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Essay on Global Warming

Updated on
Nov 23, 2023

Being able to write an essay is an integral part of mastering any language. Essays form an integral part of many academic and scholastic exams like the SAT , and UPSC amongst many others. It is a crucial evaluative part of English proficiency tests as well like IELTS , TOEFL , etc. Major essays are meant to emphasize public issues of concern that can have significant consequences on the world. To understand the concept of Global Warming and its causes and effects, we must first examine the many factors that influence the planet’s temperature and what this implies for the world’s future. Here’s an unbiased look at the essay on Global Warming and other essential related topics.

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Since the industrial and scientific revolutions, Earth’s resources have been gradually depleted. Furthermore, the start of the world’s population’s exponential expansion is particularly hard on the environment. Simply put, as the population’s need for consumption grows, so does the use of natural resources , as well as the waste generated by that consumption.

Climate change has been one of the most significant long-term consequences of this. Climate change is more than just the rise or fall of global temperatures; it also affects rain cycles, wind patterns, cyclone frequencies, sea levels, and other factors. It has an impact on all major life groupings on the planet.

What is Global Warming?

Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century, primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels . The greenhouse gases consist of methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapour, and chlorofluorocarbons. The weather prediction has been becoming more complex with every passing year, with seasons more indistinguishable, and the general temperatures hotter. The number of hurricanes, cyclones, droughts, floods, etc., has risen steadily since the onset of the 21st century. The supervillain behind all these changes is Global Warming. The name is quite self-explanatory; it means the rise in the temperature of the Earth.

Sample Essays on Global Warming

Here are some sample essays on Global Warming:

Global Warming is caused by the increase of carbon dioxide levels in the earth’s atmosphere and is a result of human activities that have been causing harm to our environment for the past few centuries now. Global Warming is something that can’t be ignored and steps have to be taken to tackle the situation globally. The average temperature is constantly rising by 1.5 degrees Celsius over the last few years. The best method to prevent future damage to the earth, cutting down more forests should be banned and Afforestation should be encouraged. Start by planting trees near your homes and offices, participate in events, and teach the importance of planting trees. It is impossible to undo the damage but it is possible to stop further harm.

Digvijay Singh

Having 2+ years of experience in educational content writing, withholding a Bachelor's in Physical Education and Sports Science and a strong interest in writing educational content for students enrolled in domestic and foreign study abroad programmes. I believe in offering a distinct viewpoint to the table, to help students deal with the complexities of both domestic and foreign educational systems. Through engaging storytelling and insightful analysis, I aim to inspire my readers to embark on their educational journeys, whether abroad or at home, and to make the most of every learning opportunity that comes their way.

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Home / For Educators: Grades 6-12 / Climate Explained: Introductory Essays About Climate Change Topics

Climate Explained: Introductory Essays About Climate Change Topics

Filed under: backgrounders for educators ,.

Climate Explained, a part of Yale Climate Connections, is an essay collection that addresses an array of climate change questions and topics, including why it’s cold outside if global warming is real, how we know that humans are responsible for global warming, and the relationship between climate change and national security.

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Climate Change Basics: Five Facts, Ten Words

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To simplify the scientific complexity of climate change, we focus on communicating five key facts about climate change that everyone should know.

Why should we care about climate change?

Having different perspectives about global warming is natural, but the most important thing that anyone should know about climate change is why it matters.

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ENVIRONMENT

What is global warming, explained

The planet is heating up—and fast.

Glaciers are melting , sea levels are rising, cloud forests are dying , and wildlife is scrambling to keep pace. It has become clear that humans have caused most of the past century's warming by releasing heat-trapping gases as we power our modern lives. Called greenhouse gases, their levels are higher now than at any time in the last 800,000 years .

We often call the result global warming, but it is causing a set of changes to the Earth's climate, or long-term weather patterns, that varies from place to place. While many people think of global warming and climate change as synonyms , scientists use “climate change” when describing the complex shifts now affecting our planet’s weather and climate systems—in part because some areas actually get cooler in the short term .

Climate change encompasses not only rising average temperatures but also extreme weather events , shifting wildlife populations and habitats, rising seas , and a range of other impacts. All of those changes are emerging as humans continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, changing the rhythms of climate that all living things have come to rely on.

What will we do—what can we do—to slow this human-caused warming? How will we cope with the changes we've already set into motion? While we struggle to figure it all out, the fate of the Earth as we know it—coasts, forests, farms, and snow-capped mountains—hangs in the balance.

Understanding the greenhouse effect

The "greenhouse effect" is the warming that happens when certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat . These gases let in light but keep heat from escaping, like the glass walls of a greenhouse, hence the name.

Sunlight shines onto the Earth's surface, where the energy is absorbed and then radiate back into the atmosphere as heat. In the atmosphere, greenhouse gas molecules trap some of the heat, and the rest escapes into space. The more greenhouse gases concentrate in the atmosphere, the more heat gets locked up in the molecules.

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Scientists have known about the greenhouse effect since 1824, when Joseph Fourier calculated that the Earth would be much colder if it had no atmosphere. This natural greenhouse effect is what keeps the Earth's climate livable. Without it, the Earth's surface would be an average of about 60 degrees Fahrenheit (33 degrees Celsius) cooler.

A polar bear stands sentinel on Rudolf Island in Russia’s Franz Josef Land archipelago, where the perennial ice is melting.

In 1895, the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius discovered that humans could enhance the greenhouse effect by making carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas. He kicked off 100 years of climate research that has given us a sophisticated understanding of global warming.

Levels of greenhouse gases have gone up and down over the Earth's history, but they had been fairly constant for the past few thousand years. Global average temperatures had also stayed fairly constant over that time— until the past 150 years . Through the burning of fossil fuels and other activities that have emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases, particularly over the past few decades, humans are now enhancing the greenhouse effect and warming Earth significantly, and in ways that promise many effects , scientists warn.

How global warming is disrupting life on Earth

These breathtaking natural wonders no longer exist

What is the ozone layer, and why does it matter?

Aren't temperature changes natural.

Human activity isn't the only factor that affects Earth's climate. Volcanic eruptions and variations in solar radiation from sunspots, solar wind, and the Earth's position relative to the sun also play a role. So do large-scale weather patterns such as El Niño .

But climate models that scientists use to monitor Earth’s temperatures take those factors into account. Changes in solar radiation levels as well as minute particles suspended in the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions , for example, have contributed only about two percent to the recent warming effect. The balance comes from greenhouse gases and other human-caused factors, such as land use change .

The short timescale of this recent warming is singular as well. Volcanic eruptions , for example, emit particles that temporarily cool the Earth's surface. But their effect lasts just a few years. Events like El Niño also work on fairly short and predictable cycles. On the other hand, the types of global temperature fluctuations that have contributed to ice ages occur on a cycle of hundreds of thousands of years.

For thousands of years now, emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere have been balanced out by greenhouse gases that are naturally absorbed. As a result, greenhouse gas concentrations and temperatures have been fairly stable, which has allowed human civilization to flourish within a consistent climate.

Greenland is covered with a vast amount of ice—but the ice is melting four times faster than thought, suggesting that Greenland may be approaching a dangerous tipping point, with implications for global sea-level rise.

Now, humans have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by more than a third since the Industrial Revolution. Changes that have historically taken thousands of years are now happening over the course of decades .

Why does this matter?

The rapid rise in greenhouse gases is a problem because it’s changing the climate faster than some living things can adapt to. Also, a new and more unpredictable climate poses unique challenges to all life.

Historically, Earth's climate has regularly shifted between temperatures like those we see today and temperatures cold enough to cover much of North America and Europe with ice. The difference between average global temperatures today and during those ice ages is only about 9 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius), and the swings have tended to happen slowly, over hundreds of thousands of years.

But with concentrations of greenhouse gases rising, Earth's remaining ice sheets such as Greenland and Antarctica are starting to melt too . That extra water could raise sea levels significantly, and quickly. By 2050, sea levels are predicted to rise between one and 2.3 feet as glaciers melt.

As the mercury rises, the climate can change in unexpected ways. In addition to sea levels rising, weather can become more extreme . This means more intense major storms, more rain followed by longer and drier droughts—a challenge for growing crops—changes in the ranges in which plants and animals can live, and loss of water supplies that have historically come from glaciers.

Why deforestation matters—and what we can do to stop it

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The Center for Global Studies

Climate change argumentation.

Carmen Vanderhoof, Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Penn State

Carmen Vanderhoof is a doctoral candidate in Science Education at Penn State. Her research employs multimodal discourse analysis of elementary students engaged in a collaborative engineering design challenge in order to examine students’ decision-making practices. Prior to resuming graduate studies, she was a secondary science teacher and conducted molecular biology research.

Subject(s): Earth Science
Topic: Climate Change and Sustainability
Grade/Level: 9-12 (can be adapted to grades 6-8)
Objectives: Students will be able to write a scientific argument using evidence and reasoning to support claims. Students will also be able to reflect on the weaknesses in their own arguments in order to improve their argument and then respond to other arguments.
Suggested Time Allotment: 4-5 hours (extra time for extension)

This lesson is derived from Dr. Peter Buckland’s sustainability presentation for the Center for Global Studies . Dr. Peter Buckland, a Penn State alumnus, is a postdoctoral fellow for the Sustainability Institute. He has drawn together many resources for teaching about climate change, sustainability, and other environmental issues.

While there are many resources for teaching about climate change and sustainability, it may be tough to figure out where to start. There are massive amounts of data available to the general public and students need help searching for good sources of evidence. Prior to launching into a search, it would be worthwhile figuring out what the students already know about climate change, where they learned it, and how they feel about efforts to reduce our carbon footprint. There are many options for eliciting prior knowledge, including taking online quizzes, whole-class discussion, or drawing concept maps. For this initial step, it is important that students feel comfortable to share, without engaging in disagreements. The main idea is to increase students’ understanding about global warming, rather than focus on the potential controversial nature of this topic.

A major goal of this unit is to engage students in co-constructing evidence-based explanations through individual writing, sharing, re-writing, group discussion, and whole group reflection. The argumentation format presented here contains claims supported by evidence and reasoning (Claims Evidence Reasoning – CER). Argumentation in this sense is different from how the word “argument” is used in everyday language. Argumentation is a collaborative process towards an end goal, rather than a competition to win (Duschl & Osborne, 2002). Scientific argumentation is the process of negotiating and communicating findings through a series of claims supported by evidence from various sources along with a rationale or reasoning linking the claim with the evidence. For students, making the link between claim and evidence can be the most difficult part of the process.

Where does the evidence come from?

Evidence and data are often used synonymously, but there is a difference. Evidence is “the representation of data in a form that undergirds an argument that works to answer the original question” (Hand et al., 2009, p. 129). This explains why even though scientists may use the same data to draw explanations from, the final product may take different forms depending on which parts of the data were used and how. For example, in a court case experts from opposing sides may use the same data to persuade the jury to reach different conclusions. Another way to explain this distinction to students is “the story built from the data that leads to a claim is the evidence” (Hand et al., 2009, p. 129). Evidence can come from many sources – results from controlled experiments, measurements, books, articles, websites, personal observations, etc. It is important to discuss with students the issue of the source’s reliability and accuracy. When using data freely available online, ask yourself: Who conducted the study? Who funded the research? Where was it published or presented?

What is a claim and how do I find it?

A scientific claim is a statement that answers a question or an inference based on information, rather than just personal opinion.

How can I connect the claim(s) with the evidence?

That’s where the justification or reasoning comes in. This portion of the argument explains why the evidence is relevant to the claim or how the evidence supports the claim.

Implementation

Learning context and connecting to state standards.

This interdisciplinary unit can be used in an earth science class or adapted to environmental science, chemistry, or physics. The key to adapting the lesson is guiding students to sources of data that fit the discipline they are studying.

For earth science , students can explain the difference between climate and weather, describe the factors associated with global climate change, and explore a variety of data sources to draw their evidence from. Pennsylvania Academic Standards for earth and space science (secondary): 3.3.12.A1, 3.3.12.A6, 3.3.10.A7.

For environmental science , students can analyze the costs and benefits of pollution control measures. Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Environment and Ecology (secondary): 4.5.12.C.

For chemistry and physics , students can explain the function of greenhouse gases, construct a model of the greenhouse effect, and model energy flow through the atmosphere. Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Physical Sciences (secondary): 3.2.10.B6.

New Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Connections

Human impacts and global climate change are directly addressed in the NGSS. Disciplinary Core Ideas (DCI): HS-ESS3-3, HS-ESS3-4, HS-ESS3-5, HS-ESS3-6.

Lesson 1: Introduction to climate change

What are greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect? (sample answer: greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane contribute to overall heating of the atmosphere; these gases trap heat just like the glass in a greenhouse or in a car)
What is the difference between weather and climate? (sample answer: weather is the daily temperature and precipitation measurements, while climate is a much longer pattern over multiple years)

Drawing of the greenhouse effect – as individuals or in pairs, have students look up the greenhouse effect and draw a diagram to represent it; share out with the class

Optional: figure out students’ beliefs about global warming using the Yale Six Americas Survey (students answer a series of questions and at the end they are given one of the following categories: alarmed, concerned, cautious, disengaged, doubtful, dismissive).

Lesson 2: Searching for and evaluating evidence

Compare different data sources and assess their credibility
Temperature
Precipitation
Storm surge
Ask the students to think about what types of claims they can make about climate change using the data they found (Sample claims: human activity is causing global warming or sea-level rise in the next fifty years will affect coastal cities like Amsterdam, Hong Kong, or New Orleans).

Lesson 3: Writing an argument using evidence

Claim – an inference or a statement that answers a question
Evidence – an outside source of information that supports the claim, often drawn from selected data
Reasoning – the justification/support for the claim; what connects the evidence with the claim
Extending arguments – have students exchange papers and notice the strengths of the other arguments they are reading (can do multiple cycles of reading); ask students to go back to their original argument and expand it with more evidence and/or more justification for why the evidence supports the claim
Anticipate Rebuttals – ask students to think and write about any weaknesses in their own argument

Lesson 4: Argumentation discussion

rebuttal – challenges a component of someone’s argument – for example, a challenge to the evidence used in the original argument
counterargument – a whole new argument that challenges the original argument
respect group members and their ideas
wait for group members to finish their turns before speaking
be mindful of your own contributions to the discussion (try not to take over the whole discussion so others can contribute too; conversely, if you didn’t already talk, find a way to bring in a new argument, expand on an existing argument, or challenge another argument)
Debate/discussion – In table groups have students share their arguments and practice rebuttals and counterarguments
Whole-group reflection – ask students to share key points from their discussion

Lesson 5: Argumentation in action case study

Mumbai, india case study.

Rishi is a thirteen year old boy who attends the Gayak Rafi Nagar Urdu Municipal school in Mumbai. There is a massive landfill called Deonar right across from his school. Every day 4,000 tons of waste are piled on top of the existing garbage spanning 132 hectares (roughly half a square mile). Rishi ventures out to the landfill after school to look for materials that he can later trade for a little bit of extra money to help his family. He feels lucky that he gets to go to school during the day; others are not so lucky. One of his friends, Aamir, had to stop going to school and work full time after his dad got injured. They often meet to chat while they dig through the garbage with sticks. Occasionally, they find books in okay shape, which aren’t worth anything in trade, but to them they are valuable.

One day Rishi was out to the market with his mom and saw the sky darken with a heavy smoke that blocked out the sun. They both hurried home and found out there was a state of emergency and the schools closed for two days. It took many days to put out the fire at Deonar. He heard his dad say that the fire was so bad that it could be seen from space. He wonders what it would be like to see Mumbai from up there. Some days he wishes the government would close down Deonar and clean it up. Other days he wonders what would happen to all the people that depend on it to live if the city shuts down Deonar.

Mumbai is one of the coastal cities that are considered vulnerable with increasing global temperature and sea level rise. The urban poor are most affected by climate change. Their shelter could be wiped out by a tropical storm and rebuilding would be very difficult.

Write a letter to a public official who may be able to influence policy in Mumbai.

What would you recommend they do? Should they close Deonar? What can they do to reduce air pollution in the city and prepare for possible storms? Remember to use evidence in your argument.

If students want to read the articles that inspired the case study direct them to: http://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/climate-change/

http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2012-07-06/top-20-cities-with-billions-at-risk-from-climate-change.html#slide16

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-26/smelly-dumps-drive-away-affordable-homes-in-land-starved-mumbai

http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/05/asia/mumbai-giant-garbage-dump-fire/

Resources:

Lines of Evidence video from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine http://nas-sites.org/americasclimatechoices/videos-multimedia/climate-change-lines-of-evidence-videos/
Climate Literacy and Energy Awareness Network (CLEAN)
Climate maps from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Sources of data from NASA
Explore the original source of the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences (PNAS) study

Differentiated Instruction

For visual learners – use diagrams, encourage students to map out their arguments prior to writing them
For auditory learners – use the lines of evidence video
For ESL students – provide them with a variety of greenhouse gases diagrams, allow for a more flexible argument format and focus on general meaning-making – ex. using arrows to connect their sources of evidence to claims
For advanced learners – ask them to search through larger data sets and make comparisons between data from different sources; they can also research environmental policies and why they stalled out in congress
For learners that need more support – print out excerpts from articles; pinpoint the main ideas to help with the research; help students connect their evidence with their claims; consider allowing students to work in pairs to accomplish the writing task

Argument write-up – check that students’ arguments contain claims supported by evidence and reasoning and that they thought about possible weaknesses in their own arguments.

Case study letter – check that students included evidence in their letter.

References:

Duschl, R. A., & Osborne, J. (2002). Supporting and promoting argumentation discourse in science education.

Hand, B. et al. (2009) Negotiating Science: The Critical Role of Argumentation in Student Inquiry. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

McNeill, K. L., & Krajcik, J. (2012). Claim, evidence and reasoning: Supporting grade 5 – 8 students in constructing scientiﬁc explanations. New York, NY: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.

Sawyer, R. K. (Ed.). (2014). The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/basics/today/greenhouse-gases.html

http://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/climate-change/

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Global warming.

The causes, effects, and complexities of global warming are important to understand so that we can fight for the health of our planet.

Earth Science, Climatology

Tennessee Power Plant

Ash spews from a coal-fueled power plant in New Johnsonville, Tennessee, United States.

Photograph by Emory Kristof/ National Geographic

Global warming is the long-term warming of the planet’s overall temperature. Though this warming trend has been going on for a long time, its pace has significantly increased in the last hundred years due to the burning of fossil fuels . As the human population has increased, so has the volume of fossil fuels burned. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, and burning them causes what is known as the “greenhouse effect” in Earth’s atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect is when the sun’s rays penetrate the atmosphere, but when that heat is reflected off the surface cannot escape back into space. Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels prevent the heat from leaving the atmosphere. These greenhouse gasses are carbon dioxide , chlorofluorocarbons, water vapor , methane , and nitrous oxide . The excess heat in the atmosphere has caused the average global temperature to rise overtime, otherwise known as global warming.

Global warming has presented another issue called climate change. Sometimes these phrases are used interchangeably, however, they are different. Climate change refers to changes in weather patterns and growing seasons around the world. It also refers to sea level rise caused by the expansion of warmer seas and melting ice sheets and glaciers . Global warming causes climate change, which poses a serious threat to life on Earth in the forms of widespread flooding and extreme weather. Scientists continue to study global warming and its impact on Earth.

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What is global warming?

What causes global warming, how is global warming linked to extreme weather, what are the other effects of global warming, where does the united states stand in terms of global-warming contributors, is the united states doing anything to prevent global warming, is global warming too big a problem for me to help tackle.

A: Since the Industrial Revolution, the global annual temperature has increased in total by a little more than 1 degree Celsius, or about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. Between 1880—the year that accurate recordkeeping began—and 1980, it rose on average by 0.07 degrees Celsius (0.13 degrees Fahrenheit) every 10 years. Since 1981, however, the rate of increase has more than doubled: For the last 40 years, we’ve seen the global annual temperature rise by 0.18 degrees Celsius, or 0.32 degrees Fahrenheit, per decade.

The result? A planet that has never been hotter . Nine of the 10 warmest years since 1880 have occurred since 2005—and the 5 warmest years on record have all occurred since 2015. Climate change deniers have argued that there has been a “pause” or a “slowdown” in rising global temperatures, but numerous studies, including a 2018 paper published in the journal Environmental Research Letters , have disproved this claim. The impacts of global warming are already harming people around the world.

Now climate scientists have concluded that we must limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2040 if we are to avoid a future in which everyday life around the world is marked by its worst, most devastating effects: the extreme droughts, wildfires, floods, tropical storms, and other disasters that we refer to collectively as climate change . These effects are felt by all people in one way or another but are experienced most acutely by the underprivileged, the economically marginalized, and people of color, for whom climate change is often a key driver of poverty, displacement, hunger, and social unrest.

A: Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other air pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally this radiation would escape into space, but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. These heat-trapping pollutants—specifically carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and synthetic fluorinated gases—are known as greenhouse gases, and their impact is called the greenhouse effect .

Though natural cycles and fluctuations have caused the earth’s climate to change several times over the last 800,000 years, our current era of global warming is directly attributable to human activity—specifically to our burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gasoline, and natural gas, which results in the greenhouse effect. In the United States, the largest source of greenhouse gases is transportation (29 percent), followed closely by electricity production (28 percent) and industrial activity (22 percent). Learn about the natural and human causes of climate change .

Curbing dangerous climate change requires very deep cuts in emissions, as well as the use of alternatives to fossil fuels worldwide. The good news is that countries around the globe have formally committed—as part of the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement —to lower their emissions by setting new standards and crafting new policies to meet or even exceed those standards. The not-so-good news is that we’re not working fast enough. To avoid the worst impacts of climate change, scientists tell us that we need to reduce global carbon emissions by as much as 40 percent by 2030. For that to happen, the global community must take immediate, concrete steps: to decarbonize electricity generation by equitably transitioning from fossil fuel–based production to renewable energy sources like wind and solar; to electrify our cars and trucks; and to maximize energy efficiency in our buildings, appliances, and industries.

A: Scientists agree that the earth’s rising temperatures are fueling longer and hotter heat waves, more frequent droughts, heavier rainfall, and more powerful hurricanes .

In 2015, for example, scientists concluded that a lengthy drought in California—the state’s worst water shortage in 1,200 years —had been intensified by 15 to 20 percent by global warming. They also said the odds of similar droughts happening in the future had roughly doubled over the past century. And in 2016, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine announced that we can now confidently attribute some extreme weather events, like heat waves, droughts, and heavy precipitation, directly to climate change.

The earth’s ocean temperatures are getting warmer, too—which means that tropical storms can pick up more energy. In other words, global warming has the ability to turn a category 3 storm into a more dangerous category 4 storm. In fact, scientists have found that the frequency of North Atlantic hurricanes has increased since the early 1980s, as has the number of storms that reach categories 4 and 5. The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season included a record-breaking 30 tropical storms, 6 major hurricanes, and 13 hurricanes altogether. With increased intensity come increased damage and death. The United States saw an unprecedented 22 weather and climate disasters that caused at least a billion dollars’ worth of damage in 2020, but 2017 was the costliest on record and among the deadliest as well: Taken together, that year's tropical storms (including Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria) caused nearly $300 billion in damage and led to more than 3,300 fatalities.

The impacts of global warming are being felt everywhere. Extreme heat waves have caused tens of thousands of deaths around the world in recent years. And in an alarming sign of events to come, Antarctica has lost nearly four trillion metric tons of ice since the 1990s. The rate of loss could speed up if we keep burning fossil fuels at our current pace, some experts say, causing sea levels to rise several meters in the next 50 to 150 years and wreaking havoc on coastal communities worldwide.

A: Each year scientists learn more about the consequences of global warming , and each year we also gain new evidence of its devastating impact on people and the planet. As the heat waves, droughts, and floods associated with climate change become more frequent and more intense, communities suffer and death tolls rise. If we’re unable to reduce our emissions, scientists believe that climate change could lead to the deaths of more than 250,000 people around the globe every year and force 100 million people into poverty by 2030.

Global warming is already taking a toll on the United States. And if we aren’t able to get a handle on our emissions, here’s just a smattering of what we can look forward to:

Disappearing glaciers , early snowmelt, and severe droughts will cause more dramatic water shortages and continue to increase the risk of wildfires in the American West.
Rising sea levels will lead to even more coastal flooding on the Eastern Seaboard, especially in Florida, and in other areas such as the Gulf of Mexico.
Forests, farms, and cities will face troublesome new pests , heat waves, heavy downpours, and increased flooding . All of these can damage or destroy agriculture and fisheries.
Disruption of habitats such as coral reefs and alpine meadows could drive many plant and animal species to extinction.
Allergies, asthma, and infectious disease outbreaks will become more common due to increased growth of pollen-producing ragweed , higher levels of air pollution , and the spread of conditions favorable to pathogens and mosquitoes.

Though everyone is affected by climate change, not everyone is affected equally. Indigenous people, people of color, and the economically marginalized are typically hit the hardest . Inequities built into our housing , health care , and labor systems make these communities more vulnerable to the worst impacts of climate change—even though these same communities have done the least to contribute to it.

A: In recent years, China has taken the lead in global-warming pollution , producing about 26 percent of all CO2 emissions. The United States comes in second. Despite making up just 4 percent of the world’s population, our nation produces a sobering 13 percent of all global CO2 emissions—nearly as much as the European Union and India (third and fourth place) combined. And America is still number one, by far, in cumulative emissions over the past 150 years. As a top contributor to global warming, the United States has an obligation to help propel the world to a cleaner, safer, and more equitable future. Our responsibility matters to other countries, and it should matter to us, too.

A: We’ve started. But in order to avoid the worsening effects of climate change, we need to do a lot more—together with other countries—to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and transition to clean energy sources.

Under the administration of President Donald Trump (a man who falsely referred to global warming as a “hoax”), the United States withdrew from the Paris Climate Agreement, rolled back or eliminated dozens of clean-air protections, and opened up federally managed lands, including culturally sacred national monuments , to fossil fuel development. Although President Biden has pledged to get the country back on track, years of inaction during and before the Trump administration—and our increased understanding of global warming’s serious impacts—mean we must accelerate our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Despite the lack of cooperation from the Trump administration, local and state governments made great strides during this period through efforts like the American Cities Climate Challenge and ongoing collaborations like the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative . Meanwhile, industry and business leaders have been working with the public sector, creating and adopting new clean-energy technologies and increasing energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, and industrial processes. Today the American automotive industry is finding new ways to produce cars and trucks that are more fuel efficient and is committing itself to putting more and more zero-emission electric vehicles on the road. Developers, cities, and community advocates are coming together to make sure that new affordable housing is built with efficiency in mind , reducing energy consumption and lowering electric and heating bills for residents. And renewable energy continues to surge as the costs associated with its production and distribution keep falling. In 2020 renewable energy sources such as wind and solar provided more electricity than coal for the very first time in U.S. history.

President Biden has made action on global warming a high priority. On his first day in office, he recommitted the United States to the Paris Climate Agreement, sending the world community a strong signal that we were determined to join other nations in cutting our carbon pollution to support the shared goal of preventing the average global temperature from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. (Scientists say we must stay below a 2-degree increase to avoid catastrophic climate impacts.) And significantly, the president has assembled a climate team of experts and advocates who have been tasked with pursuing action both abroad and at home while furthering the cause of environmental justice and investing in nature-based solutions.

A: No! While we can’t win the fight without large-scale government action at the national level , we also can’t do it without the help of individuals who are willing to use their voices, hold government and industry leaders to account, and make changes in their daily habits.

Wondering how you can be a part of the fight against global warming? Reduce your own carbon footprint by taking a few easy steps: Make conserving energy a part of your daily routine and your decisions as a consumer. When you shop for new appliances like refrigerators, washers, and dryers, look for products with the government’s ENERGY STAR ® label; they meet a higher standard for energy efficiency than the minimum federal requirements. When you buy a car, look for one with the highest gas mileage and lowest emissions. You can also reduce your emissions by taking public transportation or carpooling when possible.

And while new federal and state standards are a step in the right direction, much more needs to be done. Voice your support of climate-friendly and climate change preparedness policies, and tell your representatives that equitably transitioning from dirty fossil fuels to clean power should be a top priority—because it’s vital to building healthy, more secure communities.

You don’t have to go it alone, either. Movements across the country are showing how climate action can build community , be led by those on the front lines of its impacts, and create a future that’s equitable and just for all .

This story was originally published on March 11, 2016 and has been updated with new information and links.

This NRDC.org story is available for online republication by news media outlets or nonprofits under these conditions: The writer(s) must be credited with a byline; you must note prominently that the story was originally published by NRDC.org and link to the original; the story cannot be edited (beyond simple things such as grammar); you can’t resell the story in any form or grant republishing rights to other outlets; you can’t republish our material wholesale or automatically—you need to select stories individually; you can’t republish the photos or graphics on our site without specific permission; you should drop us a note to let us know when you’ve used one of our stories.

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Global Warming Essay and the Main Types of Pollution for Writing Essays

Rising sea levels, melting glaciers, dying cloud forests, and extinction of wildlife - all these phenomena are clear signs of the global warming process that has already been launched. But, what do we know about it?

What we call global warming is actually a very broad term. In a nutshell, it means fluctuations in the climate of our planet as a whole or in its individual regions over time, caused by a variety of different factors. Apart from changes in temperatures, global warming also results in a whole range of changes in long-term weather patterns and even causes extreme weather events, which bring irreparable damage to our entire ecosystem.

For centuries, human activities have been taking us closer and closer to the point of no return, and, now, global warming is already a major problem. Today, when changes are already occurring, the entire humanity is wondering how to stop global warming. While the answer is not clear yet, this issue became a common topic for debates and even academic papers.

Pretty much every student faces the need to write my essay about global warming at least once in a lifetime. If you are studying in one of the best colleges for astrophysics working on one now, you’ve come to the right place! Our article will tell you what types of pollution there are, share handy examples, and help you choose the best topic for your essay on global warming that will be interesting for you. Let’s dive in!

Causes of Global Warming

Most of the causes are there because of people and their activities. But, it’s also worth noting that there are some natural causes of global warming. Typically, writing an environmental pollution essay, you’ll have to cover both human-caused and natural reasons. To help you get started, let’s look at the biggest ones.

Burning fossil fuels - probably the biggest cause that leads to faster global warming is a mass burning of various fossil fuels that results in large emissions of CO2 into our atmosphere. The activities that bring the most emissions include transportation, electricity production, and industrial activity.
Clearing of forests and woods - the next big cause is deforestation, whether natural or human-made. As you may already know, trees play a huge role in restoring the atmosphere and, respectively, regulating the climate as they absorb CO2 emitted into the air and release oxygen back to replace it.
Farming - this may surprise you, but the biggest natural cause of global warming is animals that also release greenhouse gases. Thus, a significant percentage of emissions is caused by agriculture and farming.
Resource extraction - another reason for climate change is the extraction of natural materials that can’t be restored naturally for human use.
Pollution - finally, one last cause that speeds up the process of global warming is pollution. This spans air and water pollution, as well as the big share of plastic waste - all the pollution types we are going to discuss further.

Effect of Global Warming

Apart from analyzing some core causes, writing essays about global warming will also require you to delve into the effects it can have. Needless to say that the emaciation of natural resources, pollution, deforestation, and changes in the atmosphere can’t go unnoticed. But, what exactly will happen after global warming?

The primary negative effect of global warming is the drastic change in our planet’s climate. This includes rising temperatures, unpredictable weather patterns, and an increase in extreme weather events. But, this is not all that is there. Due to a changing climate and more extreme weather conditions, some side effects of global warming can include:

Rising sea levels;
Land degradation;
Loss of biodiversity;
Loss of wildlife.

These are the primary effects on our environment that can be caused by global warming.

Apart from that, there are also some possible social effects that we will feel on ourselves. The lack of natural resources and land degradation will likely lead to a significant shortage of water and food and, as a result, will trigger global hunger. Some other negative impacts on our lives can include the loss of livelihood and shorter lifespans, poverty, malnutrition, increased risks of diseases, and mass displacement of people.

Global Warming Solutions

Another important point to cover in essays on climate change and global warming is the possibility of solving the problem. So, let’s take a moment to talk about some of the solutions.

First and foremost, in an attempt to stop global warming, people are already trying to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Some of the most common solutions include a switch to alternative energy resources, transportation methods, and alternative industrial and other activities.

Apart from that, people are becoming more conscious about their everyday consumption behavior. For example, some opt for reusable bottles, shoppers, cups, and other items to reduce the use of plastic.

Finally, we can already observe a global trend for eco-friendliness in various spheres of our lives. People strive to make their homes, offices, and lives in general “greener” to help save the planet.

At this point, the solutions we discussed earlier are all that we can do for now. However, there is still a need for more innovative and effective solutions. So let this serve you as motivation. After all, who knows, maybe while writing your essay about global warming, you will suddenly discover more innovative solutions that will help us save the planet.

Now that you know everything about the definition, causes and effects, and possible solutions for global warming, let’s move on and consider different types of pollution that can cause it and that students can use as the base for essays global warming.

Glitter Pollution Essay Sample

Water pollution essay.

The first type of pollution and, concurrently, a great topic for an essay on global warming is water pollution. It shouldn’t be a secret for you that the world ocean covers 90% of the entire surface of our planet. It also shouldn’t be a secret that every living organism needs clean water to support vital functions. Given that, we can confidently say that mass pollution of water is a huge problem that we must drive attention to. So, there is no wonder why students are often assigned to write essay for me about water pollution.

If you are wondering what you can write about in your essay on water pollution, the ideas are countless. The pollution of the world ocean has been a pressing issue for decades, so there is plenty of information and examples to cover in an essay.

One great example for your essay is a worldwide famous oil company. Not so long ago, it became known that one of the oil-production leaders has been polluting rivers in Nigeria for many decades. The pollution had affected the lives, environment, and health of many locals, which made this case so high-profile. So, be sure to use it as an example in your paper.

Another good point to cover in an essay is the process of cleaning the world’s oceans from plastic waste. You can use this idea if you are planning to write a how to prevent water pollution essay.

Air Pollution Essay

We have already said a lot about gas emissions and how it affects the quality of air. So, here you have another type of pollution.

Just like water pollution, the rapid pollution of the air is also a big problem. Apart from natural causes of gas emissions, there are also many human-made reasons that make the problem worse. Namely, if you will be writing a causes of air pollution essay, you can write about the rising number of gasoline cars that boost emissions.

Also, you can tell your readers about different manufacturing and industrial activities that also harm our environment by producing too much CO2.

Another great idea is to write an essay for me answering the question, “how does air pollution affect our health?” Some of the negative effects include the risk of diseases and shorter lifespans. Not to mention a poor quality of life that results from air pollution.

Finally, you can write a solution of air pollution essay. With air pollution being a big issue in the modern world, we can already see humanity trying to resolve it. Some of the best-known solutions that are already there are alternative energy resources such as solar panels and alternative means of transport such as electric cars. But, you can definitely discover more solutions if you research the problem well. There are tons of helpful materials on the web, including air pollution articles for students that can be used for your essay.

Plastic Pollution Essay

Another common type of academic assignment is an essay on plastic pollution. So, this is the last type of pollution we are going to discuss here.

The issue is real. For decades, people have been trapped in the endless circle of large-scale plastic production and no-lesser plastic consumption. Each of us uses lots of plastic in our household. Not to mention that this material is generally used in all areas of our lives.

If you are planning to write my essay for me on this type of pollution, we would recommend you to write plastic pollution in the ocean essay. As for 2021, there are already over 5 trillion micro and macro pieces of plastic in the world’s oceans. The total weight of this plastic can reach 269,000 tonnes. About 8 million pieces are being thrown into the oceans every single day. And, the amount of plastic in the form of garbage is also huge.

To beat plastic pollution, it is vital that we learn how to recycle and reuse it instead of throwing all the waste away. So, here you have another possible topic for your essay. You can write about the global campaigns on cleaning the oceans and our planet from plastic.

Finally, one more topic you can cover is the Plastic Pollution Coalition. In case you haven’t heard of it, it is an existing social organization and advocacy group that found its mission in reducing plastic pollution.

After reading this article, you should agree that global warming is one of the biggest issues we’re facing in the 21st century. After decades of pollution, thoughtless consumption of resources, and blatant disdain for our environment, humanity finally begins to recognize the issues. And that is why essays on global warming and climate change are so important to write.

Global warming essays can help us drive more attention to the problems that we are already facing and the negative effects we can have. Also, writing such papers is a great way to inform students and other people about the solutions we can adopt to make a positive change.

If you are still hesitating whether it is worth writing a pollution essay or not, leave all the doubts behind. First of all, by writing such essays, you are doing a good deed. And, secondly, writing such papers isn’t as hard as it can seem. Though we still have many unresolved problems in this area, there is lots of information on this topic. If you research it well, you can find plenty of books, articles, scientific papers, and other materials on global warming. It is also possible to find a documentary on global warming, as well as many feature films. So rest assured that you won’t face a shortage of information. So, don’t hesitate and start writing your essay on global warming, and don’t neglect the tips and examples we shared here!

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The Science of Climate Change Explained: Facts, Evidence and Proof

Definitive answers to the big questions.

Credit... Photo Illustration by Andrea D'Aquino

Supported by

By Julia Rosen

Ms. Rosen is a journalist with a Ph.D. in geology. Her research involved studying ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica to understand past climate changes.

Published April 19, 2021 Updated Nov. 6, 2021

The science of climate change is more solid and widely agreed upon than you might think. But the scope of the topic, as well as rampant disinformation, can make it hard to separate fact from fiction. Here, we’ve done our best to present you with not only the most accurate scientific information, but also an explanation of how we know it.

How do we know climate change is really happening?

How much agreement is there among scientists about climate change, do we really only have 150 years of climate data how is that enough to tell us about centuries of change, how do we know climate change is caused by humans, since greenhouse gases occur naturally, how do we know they’re causing earth’s temperature to rise, why should we be worried that the planet has warmed 2°f since the 1800s, is climate change a part of the planet’s natural warming and cooling cycles, how do we know global warming is not because of the sun or volcanoes, how can winters and certain places be getting colder if the planet is warming, wildfires and bad weather have always happened. how do we know there’s a connection to climate change, how bad are the effects of climate change going to be, what will it cost to do something about climate change, versus doing nothing.

Climate change is often cast as a prediction made by complicated computer models. But the scientific basis for climate change is much broader, and models are actually only one part of it (and, for what it’s worth, they’re surprisingly accurate ).

For more than a century , scientists have understood the basic physics behind why greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide cause warming. These gases make up just a small fraction of the atmosphere but exert outsized control on Earth’s climate by trapping some of the planet’s heat before it escapes into space. This greenhouse effect is important: It’s why a planet so far from the sun has liquid water and life!

However, during the Industrial Revolution, people started burning coal and other fossil fuels to power factories, smelters and steam engines, which added more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Ever since, human activities have been heating the planet.

We know this is true thanks to an overwhelming body of evidence that begins with temperature measurements taken at weather stations and on ships starting in the mid-1800s. Later, scientists began tracking surface temperatures with satellites and looking for clues about climate change in geologic records. Together, these data all tell the same story: Earth is getting hotter.

Average global temperatures have increased by 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit, or 1.2 degrees Celsius, since 1880, with the greatest changes happening in the late 20th century. Land areas have warmed more than the sea surface and the Arctic has warmed the most — by more than 4 degrees Fahrenheit just since the 1960s. Temperature extremes have also shifted. In the United States, daily record highs now outnumber record lows two-to-one.

Where it was cooler or warmer in 2020 compared with the middle of the 20th century

This warming is unprecedented in recent geologic history. A famous illustration, first published in 1998 and often called the hockey-stick graph, shows how temperatures remained fairly flat for centuries (the shaft of the stick) before turning sharply upward (the blade). It’s based on data from tree rings, ice cores and other natural indicators. And the basic picture , which has withstood decades of scrutiny from climate scientists and contrarians alike, shows that Earth is hotter today than it’s been in at least 1,000 years, and probably much longer.

In fact, surface temperatures actually mask the true scale of climate change, because the ocean has absorbed 90 percent of the heat trapped by greenhouse gases . Measurements collected over the last six decades by oceanographic expeditions and networks of floating instruments show that every layer of the ocean is warming up. According to one study , the ocean has absorbed as much heat between 1997 and 2015 as it did in the previous 130 years.

We also know that climate change is happening because we see the effects everywhere. Ice sheets and glaciers are shrinking while sea levels are rising. Arctic sea ice is disappearing. In the spring, snow melts sooner and plants flower earlier. Animals are moving to higher elevations and latitudes to find cooler conditions. And droughts, floods and wildfires have all gotten more extreme. Models predicted many of these changes, but observations show they are now coming to pass.

There’s no denying that scientists love a good, old-fashioned argument. But when it comes to climate change, there is virtually no debate: Numerous studies have found that more than 90 percent of scientists who study Earth’s climate agree that the planet is warming and that humans are the primary cause. Most major scientific bodies, from NASA to the World Meteorological Organization , endorse this view. That’s an astounding level of consensus given the contrarian, competitive nature of the scientific enterprise, where questions like what killed the dinosaurs remain bitterly contested .

Scientific agreement about climate change started to emerge in the late 1980s, when the influence of human-caused warming began to rise above natural climate variability. By 1991, two-thirds of earth and atmospheric scientists surveyed for an early consensus study said that they accepted the idea of anthropogenic global warming. And by 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a famously conservative body that periodically takes stock of the state of scientific knowledge, concluded that “the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate.” Currently, more than 97 percent of publishing climate scientists agree on the existence and cause of climate change (as does nearly 60 percent of the general population of the United States).

So where did we get the idea that there’s still debate about climate change? A lot of it came from coordinated messaging campaigns by companies and politicians that opposed climate action. Many pushed the narrative that scientists still hadn’t made up their minds about climate change, even though that was misleading. Frank Luntz, a Republican consultant, explained the rationale in an infamous 2002 memo to conservative lawmakers: “Should the public come to believe that the scientific issues are settled, their views about global warming will change accordingly,” he wrote. Questioning consensus remains a common talking point today, and the 97 percent figure has become something of a lightning rod .

To bolster the falsehood of lingering scientific doubt, some people have pointed to things like the Global Warming Petition Project, which urged the United States government to reject the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, an early international climate agreement. The petition proclaimed that climate change wasn’t happening, and even if it were, it wouldn’t be bad for humanity. Since 1998, more than 30,000 people with science degrees have signed it. However, nearly 90 percent of them studied something other than Earth, atmospheric or environmental science, and the signatories included just 39 climatologists. Most were engineers, doctors, and others whose training had little to do with the physics of the climate system.

A few well-known researchers remain opposed to the scientific consensus. Some, like Willie Soon, a researcher affiliated with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, have ties to the fossil fuel industry . Others do not, but their assertions have not held up under the weight of evidence. At least one prominent skeptic, the physicist Richard Muller, changed his mind after reassessing historical temperature data as part of the Berkeley Earth project. His team’s findings essentially confirmed the results he had set out to investigate, and he came away firmly convinced that human activities were warming the planet. “Call me a converted skeptic,” he wrote in an Op-Ed for the Times in 2012.

Mr. Luntz, the Republican pollster, has also reversed his position on climate change and now advises politicians on how to motivate climate action.

A final note on uncertainty: Denialists often use it as evidence that climate science isn’t settled. However, in science, uncertainty doesn’t imply a lack of knowledge. Rather, it’s a measure of how well something is known. In the case of climate change, scientists have found a range of possible future changes in temperature, precipitation and other important variables — which will depend largely on how quickly we reduce emissions. But uncertainty does not undermine their confidence that climate change is real and that people are causing it.

Earth’s climate is inherently variable. Some years are hot and others are cold, some decades bring more hurricanes than others, some ancient droughts spanned the better part of centuries. Glacial cycles operate over many millenniums. So how can scientists look at data collected over a relatively short period of time and conclude that humans are warming the planet? The answer is that the instrumental temperature data that we have tells us a lot, but it’s not all we have to go on.

Historical records stretch back to the 1880s (and often before), when people began to regularly measure temperatures at weather stations and on ships as they traversed the world’s oceans. These data show a clear warming trend during the 20th century.

Global average temperature compared with the middle of the 20th century

+0.75°C

–0.25°

Some have questioned whether these records could be skewed, for instance, by the fact that a disproportionate number of weather stations are near cities, which tend to be hotter than surrounding areas as a result of the so-called urban heat island effect. However, researchers regularly correct for these potential biases when reconstructing global temperatures. In addition, warming is corroborated by independent data like satellite observations, which cover the whole planet, and other ways of measuring temperature changes.

Much has also been made of the small dips and pauses that punctuate the rising temperature trend of the last 150 years. But these are just the result of natural climate variability or other human activities that temporarily counteract greenhouse warming. For instance, in the mid-1900s, internal climate dynamics and light-blocking pollution from coal-fired power plants halted global warming for a few decades. (Eventually, rising greenhouse gases and pollution-control laws caused the planet to start heating up again.) Likewise, the so-called warming hiatus of the 2000s was partly a result of natural climate variability that allowed more heat to enter the ocean rather than warm the atmosphere. The years since have been the hottest on record .

Still, could the entire 20th century just be one big natural climate wiggle? To address that question, we can look at other kinds of data that give a longer perspective. Researchers have used geologic records like tree rings, ice cores, corals and sediments that preserve information about prehistoric climates to extend the climate record. The resulting picture of global temperature change is basically flat for centuries, then turns sharply upward over the last 150 years. It has been a target of climate denialists for decades. However, study after study has confirmed the results , which show that the planet hasn’t been this hot in at least 1,000 years, and probably longer.

Scientists have studied past climate changes to understand the factors that can cause the planet to warm or cool. The big ones are changes in solar energy, ocean circulation, volcanic activity and the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. And they have each played a role at times.

For example, 300 years ago, a combination of reduced solar output and increased volcanic activity cooled parts of the planet enough that Londoners regularly ice skated on the Thames . About 12,000 years ago, major changes in Atlantic circulation plunged the Northern Hemisphere into a frigid state. And 56 million years ago, a giant burst of greenhouse gases, from volcanic activity or vast deposits of methane (or both), abruptly warmed the planet by at least 9 degrees Fahrenheit, scrambling the climate, choking the oceans and triggering mass extinctions.

In trying to determine the cause of current climate changes, scientists have looked at all of these factors . The first three have varied a bit over the last few centuries and they have quite likely had modest effects on climate , particularly before 1950. But they cannot account for the planet’s rapidly rising temperature, especially in the second half of the 20th century, when solar output actually declined and volcanic eruptions exerted a cooling effect.

That warming is best explained by rising greenhouse gas concentrations . Greenhouse gases have a powerful effect on climate (see the next question for why). And since the Industrial Revolution, humans have been adding more of them to the atmosphere, primarily by extracting and burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, which releases carbon dioxide.

Bubbles of ancient air trapped in ice show that, before about 1750, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was roughly 280 parts per million. It began to rise slowly and crossed the 300 p.p.m. threshold around 1900. CO2 levels then accelerated as cars and electricity became big parts of modern life, recently topping 420 p.p.m . The concentration of methane, the second most important greenhouse gas, has more than doubled. We’re now emitting carbon much faster than it was released 56 million years ago .

30 billion metric tons

Carbon dioxide emitted worldwide 1850-2017

Rest of world

Other developed

European Union

Developed economies

Other countries

United States

E.U. and U.K.

These rapid increases in greenhouse gases have caused the climate to warm abruptly. In fact, climate models suggest that greenhouse warming can explain virtually all of the temperature change since 1950. According to the most recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses published scientific literature, natural drivers and internal climate variability can only explain a small fraction of late-20th century warming.

Another study put it this way: The odds of current warming occurring without anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are less than 1 in 100,000 .

But greenhouse gases aren’t the only climate-altering compounds people put into the air. Burning fossil fuels also produces particulate pollution that reflects sunlight and cools the planet. Scientists estimate that this pollution has masked up to half of the greenhouse warming we would have otherwise experienced.

Greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide serve an important role in the climate. Without them, Earth would be far too cold to maintain liquid water and humans would not exist!

Here’s how it works: the planet’s temperature is basically a function of the energy the Earth absorbs from the sun (which heats it up) and the energy Earth emits to space as infrared radiation (which cools it down). Because of their molecular structure, greenhouse gases temporarily absorb some of that outgoing infrared radiation and then re-emit it in all directions, sending some of that energy back toward the surface and heating the planet . Scientists have understood this process since the 1850s .

Greenhouse gas concentrations have varied naturally in the past. Over millions of years, atmospheric CO2 levels have changed depending on how much of the gas volcanoes belched into the air and how much got removed through geologic processes. On time scales of hundreds to thousands of years, concentrations have changed as carbon has cycled between the ocean, soil and air.

Today, however, we are the ones causing CO2 levels to increase at an unprecedented pace by taking ancient carbon from geologic deposits of fossil fuels and putting it into the atmosphere when we burn them. Since 1750, carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by almost 50 percent. Methane and nitrous oxide, other important anthropogenic greenhouse gases that are released mainly by agricultural activities, have also spiked over the last 250 years.

We know based on the physics described above that this should cause the climate to warm. We also see certain telltale “fingerprints” of greenhouse warming. For example, nights are warming even faster than days because greenhouse gases don’t go away when the sun sets. And upper layers of the atmosphere have actually cooled, because more energy is being trapped by greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere.

We also know that we are the cause of rising greenhouse gas concentrations — and not just because we can measure the CO2 coming out of tailpipes and smokestacks. We can see it in the chemical signature of the carbon in CO2.

Carbon comes in three different masses: 12, 13 and 14. Things made of organic matter (including fossil fuels) tend to have relatively less carbon-13. Volcanoes tend to produce CO2 with relatively more carbon-13. And over the last century, the carbon in atmospheric CO2 has gotten lighter, pointing to an organic source.

We can tell it’s old organic matter by looking for carbon-14, which is radioactive and decays over time. Fossil fuels are too ancient to have any carbon-14 left in them, so if they were behind rising CO2 levels, you would expect the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere to drop, which is exactly what the data show .

It’s important to note that water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. However, it does not cause warming; instead it responds to it . That’s because warmer air holds more moisture, which creates a snowball effect in which human-caused warming allows the atmosphere to hold more water vapor and further amplifies climate change. This so-called feedback cycle has doubled the warming caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

A common source of confusion when it comes to climate change is the difference between weather and climate. Weather is the constantly changing set of meteorological conditions that we experience when we step outside, whereas climate is the long-term average of those conditions, usually calculated over a 30-year period. Or, as some say: Weather is your mood and climate is your personality.

So while 2 degrees Fahrenheit doesn’t represent a big change in the weather, it’s a huge change in climate. As we’ve already seen, it’s enough to melt ice and raise sea levels, to shift rainfall patterns around the world and to reorganize ecosystems, sending animals scurrying toward cooler habitats and killing trees by the millions.

It’s also important to remember that two degrees represents the global average, and many parts of the world have already warmed by more than that. For example, land areas have warmed about twice as much as the sea surface. And the Arctic has warmed by about 5 degrees. That’s because the loss of snow and ice at high latitudes allows the ground to absorb more energy, causing additional heating on top of greenhouse warming.

Relatively small long-term changes in climate averages also shift extremes in significant ways. For instance, heat waves have always happened, but they have shattered records in recent years. In June of 2020, a town in Siberia registered temperatures of 100 degrees . And in Australia, meteorologists have added a new color to their weather maps to show areas where temperatures exceed 125 degrees. Rising sea levels have also increased the risk of flooding because of storm surges and high tides. These are the foreshocks of climate change.

And we are in for more changes in the future — up to 9 degrees Fahrenheit of average global warming by the end of the century, in the worst-case scenario . For reference, the difference in global average temperatures between now and the peak of the last ice age, when ice sheets covered large parts of North America and Europe, is about 11 degrees Fahrenheit.

Under the Paris Climate Agreement, which President Biden recently rejoined, countries have agreed to try to limit total warming to between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 and 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, since preindustrial times. And even this narrow range has huge implications . According to scientific studies, the difference between 2.7 and 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit will very likely mean the difference between coral reefs hanging on or going extinct, and between summer sea ice persisting in the Arctic or disappearing completely. It will also determine how many millions of people suffer from water scarcity and crop failures, and how many are driven from their homes by rising seas. In other words, one degree Fahrenheit makes a world of difference.

Earth’s climate has always changed. Hundreds of millions of years ago, the entire planet froze . Fifty million years ago, alligators lived in what we now call the Arctic . And for the last 2.6 million years, the planet has cycled between ice ages when the planet was up to 11 degrees cooler and ice sheets covered much of North America and Europe, and milder interglacial periods like the one we’re in now.

Climate denialists often point to these natural climate changes as a way to cast doubt on the idea that humans are causing climate to change today. However, that argument rests on a logical fallacy. It’s like “seeing a murdered body and concluding that people have died of natural causes in the past, so the murder victim must also have died of natural causes,” a team of social scientists wrote in The Debunking Handbook , which explains the misinformation strategies behind many climate myths.

Indeed, we know that different mechanisms caused the climate to change in the past. Glacial cycles, for example, were triggered by periodic variations in Earth’s orbit , which take place over tens of thousands of years and change how solar energy gets distributed around the globe and across the seasons.

These orbital variations don’t affect the planet’s temperature much on their own. But they set off a cascade of other changes in the climate system; for instance, growing or melting vast Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and altering ocean circulation. These changes, in turn, affect climate by altering the amount of snow and ice, which reflect sunlight, and by changing greenhouse gas concentrations. This is actually part of how we know that greenhouse gases have the ability to significantly affect Earth’s temperature.

For at least the last 800,000 years , atmospheric CO2 concentrations oscillated between about 180 parts per million during ice ages and about 280 p.p.m. during warmer periods, as carbon moved between oceans, forests, soils and the atmosphere. These changes occurred in lock step with global temperatures, and are a major reason the entire planet warmed and cooled during glacial cycles, not just the frozen poles.

Today, however, CO2 levels have soared to 420 p.p.m. — the highest they’ve been in at least three million years . The concentration of CO2 is also increasing about 100 times faster than it did at the end of the last ice age. This suggests something else is going on, and we know what it is: Since the Industrial Revolution, humans have been burning fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases that are heating the planet now (see Question 5 for more details on how we know this, and Questions 4 and 8 for how we know that other natural forces aren’t to blame).

Over the next century or two, societies and ecosystems will experience the consequences of this climate change. But our emissions will have even more lasting geologic impacts: According to some studies, greenhouse gas levels may have already warmed the planet enough to delay the onset of the next glacial cycle for at least an additional 50,000 years.

The sun is the ultimate source of energy in Earth’s climate system, so it’s a natural candidate for causing climate change. And solar activity has certainly changed over time. We know from satellite measurements and other astronomical observations that the sun’s output changes on 11-year cycles. Geologic records and sunspot numbers, which astronomers have tracked for centuries, also show long-term variations in the sun’s activity, including some exceptionally quiet periods in the late 1600s and early 1800s.

We know that, from 1900 until the 1950s, solar irradiance increased. And studies suggest that this had a modest effect on early 20th century climate, explaining up to 10 percent of the warming that’s occurred since the late 1800s. However, in the second half of the century, when the most warming occurred, solar activity actually declined . This disparity is one of the main reasons we know that the sun is not the driving force behind climate change.

Another reason we know that solar activity hasn’t caused recent warming is that, if it had, all the layers of the atmosphere should be heating up. Instead, data show that the upper atmosphere has actually cooled in recent decades — a hallmark of greenhouse warming .

So how about volcanoes? Eruptions cool the planet by injecting ash and aerosol particles into the atmosphere that reflect sunlight. We’ve observed this effect in the years following large eruptions. There are also some notable historical examples, like when Iceland’s Laki volcano erupted in 1783, causing widespread crop failures in Europe and beyond, and the “ year without a summer ,” which followed the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia.

Since volcanoes mainly act as climate coolers, they can’t really explain recent warming. However, scientists say that they may also have contributed slightly to rising temperatures in the early 20th century. That’s because there were several large eruptions in the late 1800s that cooled the planet, followed by a few decades with no major volcanic events when warming caught up. During the second half of the 20th century, though, several big eruptions occurred as the planet was heating up fast. If anything, they temporarily masked some amount of human-caused warming.

The second way volcanoes can impact climate is by emitting carbon dioxide. This is important on time scales of millions of years — it’s what keeps the planet habitable (see Question 5 for more on the greenhouse effect). But by comparison to modern anthropogenic emissions, even big eruptions like Krakatoa and Mount St. Helens are just a drop in the bucket. After all, they last only a few hours or days, while we burn fossil fuels 24-7. Studies suggest that, today, volcanoes account for 1 to 2 percent of total CO2 emissions.

When a big snowstorm hits the United States, climate denialists can try to cite it as proof that climate change isn’t happening. In 2015, Senator James Inhofe, an Oklahoma Republican, famously lobbed a snowball in the Senate as he denounced climate science. But these events don’t actually disprove climate change.

While there have been some memorable storms in recent years, winters are actually warming across the world. In the United States, average temperatures in December, January and February have increased by about 2.5 degrees this century.

On the flip side, record cold days are becoming less common than record warm days. In the United States, record highs now outnumber record lows two-to-one . And ever-smaller areas of the country experience extremely cold winter temperatures . (The same trends are happening globally.)

So what’s with the blizzards? Weather always varies, so it’s no surprise that we still have severe winter storms even as average temperatures rise. However, some studies suggest that climate change may be to blame. One possibility is that rapid Arctic warming has affected atmospheric circulation, including the fast-flowing, high-altitude air that usually swirls over the North Pole (a.k.a. the Polar Vortex ). Some studies suggest that these changes are bringing more frigid temperatures to lower latitudes and causing weather systems to stall , allowing storms to produce more snowfall. This may explain what we’ve experienced in the U.S. over the past few decades, as well as a wintertime cooling trend in Siberia , although exactly how the Arctic affects global weather remains a topic of ongoing scientific debate .

Climate change may also explain the apparent paradox behind some of the other places on Earth that haven’t warmed much. For instance, a splotch of water in the North Atlantic has cooled in recent years, and scientists say they suspect that may be because ocean circulation is slowing as a result of freshwater streaming off a melting Greenland . If this circulation grinds almost to a halt, as it’s done in the geologic past, it would alter weather patterns around the world.

Not all cold weather stems from some counterintuitive consequence of climate change. But it’s a good reminder that Earth’s climate system is complex and chaotic, so the effects of human-caused changes will play out differently in different places. That’s why “global warming” is a bit of an oversimplification. Instead, some scientists have suggested that the phenomenon of human-caused climate change would more aptly be called “ global weirding .”

Extreme weather and natural disasters are part of life on Earth — just ask the dinosaurs. But there is good evidence that climate change has increased the frequency and severity of certain phenomena like heat waves, droughts and floods. Recent research has also allowed scientists to identify the influence of climate change on specific events.

Let’s start with heat waves . Studies show that stretches of abnormally high temperatures now happen about five times more often than they would without climate change, and they last longer, too. Climate models project that, by the 2040s, heat waves will be about 12 times more frequent. And that’s concerning since extreme heat often causes increased hospitalizations and deaths, particularly among older people and those with underlying health conditions. In the summer of 2003, for example, a heat wave caused an estimated 70,000 excess deaths across Europe. (Human-caused warming amplified the death toll .)

Climate change has also exacerbated droughts , primarily by increasing evaporation. Droughts occur naturally because of random climate variability and factors like whether El Niño or La Niña conditions prevail in the tropical Pacific. But some researchers have found evidence that greenhouse warming has been affecting droughts since even before the Dust Bowl . And it continues to do so today. According to one analysis , the drought that afflicted the American Southwest from 2000 to 2018 was almost 50 percent more severe because of climate change. It was the worst drought the region had experienced in more than 1,000 years.

Rising temperatures have also increased the intensity of heavy precipitation events and the flooding that often follows. For example, studies have found that, because warmer air holds more moisture, Hurricane Harvey, which struck Houston in 2017, dropped between 15 and 40 percent more rainfall than it would have without climate change.

It’s still unclear whether climate change is changing the overall frequency of hurricanes, but it is making them stronger . And warming appears to favor certain kinds of weather patterns, like the “ Midwest Water Hose ” events that caused devastating flooding across the Midwest in 2019 .

It’s important to remember that in most natural disasters, there are multiple factors at play. For instance, the 2019 Midwest floods occurred after a recent cold snap had frozen the ground solid, preventing the soil from absorbing rainwater and increasing runoff into the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. These waterways have also been reshaped by levees and other forms of river engineering, some of which failed in the floods.

Wildfires are another phenomenon with multiple causes. In many places, fire risk has increased because humans have aggressively fought natural fires and prevented Indigenous peoples from carrying out traditional burning practices. This has allowed fuel to accumulate that makes current fires worse .

However, climate change still plays a major role by heating and drying forests, turning them into tinderboxes. Studies show that warming is the driving factor behind the recent increases in wildfires; one analysis found that climate change is responsible for doubling the area burned across the American West between 1984 and 2015. And researchers say that warming will only make fires bigger and more dangerous in the future.

It depends on how aggressively we act to address climate change. If we continue with business as usual, by the end of the century, it will be too hot to go outside during heat waves in the Middle East and South Asia . Droughts will grip Central America, the Mediterranean and southern Africa. And many island nations and low-lying areas, from Texas to Bangladesh, will be overtaken by rising seas. Conversely, climate change could bring welcome warming and extended growing seasons to the upper Midwest , Canada, the Nordic countries and Russia . Farther north, however, the loss of snow, ice and permafrost will upend the traditions of Indigenous peoples and threaten infrastructure.

It’s complicated, but the underlying message is simple: unchecked climate change will likely exacerbate existing inequalities . At a national level, poorer countries will be hit hardest, even though they have historically emitted only a fraction of the greenhouse gases that cause warming. That’s because many less developed countries tend to be in tropical regions where additional warming will make the climate increasingly intolerable for humans and crops. These nations also often have greater vulnerabilities, like large coastal populations and people living in improvised housing that is easily damaged in storms. And they have fewer resources to adapt, which will require expensive measures like redesigning cities, engineering coastlines and changing how people grow food.

Already, between 1961 and 2000, climate change appears to have harmed the economies of the poorest countries while boosting the fortunes of the wealthiest nations that have done the most to cause the problem, making the global wealth gap 25 percent bigger than it would otherwise have been. Similarly, the Global Climate Risk Index found that lower income countries — like Myanmar, Haiti and Nepal — rank high on the list of nations most affected by extreme weather between 1999 and 2018. Climate change has also contributed to increased human migration, which is expected to increase significantly .

Even within wealthy countries, the poor and marginalized will suffer the most. People with more resources have greater buffers, like air-conditioners to keep their houses cool during dangerous heat waves, and the means to pay the resulting energy bills. They also have an easier time evacuating their homes before disasters, and recovering afterward. Lower income people have fewer of these advantages, and they are also more likely to live in hotter neighborhoods and work outdoors, where they face the brunt of climate change.

These inequalities will play out on an individual, community, and regional level. A 2017 analysis of the U.S. found that, under business as usual, the poorest one-third of counties, which are concentrated in the South, will experience damages totaling as much as 20 percent of gross domestic product, while others, mostly in the northern part of the country, will see modest economic gains. Solomon Hsiang, an economist at University of California, Berkeley, and the lead author of the study, has said that climate change “may result in the largest transfer of wealth from the poor to the rich in the country’s history.”

Even the climate “winners” will not be immune from all climate impacts, though. Desirable locations will face an influx of migrants. And as the coronavirus pandemic has demonstrated, disasters in one place quickly ripple across our globalized economy. For instance, scientists expect climate change to increase the odds of multiple crop failures occurring at the same time in different places, throwing the world into a food crisis .

On top of that, warmer weather is aiding the spread of infectious diseases and the vectors that transmit them, like ticks and mosquitoes . Research has also identified troubling correlations between rising temperatures and increased interpersonal violence , and climate change is widely recognized as a “threat multiplier” that increases the odds of larger conflicts within and between countries. In other words, climate change will bring many changes that no amount of money can stop. What could help is taking action to limit warming.

One of the most common arguments against taking aggressive action to combat climate change is that doing so will kill jobs and cripple the economy. But this implies that there’s an alternative in which we pay nothing for climate change. And unfortunately, there isn’t. In reality, not tackling climate change will cost a lot , and cause enormous human suffering and ecological damage, while transitioning to a greener economy would benefit many people and ecosystems around the world.

Let’s start with how much it will cost to address climate change. To keep warming well below 2 degrees Celsius, the goal of the Paris Climate Agreement, society will have to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by the middle of this century. That will require significant investments in things like renewable energy, electric cars and charging infrastructure, not to mention efforts to adapt to hotter temperatures, rising sea-levels and other unavoidable effects of current climate changes. And we’ll have to make changes fast.

Estimates of the cost vary widely. One recent study found that keeping warming to 2 degrees Celsius would require a total investment of between $4 trillion and $60 trillion, with a median estimate of $16 trillion, while keeping warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius could cost between $10 trillion and $100 trillion, with a median estimate of $30 trillion. (For reference, the entire world economy was about $88 trillion in 2019.) Other studies have found that reaching net zero will require annual investments ranging from less than 1.5 percent of global gross domestic product to as much as 4 percent . That’s a lot, but within the range of historical energy investments in countries like the U.S.

Now, let’s consider the costs of unchecked climate change, which will fall hardest on the most vulnerable. These include damage to property and infrastructure from sea-level rise and extreme weather, death and sickness linked to natural disasters, pollution and infectious disease, reduced agricultural yields and lost labor productivity because of rising temperatures, decreased water availability and increased energy costs, and species extinction and habitat destruction. Dr. Hsiang, the U.C. Berkeley economist, describes it as “death by a thousand cuts.”

As a result, climate damages are hard to quantify. Moody’s Analytics estimates that even 2 degrees Celsius of warming will cost the world $69 trillion by 2100, and economists expect the toll to keep rising with the temperature. In a recent survey , economists estimated the cost would equal 5 percent of global G.D.P. at 3 degrees Celsius of warming (our trajectory under current policies) and 10 percent for 5 degrees Celsius. Other research indicates that, if current warming trends continue, global G.D.P. per capita will decrease between 7 percent and 23 percent by the end of the century — an economic blow equivalent to multiple coronavirus pandemics every year. And some fear these are vast underestimates .

Already, studies suggest that climate change has slashed incomes in the poorest countries by as much as 30 percent and reduced global agricultural productivity by 21 percent since 1961. Extreme weather events have also racked up a large bill. In 2020, in the United States alone, climate-related disasters like hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires caused nearly $100 billion in damages to businesses, property and infrastructure, compared to an average of $18 billion per year in the 1980s.

Given the steep price of inaction, many economists say that addressing climate change is a better deal . It’s like that old saying: an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. In this case, limiting warming will greatly reduce future damage and inequality caused by climate change. It will also produce so-called co-benefits, like saving one million lives every year by reducing air pollution, and millions more from eating healthier, climate-friendly diets. Some studies even find that meeting the Paris Agreement goals could create jobs and increase global G.D.P . And, of course, reining in climate change will spare many species and ecosystems upon which humans depend — and which many people believe to have their own innate value.

The challenge is that we need to reduce emissions now to avoid damages later, which requires big investments over the next few decades. And the longer we delay, the more we will pay to meet the Paris goals. One recent analysis found that reaching net-zero by 2050 would cost the U.S. almost twice as much if we waited until 2030 instead of acting now. But even if we miss the Paris target, the economics still make a strong case for climate action, because every additional degree of warming will cost us more — in dollars, and in lives.

Veronica Penney contributed reporting.

Illustration photographs by Esther Horvath, Max Whittaker, David Maurice Smith and Talia Herman for The New York Times; Esther Horvath/Alfred-Wegener-Institut

An earlier version of this article misidentified the authors of The Debunking Handbook. It was written by social scientists who study climate communication, not a team of climate scientists.

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Essay on Effects of Global Warming

Introduction

Our world, as well as all living things such as animals, birds, insects, trees, and plants, were created by nature. They all have the right to live their lives as they see fit, but the human being is the most perplexing of all living creatures. For our own needs and greed, we humans are killing nature, and we will pay the price in the form of catastrophe. Here we have provided both long and short essays on the effects of Global Warming for students of Classes 1 to 12.

Long Effect of Global Warming Essay in English

As carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other air pollution and greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere, they absorb sunlight and solar radiation that has bounced off the earth's surface, resulting in global warming. Normally, this radiation will disperse into space, but these contaminants, which can remain in the atmosphere for years or decades, trap the heat and cause the earth to get hotter. The greenhouse effect is the result of this.

So, What causes Global Warming?

Natural Causes of Global Warming:

For decades, the world has been shifting. The natural rotation of the sun causes global warming by changing the strength of sunlight and bringing it closer to the earth.

Greenhouse emissions are another contributor to global warming.

Carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide are greenhouse gases that absorb solar heat rays and prevent them from escaping the earth's surface. The earth's temperature has increased as a result of this.

Another factor that contributes to global warming is volcanic eruptions. A single volcanic eruption, for example, can release a significant amount of carbon dioxide and ash into the atmosphere.

As carbon dioxide levels rise, the earth's temperature rises, and greenhouse gases absorb solar radiation.

Finally, methane is a contributor to global warming. Methane is a greenhouse gas as well. Methane is 20 times more effective than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. Methane gas can usually be used in a variety of places. Cattle, landfills, natural gas, petroleum systems, coal mining, mobile explosions, and industrial waste processes are only a few examples.

Human Influences on Global Warming:

Humans are more responsible for global warming than natural causes. Because of modern human lifestyles, the earth has been evolving for many years and continues to do so. Industrial production, fossil fuel combustion, mining, cattle rearing, and deforestation are all examples of human activities.

The industrial revolution is the first thing. Industrial devices have been powered by fossil fuels. All we use is made up of fossil fuels. When we purchase a cell phone, for example, the process of manufacturing the phone involves machines, which use fossil fuels, and carbon dioxide is released into the environment during the process. Aside from industry, transportation, such as automobiles, emits carbon dioxide by the exhaust.

Mining is another problem. Methane would be trapped under the earth during the mining process. Furthermore, raising cattle results in the release of methane in the form of manure. Cattle, on the other hand, are noteworthy because they are equally responsible for the occurrence of global warming.

Then there's deforestation, which is by far the most common problem. Humans have been cutting down trees to manufacture documents, wood, build homes, and other things, so deforestation is a human factor.

Humans also emit carbon dioxide as they breathe. As a result, carbon dioxide has been released into the atmosphere by millions of people. If human deforestation continues, the carbon dioxide released by human breathing will remain in the atmosphere.

Effects of Global Warming

Every year, scientists learn more about the effects of global warming, and all agree that if current patterns continue, environmental, economic, and health impacts are likely. Here's a taste of what we can expect in the coming months:

Melting glaciers, early snowmelt, and extreme droughts would intensify water shortages in the American West, raising the risk of wildfires.

Coastal flooding will occur along the Eastern Seaboard, especially in Florida, as well as in other areas such as the Gulf of Mexico.

New pests will wreak havoc on forests, crops, and towns, as will heat waves, heavy rains, and increased flooding.

Many plant and animal species could become extinct if ecosystems such as coral reefs and Alpine meadows are disrupted.

Increased pollen-producing ragweed growth, higher levels of air pollution, and the spread of conditions favorable to pathogens and mosquitoes will make allergies, asthma, and infectious disease outbreaks more likely.

In the above effect of global warming essay in English, we have discussed in depth all the natural causes of global warming and how humans have contributed towards its drastic increase. Below we have provided short effects of the Global Warming essay for students of Classes 1 to 5.

Effect of Global Warming Short Essay

Since hundreds of years ago, greenhouse gases have remained in the atmosphere for several years. Global warming, on the other hand, would have disastrous consequences for the planet. If global warming persists, a slew of negative consequences will emerge. Melting polar ice caps, economic effects, warming oceans, and more storms, disease transmission, and earthquakes are all examples.

The melting of the polar ice caps is the first consequence. The ice at the North Pole will melt as the temperature increases. Since melting glaciers become seas, the first result of ice melting would be an increase in sea levels. “If the ice melted today, the seas will rise about 230 feet,” according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center. Many low-lying areas, such as the Netherlands, are affected. Once the North Pole melts, the Netherlands will be submerged in water. However, that will not happen easily, and the sea level will continue to rise.

Another impact is the loss of habitat for some species. Polar bears and tropical frogs would become extinct as a result of climate change. Furthermore, since animals are not like humans, different birds will migrate to other locations. They are unable to adjust to changes in their climate, such as temperature or living conditions.

The next result is that more hurricanes will occur, with economic implications. Houses are damaged by hurricanes, and the government will have to spend billions of dollars to repair the damage, and people will need places to stay or will be killed. When a disaster strikes, many people die and illnesses spread. Diseases are more serious because they can spread rapidly to other people, allowing more people to catch the disease. Diseases can also become more serious as the weather changes.

Importance of an Essay on Global Warming

The essay on global warming is important because it will help students to understand the effects of global warming and how it impacts life on earth. They will then be aware and likewise, share their knowledge with their fellow beings and make them conscious of the human actions that lead to an increase in global warming.

Climate change is an issue that humans are actually facing, and the ones causing these problems are humans. Although it is difficult to avoid global warming, people can indeed help to mitigate and slow its effects. If no action is taken to address this problem, people will perish as a result of cli mate change and natural disasters. Humans changed the world; now it's time for humans to change themselves.

FAQs on Essay on Effects of Global Warming

1. State Some Ways to Reduce Global Warming ?

We should reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere to reduce global warming.

We can minimise global warming by reducing our use of oil, electricity, and other practices that contribute to global warming. To save fuel, we should opt for a hybrid vehicle that uses less gasoline.

Taking public transportation or carpooling to work has the potential to minimise carbon dioxide emissions while still saving money.

Recycling is another way to help combat global warming. Reusing plastic bags, bottles, documents, or glass may help to minimise waste.

Finally, open burning should be forbidden, such as the burning of dry leaves or garbage. When garbage is burned with plastic, carbon dioxide and toxic gases are released. Furthermore, since global temperatures are rising, the government should minimise deforestation. Trees will assist in the reduction of global warming.

2. Define Global Warming ?

Global warming is the long-term warming of Earth's climate system that has been observed since the pre-industrial era (between 1850 and 1900) as a result of human activities, mainly fossil fuel combustion, which raises heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. The words are sometimes used interchangeably, though the latter applies to both human- and naturally-caused warming, as well as the implications for our world. The average rise in Earth's global surface temperature is the most common metric.

3. How to download the Essay on Effects of Global Warming from the Vedantu Website?

The Vedantu website provides a download of the Essay on Effects of Global Warming, which is accurate and well-structured. Vedantu's official website provides the Essay in PDF version which is available for download for free of cost. Students are advised to download the Essay on Global Warming from the Vedantu website to get an idea of the word limit, sentence construction, and basic understanding of what a good essay consists of. Vedantu essay is concise and apt for school-going, students. It uses simple language, perfect for students with limited vocabulary. Following the Vedantu essay enables students to be sufficiently prepared for any essay topics and guarantees that students will score good marks. To access the Essay on Plastic Ban, click on the link available above.

4. Why is plastic bad for the environment?

Nonrenewable resources such as coal, natural gas, and crude oil are used to make plastics. Because plastic bags take a long time to disintegrate, they have a substantial environmental impact. If toxic compounds are allowed to deteriorate, there is concern that they will leak into the environment. Rather than degrading completely, plastic dissolves into smaller chunks and microscopic particles known as microplastics. Microplastics regularly end up in bodies of water, endangering animals. Furthermore, dangerous chemicals are released into the soil when plastic bags degrade in the sun, and harmful substances are released into the air when plastic bags are burnt, resulting in air pollution. All of these reasons make plastic one of the most harmful materials on the earth for all of these reasons. Plastic is one of the main reasons for Global Warming and thus needs to be eliminated from the world.

5. Is writing an essay hard?

Essay writing is a difficult task that needs a great deal of study, time, and focus. It's also an assignment that you can divide down into manageable chunks such as introduction, main content, and conclusion. Breaking down and focusing on each individually makes essay writing more pleasant. It's natural for students to be concerned about writing an essay. It's one of the most difficult tasks to do, especially for people who aren't confident in their writing abilities. While writing a decent essay is difficult, the secret to being proficient at it is reading a lot of books, conducting extensive research on essential topics, and practicing essay writing diligently.

6. Who prepares the essay on global warming for Vedantu?

The Essay on Effects on Global, designed by Vedantu, is created by a group of experts and experienced teachers. The panel of experts have created the essay after analyzing important essay topics that have been repeatedly asked in various examinations. The Essays that are provided by Vedantu are not only well-structured but also accurate and concise. They are aptly suited for young students with limited vocabulary. For best results, the students are advised to go through multiple essays and practice the topics on their own to inculcate the habits of time management and speed.

7. What will be the impact on the phenomena of Global Warming if we ban plastic and petroleum products?

Plastic and petroleum product bans can undoubtedly aid in the conservation of non-renewable resources that, once gone, may not be recovered. Plastic use has two significant negative consequences: it emits carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect, and it increases rubbish collecting in landfills and seas. Bans should be implemented since they are successful in eliminating large amounts of plastic trash. Plastic can be eliminated; but, it will need advances in engineering and applied science, and the capability to do so currently exists. With each passing year, humanity's reliance on plastic gets greater. Thus, one of the only ways to eliminate or reduce global warming is through the elimination of the use of plastic and petroleum products.

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Effects of Global Warming Essay

The term "global warming" describes the rise in global temperatures primarily brought on by an increase in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases.

Environmental changes brought on by global warming may have a negative influence on human health. Here are a few essays on the topic ‘global warming’.

100 Words Essay On Global Warming

Global warming is an environmental issue that has been discussed for decades and is now becoming more serious than ever before. Global warming is caused by the increase of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases are released when fossil fuels such as oil and coal are burned. These gases accumulate in the atmosphere, trapping heat and increasing the Earth's temperature. This process is known as the greenhouse effect, and it is causing higher temperatures, rising sea levels, and weather extremes. The effects of global warming on the environment have been devastating and they’re posing a huge threat to life on Earth.

200 Words Essay On Global Warming

Global warming is one of the greatest threats facing our planet today. The average temperature of the planet is rising as a result of global warming, which is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone are examples of greenhouse gases that trap solar energy. Higher temperatures have caused glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise. This has caused increased flooding, drought, and extreme weather events. In addition, global warming has also caused a loss of biodiversity, as some species are unable to adapt to the changing climate.

Global warming has become an increasingly important environmental issue in recent years. The effects of global warming are far-reaching and can be seen in many different ways. We must take action now to reduce the causes, mitigate the impacts, and protect the environment for future generations. By taking smart steps to reduce emissions and invest in clean energy, we can create a better future for our planet. Governments must enact policies to reduce emissions from industries and transportation. They can also invest in clean energy sources such as solar and wind. Individuals can help by reducing their carbon footprint by driving less, eating local foods, and conserving energy.

500 Words Essay On Global Warming

Global warming happens when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants accumulate in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar energy that has bounced off the earth's surface. Normally, this radiation would escape into space, but because of the pollutants, which can linger in the atmosphere, the earth becomes hotter. The greenhouse effect is the result of these heat-trapping pollutants, which are known as greenhouse gases. These pollutants include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour, and synthetic fluorinated gases.

Causes Of Global Warming

Although the earth's temperature has changed multiple times over the past years due to natural cycles and changes, our current era of global warming is directly related to human activity, specifically to our combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. The primary cause of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing the earth’s temperature to rise. As temperatures increase, extreme weather events become more frequent, such as floods, droughts, and heat waves.

Effects Of Global Warming

The effects of global warming are already being experienced in many parts of the world. For example, rising sea levels due to melting ice caps have caused coastal flooding in many parts of the world, and extreme weather events have caused destruction and displacement of millions of people. Additionally, global warming has caused an increase in the number of pests and diseases, as well as an increase in ocean acidification.

Wildfire danger will continue to rise as a result of melting glaciers, early snowmelt, and severe droughts.

More coastal flooding will result from rising sea levels. Cities, farms, and forests will see more bothersome bugs, heat waves, torrential downpours, and flooding. Agriculture and fisheries may be harmed or destroyed by all of these.

Many plant and animal species may go extinct if environments like coral reefs and alpine meadows are damaged.

Rising pollen-producing ragweed growth, increased levels of air pollution, and the expansion of conditions that are conducive to pathogens and mosquitoes will all lead to an increase in the frequency of allergic reactions, asthma attacks, and infectious disease epidemics.

What Can We Do

It is clear that global warming is having a serious effect on our planet. Fortunately, there are a number of ways to reduce the impact of global warming. One way is to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere. This can be done by increasing energy efficiency and using renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Additionally, individuals can reduce their carbon footprint by using public transportation, reducing meat consumption, and using energy-efficient appliances. Look for a car with the best gas mileage and the fewest pollutants when you go car shopping. Whenever possible, use public transportation or carpool to lessen your emissions.

Global warming is a serious environmental issue that has far-reaching effects on our planet. Although the causes and effects of global warming can seem overwhelming, there are steps that can be taken to reduce its impact. By increasing energy efficiency, using renewable energy sources, and reducing one's carbon footprint, individuals can make a difference in combating global warming. With collective efforts, we can limit the effects of global warming and ensure a healthy environment for future generations.

Explore Career Options (By Industry)

Construction
Entertainment
Manufacturing
Information Technology

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.

Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Geotechnical engineer

The role of geotechnical engineer starts with reviewing the projects needed to define the required material properties. The work responsibilities are followed by a site investigation of rock, soil, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest. The investigation is aimed to improve the ground engineering design and determine their engineering properties that include how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction.

The role of geotechnical engineer in mining includes designing and determining the type of foundations, earthworks, and or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures to be made. Geotechnical engineering jobs are involved in earthen and concrete dam construction projects, working under a range of normal and extreme loading conditions.

Cartographer

How fascinating it is to represent the whole world on just a piece of paper or a sphere. With the help of maps, we are able to represent the real world on a much smaller scale. Individuals who opt for a career as a cartographer are those who make maps. But, cartography is not just limited to maps, it is about a mixture of art , science , and technology. As a cartographer, not only you will create maps but use various geodetic surveys and remote sensing systems to measure, analyse, and create different maps for political, cultural or educational purposes.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Operations manager.

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Bank Probationary Officer (PO)

Investment director.

An investment director is a person who helps corporations and individuals manage their finances. They can help them develop a strategy to achieve their goals, including paying off debts and investing in the future. In addition, he or she can help individuals make informed decisions.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

An expert in plumbing is aware of building regulations and safety standards and works to make sure these standards are upheld. Testing pipes for leakage using air pressure and other gauges, and also the ability to construct new pipe systems by cutting, fitting, measuring and threading pipes are some of the other more involved aspects of plumbing. Individuals in the plumber career path are self-employed or work for a small business employing less than ten people, though some might find working for larger entities or the government more desirable.

Construction Manager

Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.

Urban Planner

Urban Planning careers revolve around the idea of developing a plan to use the land optimally, without affecting the environment. Urban planning jobs are offered to those candidates who are skilled in making the right use of land to distribute the growing population, to create various communities.

Urban planning careers come with the opportunity to make changes to the existing cities and towns. They identify various community needs and make short and long-term plans accordingly.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.

Naval Architect

A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability.

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Veterinary Doctor

Pathologist.

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Speech Therapist

Gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

Hospital Administrator

The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Videographer

Multimedia specialist.

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning).

Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French , German , Italian .

Public Relation Executive

Travel journalist.

The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

Merchandiser.

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.

Metallurgical Engineer

A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment.

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

ITSM Manager

Information security manager.

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack

Business Intelligence Developer

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Roz Pidcock

Which of the many thousands of papers on climate change published each year in scientific journals are the most successful? Which ones have done the most to advance scientists’ understanding, alter the course of climate change research, or inspire future generations?

On Wednesday, Carbon Brief will reveal the results of our analysis into which scientific papers on the topic of climate change are the most “cited”. That means, how many times other scientists have mentioned them in their own published research. It’s a pretty good measure of how much impact a paper has had in the science world.

But there are other ways to measure influence. Before we reveal the figures on the most-cited research, Carbon Brief has asked climate experts what they think are the most influential papers.

We asked all the coordinating lead authors, lead authors and review editors on the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report to nominate three papers from any time in history. This is the exact question we posed:

What do you consider to be the three most influential papers in the field of climate change?

As you might expect from a broad mix of physical scientists, economists, social scientists and policy experts, the nominations spanned a range of topics and historical periods, capturing some of the great climate pioneers and the very latest climate economics research.

Here’s a link to our summary of who said what . But one paper clearly takes the top spot.

Winner: Manabe & Wetherald ( 1967 )

With eight nominations, a seminal paper by Syukuro Manabe and Richard. T. Wetherald published in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences in 1967 tops the Carbon Brief poll as the IPCC scientists’ top choice for the most influential climate change paper of all time.

Entitled, “Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity”, the work was the first to represent the fundamental elements of the Earth’s climate in a computer model, and to explore what doubling carbon dioxide (CO2) would do to global temperature.

Manabe & Wetherald (1967), Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

The Manabe & Wetherald paper is considered by many as a pioneering effort in the field of climate modelling, one that effectively opened the door to projecting future climate change. And the value of climate sensitivity is something climate scientists are still grappling with today .

Prof Piers Forster , a physical climate scientist at Leeds University and lead author of the chapter on clouds and aerosols in working group one of the last IPCC report, tells Carbon Brief:

This was really the first physically sound climate model allowing accurate predictions of climate change.

The paper’s findings have stood the test of time amazingly well, Forster says.

Its results are still valid today. Often when I’ve think I’ve done a new bit of work, I found that it had already been included in this paper.

Prof Steve Sherwood , expert in atmospheric climate dynamics at the University of New South Wales and another lead author on the clouds and aerosols chapter, says it’s a tough choice, but Manabe & Wetherald (1967) gets his vote, too. Sherwood tells Carbon Brief:

[The paper was] the first proper computation of global warming and stratospheric cooling from enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations, including atmospheric emission and water-vapour feedback.

Prof Danny Harvey , professor of climate modelling at the University of Toronto and lead author on the buildings chapter in the IPCC’s working group three report on mitigation, emphasises the Manabe & Wetherald paper’s impact on future generations of scientists. He says:

[The paper was] the first to assess the magnitude of the water vapour feedback, and was frequently cited for a good 20 years after it was published.

Tomorrow, Carbon Brief will be publishing an interview with Syukuro Manabe, alongside a special summary by Prof John Mitchell , the Met Office Hadley Centre’s chief scientist from 2002 to 2008 and director of climate science from 2008 to 2010, on why the paper still holds such significance today.

Joint second: Keeling, C.D et al. ( 1976 )

Jumping forward a decade, a classic paper by Charles Keeling and colleagues in 1976 came in joint second place in the Carbon Brief survey.

Published in the journal Tellus under the title, “Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa observatory,” the paper documented for the first time the stark rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii.

A photocopy of Keeling et al., (1976) Source: University of California, Santa Cruz

Dr Jorge Carrasco , Antarctic climate change researcher at the University of Magallanes in Chile and lead author on the cryosphere chapter in the last IPCC report, tells Carbon Brief why the research underpinning the “Keeling Curve’ was so important.

This paper revealed for the first time the observing increased of the atmospheric CO2 as the result of the combustion of carbon, petroleum and natural gas.

Prof David Stern , energy and environmental economist at the Australian National University and lead author on the Drivers, Trends and Mitigation chapter of the IPCC’s working group three report, also chooses the 1976 Keeling paper, though he notes:

This is a really tough question as there are so many dimensions to the climate problem – natural science, social science, policy etc.

With the Mauna Loa measurements continuing today , the so-called “Keeling curve” is the longest continuous record of carbon dioxide concentration in the world. Its historical significance and striking simplicity has made it one of the most iconic visualisations of climate change.

Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Also in joint second place: Held, I.M. & Soden, B.J. ( 2006 )

Fast forwarding a few decades, in joint second place comes a paper by Isaac Held and Brian Soden published in the journal Science in 2006.

The paper, “Robust Responses of the Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming”, identified how rainfall from one place to another would be affected by climate change. Prof Sherwood, who nominated this paper as well as the winning one from Manabe and Wetherald, tells Carbon Brief why it represented an important step forward. He says:

[This paper] advanced what is known as the “wet-get-wetter, dry-get-drier” paradigm for precipitation in global warming. This mantra has been widely misunderstood and misapplied, but was the first and perhaps still the only systematic conclusion about regional precipitation and global warming based on robust physical understanding of the atmosphere.

Held & Soden (2006), Journal of Climate

Honourable mentions

Rather than choosing a single paper, quite a few academics in our survey nominated one or more of the Working Group contributions to the last IPCC report. A couple even suggested the Fifth Assessment Report in its entirety, running to several thousands of pages. The original IPCC report , published in 1990, also got mentioned.

It was clear from the results that scientists tended to pick papers related to their own field. For example, Prof Ottmar Edenhofer , chief economist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and co-chair of the IPCC’s Working Group Three report on mitigation, selected four papers from the last 20 years on the economics of climate change costs versus risks, recent emissions trends, the technological feasibility of strong emissions reductions and the nature of international climate cooperation.

Taking a historical perspective, a few more of the early pioneers of climate science featured in our results, too. For example, Svante Arrhenius’ famous 1896 paper on the Greenhouse Effect, entitled “On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground”, received a couple of votes.

Prof Jonathan Wiener , environmental policy expert at Duke University in the US and lead author on the International Cooperation chapter in the IPCC’s working group three report, explains why this paper should be remembered as one of the most influential in climate policy. He says:

[This is the] classic paper showing that rising greenhouse gas concentrations lead to increasing global average surface temperature.

Svante Arrhenius (1896), Philosophical Magazine

A few decades later, a paper by Guy Callendar in 1938 linked the increase in carbon dioxide concentration over the previous 50 years to rising temperatures. Entitled, “The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature,” the paper marked an important step forward in climate change research, says Andrew Solow , director of the Woods Hole Marine Policy centre and lead author on the detection and attribution of climate impacts chapter in the IPCC’s working group two report. He says:

There is earlier work on the greenhouse effect, but not (to my knowledge) on the connection between increasing levels of CO2 and temperature.

Though it may feature in the climate change literature hall of fame, this paper raises a question about how to define a paper’s influence, says Forster. Rather than being celebrated among his contemporaries, Callendar’s work achieved recognition a long time after it was published. Forster says:

I would loved to have chosen Callendar (1938) as the first attribution paper that changed the world. Unfortunately, the 1938 effort of Callendar was only really recognised afterwards as being a founding publication of the field … The same comment applies to earlier Arrhenius and Tyndall efforts. They were only influential in hindsight.

Guy Callendar and his 1938 paper in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Other honourable mentions in the Carbon Brief survey of most influential climate papers go to Norman Phillips, whose 1956 paper described the first general circulation model, William Nordhaus’s 1991 paper on the economics of the greenhouse effect, and a paper by Camile Parmesan and Gary Yohe in 2003 , considered by many to provide the first formal attribution of climate change impacts on animal and plant species.

Finally, James Hansen’s 2012 paper , “Public perception of climate change and the new climate dice”, was important in highlighting the real-world impacts of climate change, says Prof Andy Challinor , expert in climate change impacts at the University of Leeds and lead author on the food security chapter in the working group two report. He says:

[It] helped with demonstrating the strong links between extreme events this century and climate change. Result: more clarity and less hedging.

Marc Levi , a political scientist at Columbia University and lead author on the IPCC’s human security chapter, makes a wider point, telling Carbon Brief:

The importance is in showing that climate change is observable in the present.

Indeed, attribution of extreme weather continues to be at the forefront of climate science, pushing scientists’ understanding of the climate system and modern technology to their limits.

Look out for more on the latest in attribution research as Carbon Brief reports on the Our Common Futures Under Climate Change conference taking place in Paris this week.

Pinning down which climate science papers most changed the world is difficult, and we suspect climate scientists could argue about this all day. But while the question elicits a range of very personal preferences, stories and characters, one paper has clearly stood the test of time and emerged as the popular choice among today’s climate experts – Manabe and Wetherald, 1967.

Main image: Satellite image of Hurricane Katrina.

What are the most influential climate change papers of all time?

Expert analysis direct to your inbox.

Get a round-up of all the important articles and papers selected by Carbon Brief by email. Find out more about our newsletters here .

Global Warming Awareness Essay

Introduction

While talking about environmental pollution , children might have heard how it leads to various problems like global warming and climate change. Whenever the topic is discussed, global warming takes centre stage. Despite the repetitive utterance of the word, children fail to understand its real meaning or importance. So, this global warming awareness essay is aimed at the young learners to better acquaint them with the problems faced due to global warming.

Global warming is a phenomenon where the temperature gradually increases in the atmosphere of Earth due to both natural and human-made causes. As global warming results in climate change and the melting of glaciers, which will have serious repercussions on Earth and the living beings on the planet, efforts should be made to control it. The short essay on global warming awareness will throw light on this aspect, thus highlighting the significance of creating awareness of the phenomenon.

Importance of Global Warming Awareness

Global warming will affect us today or tomorrow. Though its effect can only be seen in a few places now, it won’t be long before it hits other places too. So, it is not wise for us to sit calmly and think that we are not being affected. In the global warming awareness essay, we will be discussing the causes of global warming , thereby emphasising the need to address the concern.

It is said that the increase in greenhouse gases results in global warming, which, in turn, leads to severe consequences like the melting of ice as well as causing frequent droughts and floods. But people are not aware of these problems, and they believe that all these things are merely said for the sake of it. This is why we must educate them about global warming and its issues through the short essay on global warming awareness essay so that we can take one step at a time in protecting ourselves and our planet.

Ways to Raise Global Warming Awareness

Global warming is not a simple topic to make our children familiar with, but this global warming awareness essay will help you in making your task easier. Let us make them realise by connecting their feelings to that of a polar bear. We can simply ask our children how they would feel when their home is taken away and they are left to live without it. Then, we can link it to the situation of the polar bear, where its home (glaciers) is destroyed due to global warming.

Similarly, we can encourage them to show respect towards our planet through small yet impactful actions, like switching off lights when not in use, cleaning the surroundings etc. By teaching these actions, we are saving ourselves when we care for our Earth, and we can help them grow as conscientious individuals.

Let this short essay on global warming awareness essay be a guide for our children to realise the problems faced by us. You can also check out other essays on BYJU’S website that will make our children knowledgeable.

Frequently Asked Questions on Global Warming Awareness Essay

Why is it necessary to have awareness about global warming.

If people are not aware of global warming, we will not be able to stop our planet from destruction, and our lives will be impacted severely. Hence, it is necessary to create awareness about global warming.

How will the global warming awareness essay be useful for children?

The essay will be useful for children to understand more about global warming, its causes and effects. As they will be informed about it, they will be careful in their actions to not harm our planet.

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Open access
Published: 21 March 2024

Global warming and heat extremes to enhance inflationary pressures

Maximilian Kotz ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2564-5043 1 , 2 ,
Friderike Kuik 3 ,
Eliza Lis 3 &
Christiane Nickel 3

Communications Earth & Environment volume 5 , Article number: 116 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Climate-change impacts

Climate impacts on economic productivity indicate that climate change may threaten price stability. Here we apply fixed-effects regressions to over 27,000 observations of monthly consumer price indices worldwide to quantify the impacts of climate conditions on inflation. Higher temperatures increase food and headline inflation persistently over 12 months in both higher- and lower-income countries. Effects vary across seasons and regions depending on climatic norms, with further impacts from daily temperature variability and extreme precipitation. Evaluating these results under temperature increases projected for 2035 implies upwards pressures on food and headline inflation of 0.92-3.23 and 0.32-1.18 percentage-points per-year respectively on average globally (uncertainty range across emission scenarios, climate models and empirical specifications). Pressures are largest at low latitudes and show strong seasonality at high latitudes, peaking in summer. Finally, the 2022 extreme summer heat increased food inflation in Europe by 0.43-0.93 percentage-points which warming projected for 2035 would amplify by 30-50%.

Day-to-day temperature variability reduces economic growth

Maximilian Kotz, Leonie Wenz, … Anders Levermann

Adaptation mitigates the negative effect of temperature shocks on household consumption

Wangyang Lai, Shanjun Li, … Panle Jia Barwick

The effect of rainfall changes on economic production

Maximilian Kotz, Anders Levermann & Leonie Wenz

Introduction

The effects of climate change on the economy are becoming increasingly well understood. Key progress has been made using empirical methods to demonstrate impacts on labour productivity 1 , agricultural output 2 , 3 , 4 , energy demand 5 , 6 , and human health 7 , 8 from historical weather fluctuations. The resulting consequences for macroeconomic production have also been quantified empirically, with non-linear impacts of average temperature 9 , 10 , 11 , temperature variability 12 , and various aspects of precipitation 13 on aggregate economic output identified in historical data. The future changes in weather conditions expected due to greenhouse gas emissions imply considerable welfare losses when evaluated through both these micro- 3 , 14 , 15 and macroeconomic impact channels 10 , 11 , 16 , 17 .

Despite these advances, weather impacts on inflation and, in particular, the implications for inflation risks under future climate change, remain understudied. Advancing this understanding is crucial to a comprehensive assessment of climate change risk because rising or unstable prices threaten economic 18 , 19 and human welfare 20 , 21 as well as political stability 22 . The 2021/2022 cost of living crisis provides an example of such implications, with estimates by the United Nations having suggested that an additional 71 million people may have fallen into poverty due to rapidly rising prices 23 . Moreover, the potential for climate change to impact inflation dynamics is of increasingly high-relevance for the conduct of monetary policy and for central banks’ ability to deliver on their price stability mandate in the future 24 , 25 , 26 . A comprehensive assessment of climatic risks on inflation is therefore an important element in guiding the mitigation and adaptation efforts of governments, as well as informing monetary policy concerning the risks posed by climate change.

Previous work in this area has used historical weather fluctuations to identify impacts on inflation from changes in average temperatures 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , temperature variability 30 , as well as from annual precipitation 31 . However, assessments of the implications of these historical impacts under future climate change are lacking. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the historical impacts on inflation from fluctuations in a wide range of weather conditions, while flexibly accounting for the heterogeneity of their impacts across seasons and regions given different baseline climatic and socio-economic conditions. Moreover, by combining our results with projections from physical climate models we are able to assess the implications of these impacts under the weather conditions projected with future climate change.

We combine measures of national exposure to different weather conditions, based on high-resolution data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5) 32 , with a dataset of monthly price indices for different aggregates of goods and services across 121 countries of the developed and developing world over the period 1996-2021 (see Supplementary Table S1 for summary statistics) 33 . As well as providing over 27,000 observations, the availability of monthly price indices allows a detailed assessment of the temporal dynamics of the response of inflation to weather shocks and the heterogeneity of such effects across seasons. Our empirical framework quantifies the plausibly causal effects of fluctuations in historical weather conditions on national, month-on-month inflation rates (measured as the change in the logarithm of consumer price indices (CPI)) by exploiting within-country variation using fixed-effects panel regression models. Country-fixed effects account for unobserved differences between regions such as baseline climate and inflation rates, while the use of year fixed effects accounts for contemporaneous global shocks to both variables such as El Nino events or global recessions. We further include country-month fixed effects to account for country-specific seasonality – a crucial step given the strong seasonal cycle in both monthly inflation and weather data. Furthermore, our baseline specification accounts for country-specific time trends to avoid spurious correlations arising from common trends. Consequently, our framework accounts for a wide variety of un-observed confounders, and our results stem from the deviations of weather conditions from their national and seasonal patterns which cannot be accounted for by global shocks or country-specific trends. Combined with the exogenous nature of weather fluctuations, these methodological choices strengthen confidence in a causal interpretation of our results 34 .

Temperature increases cause nonlinear, persistent increases in food and headline inflation

We find a rich response of inflation in different price aggregates to fluctuations in a variety of weather conditions (see Supplementary Fig. S1 , Tables S2 and S3 ). The strongest and most consistent signal arises from fluctuations in average monthly temperatures (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Fig. S1a & f ). Impacts are strongest in the food price component (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. S1f ), indicative of a supply-side productivity shock given the considerable evidence for impacts on agricultural production from temperature 2 , 4 and other weather fluctuations (Fig. 1a ) 35 , 36 , 37 . Although larger in food prices, these impacts also translate into considerable effects on headline inflation (Fig. 1c ). We find limited evidence for impacts on other price sub-components asides from weak evidence in the electricity sector (Supplementary Figs. S1 & S2 ).

a A schematic outline of the mechanisms via which temperature shocks may impact inflation via agricultural productivity and food prices. The results of fixed-effects panel regressions from over 27,000 observations of monthly price indices and weather fluctuations worldwide over the period 1996-2021 demonstrate persistent impacts on food ( b ) and headline ( c ) prices from a one-off increase in monthly average temperature. Lines indicate the cumulative marginal effects of a one-off 1 C increase in monthly temperature on month-on-month inflation rates, evaluated at different baseline temperatures (colour) reflecting the non-linearity of the response by baseline temperatures which differ across both seasons and regions (see methods for a specific explanation of the estimation of these marginal effects from the regression models). Error bars show the 95% confidence intervals having clustered standard errors by country. Full regression results are shown in Tables S2 & S3. Icons are obtained from Flaticon ( https://www.flaticon.com/ ) using work from Febrian Hidayat, Vectors Tank and Freepik.

The response to average temperature is strongly non-linear, such that increases in hotter months and regions cause larger inflationary impacts (Fig. 1 ). Consequently, increases in average temperatures at high latitudes cause upwards inflationary pressures when occurring in the hottest month of the year, opposing downward pressures when occurring in colder months. By contrast, increases in average temperatures at lower latitudes cause upwards inflationary pressures all year round (Supplementary Fig. S3 ). These heterogeneities arise from the dependence of the impacts on baseline temperatures in the empirical model expressed through an interaction term (see methods), rather than explicit dependence on season or latitude, a distinguishing feature from previous work 28 . By using lagged weather variables, we further find that the impacts of a 1 C increase in monthly temperature on the price level persist across the entire 12 months following the initial shock (Fig. 1 ), causing a cumulative effect on food inflation of 0.17 percentage points over the following year (when occurring in country-months with a temperature of 25 C, under our central specification shown in column 1 of Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 and Fig. 1a ). That is, the initial spike in inflation is not offset by a decline in prices over the following year.

The response of inflation to other weather variables

In addition to the impacts arising from average temperature changes, we also assess impacts from daily temperature variability (the standard deviation of daily temperatures within each month, see methods). We find significant upwards pressures on food and headline inflation from increased variability (Supplementary Tables S2 & S3 , Fig. S1b & g ), which depend on the magnitude of the seasonal temperature cycle, with larger impacts at lower latitudes where the seasonal cycle is less pronounced (Supplementary Fig. S3c ). This reflects the same patterns of vulnerability as that identified to the impacts of daily variability on economic growth 12 . Impacts from variability persist over twelve months, although with increasingly large errors (Supplementary Fig. S1b & g ).

With regards to precipitation, we assess exposure to monthly extremes using the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI, see methods for further details). Excess wet conditions cause upwards impacts on food and headline prices which persist over twelve months, independent of baseline climate conditions (Supplementary Table S2 & S3 , Fig. S1c & h ). Excess dry conditions have some significant upwards impacts when coinciding with hot months or regions, but these are generally less persistent or significant (Supplementary Fig. S1i ). These results are qualitatively consistent under different SPEI timescales and thresholds (see Supplementary Fig. S4 ). We further consider the impacts of daily precipitation extremes (defined as population exposure to the grid-cell level relative exceedance of the 99 th percentile, see methods Eq. 1 for further details) to assess potential heavy-precipitation impacts arising over shorter timescales such as flooding 13 . Statistically significant upwards pressures on headline inflation can be identified in hot months in the first month following the shock, but these impacts appear not to persist with insignificant cumulative impacts at further time-horizons (Supplementary Tables S2 & S3 , Fig. S1e & j ).

Robustness of the impact of temperature on inflation

In general, we find the strongest and most significant historical weather impacts on inflation from changes in average temperature. These effects are robust to a number of tests and alternative specifications, an overview of which is shown in Supplementary Tables S4 and S5 (the results of the robustness tests for all weather variables can be found in Supplementary Figs. S5 – 9 ). Such tests include using a dynamic panel specification to account for auto-correlations in inflation, for example, associated with inflation developments through the business cycle, using Driscoll-Kraay errors to account for cross-sectionally correlated errors, and including explicit controls for changes in monetary policy frameworks (Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 Columns 2-4, Figs. S5 & S6a–j ) 38 . Moreover, we conduct tests in which we split our estimates based on national income (estimated from World Bank GDP and population data), as well as when normalising inflation data by its historical volatility. Doing so we find the effects of temperature increases to be consistent across both higher- and lower-income countries and when accounting for different historical inflation volatility (Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 Columns 5 & 6, Figs. S7 & S8 ).

The fact that fluctuations of average temperature cause equivalent impacts on inflation in high- and low-income countries suggests that historical adaptation to temperature increases via socioeconomic development has been limited. To further test whether adaptation can be seen in the historical period we alternatively define temperature shocks with respect to a moving average over the past 30 years rather than a static 1990–2021 average. This choice would reflect the fact that agents may adjust their expectations as long-term climatic conditions change. Empirical results using these temperature shocks provide very similar response functions (Fig. S6k–t ). Moreover, Information Criteria do not provide strong evidence for using shocks defined in either way. Empirical models of impacts on headline inflation produce Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) values of −146636 and −163551.5 when using shocks defined with a moving baseline, compared to −146638.8 and −163554.3 when defined with a fixed baseline. For impacts on food inflation the BIC and AIC show values of −105528.5 and −122443.7 for moving baseline shocks and −105526.7 and −122442 for shocks with a constant baseline. We interpret this as a lack of evidence for significant adjustment in the historical period.

In further tests we use an alternative price index dataset from the World Bank 39 , finding a qualitatively and quantitatively consistent response of food inflation (Supplementary Fig. S9 ). Estimates for headline inflation differ notably when using World Bank data, most likely due to the inclusion of imputed rents in the World Bank data which may bias estimates away from the effects on widely consumed goods (see Methods for further discussion).

Following the principle of parsimony, and since the magnitude of its impacts lie in the middle range of the other specifications, we use the simple specification of column 1 in Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 as our baseline for the rest of the paper. We nevertheless continue to discuss the robustness of our results to this choice and present a range of uncertainty arising from this choice of baseline empirical specification (see methods).

Future warming to amplify pressures on inflation

The empirical evidence for the historical impacts of weather shocks on inflation suggests that the ongoing warming and intensification of weather extremes and variability due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions 40 may have consequences for future inflation. To assess these consequences, we evaluate the empirical responses identified above for temperatures under projected future climate conditions. Future projections are taken from an ensemble of 21 bias-adjusted climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP-6) under different emission forcing scenarios from the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) 41 (see methods for further details and comparison to the forcing scenarios considered by the Network for Greening the Financial System 42 ). We focus on the role of average temperature due to the persistence of its impacts across income groups and price aggregates, as well as due to the stronger response of average temperatures to greenhouse gas forcing compared to other weather variables.

We consider the impacts we estimate using future climate projections as the effects of future weather conditions on inflation, which would occur (i) in the absence of historically un-precedented adaptation via socioeconomic development or adjustment to warmer climatic conditions, (ii) without a targeted monetary policy response, and (iii) abstracting from any possible interactions with macroeconomic developments. (i) Though we do not introduce explicit models of future adaptation, which could mitigate impacts from future climate change we note that several robustness tests account for historical adaptations, which may have evolved via socio-economic development or prolonged exposure to different climate conditions, or through adjustment to warmer climatic conditions (see above). The results suggest that historical adaptation to temperature increases through socio-economic development and adjustment to warmer climatic conditions has been limited. (ii) A monetary policy reaction aimed at limiting persistent impacts on inflation from long-term changes in average weather conditions is plausible. However, central banks usually pursue a medium-term orientation with respect to their price stability objective, which allows them to be patient when confronted with temporary shocks, such as the weather shocks that we identify historically (Fig. 1 ). (iii) We do not aim to forecast inflation or provide scenarios for it, which would require a range of assumptions on socioeconomic and macroeconomic developments as well as a suite of structural models (as for example, used in the context of the scenarios of the Network for Greening the Financial System 42 ). Rather, we provide an assessment of the potential future exogenous pressure on inflation from future climate conditions, based on the causal relationships inferred with the empirical models, and assuming other socioeconomic factors such as demographic developments and changes in the consumption basket remain constant (principle of ceteris paribus). As such, these results should provide helpful guidance on the likely magnitude and range of exogenous pressures to which society will be exposed and to which monetary policy may have to respond (see also the discussion section).

We find that the temperature conditions projected for 2035 under future warming imply upwards inflationary pressures across all of the world (Fig. 2a, b ). In the global average, these effects constitute persistent upwards pressures on food inflation of 1.49±0.45 or 1.79±0.54 percentage-points per year (p.p.p.y.) respectively in a best- (SSP126) or worst-case (SSP585) emission scenario (uncertainty indicating the standard deviation across climate model projections). Pressures on headline inflation are approximately half as large, 0.76±0.23 or 0.91±0.28 p.p.p.y. under a best- or worst-case emission scenario (Fig. 2a, c ). These results are qualitatively robust across empirical specifications, although impacts vary quantitatively dependent on this choice (shown in Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 row 5 and Figs. S10 – 12 ). Combining the uncertainty arising from empirical specification, emission scenario and range of climate model projections (see methods) results in a range of potential pressures on food inflation of 0.92-3.23 p.p.p.y. by 2035, and of 0.32-1.18 p.p.p.y. for headline inflation, on average across the world. These results therefore provide robust evidence that projected global warming would cause persistent upward exogenous pressures on inflation of considerable magnitudes already during the next few decades, independent of future emission trajectories and assuming ceteris paribus.

Maps of the pressure on annual national inflation in the food ( a ) and headline ( b ) price aggregates from the average weather conditions expected by 2035 under a high-emission scenario (SSP585) as estimated from the projections of CMIP-6 climate models. The annual pressure on inflation aggregated across world regions (population weighted), at different time periods under both a low (SSP126) and high (SSP585) emission scenario for food ( c ) and headline ( d ) price aggregates. Point estimates show the average, and error bars the standard deviation, of impacts as projected across the ensemble of 21 CMIP-6 climate models. Impacts are estimated accounting only for increasing average temperatures using the baseline empirical specification shown in column 1 of Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 . Estimates reflect the exogenous pressure on inflation arising from future weather conditions in the absence of historically un-precedented adaptation, policy response, and abstracting from any possible interactions with macroeconomic developments (see text for discussion). Data on national administrative boundaries are obtained from the GADM database version 3.6 ( https://gadm.org/ ).

Exogenous pressures on inflation from projected future temperature conditions are generally larger in the global south, with the largest pressures found across Africa and South America robustly across specifications (Fig. 2 & Supplementary Figs. S10 – 12 ). This occurs despite projected warming being greater at higher latitudes (Supplementary Fig. S13 ). This indicates that the heterogenous vulnerabilities to temperature increases due to different baseline temperature levels (as encoded in our empirical model shown in Eq. 3 ) outweigh heterogeneity in projected warming. Nevertheless, the magnitudes of pressures on inflation are also already considerable by 2035 across advanced economies, in the range of 1-2% on food inflation in North America and Europe under our baseline specification.

Beyond 2035 the magnitude of estimated pressures on inflation diverges strongly across emission scenarios (Fig. 2c, d ), suggesting that decisive mitigation of greenhouse gases could substantially reduce them. By 2060, there is a strong and robust difference in the average global pressures on food inflation between the highest and lowest emission scenarios: 2.1 p.p.p.y. in our central estimate with a range of 1.6-3.8 across empirical specifications and climate models (Row 6 of Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 ). Under a best-case emission scenario, exogenous pressures on inflation are only marginally larger in 2060 than in 2035, but a worst-case emission scenario would cause pressures on food inflation exceeding 4 p.p.p.y. across large parts of the world (Fig. 2c , Supplementary Figs. S10 – 12c ).

Although the empirical evidence indicates that adaptation to temperature shocks has been limited historically, we explore the potential of adaptation via adjustment to changing temperatures to reduce these future impacts. We do so by using empirical models in which temperature shocks are defined relative to a 30-year moving average rather than a constant baseline (Fig. S6k–t ), and by evaluating potential impacts using future temperatures defined in this way. This method indicates that adaptation via adjustment could substantially reduce future impacts (Supplementary Fig. S14 ). In particular, in a low emission-scenario most impacts could be removed by adjustment once global temperatures stabilise (Supplementary Fig. S14c, d ). However, in scenarios of un-mitigated warming, persistent impacts of considerable size remain despite introducing adjustment of this type which has not been observed historically (Supplementary Fig. S14 ).

The seasonality of pressures on inflation from future warming

The use of monthly CPI data allows us to further assess how the estimated pressures on inflation from future temperature conditions under projected climate change are distributed across the year. Concerning food inflation, these impacts are fairly constant across seasons at low latitudes but vary considerably across seasons in Northern mid-latitudes (20-40 N) where they can be more than twice as large in summer compared to winter (Fig. 3a ). At the highest latitudes (>40 N) upwards pressure in summer contrasts downwards pressure in winter. This seasonal and spatial heterogeneity is robust across empirical specifications (Supplementary Figs. S15 – S17 ), although accounting for different historical baseline inflation volatilities (column 6 of Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 ) introduces additional noise (Supplementary Fig. S17 ). Moreover, similar patterns are observed for headline inflation (Supplementary Figs. S18 – S21 ).

a The pressures on monthly food inflation averaged across latitudinal bands estimated from the temperature conditions expected by 2035 under a high-emission scenario, as projected on average across the ensemble of CMIP-6 climate models. Impacts are estimated accounting only for increasing average temperatures. b The percentage change in the seasonal variability of food inflation under the pressures from future temperature conditions, estimated as the change in the standard deviation of the seasonal inflation cycle. c – f Country-specific examples of the pressures on the seasonal cycle of food inflation for the United States, Germany, Colombia and Kenya. Black curves show the historical average month-on-month percentage change in the food consumer price index (CPI) with blue error bars indicating the standard deviation across the years of the historical period (1996–2021). Red curves show this historical average plus the pressures estimated from the future weather conditions under projected warming, with the error bars indicating the standard deviation of projections across climate models. Estimates reflect the exogenous pressure on inflation arising from future weather conditions in the absence of historically un-precedented adaptation or policy response (see text for discussion). Data on national administrative boundaries are obtained from the GADM database version 3.6 ( https://gadm.org/ ).

These heterogeneities arise from the dependence of the impacts on baseline temperatures as outlined in the empirical model (Eq. 3 ), rather than an explicit dependence on season or latitude. Large seasonal cycles of temperature at higher latitudes lead to stronger upward pressures in summer contrasting weak or downward pressures in winter, whereas less variable baseline temperatures throughout the year at low-latitudes result in fairly constant impacts across seasons. Projected temperature increases are typically stronger in winter than in summer in Northern mid-to-high latitudes (with the exception of Europe, Supplementary Fig. S13 ) indicating that most of the seasonality observed at high latitudes in Fig. 3 results from the distribution of baseline temperatures across seasons rather than differential warming between seasons (except in Europe, where more rapid warming in summer also contributes to these patterns).

These seasonally heterogenous pressures would cause alterations to the usual seasonal cycle of food inflation, resulting in an amplification of seasonal variability across most of the global south and the USA, and reductions in seasonal variability across most of Europe (excluding Spain) and the higher northern latitudes (Fig. 3b & Supplementary Fig. S15 – 21b ). A reduction in seasonal variability arises when the strongest upwards pressures occur in months with historically lower inflation rates, as compared to other months (as shown in the case of Germany in Fig. 3d ).

Amplified impacts from unpredictable heat extremes

In addition to shifting average conditions, climate change is also altering the intensity and frequency of unpredictable hot extremes which may pose additional short-term risks to inflation. The summer heat extreme in Europe in 2022 is a prominent example in which combined heat and drought had wide-spread impacts on agricultural and economic activity. These effects likely added to inflationary pressures in Europe, but the magnitude of their contribution has so far been difficult to assess, particularly in the context of other pressures from the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic. Combining our empirical results with estimates of monthly temperatures in June, July and August of 2022 (from the ERA5 reanalysis of historical observations), we estimate that the anomalous heat over these three months alone caused a cumulative annual impact of 0.67 percentage-points (0.43–0.93 across empirical specifications) on food inflation and 0.34 percentage-points (0.18–0.41) on headline inflation in Europe, with larger impacts across Southern Europe (Fig. 4a , see Supplementary Figs. S22 – S24 for results using other empirical specifications).

The cumulative annual impacts on food ( a ) and headline ( b ) inflation from the observed temperatures of June, July and August of 2022 across Europe. ( c , d ) Regionally aggregated (using a population weighting) impacts from the historical 2022 summer temperatures, as well as those impacts which would result from an equivalent summer if amplified by future warming as projected by CMIP-6 climate models (see methods) under future emission scenarios specified by the SSPs. Point estimates and error bars show the mean and standard deviation of impacts across climate models. Data on national administrative boundaries are obtained from the GADM database version 3.6 ( https://gadm.org/ ).

Future climate change will amplify the magnitude of such heat extremes, thereby also amplifying their potential impact on inflation. To assess such effects, we make use of the fact that climate change will alter the distribution of future summer temperatures predominantly by shifting their mean 43 , 44 . We therefore add the future summer warming projected to occur from 2022 onwards in the CMIP-6 projections to the historical temperatures realised in 2022, and re-evaluate their impact using our empirical response functions (see methods for further details). This approach suggests that if amplified by future warming, an equivalent extreme summer (i.e., in the upper tail of the shifted temperature distribution) would – ceteris paribus - cause impacts on food inflation in Europe of 1.0 percentage-points (0.6–1.6, uncertainty range across climate models and empirical specifications) in 2035 under a high-emission scenario, or of 0.9 percentage-points (0.5–1.4) under a low-emission scenario (Fig. 4c ). These constitute an amplification of the impacts of extreme heat on inflation in Europe by 30–50% due to climate change already by 2035. By 2060, the amplification of such extreme impacts would diverge under different emission scenarios, remaining at 1.1 percentage-points (0.6–1.8) under the most optimistic scenario compared to 1.8 percentage-points (1.0–3.2) under the most pessimistic scenario of emission mitigation, an amplification of nearly 200%. These results highlight the short-term risks to inflation posed by unpredictable heat extremes which are already occurring under present climatic conditions, and which will be amplified by future warming.

This work has identified a number of weather variables with significant historical impacts on headline and food inflation globally (Supplementary Fig. S1 ), but limitations persist in providing a comprehensive relationship between weather conditions and inflation. For example, the fact that we do not find such significant or consistent impacts of precipitation changes on food prices may be surprising given the clear sensitivity of agricultural productivity to precipitation 36 . However, precipitation changes exhibit a higher spatial variability than temperature 34 and the use of national-level data may therefore be a limiting factor in our ability to accurately detect such effects should they exist. The development of consistent datasets of consumer prices at higher spatial resolutions, such as for sub-national regions may reduce these issues to the extent that local prices reflect local production. To the extent that local prices reflect imported production, assessments of spill-overs via trade 45 or pressures arising through global commodity prices may provide further interesting insights.

Second, our empirical results refer predominantly to food and headline inflation, whereas we find a limited response of other price aggregates to weather changes. However, the strong response of electricity demand to temperature 5 , 6 suggests that impacts on electricity prices are plausible. Indeed, we find that electricity prices show some consistent and persistent response to temperature increases (Supplementary Fig. S1k ), but with much larger uncertainty which precludes statements of significance at conventional levels. Lesser data availability for this more detailed price aggregate as well as complex and heterogeneous electricity price-setting practices may contribute to these large errors. However, as electricity supply is increasingly met with renewable sources, the price sensitivity to weather may change. A detailed analysis of electricity and other price aggregates may be a fruitful avenue of future work.

Compared to previous literature, our empirical results are similar to those of Mukherjee 29 in identifying persistent impacts of temperature increases in both developed and developing countries. Moreover, they are similar to those of Faccia et al. 28 in identifying that temperature increases in hot seasons cause the largest and most significant upwards pressures on food inflation. Our approach is qualitatively different to Faccia et al. 28 in that it models the heterogeneity across seasons and regions using interactions of the temperature shocks with baseline temperatures rather than assessing shocks in specifically defined seasons. Faccia et al. find contemporaneous impacts of 0.38%-points on food inflation from a 1.5 C quarterly summer temperature increase. Evaluating the regression coefficients pertaining to average temperatures in our central model (shown in Column 1 of Supplementary Table S2 ) at the baseline temperature observed in our dataset on the three hottest months of the year on average across countries (23.5 C), and given a 1.5 C temperature increase, indicates an impact of 0.17%-points. Given that our data are monthly, we must further consider a temperature shock, which persists across all three months of a quarter to compare to Faccia et al., implying an impact of 0.49%-points which is closely consistent. The slightly larger estimates we obtain may result from the use of more granular climate data (monthly vs quarterly) which likely limits attenuation of the impact signal.

The implications of our empirical results under future temperature conditions are considerable regarding societal welfare in general and price stability in particular: our results suggest that climate change is likely to alter inflation seasonality, increase inflation volatility, inflation heterogeneity and place persistent pressures on inflation levels.

In our empirical results we find upward pressures on food and headline inflation from higher-than-normal temperatures, especially when occurring in hot months and countries. This implies short-term rises in inflation from exceptionally hot periods such as that experienced in Europe in the summer of 2022 (Fig. 4a, b ). With the intensity of hot extremes and their impacts on inflation being amplified with continuing climatic change (Fig. 4c, d ), while being unpredictable in the medium- to longer-term, this relationship is set to increase inflation volatility. This in turn may pose challenges to inflation forecasting and monetary policy, likely increasing the difficulty of identifying temporary supply shocks and disentangling them from more persistent drivers.

We find that the inflationary impact of temperature shocks depends on the baseline climatic conditions. At the same time, future climate change implies different warming levels depending on the season and latitude. Taken together, this implies that temperature shocks under future climate change would both amplify inflation heterogeneity (Fig. 2 ) and alter the seasonality of inflation within individual countries (Fig. 3b ). Inflation heterogeneity poses challenges in monetary union areas such as the euro area, where larger inflationary pressures from climate change in southern Europe (Fig. 2 & 4 ) may increase inflation differentials, making the calibration of a single monetary policy more difficult 46 . Moreover, heterogeneous effects on inflation within an economic union such as the EU could exacerbate pre-existing welfare discrepancies, which can fuel anti-EU sentiment 47 . In addition, an altered inflation seasonality could pose additional challenges to inflation forecasting, which may however be (partially) mitigated through the development of weather-dependent forecasts for production 48 and inflation 49 .

Finally, evaluating our empirical results under future temperature conditions suggests that – ceteris paribus - persistent upward pressures on annual food inflation of 1-3 percentage-points per-year could result from temperatures projected for 2035 (Fig. 2c ). In addition, we test for adaptation via socio-economic development (Supplementary Fig. S8 , Table S4 & S5 column 5), prolonged exposure to higher temperatures (Fig. 1 and all other empirical specifications), and adjustment to gradual warming (Supplementary Fig. S6k–t ), with results suggesting that these forms of historical adaptation have been very limited (see earlier discussion). It should however be noted that our estimates assume constancy in other factors which may be important for future developments of inflation such as general macroeconomic developments and structural changes in the economy. Our estimates should therefore be understood as the likely exogenous pressure on inflation from future climate conditions based on the causal relationships inferred from the empirical models, in the absence of unprecedented adaptation. More persistent upward inflationary pressures from increasing temperatures under a changing climate would have important implications for monetary policy, as it would render the identification of drivers of inflation more difficult when relying on traditionally used models, and also risk the de-anchoring of inflation expectations. As a result, central banks may need to make monetary policy decisions also in response to weather and climate shocks, as in such a situation weather and climate shocks can no longer be considered temporary. Moreover, persistent upward pressures on inflation may have adverse effects on purchasing power, often with regressive distributional effects and potential impacts on social cohesion 50 , as well as inefficiency costs due to nominal rigidities and adverse interactions with taxation 50 . Overall, these results strongly highlight the importance for central banks and macroeconomic modelling in general to consider future climate change in their macroeconomic assessment and forecasting tools.

Future adaptation to climate change through unprecedented technological changes – which we do not explicitly model - offers an opportunity to limit pressures on inflation in a changing climate. For example, planned adoption of space cooling could limit heat stress impacts on labour productivity and crop switching could limit agricultural productivity losses, two major channels of impacts with potential relevance to inflation. Exploring the possibility for historically un-precedented adaptation to reduce impacts via adjustment to changes in long-term climate conditions indicates that it could do so substantially (Supplementary Fig. S14 ). However, without considerable mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions pressures on inflation would remain persistent and sizeable, even when accounting for such adaptation which goes beyond what has been observed historically. The efficacy and opportunity costs of the necessary investments in these adaptations also remain largely unknown and therefore present an important avenue for further research on the scope to limit the risks to inflation from a warming climate and intensifying heat extremes.

Inflation data

Data on national-level inflation of different price aggregates are obtained from a dataset developed by reference 33 (see the Supplementary Methods for further information). The data used here constitute monthly, non-seasonally adjusted prices at different levels of aggregation. Data are available for 121 countries with varying temporal coverage from 1996-2021. The countries included cover most of the developed world (minus Australia and New Zealand where monthly data are not available), as well as large parts of the developing world. Coverage across South America and Africa is good, but large gaps exist in South East Asia where detailed information on price aggregates at monthly timescales are not available. Month-on-month inflation rates are used as the main dependent variable, estimated as the first difference in the logarithm of consumer price indices (CPI).

In a robustness test conducted in Fig. S9 , we alternatively use monthly inflation data from the World Bank cross-country database on inflation 39 . Differences in the aggregation procedures exist and are documented extensively in reference 33 . Two important differences are the inclusion of imputed rents in some headline inflation indices in the World Bank data and differences in the aggregation of food (see Supplementary Methods for further details). We use the data compiled by reference 33 as our main specification because the inclusion of imputed rents may bias estimates away from the impacts on widely consumed goods. In those countries where imputed rents are incorporated, they typically have a large weight, but there are many indices that do not incorporate them, notably including all European countries using the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices. We find that the impacts on food inflation from mean temperature are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent when using World Bank data, Fig. S9 . The response of headline inflation differs considerably, likely due to the inconsistent inclusion of imputed rents in headline inflation in the World Bank data.

Climate data

The primary source of climate data for this study is the ERA-5 reanalysis of historical observations 32 . ERA-5 combines satellite and in-situ observations with state-of-the-art assimilation and modelling techniques to provide estimates of climate variables with global coverage and at 6-hourly resolution. Daily 2 m air temperature and surface precipitation rates for the years 1990-2021 are used as well as monthly average temperature for the months of June, July and August in 2022 for use in Fig. 4 . All data from ERA-5 is obtained on a regular 0.25-by-0.25-degree grid for the years 1990-2021. For the estimates of SPEI, we follow the literature 51 in using monthly mean temperature and monthly precipitation totals from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) TS v4.05 for the years 1901-2021. This data is obtained at the same resolution and on the same grid as ERA-5.

Weather variables

Monthly, m, averages, ${\bar{T}}_{x,m}$ , and standard deviations, ${\widetilde{T}}_{x,m}$ , of daily ERA-5 temperatures are calculated at the grid cell, $x$ , level. Moreover, the relative exceedance of certain high precipitation thresholds, ${T}_{x}$ , are calculated according to

where ${P}_{x,d}$ are daily precipitation totals, $H$ the Heavide step function and ${D}_{m}$ the number of days in a given month. Following reference 13 , we use the 99th percentile of the distribution of historical daily rainfall to set thresholds locally (1990-2021).

Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Indices (SPEI) are calculated following the methods of reference 51 , applying their publicly available code to monthly temperature and precipitation data from CRU TS v4.05. The SPEI calculation is based on a physical model of moisture balance and considers contributions to dry or wet conditions from both temperature and precipitation. It is a widely used tool to flexibly compare dry and wet conditions across countries. Moreover, its flexible estimation over different timescales allows exploration of different impact-relevant timescales. We estimate SPEI at one, two-, three-, six- and twelve-month timescales to flexibly assess the impacts of shocks across these timescales.

Spatial aggregation

We use gridded population estimates from the History database of the Global Environment (HYDE) 52 to estimate national-level exposure to changes in these climate variables. The data are provided at 0.25-by-0.25-degree resolution by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP). Monthly average temperature, temperature variability and the measure of daily precipitation extremes are aggregated to the national level using a population weighted average. In this weighting we also account for the proportion of grid-cells falling within a given administrative unit, estimated by evenly distributing 100 points within each grid-cell and estimating the proportion which fall within the given administrative unit. Given these weightings, ${w}_{x,n},$ for all ${{{{{{\boldsymbol{N}}}}}}}_{{{{{{\boldsymbol{x}}}}}}}$ grid-cells falling at least partially within the administrative boundary of a country, $c$ , this weighted average reads:

for monthly average temperature for example. The equivalent procedure applies for temperature variability and the measure of daily precipitation extremes.

For SPEI, we first estimate binary variables indicating whether a grid cell is experiencing conditions which exceed a certain level of dry or wet (indicated as SPEI < and SPEI >, respectively in Eq. 3 ). We choose thresholds of one, one-point-five, two and two-point-five deviations to flexibly assess the exceedance of different thresholds. We then apply the same spatial aggregation procedure as outlined in Eq. 2 to estimate the proportion of population exposed to these excessively wet or dry conditions. By calculating the grid-cell level exceedance of certain SPEI thresholds and aggregating the proportion of national population exposed to these excess wet or dry conditions, we aim to limit the issue of spatially averaging over opposing effects. This is particularly relevant for precipitation given its larger spatial variability 34 .

The magnitude of the temperature seasonal cycle, ${\hat{T}}_{c}$ is estimated as the difference between the maximum and minimum national monthly temperatures within a given year, which is then averaged over the historical period (1990-2021) before use in the regression models. Deviations of average temperature, $d{\bar{{{{T}}}}}_{{{{c}}}{{{,}}}{{{m}}}}$ , and temperature variability, d ${\widetilde{T}}_{c,m}$ , from their historical average (1990-2021) over the same calendar month are also calculated for use as dependent variables. This choice is intended to reflect the impact of deviations of monthly climate conditions from their historical seasonal patterns, following the intuition that the economy is well adapted to historical weather patterns from which deviations are a source of potential impacts. We note that the use of country-month fixed effects in the empirical model (see next section), results in an equivalent differencing process for the other independent variables.

Empirical framework for estimation of causal effects

The combination of price and climate data results in 27,340 country-month observations across 121 countries. We then apply fixed-effects panel regression models to identify the causal effects of changes in weather variables on national level inflation. Month-on-month national level inflation rates, ${dlCP}{I}_{c,m}$ are the dependent variable. Deviations of average temperature are included with an interaction with the average temperature level, whereas deviations of temperature variability are included with an interaction with the magnitude of the seasonal temperature cycle, following the heterogeneities identified in previous studies on the impacts of climate conditions on growth 12 . The interaction with the average temperature level introduces a heterogeneity in the response to temperature shocks across both geographical locations and seasons, based on the prevailing temperature of those regions and seasons. This choice follows previous literature which finds larger impacts on inflation in hotter seasons 28 , and larger impacts on different economic factors in hotter regions 1 , 2 , 10 , 11 . Daily precipitation extremes are included with an interaction with the monthly average temperature level (having also tested alternative interactions with the monthly share of annual precipitation). Both positive (excess wet) and negative (excess dry) SPEI threshold exceedance are used. For the former we find no significant effect of interactions with the monthly average temperature level or the monthly share of annual precipitation and as a result include no interactions in our main specification. For the latter we find a significant effect of an interaction with monthly average temperature level and therefore include this in our main specification. We include all weather variables simultaneously to ensure that any effects we identify occur independently of one another and are therefore additive 12 , 34 . Each weather variable is included with 11 lags in addition to the contemporaneous term, to assess the delayed effects of monthly weather shocks over the course of the following year and in particular whether they are recovered or persist over this time frame.

Our baseline specification includes country, ${\mu }_{c}$ , date, ${\eta }_{t},$ and country-month, ${\pi }_{c,m},$ fixed effects, in addition to country specific linear time-trends, ${\gamma }_{c}y$ . Country fixed effects account for unobserved differences between regions such as baseline climate and inflation rates, while the use of date fixed effects accounts for contemporaneous global shocks to both variables such as El Nino events or global recessions. The inclusion of country-month fixed effects accounts for country specific seasonality – a crucial step given the strong seasonal cycle in both monthly inflation and weather data. This constitutes an additionally conservative step by ignoring inflation impacts which could repeatedly occur seasonally due to seasonal weather patterns. This ensures that our results only estimate the impacts of deviations from normal seasonal conditions. Finally, our baseline specification accounts for country specific time trends to avoid spurious correlations arising from common trends. This is important given the presence of strong warming trends in the historical period which could cause spurious correlations to inflation changes. Interestingly, we find that accounting for these linear trends enhances the magnitude of estimated effects, suggesting that it indeed assists in removing estimation biases. Estimates without linear time trends are nevertheless qualitatively and quantitatively similar. The regression model of the baseline specification then reads:

where $t$ is the date in terms of a given year and month and ${\varepsilon }_{c,t}$ is the country-date residual error. Note that here $t$ refers to the date i.e., the month of a specific year, whereas m refers to all general occurrences of a particular month, and y refers to the particular year. In our baseline specification, errors are clustered by country. Coefficients $\alpha$ and $\beta$ describe the common impact across countries and months of a 1-unit increase in each independent variable on month-on-month inflation rates and are shown in Tables S2 and S3 .

In alternative robustness tests we estimate a dynamic model in which we also include 11 lags of the inflation rates, ${dlCP}{I}_{c,t}$ to account for serial correlations due to for example business cycles (Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 Column 2, Fig. S5 ), account for cross-sectionally correlated and heteroskedastic errors using Driscoll Kraay errors 38 (Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 Column 3, Fig. S5 ), and test an inflation database provided by the World Bank (Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 Column 7 Fig. S9 ). Moreover, in an additional robustness test we include controls for transitions in monetary policy using data from the Comprehensive Monetary Policy Framework project 53 . We use the data in its most granular form (32 classifications of monetary policy frameworks) introducing dummy variables in the regression for each potential framework. Our results are qualitatively and quantitatively robust to these additional controls (Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 Column 4, Fig. S6a–j ). Furthermore, we also estimate models in which we include additional interactions of each climate variable with a binary term indicating whether a given country has above or below median national income per capita (based on world bank estimates of GDP and population, see Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 Column 5, Fig. S8 ), and also when normalising monthly inflation rates by their interannual standard deviation to account for differing baseline inflation volatilities (see Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 Column 6, Fig. S7 ). These robustness tests of our main results are summarised in Supplementary Tables S3 and S4 of the supplementary information.

We do not include further controls for variables which affect inflation such as employment and economic output for a number of reasons. First, important aspects of their effects which are linked to business cycles are already accounted for by the use of a dynamic panel with lagged inflation as independent variables, as used in similar contexts with global panels 28 . Second, such data is not available at the monthly resolution used here for most countries in our panel. Third, including such control variables could only alter our results if they were correlated with the weather variables. Given the strong a-priori assumption of exogeneity between weather and these variables, the presence of such correlations would indicate that these control variables are themselves impacted by the weather variables. Therefore, any alteration to our results when including these variables would not alter our main interpretation but rather indicate that these variables (employment/output) are a mediating variable through which weather impacts inflation. While such mechanistic insights may be interesting, due to data availability they are beyond the scope of our manuscript which primarily aims to understand the overall impacts of climate variables on inflation.

Cumulative marginal effects

In Fig. 1 and a number of supplementary figures we display the results of the empirical models by plotting the cumulative marginal effects of each climate variable. These cumulative marginal effects reflect the theoretical cumulative impact on prices from a 1-unit climate shock. These effects are estimated by summing the lagged coefficients (shown in Eq. ( 3 )) which are relevant to a particular climate variable. Moreover, because of the use of interaction terms, the coefficient pertaining to the interaction term must be multiplied by a chosen value of the moderating variable of the interaction. For example, in Fig. 1 the cumulative marginal effects, ${ME}$ , of average temperature are plotted, having been calculated as follows:

Calculating the cumulative marginal effects therefore requires an evaluation of the coefficients at a particular baseline temperature, and their summation over the different lags. In Fig. 1 , these marginal effects are plotted when evaluating the above summation over different numbers of lags, from 0 to 11 months after the initial shock. We show results having evaluated Eq. ( 4 ) at the temperatures observed at the lower and upper quartiles and median of the distribution of country-month temperatures present in our data. We conduct equivalent procedures for estimating and plotting the cumulative marginal effects for the other climate variables in the Supplementary Figs. S1 , S2 & S4 – S9 .

Climate model data

Daily 2-m temperature and precipitation totals are taken from 21 climate models participating in CMIP-6 under the most pessimistic (SSP-RCP8.5, referred to as SSP585 in the main text) and most optimistic (SSP-RCP2.6, referred to as SSP126) greenhouse gas emission scenario from 2015-2100. SSP126 provides approximately equivalent emission forcing as the orderly and dis-orderly transition scenarios provided by the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS), with an average end-of-century global temperature change of 1.7 C. SSP585 provides stronger emission forcing (4.9 C end-of-century global temperature change) than the hot-house world scenario from NGFS (3.2 C end-of-century temperature change). While considered by some as un-realistic 54 , RCP8.5 tracks recent emissions well and is arguably likely to provide a good estimation of emission forcing up until mid-century based on current (2020) policies 55 . The data have been bias-adjusted and statistically downscaled to a common half-degree grid to reflect the historical distribution of daily temperature and precipitation of the W5E5 dataset (WATCH Forcing Data Methodology applied to the ERA5 data) using the trend-preserving method developed by ISIMIP 56 , 57 .

Estimating impacts from projected future warming

We evaluate the hypothetical impact on inflation which future weather conditions under projected climate change would cause given our empirical models. We note the important distinction that these are not projections of future inflation, but simply an evaluation of this particular mechanism via which climate conditions effect inflation under future conditions. Important factors including demographic developments, changes in the consumption basket, and fiscal and monetary policies are purposefully held fixed (although we note that our empirical results are strongly robust to changes in the regime of monetary policy, Supplementary Fig. S6a–j ; also see the discussion included in the main part of the manuscript).

To do so, we evaluate the first terms pertaining to monthly average temperatures of Eq. 3 under future temperature conditions. That is, we calculate future monthly average national temperatures from the CMIP-6 models (using a population weighting equivalent to that used with the historical data), ${\bar{T}}_{c,y > 2020,m}$ , as well as their deviations from the 1990-2021 average, $\Delta {\bar{T}}_{c,y > 2020,m}$ , and then apply these to the first terms of Eq. 3 to calculate the impacts on inflation:

Note that in practice, $m-L$ , may need to refer to a month in the preceding year. These impacts are then averaged over 30-year periods centered on the future period in question (usually 2035 or 2060). These impacts at the country-month level are then either summed over the year to provide estimates of annual impacts on inflation as in Fig. 2 or presented at the monthly level as in Fig. 3 . This procedure is conducted separately for each of the 21 climate models in the CMIP-6 ensemble, from which the mean and standard deviation are presented as central estimates and errors.

In Fig. 4 we assess the impacts of the 2022 extreme summer heat in Europe using ERA-5 estimates of monthly temperatures in June, July and August. In this case, the total impacts on inflation from those three summer months are estimated using the temperature levels in those months, ${\bar{T}}_{c,m}$ , their deviation from the historical (1990-2021) average, $\Delta {\bar{T}}_{c,m}$ , and the relevant terms from Eq. 3 pertaining to average temperature impacts:

As such, these impacts reflect the estimated effects on net inflation from June 2022 to August 2023 from the three months of temperature in June, July and August of 2022.

We further assess how the impacts from such extremes could be amplified under future warming. To do so, we evaluate the future warming occurring between 2022 and 2035 or 2060 in each summer month in each country (using the difference between 30-year averages of temperature centered on 2022 and 2035 or 2060 in each climate model and emission scenario). This additional month-specific warming is then added to the historically observed 2022 summer temperatures, and the impacts on inflation evaluated as before using Eq. 6 . This approach assumes that future warming will shift the mean of the distribution of possible summer temperatures and does not account for the potential role of changing temperature variability in altering the intensity of future temperature extremes. However, evidence for a role of temperature variability in enhancing extremes at monthly time-scales is limited 43 , 44 .

When presenting estimated inflationary impacts under projected future climate, we also present country-level impacts aggregated to larger spatial regions. In Figs. 2 and 4 we do so using a population weighted average (using World Bank estimates of national level population in 2017) to reflect the human exposure to future inflationary pressures. In Fig. 3a and S3d we take binned averages across latitudinal zones to convey the relationship between latitude and the seasonality of inflation response and impacts. Countries are considered part of a latitudinal zone if their centroid falls within the zone’s boundaries, and in this context, we use an average without population weighting to reflect the nature of the relationship between latitude and impacts rather than to reflect the average human exposure to impacts.

Uncertainty in estimated impacts from future weather conditions under projected warming arises from a combination of factors, including the choice of empirical specification, the range of climate model projections, as well as future emission scenarios if their differences are not explicitly compared. In Figs. 2 – 4 we show projection estimates for a particular empirical specification, showing the range of projections across climate models and emission scenarios visually. In the text, we discuss the robustness of these figures to the use of different empirical specifications (results of which are shown in the Supplementary Information Figs. S10 – S24 ), and report estimates of projected impacts with an uncertainty range accounting for these contributing factors. This uncertainty range spans the lowest projection across the empirical specifications shown in columns 1-7 of Supplementary Tables S4 & S5 (and emission scenario unless explicitly comparing their differences) combined with the lower range of climate model projections (the mean minus one standard deviation of impacts across climate models), and the largest projection across empirical specifications combined with the higher range of climate model projections (the mean plus one standard deviation of impacts across climate models). This framework provides a transparent assessment of uncertainty across a range of factors.

Data availability

ERA-5 climate data are publicly available at https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5 , and raw data is available for 10 of the bias-adjusted climate models from the ISIMIP repository at: https://data.isimip.org/ . Raw data on price indices was taken from a forthcoming publicly available dataset developed by ref. 33 . All processed climate data and anonymised inflation data (until publication of the inflation data-set by ref. 33 ) necessary for replication of our analysis is publicly available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10183679 . Source data required only for reproducing the main figures is also available at the same repository.

Code availability

All code used for the replication of our analysis is publicly available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10183679 .

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the work of Miles Parker and Chiara Osbat in collecting the data on consumer price indices and providing it to us prior to its publication. We also thank them both for insightful feedback on early versions of the manuscript. MK gratefully acknowledges funding from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Part of the work for this paper was also conducted during a joint project procured by the European Central Bank. We note that the views expressed are those of the authors and should not be reported as representing the views of the European Central Bank (ECB) or the Eurosystem.

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M.K. designed the weather variables, empirical approach, the use of physical climate models, conducted all analyses, produced all figures and lead the writing of the manuscript. F.K. proposed the collaboration, contributed to the design of the weather variables and the empirical approach as well as the interpretation of the results and writing of the manuscript. E.L. contributed to the design of the weather variables and the empirical approach as well as the interpretation of the results and writing of the manuscript. C.N. gave feedback on results and contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

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Kotz, M., Kuik, F., Lis, E. et al. Global warming and heat extremes to enhance inflationary pressures. Commun Earth Environ 5 , 116 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01173-x

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Scientific Consensus

It’s important to remember that scientists always focus on the evidence, not on opinions. Scientific evidence continues to show that human activities ( primarily the human burning of fossil fuels ) have warmed Earth’s surface and its ocean basins, which in turn have continued to impact Earth’s climate . This is based on over a century of scientific evidence forming the structural backbone of today's civilization.

NASA Global Climate Change presents the state of scientific knowledge about climate change while highlighting the role NASA plays in better understanding our home planet. This effort includes citing multiple peer-reviewed studies from research groups across the world, 1 illustrating the accuracy and consensus of research results (in this case, the scientific consensus on climate change) consistent with NASA’s scientific research portfolio.

With that said, multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals 1 show that climate-warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to human activities. In addition, most of the leading scientific organizations worldwide have issued public statements endorsing this position. The following is a partial list of these organizations, along with links to their published statements and a selection of related resources.

American Scientific Societies

Statement on climate change from 18 scientific associations.

"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver." (2009) 2

American Association for the Advancement of Science

"Based on well-established evidence, about 97% of climate scientists have concluded that human-caused climate change is happening." (2014) 3

American Chemical Society

"The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities." (2016-2019) 4

American Geophysical Union

"Based on extensive scientific evidence, it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. There is no alterative explanation supported by convincing evidence." (2019) 5

American Medical Association

"Our AMA ... supports the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fourth assessment report and concurs with the scientific consensus that the Earth is undergoing adverse global climate change and that anthropogenic contributions are significant." (2019) 6

American Meteorological Society

"Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ... The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century." (2019) 7

American Physical Society

"Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe. While natural sources of climate variability are significant, multiple lines of evidence indicate that human influences have had an increasingly dominant effect on global climate warming observed since the mid-twentieth century." (2015) 8

The Geological Society of America

"The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2011), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013) and the U.S. Global Change Research Program (Melillo et al., 2014) that global climate has warmed in response to increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases ... Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013)." (2015) 9

Science Academies

International academies: joint statement.

"Climate change is real. There will always be uncertainty in understanding a system as complex as the world’s climate. However there is now strong evidence that significant global warming is occurring. The evidence comes from direct measurements of rising surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures and from phenomena such as increases in average global sea levels, retreating glaciers, and changes to many physical and biological systems. It is likely that most of the warming in recent decades can be attributed to human activities (IPCC 2001)." (2005, 11 international science academies) 1 0

U.S. National Academy of Sciences

"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions." 1 1

U.S. Government Agencies

U.s. global change research program.

"Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities." (2018, 13 U.S. government departments and agencies) 12

Intergovernmental Bodies

Intergovernmental panel on climate change.

“It is unequivocal that the increase of CO 2 , methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere over the industrial era is the result of human activities and that human influence is the principal driver of many changes observed across the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and biosphere. “Since systematic scientific assessments began in the 1970s, the influence of human activity on the warming of the climate system has evolved from theory to established fact.” 1 3-17

Other Resources

List of worldwide scientific organizations.

The following page lists the nearly 200 worldwide scientific organizations that hold the position that climate change has been caused by human action. http://www.opr.ca.gov/facts/list-of-scientific-organizations.html

U.S. Agencies

The following page contains information on what federal agencies are doing to adapt to climate change. https://www.c2es.org/site/assets/uploads/2012/02/climate-change-adaptation-what-federal-agencies-are-doing.pdf

Technically, a “consensus” is a general agreement of opinion, but the scientific method steers us away from this to an objective framework. In science, facts or observations are explained by a hypothesis (a statement of a possible explanation for some natural phenomenon), which can then be tested and retested until it is refuted (or disproved).

As scientists gather more observations, they will build off one explanation and add details to complete the picture. Eventually, a group of hypotheses might be integrated and generalized into a scientific theory, a scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena.

1. K. Myers, et al, "Consensus revisited: quantifying scientific agreement on climate change and climate expertise among Earth scientists 10 years later", Environmental Research Letters Vol.16 No. 10, 104030 (20 October 2021); DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2774 M. Lynas, et al, "Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature", Environmental Research Letters Vol.16 No. 11, 114005 (19 October 2021); DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966 J. Cook et al., "Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming", Environmental Research Letters Vol. 11 No. 4, (13 April 2016); DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002 J. Cook et al., "Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature", Environmental Research Letters Vol. 8 No. 2, (15 May 2013); DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024 W. R. L. Anderegg, “Expert Credibility in Climate Change”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 107 No. 27, 12107-12109 (21 June 2010); DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003187107 P. T. Doran & M. K. Zimmerman, "Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change", Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union Vol. 90 Issue 3 (2009), 22; DOI: 10.1029/2009EO030002 N. Oreskes, “Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change”, Science Vol. 306 no. 5702, p. 1686 (3 December 2004); DOI: 10.1126/science.1103618

2. Statement on climate change from 18 scientific associations (2009)

3. AAAS Board Statement on Climate Change (2014)

4. ACS Public Policy Statement: Climate Change (2016-2019)

5. Society Must Address the Growing Climate Crisis Now (2019)

6. Global Climate Change and Human Health (2019)

7. Climate Change: An Information Statement of the American Meteorological Society (2019)

8. American Physical Society (2021)

9. GSA Position Statement on Climate Change (2015)

10. Joint science academies' statement: Global response to climate change (2005)

11. Climate at the National Academies

12. Fourth National Climate Assessment: Volume II (2018)

13. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers, SPM 1.1 (2014)

14. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers, SPM 1 (2014)

15. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group 1 (2021)

16. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group 2 (2022)

17. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group 3 (2022)

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ग्लोबल वार्मिंग पर निबंध – कारण और समाधान

ग्लोबल वार्मिंग पर 500+ शब्द निबंध.

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essay on impact of global warming on oceans

ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के कारण

ग्लोबल वार्मिंग एक गंभीर समस्या बन गई है जिस पर अविभाजित ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता है। यह किसी एक कारण से नहीं बल्कि कई कारणों से हो रहा है। ये कारण प्राकृतिक और मानव निर्मित दोनों हैं। प्राकृतिक कारणों में ग्रीनहाउस गैसों की रिहाई शामिल है जो पृथ्वी से भागने में सक्षम नहीं हैं, जिससे तापमान में वृद्धि होती है।

इसके अलावा, ज्वालामुखी विस्फोट भी ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। यह कहना है कि, इन विस्फोटों से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड के टन निकलते हैं जो ग्लोबल वार्मिंग में योगदान करते हैं। इसी तरह, मीथेन भी ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के लिए जिम्मेदार एक बड़ा मुद्दा है।

Read Essay on Global Warming in English here

उसके बाद, ऑटोमोबाइल और जीवाश्म ईंधन के अत्यधिक उपयोग से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड का स्तर बढ़ जाता है। इसके अतिरिक्त, खनन और पशु पालन जैसी गतिविधियाँ पर्यावरण के लिए बहुत हानिकारक हैं। सबसे आम मुद्दों में से एक है जो तेजी से हो रहा है वनों की कटाई।

इसलिए, जब कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड के अवशोषण के सबसे बड़े स्रोतों में से एक ही गायब हो जाएगा, तो गैस को विनियमित करने के लिए कुछ भी नहीं रहेगा। इस प्रकार, यह ग्लोबल वार्मिंग में परिणाम देगा। ग्लोबल वार्मिंग को रोकने और धरती को फिर से बेहतर बनाने के लिए तुरंत कदम उठाए जाने चाहिए।

ग्लोबल वार्मिंग समाधान

जैसा कि पहले कहा गया है, यह चुनौतीपूर्ण हो सकता है लेकिन यह पूरी तरह से असंभव नहीं है। जब संयुक्त प्रयास किए जाते हैं तो ग्लोबल वार्मिंग को रोका जा सकता है। इसके लिए, व्यक्तियों और सरकारों, दोनों को इसे प्राप्त करने की दिशा में कदम उठाने होंगे। हमें ग्रीनहाउस गैस की कमी से शुरू करना चाहिए।

इसके अलावा, उन्हें गैसोलीन की खपत पर नजर रखने की जरूरत है। एक हाइब्रिड कार पर स्विच करें और कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड की रिहाई को कम करें। इसके अलावा, नागरिक सार्वजनिक परिवहन या कारपूल को एक साथ चुन सकते हैं। इसके बाद, रीसाइक्लिंग को भी प्रोत्साहित किया जाना चाहिए।

ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव क्या है?

उदाहरण के लिए, जब आप खरीदारी करने जाते हैं, तो अपने कपड़े की थैली ले जाएं। एक और कदम जो आप उठा सकते हैं वह है बिजली के उपयोग को सीमित करना जो कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड की रिहाई को रोक देगा। सरकार के हिस्से पर, उन्हें औद्योगिक कचरे को नियंत्रित करना चाहिए और उन्हें हवा में हानिकारक गैसों को बाहर निकालने से रोकना चाहिए। वनों की कटाई को तुरंत रोका जाना चाहिए और पेड़ों के रोपण को प्रोत्साहित किया जाना चाहिए।

संक्षेप में, हम सभी को इस तथ्य का एहसास होना चाहिए कि हमारी पृथ्वी ठीक नहीं है। इसका इलाज करने की जरूरत है और हम इसे ठीक करने में मदद कर सकते हैं। वर्तमान पीढ़ी को भविष्य की पीढ़ियों की पीड़ा को रोकने के लिए ग्लोबल वार्मिंग को रोकने की जिम्मेदारी लेनी चाहिए। इसलिए, हर छोटा कदम, कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता कि कैसे छोटा वजन बहुत वहन करता है और ग्लोबल वार्मिंग को रोकने में काफी महत्वपूर्ण है।

ग्लोबल वार्मिंग पर अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न Q.1 ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के कारणों की सूची बनाएँ।

A.1 प्राकृतिक और मानव निर्मित दोनों प्रकार के ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के विभिन्न कारण हैं। प्राकृतिक एक में ग्रीनहाउस गैस, ज्वालामुखी विस्फोट, मीथेन गैस और बहुत कुछ शामिल हैं। अगला, मानव निर्मित कारण वनों की कटाई, खनन, मवेशी पालन, जीवाश्म ईंधन जलाना और अधिक हैं।

Q.2 ग्लोबल वार्मिंग को कोई कैसे रोक सकता है?

A.2 ग्लोबल वार्मिंग को व्यक्तियों और सरकार के संयुक्त प्रयास से रोका जा सकता है। वनों की कटाई पर रोक लगाई जानी चाहिए और पेड़ों को अधिक लगाया जाना चाहिए। ऑटोमोबाइल का उपयोग सीमित होना चाहिए और रीसाइक्लिंग को प्रोत्साहित किया जाना चाहिए।

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