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Our AI research tool in the essay editor interface makes it easy to find a source or fact check any piece of text on the web. It will find you the most relevant or related piece of information and the source it came from. You can quickly add that reference to your document references with just a click of a button. We also provide other modes for research such as “find support statistics”, “find supporting arguments”, “find useful information”, and other research methods to make finding the information you need a breeze. Make essay writing and research easy with our AI research assistant.

Easily Cite References

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How to Write an Academic Essay with References and Citations

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Written by  Scribendi

If you're wondering how to write an academic essay with references, look no further. In this article, we'll discuss how to use in-text citations and references, including how to cite a website, how to cite a book, and how to cite a Tweet, according to various style guides.

You might need to cite sources when writing a paper that references other sources. For example, when writing an essay, you may use information from other works, such as books, articles, or websites. You must then inform readers where this information came from. Failure to do so, even accidentally, is plagiarism—passing off another person's work as your own.

You can avoid plagiarism and show readers where to find information by using citations and references. 

Citations tell readers where a piece of information came from. They take the form of footnotes, endnotes, or parenthetical elements, depending on your style guide. In-text citations are usually placed at the end of a sentence containing the relevant information. 

A reference list , bibliography, or works cited list at the end of a text provides additional details about these cited sources. This list includes enough publication information allowing readers to look up these sources themselves.

Referencing is important for more than simply avoiding plagiarism. Referring to a trustworthy source shows that the information is reliable. Referring to reliable information can also support your major points and back up your argument. 

Learning how to write an academic essay with references and how to use in-text citations will allow you to cite authors who have made similar arguments. This helps show that your argument is objective and not entirely based on personal biases.

How Do You Determine Which Style Guide to Use?

Often, a professor will assign a style guide. The purpose of a style guide is to provide writers with formatting instructions. If your professor has not assigned a style guide, they should still be able to recommend one. 

If you are entirely free to choose, pick one that aligns with your field (for example, APA is frequently used for scientific writing). 

Some of the most common style guides are as follows:

AP style for journalism

Chicago style for publishing

APA style for scholarly writing (commonly used in scientific fields)

MLA style for scholarly citations (commonly used in English literature fields)

Some journals have their own style guides, so if you plan to publish, check which guide your target journal uses. You can do this by locating your target journal's website and searching for author guidelines.

How Do You Pick Your Sources?

When learning how to write an academic essay with references, you must identify reliable sources that support your argument. 

As you read, think critically and evaluate sources for:

Objectivity

Keep detailed notes on the sources so that you can easily find them again, if needed.

Tip: Record these notes in the format of your style guide—your reference list will then be ready to go.

How to Use In-Text Citations in MLA

An in-text citation in MLA includes the author's last name and the relevant page number: 

(Author 123)

How to Cite a Website in MLA

Here's how to cite a website in MLA:

Author's last name, First name. "Title of page."

Website. Website Publisher, date. Web. Date

retrieved. <URL>

With information from a real website, this looks like:

Morris, Nancy. "How to Cite a Tweet in APA,

Chicago, and MLA." Scribendi. Scribendi

Inc., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2021.

<https://www.scribendi.com/academy/articles/how_to_cite_a_website.en.html>

How Do You Cite a Tweet in MLA ?

MLA uses the full text of a short Tweet (under 140 characters) as its title. Longer Tweets can be shortened using ellipses. 

MLA Tweet references should be formatted as follows:

@twitterhandle (Author Name). "Text of Tweet." Twitter, Date Month, Year, time of

publication, URL.

With information from an actual Tweet, this looks like:

@neiltyson (Neil deGrasse Tyson). "You can't use reason to convince anyone out of an

argument that they didn't use reason to get into." Twitter, 29 Sept. 2020, 10:15 p.m.,

https://twitter.com/neiltyson/status/1311127369785192449 .

How to Cite a Book in MLA

Here's how to cite a book in MLA:

Author's last name, First name. Book Title. Publisher, Year.

With publication information from a real book, this looks like:

Montgomery, L.M. Rainbow Valley. Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1919.

How to Cite a Chapter in a Book in MLA

Author's last name, First name. "Title of Chapter." Book Title , edited by Editor Name,

Publisher, Year, pp. page range.

With publication information from an actual book, this looks like:

Ezell, Margaret J.M. "The Social Author: Manuscript Culture, Writers, and Readers." The

Broadview Reader in Book History , edited by Michelle Levy and Tom Mole, Broadview

Press, 2015,pp. 375–394.

How to  Cite a Paraphrase in MLA

You can cite a paraphrase in MLA exactly the same way as you would cite a direct quotation. 

Make sure to include the author's name (either in the text or in the parenthetical citation) and the relevant page number.

How to Use In-Text Citations in APA

In APA, in-text citations include the author's last name and the year of publication; a page number is included only if a direct quotation is used: 

(Author, 2021, p. 123)

How to Cite a Website in APA

Here's how to cite a website in APA:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month. date of publication). Title of page. https://URL

Morris, N. (n.d.). How to cite a Tweet in APA, Chicago, and MLA. 

https://www.scribendi.com/academy/articles/how_to_cite_a_website.en.html       

Tip: Learn more about how to write an academic essay with  references to websites .

How Do You  Cite a Tweet in APA ?

APA refers to Tweets using their first 20 words. 

Tweet references should be formatted as follows:

Author, A. A. [@twitterhandle). (Year, Month. date of publication). First 20 words of the

Tweet. [Tweet] Twitter. URL

When we input information from a real Tweet, this looks like:

deGrasse Tyson, N. [@neiltyson]. (2020, Sept. 29). You can't use reason to convince anyone

out of an argument that they didn't use reason to get into. [Tweet] Twitter.

https://twitter.com/neiltyson/status/1311127369785192449

How to Cite a Book in APA

Here's how to cite a book in APA:   

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title. Publisher.

For a real book, this looks like:

Montgomery, L. M. (1919). Rainbow valley.

Frederick A. Stokes Company.

How to Cite a Chapter in a Book in APA

Author, A. A. (Year). Chapter title. In Editor Name (Ed.), Book Title (pp. page range).

With information from a real book, this looks like:

Ezell, M. J. M. (2014). The social author: Manuscript culture, writers, and readers. In

Michelle Levy and Tom Mole (Eds.), The Broadview Reader in Book History (pp. 375–

394). Broadview Press.

Knowing how to cite a book and how to cite a chapter in a book correctly will take you a long way in creating an effective reference list.

How to Cite a Paraphrase in APA

You can cite a paraphrase in APA the same way as you would cite a direct quotation, including the author's name and year of publication. 

In APA, you may also choose to pinpoint the page from which the information is taken.

Referencing is an essential part of academic integrity. Learning how to write an academic essay with references and how to use in-text citations shows readers that you did your research and helps them locate your sources.

Learning how to cite a website, how to cite a book, and how to cite a paraphrase can also help you avoid plagiarism —an academic offense with serious consequences for your education or professional reputation.

Scribendi can help format your citations or review your whole paper with our Academic Editing services .

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Scribendi's in-house editors work with writers from all over the globe to perfect their writing. They know that no piece of writing is complete without a professional edit, and they love to see a good piece of writing transformed into a great one. Scribendi's in-house editors are unrivaled in both experience and education, having collectively edited millions of words and obtained numerous degrees. They love consuming caffeinated beverages, reading books of various genres, and relaxing in quiet, dimly lit spaces.

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Scribbr Referencing Generator

Accurate Harvard, APA, MLA, and Chicago references, verified by experts, trusted by millions.

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Citation Generator features you'll love

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Harvard, APA, MLA, Chicago

Generate flawless references according to the official Harvard , APA , MLA, or Chicago style rules. More referencing styles will be available soon!

Export to Word

When your reference list is complete, export it to Word. We’ll apply the official formatting guidelines automatically.

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Create separate reference lists for each of your assignments to stay organized. You can also group related lists into folders.

Export to Bib(La)TeX

Are you using a LaTex editor like Overleaf? If so, you can easily export your references in Bib(La)TeX format with a single click.

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Change the typeface used for your reference list to match the rest of your document. Options include Times New Roman, Arial, and Calibri.

Industry-standard technology

Scribbr’s Referencing Generator is built using the same citation software (CSL) as Mendeley and Zotero, but with an added layer for improved accuracy.

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Describe or evaluate your sources in annotations, and Scribbr will generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography.

Referencing guides

Scribbr’s popular guides and videos will help you understand everything related to finding, evaluating, and referencing sources.

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• Introduction
• Finding sources

Evaluating sources

• Integrating sources

Referencing sources

Tools and resources, a quick guide to working with sources.

Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.

It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.

This quick guide will help you get started!

Finding relevant sources

Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:

• Research databases: Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this list of databases by academic discipline . Another good starting point is Google Scholar .
• Your institution’s library: Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.
• Other online resources: Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.

When using academic databases or search engines, you can use Boolean operators to refine your results.

Generate Harvard, APA, MLA, and Chicago style references in seconds

Get started

In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.

CRAAP is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.

• Currency: Does the source reflect recent research?
• Relevance: Is the source related to your research topic?
• Authority: Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?
• Accuracy: Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?
• Purpose: What is the author’s intention?

Lateral reading

Lateral reading means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:

• Verify evidence
• Contextualize information
• Find potential weaknesses

If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.

Integrating sources into your work

Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, signal phrases can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:

Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.

• Quoting : This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a block quote . Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.
• Paraphrasing: This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.
• Summarizing : This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.

Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.

Referencing your sources is important because it:

• Allows you to avoid plagiarism
• Establishes the credentials of your sources
• Backs up your arguments with evidence
• Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions

The most common citation styles in the UK are APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, MHRA, and Oscola. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.

Scribbr’s free Reference Generator can generate perfect references and in-text citations in both APA and MLA styles. More citation styles will be available soon!

Scribbr and partners offer tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:

• Reference Generator: Automatically generate Harvard and APA references .
• Plagiarism Checker : Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Turnitin-powered plagiarism software available to students.
• Proofreading services : Have a human editor improve your writing.
• Knowledge Base : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

Citation Machine® — Write Smarter

Start a new citation or manage your existing bibliographies.

Scan your paper for plagiarism and grammar errors.

Check your paper for grammar and plagiarism

Catch plagiarism and grammar mistakes with our paper checker

Use Citation Machine® Plus to get smart recommendations!

Scan your paper for unintentional plagiarism and get advanced recommendations for sentence structure, writing style, grammar and more!

• expert check

Know you're citing correctly

No matter what citation style you're using (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) we'll help you create the right bibliography

Check for unintentional plagiarism

Scan your paper the way your teacher would to catch unintentional plagiarism. Then, easily add the right citation

Strengthen your writing

Give your paper an in-depth check. Receive feedback within 24 hours from writing experts on your paper's main idea, structure, conclusion, and more.

Find and fix grammar errors

Don't give up sweet paper points for small mistakes. Our algorithms flag grammar and writing issues and provide smart suggestions

See what's included with Citation Machine® Plus

Citation machine® guides & resources, mla format: everything you need to know and more.

Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation Machine® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!

MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Comprehensive Guide to APA Format

Our Citation Machine® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!

APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Everything You Need to Know About Chicago Style

Creating citations in Chicago style has never been easier thanks to our extensive Citation Machine® Chicago style guide and tools. Learn about footnotes, endnotes, and everything in between, or easily create citations for websites, books, journal articles, and more!

Chicago Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Citation Machine®’s Ultimate Writing Guides

Whether you’re a student, writer, foreign language learner, or simply looking to brush up on your grammar skills, our comprehensive grammar guides provide an extensive overview on over 50 grammar-related topics. Confused about reflexive verbs, demonstrative adjectives, or conjunctive adverbs? Look no further! Learn about these grammar topics and many, many more in our thorough and easy to understand reference guides!

Citing Sources Guide | Grammar Guide | Plagiarism Guide | Writing Tips

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The Academic Writing App

From citations to references and page setup, essayist takes care of everything. try essayist for free today.

Automatic Formatting

Let Essayist handle the formatting so you can concentrate on the content . From page set-up to in-text citations, footnotes & references , Essayist takes care of everything.

Let Essayist handle the formatting so you can concentrate on the content . From page set-up to in-text citations & references , Essayist takes care of everything.

Add references quickly and easily using Google Scholar or simply paste a URL. Essayist automatically generates a perfectly formatted works cited/reference list.

Add in-text citations or footnotes easily. With a tap of a button, Essayist presents a list of your references. Tap the reference you want to cite and continue writing.

Add in-text citations with a tap. Essayist detects when you want to add a citation and automatically presents a list of your references. Tap the reference you want to cite and continue writing.

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MLA, APA & Chicago

Essayist currently supports the three most commonly used citation styles. Stay tuned for Harvard & many more styles!

Essayist currently supports the two most commonly used citation styles. Stay tuned for Chicago, Harvard & many more styles!

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• Google Scholar search
• Paste a URL to generate a reference
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• Multiple reference types (News Article, Magazine, Website, Dictionary, etc. …)
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Free citation machines

Experience the magic of easy citations by using our generator

Our free citation generator is an automatic tool offering unmatched convenience and affordability for quick citation creation.

The perks you get when using our essay writing service

Instant citation generator.

Discover, reference, and make citations with just a couple of clicks. No more tedious page-loading or frustrating crashes experienced with other citation makers. Our streamlined citation generator help ensures a hassle-free experience, empowering you to create citations swiftly without the need to start over.

Amplify your experience with the autosave feature of our citation machine

Unlock the power of multiple citations with ease! Our online citation generator allows you to generate more than one citation simultaneously. Each time you create a new citation, our automated citation machine saves it to the general list. Enjoy seamless organization and easy access, eliminating redundant work with the help of our citation maker.

Easily switch up your format with a single click

Switching from MLA to APA format? With our free citation generator, it's as easy as a single drop-down selection. Just choose the desired style from the drop-down menu on our citation maker and watch as all your citations seamlessly transform to the new format automatically. Simplify your formatting transition with our citation machine.

Customize and tweak with our citation machine

Upgrade your citations with simple customization! Make changes, add new sources, or update usage details with a few keystrokes or simple clicks. Our citation generators ensure a seamless and user-friendly experience. Use citation machine and unlock the potential of hassle-free academics.

The go-to citation styles

Need help with referencing? Give our citation builder a try! It's the fastest and simplest method to reference any source in any citation style. Our citation generator defaults to Bluebook format but supports other widely-used styles. Whether you need APA, Chicago, or any other style, we've got you covered.

Bluebook format example

The Bluebook citation format is a widely used referencing style primarily employed in legal writing and academia. It provides detailed rules for citing legal sources, such as cases, statutes, and legal journals. The Bluebook format ensures consistency and precision in legal citations, facilitating accurate referencing within the legal field.

APA format example

The APA citation format is a widely recognized style used in social sciences, education, and psychology. It provides guidelines for citing sources in academic papers, including in-text citations and reference lists. APA format emphasizes clarity, conciseness, and proper attribution of ideas, enabling readers to easily locate and verify the sources cited in a document.

Chicago format example

The Chicago citation format is widely used in history, business, and fine arts disciplines. It provides comprehensive guidelines for citing sources, including books, articles, and online materials. The Chicago style offers two citation systems: author-date and notes-bibliography. It emphasizes thoroughness, accuracy, and consistency in referencing, allowing for detailed citations and robust bibliographic information.

