson stopped taking it.

On July 4, he told Dr. Thapar matter-of-factly during a telehealth check-in that he was no longer taking any of his medications. “I’ve been feeling normal, I guess,” he said. “I feel like I don’t need the medication anymore.”

Dr. Thapar said he thought that was a mistake, but accepted the decision and removed Mr. Johnson from his regular mental health caseload — instructing him to “reach out” if he needed help, records show.

The pace of calls back home slackened. Mr. Johnson spent more time in bed, and became more surly. At a group-therapy session, he sat stone silent, after showing up late.

By early August, he was telling guards he had stopped eating.

At some point, no one knows when, he had intermittently stopped drinking fluids.

‘I’m having a breakdown’

Then came the crash.

On Aug. 12, Mr. Johnson got into a fight with his older cellmate.

He was taken to a one-man disciplinary cell. A few hours later, Wexford’s on-site mental health counselor, Melanie Easton, was shocked by his disoriented condition. Mr. Johnson stared blankly, then burst into tears when asked if he had “suffered a loss in the previous six months.”

He was so unresponsive to her questions she could not finish the evaluation.

Ms. Easton ordered that he be moved to a 9-foot by 8-foot crisis cell — solitary confinement with enhanced monitoring. At this moment, a supervisor could have ticked the box for “residential treatment” on a form to transfer him to Dixon. That did not happen, according to records and depositions.

Around this time, he asked to be placed back on his medication but nothing seems to have come of it, records show.

By mid-August, he said he was visualizing “people that were not there,” according to case notes. At first, he was acting more aggressively, once flicking water at a guard through a hole in his cell door. But his energy ebbed, and he gradually migrated downward — from standing to bunk to floor.

“I’m having a breakdown,” he confided to a Wexford employee.

At the time, inmates in Illinois were required to declare an official hunger strike before prison officials would initiate protocols, including blood testing or forced feedings. But when a guard asked Mr. Johnson why he would not eat, he said he was “fasting,” as opposed to starving himself, and no action seems to have been taken.

‘Tell me this is OK!’

Lt. Matthew Morrison, one of the few people at Danville to take a personal interest in Mr. Johnson, reported seeing a white rind around his mouth in early September. He told other staff members the cell gave off “a death smell,” according to a deposition.

On Sept. 5, they moved Mr. Johnson to one of six cells adjacent to the prison’s small, bare-bones infirmary. Prison officials finally placed him on the official hunger strike protocol without his consent.

Mr. Morrison, in his deposition, said he was troubled by the inaction of the Wexford staff, and the lack of urgency exhibited by the medical director, Dr. Justin Young.

On Sept. 5, Mr. Morrison approached Dr. Young to express his concerns, and the doctor agreed to order blood and urine tests. But Dr. Young lived in Chicago, and was on site at the prison about four times a week, according to Mr. Kaplan. Friday, Sept. 6, 2019, was not one of those days.

Mr. Morrison arrived at work that morning, expecting to find Mr. Johnson’s testing underway. A Wexford nurse told him Dr. Young believed the tests could wait.

Mr. Morrison, stunned, asked her to call Dr. Young.

“He’s good till Monday,” Dr. Young responded, according to Mr. Morrison.

“Come on, come on, look at this guy! You tell me this is OK!” the officer responded.

Eventually, Justin Duprey, a licensed nurse practitioner and the most senior Wexford employee on duty that day, authorized the test himself.

Mr. Morrison, thinking he had averted a disaster, entered the cell and implored Mr. Johnson into taking the tests. He refused.

So prison officials obtained approval to remove him forcibly from his cell.

‘Oh, my God’

What happened next is documented in video taken from cameras held by officers on the extraction team and obtained by The Times through a court order.

Mr. Johnson is scarcely recognizable as the neatly groomed 21-year-old captured in a cellphone picture a few months earlier. His skin is ashen, eyes fixed on the middle distance. He might be 40. Or 60.

At first, he places his hands forward through the hole in his cell door to be cuffed. This is against procedure, the officers shout. His hands must be in back.

He will not, or cannot, comply. He wanders to the rear of his cell and falls hard. Two blasts of pepper spray barely elicit a reaction. The leader of the tactical team later said he found it unusual and unnerving.

The next video is in the medical unit. A shield is pressed to his chest. He is in agony, begging for them to stop, as two nurses attempt to insert a catheter.

Then they move him, half-conscious and limp, onto a wheelchair for the blood draw.

For the next 20 minutes, the Wexford nurse performing the procedure, Angelica Wachtor, jabs hands and arms to find a vessel that will hold shape. She winces with each puncture, tries to comfort him, and grows increasingly rattled.

“Oh, my God,” she mutters, and asks why help is not on the way.

She did not request assistance or discuss calling 911, records indicate.

“Can you please stop — it’s burning real bad,” Mr. Johnson said.

Soon after, a member of the tactical team reminds Ms. Wachtor to take Mr. Johnson’s vitals before taking him back to his cell. She would later tell Dr. Young she had been unable to able to obtain his blood pressure.

“You good?” one of the team members asks as they are preparing to leave.

“Yeah, I’ll have to be,” she replies in the recording.

Officers lifted him back onto his bunk, leaving him unconscious and naked except for a covering draped over his groin. His expressionless face is visible through the window on the cell door as it closes.

‘Cardiac arrest.’

Mr. Duprey, the nurse practitioner, had been sitting inside his office after corrections staff ordered him to shelter for his own protection, he said. When he emerged, he found Ms. Wachtor sobbing, and after a delay, he was let into the cell. Finding no pulse, Mr. Duprey asked a prison employee to call 911 so Mr. Johnson could be taken to a local emergency room.

The Wexford staff initiated CPR. It did not work.

At 3:38 p.m., the paramedics declared Markus Mison Johnson dead.

Afterward, a senior official at Danville called the Johnson family to say he had died of “cardiac arrest.”

Lisa Johnson pressed for more information, but none was initially forthcoming. She would soon receive a box hastily crammed with his possessions: uneaten snacks, notebooks, an inspirational memoir by a man who had served 20 years at Leavenworth.

Later, Shiping Bao, the coroner who examined his body, determined Mr. Johnson had died of severe dehydration. He told the state police it “was one of the driest bodies he had ever seen.”

For a long time, Ms. Johnson blamed herself. She says that her biggest mistake was assuming that the state, with all its resources, would provide a level of care comparable to what she had been able to provide her son.

She had stopped accepting foster care children while she was raising Markus and his siblings. But as the months dragged on, she decided her once-boisterous house had become oppressively still, and let local agencies know she was available again.

“It is good to have children around,” she said. “It was too quiet around here.”

Read by Glenn Thrush

Audio produced by Jack D’Isidoro .

Glenn Thrush covers the Department of Justice. He joined The Times in 2017 after working for Politico, Newsday, Bloomberg News, The New York Daily News, The Birmingham Post-Herald and City Limits. More about Glenn Thrush

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EU foreign chief says Israel must respect UN court, control settler violence in the West Bank

The European Union’s foreign policy chief has insisted that Israel must abide by the U.N. top court’s rulings and end its offensive in the southern Gaza city of Rafah

BRUSSELS — The European Union’s foreign policy chief insisted Sunday that Israel must abide by the U.N. top court’s rulings and end its offensive in the southern Gaza city of Rafah and, at the same time, questioned the possible involvement of authorities in the settler violence against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank.