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4. science.gov, 5. semantic scholar, 6. baidu scholar, get the most out of academic search engines, frequently asked questions about academic search engines, related articles.

Academic search engines have become the number one resource to turn to in order to find research papers and other scholarly sources. While classic academic databases like Web of Science and Scopus are locked behind paywalls, Google Scholar and others can be accessed free of charge. In order to help you get your research done fast, we have compiled the top list of free academic search engines.

Google Scholar is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only lets you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free but also often provides links to full-text PDF files.

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles
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• Related articles: ✔
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BASE is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany. That is also where its name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles (contains duplicates)
• Abstracts: ✔
• Related articles: ✘
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CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open-access research papers. For each search result, a link to the full-text PDF or full-text web page is provided.

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles
• Links to full text: ✔ (all articles in CORE are open access)
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Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need anymore to query all those resources separately!

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles and reports
• Links to full text: ✔ (available for some databases)
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX (available for some databases)

Semantic Scholar is the new kid on the block. Its mission is to provide more relevant and impactful search results using AI-powered algorithms that find hidden connections and links between research topics.

• Coverage: approx. 40 million articles
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Although Baidu Scholar's interface is in Chinese, its index contains research papers in English as well as Chinese.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 100 million articles
• Abstracts: only snippets of the abstract are available
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RefSeek searches more than one billion documents from academic and organizational websites. Its clean interface makes it especially easy to use for students and new researchers.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 1 billion documents
• Abstracts: only snippets of the article are available
• Export formats: not available

Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to save, organize, and cite your references. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons:

Google Scholar is an academic search engine, and it is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only let's you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free, but also often provides links to full text PDF file.

Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature developed at the Allen Institute for AI. Sematic Scholar was publicly released in 2015 and uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.

BASE , as its name suggest is an academic search engine. It is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany and that's where it name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers. For each search result a link to the full text PDF or full text web page is provided.

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need any more to query all those resources separately!

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Title: kan: kolmogorov-arnold networks.

Abstract: Inspired by the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem, we propose Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) as promising alternatives to Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs). While MLPs have fixed activation functions on nodes ("neurons"), KANs have learnable activation functions on edges ("weights"). KANs have no linear weights at all -- every weight parameter is replaced by a univariate function parametrized as a spline. We show that this seemingly simple change makes KANs outperform MLPs in terms of accuracy and interpretability. For accuracy, much smaller KANs can achieve comparable or better accuracy than much larger MLPs in data fitting and PDE solving. Theoretically and empirically, KANs possess faster neural scaling laws than MLPs. For interpretability, KANs can be intuitively visualized and can easily interact with human users. Through two examples in mathematics and physics, KANs are shown to be useful collaborators helping scientists (re)discover mathematical and physical laws. In summary, KANs are promising alternatives for MLPs, opening opportunities for further improving today's deep learning models which rely heavily on MLPs.

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Call for incoming Parliament not to raise barriers to open scientific cooperation

For the first time in the history of the EU, 27 national academies have reached a common position on EU science policy

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Presidents of national academies of science in all EU member states signed a joint statement on Monday, urging the incoming cohort of MEPs to secure EU’s global leadership in science and innovation and to promote open science.

This is the first time all academies have reached a common position on EU science policy.

The one-page statement calls on MEPs in the next parliament to ensure the EU remains a global scientific leader, promotes open science, boosts investment in science and education and factors scientific knowledge into policymaking.

In the face of governments rushing to shut down collaborations with Russia, China and other states deemed to be undemocratic, or which do not protect intellectual property rights, the 27 presidents say the EU should continue to promote a “robust, open and free science system.”

Policymakers should protect the principles of academic freedom and the autonomy of academic institutions, and not hamper the open international exchange of people and information. “Decision makers should refrain from raising discouraging barriers” to international scientific collaboration, the paper says.

That is easier said than done, with barriers to international cooperation being raised all over the world, as governments become increasingly concerned about technology espionage amid rising trade tensions between the US and China.

The EU has also been limiting the scope of international cooperation in its research programme Horizon Europe and in other funding streams.

The academies’ statement does not mention defence, even though more governments are allocating funds for military research and the EU is considering allowing defence R&D to be funded in the next research programme, FP10. This type of research has obvious limitations in terms of open international collaboration, and the border between civilian and military research is increasingly blurry.

It is unclear how, in this context, researchers can still work in a “robust, open and free science system”, as the paper suggests.

“ I think this is a really important discussion,” said Marileen Dogterom, president of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. “ One should never be naive about the collaborations one starts and that's especially true when it comes to research in the area where dual use is possible.”

More money for science

The paper also reminds MEPs of a political commitment to raise levels of EU public and private investment in R&D to an average of at least 3% of GDP. Only a handful of member states have achieved that threshold, while the average R&D expenditure at the EU level is at 2.2%, according to Eurostat.

The academies say that in addition to securing a bigger budget for Horizon Europe’s successor, the new cohort of MEPs should put more pressure on their national governments to raise public and private R&D investment up to 3%.

“Securing Europe’s global leadership in science and innovation requires stable investments in research, innovation and education,” the paper says.

According to Patrizio Bianchi, a member of the Accademia dei Lincei and Italy’s former education minister, politicians – by the nature of their jobs – often think in the “very short term” and more convincing work is needed if the EU research and innovation sector is to stay relevant globally.

“We are not simply asking for money from governments, we want that the government to go beyond the day-to-day problems and look into the future,” said Bianchi.

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