MLA format example

The MLA citation format is commonly used in humanities disciplines, such as literature, arts, and languages. It offers guidelines for citing sources in academic papers, encompassing both in-text citations and the Works Cited page. MLA format prioritizes clear attribution, uniformity, and accessibility of information, ensuring proper documentation of sources in scholarly writing.

Step up your referencing: harness the full potential of our citation machine

Frequently asked questions, do i need to pay to generate my citations, which citation styles are supported by your generator, how do citations function in practice, what are the distinctions and appropriate uses of various citation styles available on your citation generator, can you summarize what a citation generator is, what's the outcome of using your generator.

The citation maker simplifies the process of generating references by providing two essential components: an in-text citation and a full reference. With the chosen citation style in mind, the citation machine automatically generates the appropriate formatting for your works cited list or bibliography. For instance, if you opt for a parenthetical style, the citation generator will create an in-text citation enclosed in parentheses, along with a comprehensive reference for inclusion in your bibliography. Similarly, when using a footnote style, the citation generator will produce a fully-formatted reference for your reference page and bibliography, accompanied by a corresponding footnote to be placed at the bottom of the page, containing the relevant source information.

Parenthetical referencing example:

In-text example:

"A nation has been defined as an imagined community" (Anderson, 2006).*

Alternative format: Anderson (2006) defined a nation as an imagined community.

*While the citation machine generates references in the first style, it is advisable to modify them if the author's name is already mentioned in the text.

Our citation maker offers a streamlined and convenient solution for creating accurate references, enhancing the credibility and professionalism of your work.

Why should I cite?

Referencing, in essence, involves acknowledging and citing the sources utilized in essays, articles, research papers, conferences, and similar works. It is a way of giving due credit to the original creators when their contributions are incorporated into your own work.

Any factual information or ideas borrowed from external sources must be acknowledged through referencing, except in cases where the information is common knowledge, such as President Kennedy's assassination in 1963. Failing to credit all your sources, even if you have paraphrased or rephrased the information, constitutes plagiarism. Plagiarism carries serious consequences, ranging from a deduction in points on an assignment to expulsion from your educational institution.

Moreover, attributing your research to its sources enhances the credibility and authority of your work. It not only supports your own ideas but also demonstrates the breadth of your research. While referencing may seem daunting and confusing to many students, it is an essential aspect to master in order to enhance the quality of your work. Fortunately, tools like these make the process of creating accurate references easier than ever before, allowing you to dedicate more time to excel in your studies.

To summarize, the referencing process serves 3 primary functions:

• Validation. By providing directions to reliable sources that support and verify your statements and conclusions, referencing validates the content of your work.
• Accessibility. Referencing helps your readers locate, read, and verify your sources, establishing their contribution to your work.
• Acknowledgment. Referencing gives credit to the original authors, preventing intellectual property theft, commonly known as "plagiarism" in academic settings.

Which referencing style is right for me?

The answer to your question isn't so simple. Citation styles vary depending on your field of study and your professor's instructions. MLA format is commonly employed in the liberal arts and humanities, while APA format is used in the sciences and education. Chicago style is often favored for history, business, and fine arts, although MLA or Chicago can be suitable for other humanities subjects like literature and theater. Typically, undergraduate-level humanities work leans towards MLA format, while Chicago style is more prevalent in graduate-level assignments. Be sure to indicate the correct style for our citation machine and citations for free in seconds.

Crucial citation rules

To successfully cite sources without feeling overwhelmed, it's essential to follow a few key rules that apply across any citation style.

Maintain source organization. It's crucial to keep track of which information originates from each source. By establishing clear connections, you can save yourself time and frustration.

Note the relevant details. When citing a book or any source, be mindful of the specific page number(s) from which you gathered information. Most citation styles require this information. By recording it during your research phase, you avoid the stress of scouring through pages later on.

Familiarize yourself with the citation style. Take the time to understand the specific citation style you are using. Read the manual and use our generator to validate your in-text and full citations.

Stay updated. Verify that your citations are correct and that any resources or tools you rely on are up-to-date with the latest editions of the citation style manual.

By adhering to these overarching rules and being diligent in your approach to citations, you can streamline the process and avoid unnecessary stress while maintaining accuracy in your referencing efforts.

The significance of citations

Understanding and utilizing citations is a valuable investment of your time for several compelling reasons:

• Facilitating engagement. Citations enable others to easily locate the sources you referenced, fostering more active participation within your reading or research community. It promotes the exchange of ideas and encourages further exploration of relevant topics.
• Properly crediting others. By including citations, you give appropriate recognition to the individuals whose ideas inspired or assisted you during the writing process. It demonstrates intellectual honesty and respects the intellectual property of others.
• Building credibility. Citations enhance the credibility of your ideas and arguments by showcasing the presence of external support and interest in your chosen subject. It adds weight to your work and reinforces the validity of your research.
• Avoiding plagiarism. Accurately citing sources significantly reduces the risk of unintentionally plagiarizing another author's work. Plagiarism carries severe consequences, and by using citations effectively, you demonstrate your commitment to academic integrity.
• Demonstrating expertise. Incorporating citations reveals your familiarity with the subject matter and indicates that you have invested effort in understanding existing research.

By embracing citations, you not only contribute to the scholarly community but also establish yourself as a diligent and credible researcher or writer.

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An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

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The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .

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It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.

The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).

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• The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples

The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples

Published on March 14, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on February 28, 2024.

An in-text citation is a short acknowledgement you include whenever you quote or take information from a source in academic writing. It points the reader to the source so they can see where you got your information.

In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant.

We also offer a free citation generator and in-depth guides to the main citation styles.

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Table of contents

What are in-text citations for, when do you need an in-text citation, types of in-text citation, frequently asked questions about in-text citations.

The point of an in-text citation is to show your reader where your information comes from. Including citations:

• Avoids plagiarism by acknowledging the original author’s contribution
• Allows readers to verify your claims and do follow-up research
• Shows you are engaging with the literature of your field

Academic writing is seen as an ongoing conversation among scholars, both within and between fields of study. Showing exactly how your own research draws on and interacts with existing sources is essential to keeping this conversation going.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

An in-text citation should be included whenever you quote or paraphrase a source in your text.

Quoting means including the original author’s words directly in your text, usually introduced by a signal phrase . Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found.

Paraphrasing means putting information from a source into your own words. In-text citations are just as important here as with quotes, to avoid the impression you’re taking credit for someone else’s ideas. Include page numbers where possible, to show where the information can be found.

However, to avoid over-citation, bear in mind that some information is considered common knowledge and doesn’t need to be cited. For example, you don’t need a citation to prove that Paris is the capital city of France, and including one would be distracting.

Different types of in-text citation are used in different citation styles . They always direct the reader to a reference list giving more complete information on each source.

Author-date citations (used in APA , Harvard , and Chicago author-date ) include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number when available. Author-page citations (used in MLA ) are the same except that the year is not included.

Both types are divided into parenthetical and narrative citations. In a parenthetical citation , the author’s name appears in parentheses along with the rest of the information. In a narrative citation , the author’s name appears as part of your sentence, not in parentheses.

Note: Footnote citations like those used in Chicago notes and bibliography are sometimes also referred to as in-text citations, but the citation itself appears in a note separate from the text.

An in-text citation is an acknowledgement you include in your text whenever you quote or paraphrase a source. It usually gives the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number of the relevant text. In-text citations allow the reader to look up the full source information in your reference list and see your sources for themselves.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

• APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
• MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
• Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
• Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, February 28). The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 1, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/in-text-citation-styles/

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